Intercostal Catheter Management: Insertion to Removal ...
Canberra Hospital and Health ServicesClinical ProcedureIntercostal Catheter Management: Insertion to Removal – Infants, children and adults (not neonates)Contents TOC \h \z \t "Heading 1,1,Heading 2,2" Contents PAGEREF _Toc505936016 \h 1Purpose PAGEREF _Toc505936017 \h 2Alerts PAGEREF _Toc505936018 \h 2Scope PAGEREF _Toc505936019 \h 2Section 1 – Nurse Setup for Insertion of Intercostal Catheter (adults – paediatric patients usually have an ICC inserted under general anaesthetic) PAGEREF _Toc505936020 \h 3Section 2 – ICC & UWSD Observations PAGEREF _Toc505936021 \h 6Section 3 – Clamping an ICC PAGEREF _Toc505936022 \h 9Section 4 – Dressing Change PAGEREF _Toc505936023 \h 10Section 5 – Changing the drainage chamber PAGEREF _Toc505936024 \h 12Section 5 – Obtaining a Pleural Fluid Specimen for Laboratory Analysis PAGEREF _Toc505936025 \h 14Section 6 – Removal of Intercostal Catheter PAGEREF _Toc505936026 \h 15Section 7 – Chest Drainage Systems PAGEREF _Toc505936027 \h 18Section 8 – RACC Community Care Program ICC and Mobile Chest Drainage System Management PAGEREF _Toc505936028 \h 22Section 9 – Intrapleural injection of urokinase via ICC/pigtail for treatment of empyema in infants, children and adolescents PAGEREF _Toc505936029 \h 23Implementation PAGEREF _Toc505936030 \h 27Related Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and Legislation PAGEREF _Toc505936031 \h 27References PAGEREF _Toc505936032 \h 27Definition of Terms PAGEREF _Toc505936033 \h 29Search Terms PAGEREF _Toc505936034 \h 29Attachments PAGEREF _Toc505936035 \h 30Attachment 1: Management of Chest Drainage System Complications PAGEREF _Toc505936036 \h 31Attachment 2: Chest Drain Chart Checklist and Nursing Considerations PAGEREF _Toc505936037 \h 32Attachment 3: Procedures for Education of the Patient and/or Carer PAGEREF _Toc505936038 \h 33PurposeChest drains are inserted into the thorax and are used for draining air or fluid from the pleural, mediastinal or pericardial cavities. This guideline covers the set-up and maintenance of chest drains in all areas of the hospital. Various types of drains and underwater systems are available and this guideline is intended to cover the principles in the care of infants and children with a chest drain and drainage system.This document is to give guidance for the management of intercostal catheters and underwater seal drains including:InsertionObservationsClampingInjection of urokinase for treatment of empyema in infants, children and adolescentsDressing ChangeObtaining a drainage specimen for analysisRemoval.Back to Table of ContentsAlertsPleural procedures (including the removal of Intercostal catheters) should be performed during business hours unless in an emergency.Paediatric patients (infants, children and adolescents) will generally have intercostal catheters inserted under general anaestheticBack to Table of ContentsScopeThis document pertains to adult and paediatric patients requiring insertion of or has a single or multiple intercostal catheter/s insitu at the Canberra Hospital and Health Services.This document applies to:Medical Officers (MO) who are competent in the procedureNurses and Midwives who are working within their scope of practice (Refer to Nursing and Midwifery Continuing Competence Policy)Students under direct supervision.Back to Table of ContentsSection 1 – Nurse Setup for Insertion of Intercostal Catheter (adults – paediatric patients usually have an ICC inserted under general anaesthetic)EquipmentFor Pig TailAlcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Large Dressing trolleyDetergent impregnated wipesSuture SetGauze swabs (4)Intercostal pigtail catheter (ICC) (Medical Officer will advise size)Chest drainage system Under Water Seal Drain (UWSD)Skin preparation e.g. alcohol chlorhexidine or iodine solution10ml & 50ml SyringeNeedles, 19G, 23G, 25G, drawing up needle (1 of each)Suture material- 2/0 silkAdhesive tapeSterile gownSterile glovesClean GlovesConnecting tube Sterile DrapesFenestrated drapeDrain dressing (e.g. fenestrated foam or drain sponge)Occlusive dressingSterile Specimen containers Local anaesthetic (e.g. Lignocaine or xylocaine 1%)Suction tubingSuction apparatusPadded tube clamps x2 MaskCapSafety glasses, goggles or shieldClinical waste receptacleGeneral waste receptacleSharps binAnalgesia as prescribedHudson maskOxygenStethoscopeWatch with a second handSphygmomanometer (Blood Pressure Cuff)Oxygen Saturation monitorThermometerEquipment for Large BoreAs above plus major procedure pack (without suture set), scalpel blade and required ICC sized large bore tube.ProcedureEnsure the patients X-rays are obtained from Medical Imaging (online or hard copy) prior to insertionAttend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Obtain the patients consentEnsure PrivacyAsk the patient if they have any allergies to dressings or tapesEnsure the patient has adequate analgesic cover half an hour prior to the procedureTeam Time out is performed including; Informed consent has been obtainedthe patient's identity – this is to be checked against the patient identification band and through positive identification e.g. verbal the procedure side/site is marked if applicableall relevant documentation and imaging data are availableAttend full set of vital signs including:Respiratory Rate (RR)Oxygen SaturationsTemperatureBlood Pressure (BP)Pulse (P)Level of Consciousness (LOC)Record Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS)Leave the Oxygen saturation monitor insitu for monitoring throughout procedureAdminister 6 litres per minute of oxygen via Hudson mask (or as prescribed by the medical officer)Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRClean trolley with detergent impregnated wipes and dry with disposable towelSet up equipment on trolley at the patient’s bedsideDiscard packaging in general waste receptacleAttend hand hygiene by hand washing or using ABHRDon Personal protective equipment (PPE) including, safety goggles or shield and gown prior to opening sterile equipmentOpen the suture set and Pigtail Catheter set or Major procedure pack and position equipment using the setting up forcepsAssist the patient into an upright position. Seated with legs over the side of the bed, arms resting on the bedside table or as directed by the MOExpose insertion siteAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using alcohol based hand rub, Prepare the underwater seal drain:Remove outer packaging (discard packaging into general waste receptacle)Leave tubing attached to drainage systemRemove large sterile water ampoule from back of drainage systemFill water seal with entire contents of ampoule (45mls) via suction port located on the top of the drain Dial up the prescribe amount of suction by turning rotary suction regulator dial to ordered levelEnsure the drainage system is easily assessable for attachment post insertion of ICCAttend hand hygiene by either washing hands or using ABHRDon clean glovesAssist MO as requiredObserve the patient closely for indications of respiratory distressCommunicate any concerns to the medical officerImmediately After ICC InsertionConnect the UWSD:Ensure a connector is attached to the ICC (for Pigtail catheter attach connecting tube which connects to UWSD)Detach tubing from back of drainage systemRemove protective cap, the end to be attached to the ICC must remain sterileHand the tubing to the medical officer to attach to the ICCPlace the UWSD at least 60cm below the patient’s chest heightRationale: promotes drainage of fluid from the pleural spaceEnsure the drainage tubing does not have any kinks or dragging on the floorRationale: A loop can trap fluid and work against the negative pressureThe dressing may be attended by the MO or Nursing staffApply a fenestrated foam and occlusive dressing to drain insertion siteEnsure the dressing is occlusive and no potential leaksSecure connections: With 1.25cm wide adhesive tapeEnsure tape is lengthways up the tubingDO NOT wrap around the connectionsOptional - Cable tie connection on both sides Ensure visibility of fluid in connectionSecure the tube to the patient with adhesive tape or anchoring device; ensure this does not create any kinksAttach suction tubing to suction port if ordered Turn suction on until the bellows are at the midline of Vacuum Indicator ()Suction will only be achieved when wall suction at a minimum of -80mmHg is applied and the bellow expands to at least the () indicatorNote: Low wall suction device is not required. The level of suction is controlled by the regulator dial. Check suction is maintainedAttend Hand hygiene by either washing hands or using ABHRPosition the patient comfortably Ensure that the call bell is within reachPerform full set of vital signs and UWSD observations, record on daily Chest Drain Observations chart Contact the radiology department for a chest x-ray post insertion of an ICCDocument all observations on the appropriate charts, e.g. Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), fluid balance chart, in the patient's clinical record and escalate if required according to MEWS and Medical Emergency Team (MET) criteriaMO and Nurse will document in the patient's clinical record.MO to review chest x-ray and document in the patient’s clinical recordAlert: Post insertion X-Ray is essential to ensure correct placement of the ICC.Patient’s with an ICC must be escorted by a Registered Nurse for all off-ward proceduresRequired Vital Signs and UWSD Observations Post insertion of an ICCFull set of Vital Signs minimum 4th hourly for the first 24 hours (hourly for infants, children and adolescents)1 hourly UWSD and drain site check for the first 24 hours and 2nd hourly thereafter until drain removed (Refer to Procedure 2 for UWSD observations). Perform hourly for infants, children and adolescents until the drain is removed.Back to Table of Contents Section 2 – ICC & UWSD ObservationsMonitoring of an ICCObserve and record on the ICC daily chest drain observation chart:Oscillation/ Swing/ TidalingAir leakSuctionDrainageDressings and Insertion siteFrequency:1/24 as per daily chest observation chart for the first 24 hours2/24 if drainage is ≤ 100mls/hr or 4/24 as indicated by MO on daily chest drain observation chart All patients with an Intercostal Catheter in situ must have drain attached to an Underwater Seal Chest Drainage unit (CHHS approved UWSD system), Heimlich Valve or Atrium Express Dry Seal Chest Drain Mini 500.Note: Patients transferred from other Hospitals on other drainage systems are to have them replaced with TCH Approved UWSD Systems. Attending ICC Observations Attend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHRExplain the procedure and obtain verbal consentEnsure PrivacyMeasure and record respiratory rate and oxygen saturationsCheck level of suction prescribed by the medical officerAlert 1: Suction is commenced and/or adjusted ONLY as directed by a medical officer.Temporarily disconnect or turn off the wall suction Underwater seal drainage systems should be assessed for oscillation and air bubbling through the water sealAsk the patient to take a deep breath and coughObserve the water seal for oscillation on inspiration (this can be seen by the rise and fall in the water seal)Observe and measure by the increment on the water seal chamber (large swing indicated the lung has not full expanded and space remains in the pleural cavity)Note: Oscillation/Swing cannot be observed when suction is in progressA chest drain from the mediastinum will not cause bubbling in the underwater seal chamber.Observe the water seal chamber for bubbling (this will occur on coughing or may be present without coughing if a large leak)Note the level of bubbling (i.e. intermittent, continuous) Reconnect or turn the suction back on to prescribed levelTurn suction on until the bellows are at the midline of Vacuum IndicatorRecord presence of oscillation and/or swing on observation chartAlert 2: If a patient has a large air leak for the UWSD, clamping the tube may rapidly cause a tension pneumothorax if the air leak is originating from the lung. A medical order is required prior to clamping.Alert 3: When a chest tube is in the pleural space, excessive continuous bubbling indicates an air leak in the pleural cavity or within the drainage system. Check the patient for signs of respiratory distress and examine the tubing for possible air leak. A thorough check of all connection is essential to ensure there are no loose connections.Alert 4: Sudden cessation of bubbling associated with additional clinical signs of respiratory distress may indicate a kink or blockage within the drainage system. This must be rectified immediately and contact the medical officer for patient review.Alert 5: If blood drainage and/or clots are visible in the tubing, to clear, squeeze alternately hand-over-hand along the drainage tube. This action may generate sufficient pressure to move fluid along the tube.Observe the drainage chamber for chest drainage including:VolumeColourType (blood, haemoserous, chyle, pus, serous)Record drainage on observation chart (also record volume on fluid balance chart)Contact the MO if concerned or abnormal observations are takenAlert 6: Notify the medical officer when:Bloodstained drainage exceeds 200mls hourly after insertion or return to ward (RTW) from operating rooms (OR)Drainage exceeds 200mls per hour in the first two (2) hours after insertion or RTW from ORSustained or copious drainageReturn of swing or air leak after periods of no swing or air leak.Ensure excess drainage tubing is positioned along the mattress so that there are no dependant loops of tubingEnsure that no kinking of the tubing occurEnsure the patient is comfortableAttend hand hygiene by either washing hand or using ABHRDocument in patient clinical record.Back to Table of Contents Section 3 – Clamping an ICCEquipment Alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Two padded tube clamps (e.g. Howard Kelly) for each ICC (padding clamps is done by placing pieces of oxygen tubing over the ends of the clamps)Clamping should be done whenever the patient is at risk of having air or fluid entering the pleural space.Clamping may also be used prior to the removal of an intercostal catheter to test that no air leak exists in the lung. A medical officer orders this procedure.Two padded tube clamps must be applied to each ICC only:In the event of accidental disconnection or breakageWhen drainage tube is place <60cm below the patient’s chestAs directed by MO to confirm;Absolute lung re expansionFor clamp and release drainage.ProcedureConfirm medical orders for clamping (or for removal)Attend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHRExplain the procedure and obtain verbal consent from patient and/or parent/carer for paediatric patientsEnsure PrivacyMeasure and record respiratory rate and oxygen saturationsPosition the patientClamp the ICC close to the chest wall, approximately 2.5cm apart and in opposite directionEnsure the clamps are not dragging on the ICCMaintain clamping for the period prescribed by MOEnsure the patient is comfortableAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDocument clamping on observation chart and in the clinical record.Alert 7: Routine clamping is not advised. In a patient with a large air leak, never clamp the tubes as clamping may cause a tension pneumothorax. Clamping should only be performed when documented by the medical officer in the patient’s clinical record.Back to Table of ContentsSection 4 – Dressing ChangeAn occlusive dressing around the intercostal catheter must be routinely checked each shift and when UWSD observations are attended.An occlusive dressing is changed at least every 48 hours and/or when required.Equipment Alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Soft pre-moistened cloth (community only)Dressing trolleyDetergent impregnated wipesBasic dressing pack Clean glovesSterile glovesDrain dressing e.g. fenestrated foamNormal saline Chlorhexidine 2%/alcohol 70% swab sticks (5).Tape Transparent occlusive dressings e.g. FilmSterile gauze (to cover the fenestrated dressing and ICC).Securement device (StatLock? Universal Plus in the appropriate size for pigtail drains inserted in Radiology )Sterile scissors (to trim the StatLock? to enhance patient comfort if required)Tape measureClean gownPersonal protective equipment (PPE) including, safety goggles or shieldScissors Plastic blue sheet.General waste receptacleClinical waste receptacle.ProcedureHand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure PrivacyExplain the process and purpose of the dressing changeObtain verbal consentConfirm allergies to dressings or tapesEnsure the patient is placed in a comfortable positionPlace the blue sheet under the Patient.Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRClean trolley with detergent impregnated wipes and wipe dry. Clear and/or clean a suitable space for sterile setup (community only)Set up equipment on trolley at the patient’s bedsideDiscard packaging in general waste receptacleDon PPE prior to opening sterile equipmentOpen the basic pack and position equipment using the setting up forcepsAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDon clean glovesExpose the wound siteWhile ensuring the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin with tape, carefully remove the old occlusive dressing. Never use scissors to remove the dressing as accidental cutting of the catheter can occur Remove the soiled dressing with setting-up forcepsDiscard the dressing and forceps and gloves into the clinical waste receptacleStatLock? Removal Technique:Disengage: open the StatLock? device retainer by pressing the tab and lifting the lidCarefully lift the catheter from the retainerDissolve: first lift the edge of the anchor pad using 3-4 alcohol swabs. Then continue to stroke the under surface of the pad with alcohol swabs to dissolve adhesive anchor pad away from skin. Do not force pad to removeAt the first dressing / Securement device change and subsequent changes measure and record the length of exposed catheter from the insertion site to the ‘hub’. Compare with initial measurement recorded in clinical record. If the catheter has moved more than 2 cm, contact the MO.Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDon sterile gloves If required, trim the ‘butterfly wings’ of the StatLock? using sterile scissorsPlace sterile towel under the ICCObserve the insertion site for infection (Refer to “Basic Wound Technique SOP”)Report any concerns of infection to the MO immediately (if wound swab is required Refer to “Wound Swabs”)Using N/Saline soaked gauze cleanse the wound in an ever-increasing circular motion using normal salineClean the skin around the ICC insertion site with chlorhexidine alcohol swab sticks three times. Cover an area approximately 15cm in diameter; discard each swab stick after use.Clean the ICC with the 4th and 5th swab sticks from insertion site downwards. Let skin dry completely.StatLock? Application Technique: (used only for fine bore ICC)Apply skin prep wipe for enhanced adherence and skin protection. Allow to dry for 10-15 secondsWipe the catheter with an alcohol swab (so that it is wet for insertion into the StatLock? retainer)Always secure catheter to the StatLock? retainer before placing pad on the skin Bring the StatLock? anchor pad into position. Stabilise the catheter between fingers and then double tug the catheter to stretch-fit into the retainerClose the lidPeel away the StatLock? paper backing one side at a time. Place on skinApply gauze over the catheter insertion site and StatLock? to prevent the occlusive dressing adhering to catheterPlace occlusive dressing(s) over the catheter insertion site and StatLock?. Ensure the catheter is secured by the occlusive dressing and the dressing is waterproofEnsure the catheter is secured to the patient’s side with tapeReplace the securing tapes if they are loose.Examine the catheter from the exit at the chest wall to the drainage system to make sure there are no kinks or loops that could close off the ICC.Apply the fenestrated drain dressing around ICC insertion site.Apply gauze over the fenestrated dressing and ICC.Apply the occlusive dressing over gauze, fenestrated dressing and ICC.Ensure occlusive dressing has adhered to the skin and no leaks are present (multiple occlusive dressings may be requiredAffix tube to the patient using an anchoring device or tapeDiscard equipment and gloves into clinical waste receptacleClean trolley with detergent impregnated wipes Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure patient is comfortable with new dressing change and understands when the next dressing change will be attendedChange dressing as frequently as required and at minimum the dressing must be changes every 48hoursDocument in patient’s clinical record:a description of the insertion sitetype of dressing appliedthe reason for the changesigns of wound infection and actions taken (where noted)Back to Table of ContentsSection 5 – Changing the drainage chamberEquipment Alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Clean GlovesPersonal protective equipment (PPE) including, safety goggles or shieldChest drainage system Under Water Seal Drain (UWSD)Padded tube clamps x2 ProcedureAttend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure PrivacyExplain the process and purpose of the chamber changeObtain verbal consentConfirm allergies to dressings or tapesEnsure the patient is placed in a comfortable position Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRPrepare the underwater seal drainRemove outer packaging (discard packaging into general waste receptacle)Remove attached tubing as existing tubing can be utilisedRemove large sterile water ampoule from back of drainage systemFill water seal with entire contents of ampoule (45mls) via suction port located on the top of the drain Dial up the prescribe amount of suction by turning rotary suction regulator dial to ordered levelEnsure the drainage system is easily assessable for attachment Apply gloves and PPEClamp ICC using 2 padded tube clamps above the connector and in opposite directionsDisconnect chamber from tubing at connector ensuring connector remains clean (no-touch method) and attach to new systemRemove padded tube clampsAttach suction tubing to suction port if ordered Turn suction on until the bellows are at the midline of Vacuum Indicator ()Suction will only be achieved when wall suction at a minimum of -80mmHg is applied and the bellow expands to at least the indicatorNote: Low wall suction device is not required. The level of suction is controlled by the regulator dial. Check suction is maintainedAttend Hand hygiene by either washing hands or using ABHRPosition the patient comfortablyEnsure that the call bell is within reach Perform full set of vital signs and UWSD observations, record on daily Chest Drain Observations chart Dispose of UWSD chamber in clinical waste receptacle Back to Table of ContentsSection 5 – Obtaining a Pleural Fluid Specimen for Laboratory AnalysisEquipment Alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Kidney dish20ml syringeAlcohol swabs x3Clean GlovesPersonal protective equipment (PPE) including, safety goggles or shieldSterile specimen jarPathology label with patients detailsGeneral waste receptacle Clinical waste receptacle.ProcedureConfirm orders for collection of specimen in the patients clinical recordCollect pathology request form, ensure the MO completed all fields requiredAttend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure PrivacyExplain the process and purpose of the specimen collectionConfirm Correct patient by cross checking pathology request from, patients identification band and verbal confirmation from patient (Refer to Correct Patient, Correct Site, Correct Procedure Policy)Obtain verbal consentEnsure the patient is placed in a comfortable positionAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDon PPE and clean glovesClean the port with alcohol swab, allow 30 seconds to dryRemove the required amount of fluid from the drainage tubing using the 20ml syringeInject the fluid obtained in to the sterile specimen jar, ensure the syringe does not touch the inside of the jarSecured the lid tightlyAttach patient pathology identification sticker to the specimen jar ( Refer to “Patient Identification And Pathology Specimen Labelling Policy”)Confirm correct details with pathology request form and verbal confirmation from patientEnsure documentation and details on the specimen jar and pathology request form include:Medical record numberSurnameGiven nameDate of birthDate and time of collectionType of specimen and site collectedCollecting officers signaturePlace specimen into biohazard bag and send via the pathology delivery systemDiscard equipment and gloves into clinical waste receptacleAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDocument the procedure in the patients’ clinical record.Back to Table of ContentsSection 6 – Removal of Intercostal CatheterEquipmentAlcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Dressing trolleyDetergent impregnated wipes (to clean trolley)Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes, safety goggles or face shield and gownClean glovesSterile gloves (optional)General waste receptacleClinical waste receptacleBasic dressing packNormal saline packaged 30mls (at body temperature warmth)Additional gauze swab Stitch cutter or a fine suture removal set Sterile gloves and gown Transparent occlusive dressing Steri-strips Tulle Gras dressingAnalgesics as prescribed. ProcedureCheck patients clinical record for any medical ordersAttend hand hygiene before touching the patient by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure PrivacyExplain the process and purpose of the ICC removalObtain verbal consentConfirm allergies to dressings or tapesEnsure adequate analgesic cover prior to the ICC removal at least half an hour before the procedureEnsure the patient is placed in a comfortable positionAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRClean trolley with detergent impregnated wipes and wipe drySet up equipment on trolley at the patient’s bedsideDiscard packaging in general waste receptacleDon PPE prior to opening sterile equipmentOpen the basic pack and position equipment using the setting up forcepsAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHR, Don clean glovesExpose the wound siteRemove the soiled dressing with setting-up forcepsDiscard the dressing and forceps and gloves into the clinical waste receptacleAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRInstruct the patient in the method of a valsalva manoeuvre by asking the patient to take a deep breath and hold it while the ICC is removedRational: The valsalva manoeuvre will raise the intra-thoracic pressure, decrease venous return and prevent air being drawn into the chest cavity and circulation Practice with the patient to ensure the patient is competent in the manoeuvreAttend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHRDon sterile glovesPrepare an occlusive dressing for the site by folding the tulle gras and placing it on the gauze swab and the centre of the transparent occlusive dressing. Ask the assistant to turn suction off Using N/Saline soaked gauze cleanse the wound in an ever-increasing circular motion using normal salineObserve the insertion site for infection (Refer to “Basic Wound Technique SOP”)Report any concerns of infection to the MO immediately (if wound swab is required Refer to “Wound Swabs”)Ensure site is dry, use dry gauze if needed to dry siteRemove the anchoring suture (not all ICC have anchoring sutures)Support the ICC after the suture is removed to prevent premature dislodgementAlert 8: If the ICC is secured with a purse string suture do not remove the suture. This type of suture is used to provide closure to the insertion site post removal of ICC.If a purse string suture is insitu, ensure the ends are untied and ready for removalAsk the patient to perform the valsava manoeuvre when ready to clamp the ICC immediately prior to removal (Refer to procedure 3 for clamping)Ensure assistant is ready for removal procedurePlace index finger and thumb on skin edges around the catheterInstruct the patient to perform the valsava manoeuvrePinch skin edges together as catheter is withdrawn Remove the ICC in a steady fluid motion Instruct the assistant to tie purse string if applicable or apply steri-strips for wound closure immediately after removalInstruct the patient to breathe normallyApply pre prepared tulle gras, gauze and occlusive dressing over site (must remain insitu for 24 hours)Alert 9: There should be no excessive force required to remove the drain. If any resistance is met, stop the procedure and request senior MO reviewAlert 10: Tulle gras must only be insitu for 24 hours. A dressing change must occur 24 hours post removal and redress with a dry occlusive dressing. Ensure full occlusive seal by running finger or hand around the edges of the dressing with firm pressureAdditional occlusive dressings may be required Discard equipment and gloves into clinical waste receptacleClean trolley with detergent impregnated wipes Attend hand hygiene by either hand washing or using ABHREnsure patient is comfortable with new dressing change and understands when the next dressing change will be attendedChange dressing as frequently as required and at minimum the dressing must be changed at 24 hours and then every 48hoursDocument in patient’s clinical record:a description of the insertion sitetype of dressing appliedthe reason for the changesigns of wound infection and actions taken (where noted)When More Than One Drain InsituWhen there are two (2) or more drains insitu, a single or multiple ICC can be removed.The MO must clearly mark which drain is to be removed and document in patient’s clinical recordsFollow the same procedure for the removal of a single tubeEnsure all ICC are clamped prior to removal of any ICCIf one ICC is removed, disconnect the “Y” connector and insert a large to large connector to the remaining ICCRemove the remaining ICC as per “Procedure 6” aboveOn completion of the procedure unclamp the remaining ICC ensuring the tube and connection are secured as per “Section 1”The remaining ICC may require redressing as per “Section 4”Document the procedure in the patient’s clinical records. Post RemovalImmediately post removal a full set of vital signs and ICC observation must be performed and documented in the observation charts.Observe for:Dyspnoea TachycardiaRestlessnessDecreased breath soundIncreased oscillation and/or air leaks Dressing site oozing or if lifting from skin (may require reinforcing).Post removal of an ICC an x-ray should be performed within 4 hours of removal or earlier if ordered by the MO.Alert 11: For patients who are to be discharged with sutures insitu, ensure the discharge documentation clearly states when the sutures must be removed. Ensure the patient is aware when to make appointments with the GP (or community nursing) for suture removal, and provided with education on ICC site care. Back to Table of ContentsSection 7 – Chest Drainage SystemsHeimlich Chest Drain Valve Care of the ICC and Heimlich Valve Keep the ICC as straight as possible and do not kink the ICC or block the Heimlich valveEnsure the valve is placed with the correct end to the ICC. Instructions are on the Heimlich valve to ensure correct positioning.It is normal for small amounts of fluid and/or air to come out of the ICC and through the Heimlich valve. The soft rubber tube will flutter or honking (a duck-like noise) may be heard as air escapes. Heimlich Valve Drainage Bag ChangeThe drainage bag is changed weekly using a clean non touch technique.Patients with minimal drainage may have a combine dressing loosely applied to the valve instead of a bag to collect drainage.The bag is emptied when it is ? to 2/3 full.EquipmentSoft pre-moistened cloths and Alcohol Based Hand Rub (ABHR).Safety eyewear. Clean gloves.Dressing pack.Drainage bag (Product ID: 10408, urine leg bag 500mls includes 4cm connecting tube).Sterile scissors.Plastic blue sheet.Clinical waste receptacle.ProcedureInform patient (and parent/carer for paediatric patients) of the procedure and obtain consent, ensure patient comfort.Attend to hand hygiene using soft pre-moistened cloths and ABHR.Set up equipment.Position patient sitting upright in a comfortable position.Place the blue sheet under the patient.Attend to hand hygiene.The drainage bag must be vented to allow air to escape otherwise a tension pneumothorax may occur. Cut a ? cm hole in the top corner of the bag; ensure the hole is patent to allow air to escape. Insert the 4cm connecting tube into proximal connector of the drainage bag. Ensure the connector tubing does not come in contact with a source of contamination during the procedure.Attend to hand hygiene.Don safety eyewear and clean gloves.Disconnect the drainage bag from the Heimlich valve carefully without twisting the ICC.Connect the prepared drainage bag to the Heimlich valve.Examine the ICC from the dressing to the drainage bag to make sure there are no kinks or loops that could close off the chest drainage system.Note colour and volume of drainage bag contents. Discard equipment.Remove gloves and safety eyewear.Attend to hand hygiene.Monitor the patient post procedure for sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnoea or shortness of breath. Should these signs or symptoms occur, ensure that the ? cm hole is patent in the top corner of the drainage bag. Examine the ICC from the dressing to the chest drain to make sure there are no kinks that could close off the chest drainage system. Check that the connections are secure. Should the signs or symptoms persist seek urgent medical advice call OOO or 112 from a mobile telephone. While reassuring the patient assess their vital signs. Upon arrival of the Ambulance Officers hand over relevant patient information (Community Care staff)Document in the clinical record and ‘Drain Management Observation Chart’.Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest DrainPrecautionsDo not obstruct positive pressure relief valve located on top of the unit.Do not keep patient tube clamp closed during drainage collection or patient transport.Do not connect any open luer-lock connector to the needleless luer port located on the front of the drain.Do not use or puncture needleless luer port with a needle.What to Check during Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain System OperationPlacement of unit – During patient ambulation or when patient is in bed, always place the unit below the patient’s chest in an upright position. Use belt straps as directed for patient ambulation.Suction port (hospital patient’s only) – When suction is required, firmly attach suction source line to suction port located on top of the unit.Suction source (hospital patient’s only) – Suction source should provide a minimum vacuum pressure of -80 mmHg at 20 litres of airflow per minute.Fixed suction regulator - the non-adjustable dry suction regulator is preset at -20cm H20 vacuum setting and will automatically compensate for moderate changes in vacuum source pressure.Dry one-way seal valve – the dry seal valve does not require water for seal protection during patient use. The valve is not position sensitive.Vacuum indicator - a √ mark symbol is visible in the vacuum indicator window when vacuum is present inside the chest drain unit. When no vacuum is present inside chest drain, the √ mark symbol will not appear. When no vacuum is present inside the chest drain unit, such as when the patient has an air leak on gravity drainage, the √ will not appear. The √ may appear intermittently with respiration. If concerned that there is no √ mark symbol visible in the vacuum indicator window check all connections. If still concerned replace the unit. If there is still no vacuum present inside the chest drain contact the MO for advice.Collection chamber - the collection chamber is calibrated in 10ml increments up to a maximum capacity of 500ml.Air leak detection - Fluid must be present in the collection chamber for air leak detection. If fluid is not present, add 20ml of sterile water or saline using a 20 ml luer lock syringe through the needleless access port located on the front of the unit. Temporarily tip the unit to the right until collection fluid appears in the air leak window. Bubbling in the air leak window when the chest drain is positioned on its side, will confirm a patient air leak. Immediately return the unit to upright position. Automatic high negativity release –The high negativity release valve located on the back wall of the unit automatically activates to limit maximum vacuum pressure to approximately -50cmH2O.Positive pressure release valve (PPRV) - Located on top of the unit opens to release positive pressure automatically.Sampling patient drainage – Fluid samples can be taken directly from the needleless luer port located on the front of the unit using a 20 ml luer lock syringe. System disconnection – Close the patient tube blue slide clamp on the patient line and clamp off the ICC with two padded Howard Kelly forceps prior to disconnecting the unit from the patient. Depress the clear button on the inline connector and remove the unit from the patient. Insert the blunt end of the red disposal cap into the unit to close off the unit for disposal.Emptying the Express Mini via Needless Access PortThe Express Mini is emptied when it is ? to 2/3 full.Do not allow the Express Mini to completely fill with fluid or fluid may start to leak out. EquipmentSoft pre-moistened cloths and Alcohol Based Hand Rub (ABHR)Safety eyewearClean glovesAlcohol swabsLuer lock syringeClean containerClinical waste receptacleProcedureInform the patient of the procedure and obtain consent.Attend to hand hygiene using soft pre-moistened cloths and ABHR.Don safety eyewear and clean gloves.Swab the access port with one alcohol swab and allow to air dry for 30 seconds.Screw the syringe firmly onto the port located on the bottom of the unit.Pull the plunger back on the syringe to empty the fluid.When the syringe is full, unscrew the syringe and empty the fluid into the clean container.Repeat as necessary until empty.Discard equipment.Remove gloves and safety eyewear.Attend to hand hygiene.Document colour and volume of drainage in the clinical record and ‘Drain Management Observation Chart’.Replacement of the Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain UnitThe chest drain unit is generally changed weekly.EquipmentSoft pre-moistened cloths and Alcohol Based Hand Rub (ABHR)Safety eyewearClean glovesPadded tube clamps x 2Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain Unit (Product ID: 62221)Luer lock syringe 20mls20mls of sterile water or normal salineAlcohol swabsAdhesive tape - 1.25cm wideClinical waste receptacleProcedureInform patient of the procedure and obtain consent.Attend to hand hygiene using soft pre-moistened cloths and ABHR.Set up equipment.Draw up 20mls of sterile water or normal saline into the 20 ml luer lock syringe.Swab the needleless luer port with an alcohol swab and add 20mls of sterile water or normal saline to the collection chamber. Fluid must be present in the collection chamber for air leak detection.Position patient sitting upright in a comfortable position.Attend to hand hygiene.Don safety eyewear and clean gloves.Close the patient tube blue slide clamp. Clamp off the ICC with two padded tube clamps prior to disconnecting chest drain unit from the patient.Remove red disposal cap from the unit. Depress the clear button on the in-line connector and remove the unit from the patient. Connect the new unit to the patient tube.Remove the 2 padded tube clamps on the ICC.Open the patient tube blue slide clamp. The clamp must remain open at all times when system is connected to the patient. Move the blue slide clamp next to the in-line connector for visual checking.Examine the ICC from the dressing to the unit to make sure there are no kinks or loops that could close off the chest drainage system.Secure the ICC to the patient with adhesive tape; ensure this does not create any kinks.Insert the blunt end of the red disposal cap into the unit to close off the unit for disposal.Note colour and volume of chest drain contents.Discard equipment.Remove gloves and safety eyewear.Attend to hand hygiene.Monitor the patient post procedure for sudden onset of chest pain, dyspnoea or shortness of breath. Should these signs or symptoms occur, examine the ICC from the dressing to the chest drain to make sure there are no kinks or loops that could close off the chest drainage system. Check that the connections are secure. If the signs or symptoms persist seek urgent medical advice call 000 or 112 from a mobile telephone. While reassuring the patient assess their vital signs. Upon arrival of the Ambulance Officers hand over relevant patient information.Document in the clinical record and ‘Drain Management Observation Chart’, noting the addition of 20mls of fluid to the collection chamberBack to Table of ContentsSection 8 – RACC Community Care Program ICC and Mobile Chest Drainage System ManagementPurposeThe purpose of this section is to provide Community Registered Nurses (RNs) with agreed best practice standards to manage a patient in the community with an ICC and mobile chest drainage system (Heimlich Valve or Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain). The patient and/or carer must be assessed for capacity and suitability to manage the ICC and mobile chest drainage system in the community prior to discharge home. This section includes procedures for education of the patient and/or carer and equipment for discharge (see Attachment 3).ICC’s are not removed in the community, refer the patient back to the treating MO for assessment.The principles of care of a patient with an ICC in the community are the same as the care in the hospital except for the following variances.ProcedureICC Dressing ChangeNoteThe ICC dressing is changed every 48 to 72 hours or more often if required see Section 4 – Dressing ChangePatients and/or carers who are assessed as suitable to manage the ICC and chest drainage system in the community are educated prior to discharge home on the key management points as outlined in Attachment 1.Patient Emergency Treatment PlanThe patient and/or carer will be educated in hospital prior to discharge home to:Perform the Valsalva Manoeuvre and if air leak present apply a sterile dressing taped on three sides only if (to ensure air can escape) or if no air leak apply an occlusive dressing should the ICC accidently dislodge from the chest wall.Reattach the drainage system or apply two padded Howard Kelly forceps to the ICC close to the chest wall and in opposite, should the drainage system accidently disconnect from the ICC.Seek medical advice, call 000 or 112 from a mobile phone immediately should any of the above events occur.Back to Table of ContentsSection 9 – Intrapleural injection of urokinase via ICC/pigtail for treatment of empyema in infants, children and adolescentsEmpyema is an uncommon complication of pneumonia and represents an accumulation of infected fluid in the pleural space. It is a significant source of morbidity. Empyema should be suspected in any child with pneumonia and persistent fevers despite 48hrs on intravenous antibiotics.Initial investigations will include but are not limited to chest x-ray, chest ultrasound, blood tests and sputum test where available for MCS.Management of Empyema includes;Supportive therapy ( oxygen, analgesia, antipyretics, mobilization and fluid management)Antibiotic therapy.Pleural fluid evacuation. Evacuation is done both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An ICC is inserted for evacuation and/or instillation of urokinase. Urokinase is a polypeptide extraction from human urine, which has a fibrinolytic effect. Fibrinolytic agents are a safe and effective treatment of loculated parapneumonic effusions (empyema) when injected intrapleurally. Urokinase converts plasminogen to plasmin, which catalyses the breakdown of fibrin. In empyema, it assists in the breakdown of fibrin bands that cause loculation and allows for better chest tube drainage of the infected material thus resolving pleural circulation by clearing pleural drainage pores. The need for surgical intervention can be averted and morbidity and length of stay can be reduced. Contraindications for use:Clotting abnormalitiesBleeding predispositionKnown hypersensitivity to fibrinolyticsLow platelet count Anticoagulation therapyBroncho-pulmonary fistulaRenal or hepatic impairmentEquipmentPIGTAIL CATHETER (Percutaneous)LARGE BORE ICCSterile dressing towels Sterile dressing towels Basic dressing setBasic dressing setSterile glovesSterile gloves1 Plastic multipurpose tubing adapter2 Plastic multipurpose tubing adapters (1 Female and 1 male)Luer lock 3 way tapLuer lock 3 way tapSterile luer lock injection site (bung)Sterile luer lock injection site (bung)Two plastic G-clampsTwo plastic G-clampsHoward Kelly clamps x 2 with tips coveredHoward Kelly clamps x 2 with tips coveredClear tapeClear tapeAlcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Alcohol based hand rub (ABHR)Note: The pigtail/ICC requires a 3 way tap in order to instill urokinase. In cases were a 3 way tap is not already attached, this must be inserted (see photo below) before the procedure can occur. All non luer locked joins of the setup must be secured with clear tape using a ladder configuration (see below).Percutaneous set upICC set upStraight tapes across connectionConnectionTubeTape around tube on top of straight tapesLadder ConfigurationDosage (Urokinase) Administration of urokinase must only be undertaken by a medical officerSyringes of urokinase will be pre-loaded in pharmacy. A Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) Special Access Scheme (SAS) form is required.A pink “miscellaneous” line label may be affixed to the intercostal catheter when urokinase is to be used, to signify the line as “intrapleural”Dosage (ideally in consultation with a Paediatric Respiratory Consultant)Greater than 1 year old - 40,000 IU in 40 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride Less than 1 year old - 10,000 IU in 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chlorideThe dose is repeated 12 hourly for 3 days for a total of 6 dosesVials are 10,000 IU or 100,000IU.Before commencing procedure:Ensure medical order for intrapleural instillation of urokinaseObtain preloaded syringe of urokinase from pharmacyAdminister analgesia as ordered (the child will require analgesia prior to the procedure). Ensure an assistant for the procedure is available.Coagulation screen prior to commencement of treatment, and afterwards if clinically indicatedProcedureThe procedure is explained to the parents and child in developmentally appropriate terms. Verbal informed consent is then obtained and documented in the clinical record by the medical officer. Attend hand hygiene by washing hands or using ABHRAttend baseline vital signs including Blood Pressure (BP)Attend to hand hygiene by washing hands or using ABHR and don clean, non-sterile gownPrepare work surface and open sterile equipmentPerform a surgical hand wash (scrub) – 1 minute with antimicrobial soap solutionApply sterile gloves and drape patientAssistant turns off wall suction Swab 3 way tap connector with 2% chlorhexidine solution and allow to dryAttach urokinase syringe to 3 way tapTurn the 3 way tap so it is OFF to the Underwater Seal Drain (UWSD) and OPEN to the patientInstil the urokinase SLOWLY over five minutesObserve for leakage from the insertion site. Decrease the rate of instillation if a leakage is seen. If leaking persists contact the Respiratory ConsultantWhen instillation is completed, turn the 3 way tap so it is OFF to the patient. Double clamp the ICC/percutaneous drain with the G-clamps on the patient side of the 3 way tap With G-clamps insitu, the ICC/percutaneous catheter may be disconnected from the UWSD and a sterile injection site (bung) used to cap the port on the 3 way tap. This may aid the child’s mobilisation. Keep the tip of the UWSD tubing sterile using a sterile cap or drapeAttend to hand hygiene by washing hands or using ABHR.Post ProcedureAttend vital signs including BP 4th hourlyReassure child and parents and ensure comfortChest drain remains clamped for 4 hours, unless otherwise specified Ambulate the child if able. If unable to ambulate turn the child from side to side every fifteen minutes until the drain is unclampedMark the drainage chamber of the UWSD at the end of specified clamp timeIf disconnected from UWSD, clean tubing end with 2% chlorhexidine solution, allow to dry, then reconnect. Remove the G-clamps, turn 3 way tap ON to the patient and ON to the UWSD, turn on the suction Monitor drainage hourlyDocument procedure in patient’s notes.Adverse Reactions to intrapleural urokinase include: Common: Pain or discomfortInfrequent: Allergic reactions including fever, chills, rash, nausea, headache, bronchospasm, anaphylaxisTheoretically, fibrinolytics may be associated with bleeding, however when appropriate dose guidelines are followed for intrapleural use, bleeding as a complication is not common.Back to Table of ContentsImplementation This procedure will be communicated to relevant staff via team meetings, and will be incorporated into existing education and training programs. Back to Table of ContentsRelated Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and LegislationPoliciesACT Health Waste Management PolicyCorrect Patient, Correct Site, Correct Procedure PolicyNursing and Midwifery Continuing Competence PolicyPatient Identification and Pathology Specimen Labelling PolicyProceduresDrain Management Clinical ProcedureCanberra Hospital and Health Services Clinical Procedure Healthcare Associated InfectionsWound Management ProcedureBack to Table of ContentsReferencesAllibone, L. (2005). Principles for Inserting and Managing Chest Drains. Nursing Times, 101(42), 45-49.Allibone L. Nursing management of chest drains. Nursing Standard. 2003;17(22):45-54.Atrium Medical Corporation. (2006). Express Dry Seal Chest Drain [Brochure]. Mosman, NSW. Atrium Medical Corporation. (2006). Express Dry Seal Chest Drain [Brochure]. Mosman, NSW.Atrium Medical. Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Drain. Retrieved October 21 2015 from: Bard-Parker. Heimlich Chest Drain Valve. Retrieved from: Bibby AC. Pleural procedures: intercostal chest drains and indwelling pleural catheters. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. 2011;72(6):331-336.Briggs D. Nursing care and management of patients with intrapleural drains. Nursing Standard. 2010;24(21):47-55.Carroll P. A guide to mobile chest drains. RNWeb. 2002. Retrieved October 21 2015 from: . Carroll P. Mobile chest drainage: coming soon to a home near you. Home Healthcare Nurse. 2002;20(7):434-44.Carroll P. Keeping up with mobile chest drains, RNWeb. 2005. Retrieved October 21 2015 from: ’s Hospital Westmead, Sydney, Australia, Drug Protocol on Intrapleural Urokinase in Empyema. Protocol No: 2015-9016 v1, August 2017.Coughlin, A., & Parchinsky, C. (2006). Go with the Flow of Chest Tube Therapy. Nursing2006, 36(3), 36-42.Di Ciacca, L., Neal, M., Highcock, M., Bruce, M., Snowden, J., & O’Donnell, A. (2008). Guidelines for the Insertion and Management of Chest Drains. Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals.Durai, R., Hoque, H., & Davies, T. (2010). Managing a Chest Tube and Drainage System. AORN Journal, 91(2), 275-283.Frazer, CA. Managing chest tubes. Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses. 2012;21(1):1,10-12.Held-Warmkessel, J & Schiech, L. (2008). Caring for a Patient with Malignant Pleural Effusion. Nursing 2008, 43-48.Myatt R. Reducing length of stay through the use of ambulatory chest drains and nurse-led follow-up. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing. 2011;6(11);549-552.National Standard for User-applied Labelling of Injectable Medicines, Fluids and Lines, Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2015Northern Health The Northern Hospital. (2006). Intercostal Catheter Insertion, Management and Removal. Clinical Education Centre.NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation. Pleural Drainage Adults.Retrieved October 21 2015 from: , J. (2007). Clinical Do’s & Don’t’s: Managing a Water-seal Chest Drainage Unit. Nursing2007.Sullivan, B. (2008). Nursing Management of Patients with a Chest Drain. British Journal of Nursing, 17(6), 388-393.Stony Brook Cancer Center. Lung Cancer Evaluation Center. Patient instructions heimlich valve home care. Retrieved October 21 2015 from: Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand, Clinical Guideline on Empyema, [Internet, last updated 20 January, 2017; cited 7 November 2017], Available from Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia, Practice Guideline on Empyema: Management [Internet, last updated 10th June, 2015; cited 23rd August 2017, Available from: Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, Australia, Practice Guideline on Chest Drains [Internet, last updated 5th June, 2017; cited 23rd August 2017, Available from: ‘World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Healthcare..au/Codes-and-Guidelines.aspxVarela G, Jimenez MF & Novoa N. Portable chest drainage systems and outpatient chest tube management. Thoracic Surgical Clinics. 2010;20(3):421-426.Xue, Y. (2008). Intervention: Chest Drains: Dressing. The Joanna Briggs Institute. Retrieved December 10, 2010, from , Y. (2009). Chest Drains: Bottle and Tubing Changes. The Johanna Briggs Institute.HYPERLINK \l "Contents"Back to Table of ContentsDefinition of Terms Pneumothorax: air in the space between the lungs and chest wallPleural Effusion: build-up of fluid between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavityAtrium Express? Mini 500 Dry Seal Chest Drain: is a disposable, waterless operating system with 500ml collection volume, a non-adjustable dry suction regulatorpreset at -20cm H2O and a dry one-way valve for seal protection.Heimlich Chest Drain Valve: is a one-way flutter valve that is sensitive to pressure changes and used to drain air and fluid from the pleural space without aspirating air or fluid back into the pleural space. It is constructed of soft rubber tubing. The valve is compressed at one end to form leaflets that control unidirectional flow. It pushes open to remove air and fluid from the pleural space and then closes to prevent air and fluid from re-entering the pleural space.Valsalva Manoeuvre: is performed by attempting to forcibly exhale while keeping the mouth and nose closed to increase pressure in the chest, to prevent air entering the pleural space.Tension Pneumothorax: is a life-threatening condition that develops when air is trapped in the pleural cavity under positive pressure.Back to Table of ContentsSearch Terms Drain, Drainage, Drainage tube care, Wound care: closed drainage, Closed drainage, Suction, Wound drain, Pleural drainage, urokinase, empyema, fibrinolyticBack to Table of ContentsAttachmentsAttachment 1: Management of Chest Drainage System ComplicationsAttachment 2: Chest Drain Chart Checklist and Nursing ConsiderationsAttachment 3: Procedures for Education of the Patient and/or CarerDisclaimer: This document has been developed by ACT Health, Canberra Hospital and Health Services specifically for its own use. Use of this document and any reliance on the information contained therein by any third party is at his or her own risk and Health Directorate assumes no responsibility whatsoever.Policy Team ONLY to complete the following:Date AmendedSection AmendedDivisional ApprovalFinal Approval 11/07/2018Section 9 delivery of urokinase via Intrapleural catheter added.Director of Nursing, WY&CCHHS Policy CommitteeThis document supersedes the following: Document NumberDocument NameAttachment 1: Management of Chest Drainage System ComplicationsComplicationPossible CauseNursing InterventionsSubstantially increased bloodstained drainage- Active bleeding- Drainage of old blood- Monitor vital signs. Observe for increased heart rate and decreased BP. Notify medical officer.- Measure drainage every 15-30 minutes to determine if continuous.- If 300-500mls per hour Call METSignificant air leak in the water seal chamber-Air leak from patients’ lung -Large opening around drain-Faulty underwater seal drain-Poor connection to tubing- Check dressing and ensure that it is secure.- Check the system for leaks.- Check the system for leaks.If the leak is not found notify the medical officer.No bubble in water seal chamber-Sudden cessation:-Tubing is kinked-Obstruction e.g. Clots-Gradual decrease:-Lung has re-expanded- Ensure that tubing is straight.- Check for tubing kinks.- Notify RMO- Check vital signs and oxygen saturation levels. Inform medical officer.Air escaping around catheter or catheter vent exposed at entry site- Large skin opening- Surgical emphysema- Remove dressing. Inspect insertion site and redress.- Check vital signs. Notify medical officer.Accidental disconnection / removal of chest tube- Connections not taped securely- Disconnection – Clamp tube Place end of chest tube in bottle of sterile water to maintain water seal, unclamp while setting up new system. Tape securely after re connection. Do not clamp > 1 min- Removal of tube – If air leak present-Apply dressing taped on 3 sides – vented, to allow air to escape but prevent air re entering pleural space. No air leak – apply occlusive dressing.- Notify Registrar urgently.Attachment 2: Chest Drain Chart Checklist and Nursing ConsiderationsProtected Chest tube Clamps (ends covered with oxygen tubing) with each ICC with patient at all times (in case of disconnection and for removal)Emergency equipment check – bedside oxygen and suction functioningSafety requirements – Ensure drain is secure, dressing intact and airtight, connections securely taped and visible. Check water level in underwater seal chamber to mark indicatedObserve drain sites for any signs of infection, i.e. Inflammation, discharge, oedema or pyrexiaEnsure adequate pain relief for patients with chest drains insituKeep drainage system below chest levelChest drain observations:Record Suction in mmH?O – suction is only active if connected to wall suctionAir leak – indicated by presence of bubbles in the water seal chamber – whether patient has suction on or off – note some patients may not have the strength to expel air from the pleural space without the assistance of suctionSwing/oscillation – in the water seal chamber indicates negativity of the pleural space will decrease as the lung re expands Colour – describe the nature and type of drainage present – serous, haemoserous, chyle, pus, bloodDrainage totals document from 2400 to 2400 in daily column, document overall total in cumulative column and record on Fluid Balance Chart, ensure weekly fluid balance is also completedObserve patient for signs of respiratory distress, i.e. Rapid respiration, pallor, cyanosis, sweating or pressure on the chestCheck chest drains hourly for any kinks or looping for blockage of tubing with blood clots, fibrin and debris, gently lifting sections of tubing to assist fluid flow into drain. Do not “strip” tubing.Attachment 3: Procedures for Education of the Patient and/or CarerEquipment for Discharge All Patients with an ICCPadded tube clamps x 2 Occlusive sterile dressings x 3For Patient’s with a Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain Unit Atrium Express? Mini 500 Mobile Dry Seal Chest Drain Unit x 1Complications - when the patient and/or carer are to seek medical advice:The patient reports pain at the ICC insertion site that does not lessen with analgaesia. The patient /family carer are to contact the nurse or MO. If the ICC dislodges from the chest wall, the patient is to perform the Valsalva Manoeuvre, if there is no air leak a sterile occlusive dressing is applied to the ICC site, if there is an air leak apply a sterile occlusive dressing secured with tape on three sides only (to ensure air can escape) as instructed. Telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.If the drainage system dislodges from the ICC, immediately reattach it or apply two Howard Kelly forceps to the ICC close to the chest wall as instructed and seek urgent medical advice. Telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.The connection between the ICC and the drainage system become loose, resecure the drainage system into the ICC and apply tape. If the patient reports breathing difficulty or sudden unrelieved pain, telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.Air or fluid is coming from around the ICC insertion site, contact the MO or proceed to the Emergency Department for assessment or telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.If the patient develops sudden shortness of breath; check the ICC and drainage system are free from kinks. Check air can escape from the drainage bag on the Heimlich valve or the positive pressure relief valve located on top of Express Mini is not obstructed. If these troubleshooting tips do not relieve the sudden shortness of breath, telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.A large amount of drainage suddenly occurs, contact the MO or proceed to the Emergency Department for assessment or telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone.The Heimlich valve, which was fluttering, has stopped fluttering either the leak has stopped or the ICC is blocked. Contact the MO or proceed to the Emergency Department for assessment or telephone 000 or 112 from a mobile phone. ................
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