The Springstone School - Mrs Alejo



|Name: | |

|Date: | |

|Subject: | |

|The Cold War |

Objectives

|Objective 1: ASWBAT explain the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. |

|Objective 2: ASWBAT explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. |

On a scale of 1 – 3 how well can you meet this objective now.

(1 – Not at all 2 – I know it a little bit 3 – I know it very well)

Highlight your choice.

|Objective: 1 |1 |2 |3 |

|Objective: 2 |1 |2 |3 |

Key Vocabulary Words

On a scale of 1 – 3 rate how well you know the vocabulary words below.

(1 – Not at all 2 – I know it a little bit 3– I know it very well)

|Communism |1 |2 |3 |

|Democracy |1 |2 |3 |

|Capitalism |1 |2 |3 |

Background

1. The Origins of the Cold War

I. Former Allies Clash

• USSR (Soviet Union) and the United States had very different goals:

o USSR wanted global communism.

o U.S. wanted global democracy/capitalism.

• The U.S. and USSR grew to distrust each other by the end of World War II.

o U.S. mistrusted Stalin because:

▪ He had been allied with Hitler.

▪ Was a dictator in USSR.

o Stalin mistrusted U.S. because:

▪ They didn’t invade Europe as quickly as he wanted during WWII.

▪ They tried to keep the atomic bomb a secret.

[pic]

II. Tension Mounts

• Potsdam Conference (July 1945): a meeting amongst U.S. (Truman), USSR (Stalin), and Great Britain (Attlee) to determine European policies and reparations at the end of WWII.

o Stalin went against his promise of free elections in Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.)

.

o Truman was angered by this because his goal was to spread democracy around the world (especially to nations formerly controlled by Nazi Germany).

▪ He also wanted American business to have access to Eastern European markets.

o The division/tension between the U.S. and USSR officially begins here.

• The USSR felt they were owed Eastern Europe because of their heavy losses during WWII (20 million Soviets killed) and because it would prevent future invasions from the west.

• In 1946 Stalin installed communist totalitarian governments in Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland.

o These were known as “satellite nations” because they were controlled by the USSR.

o This essentially divided Europe into two zones (East/communist and West/mostly democratic).

▪ They were separated by the “iron curtain”.

• The U.S. considered the Soviet action in Eastern Europe a threat.

o Truman decided to take hard line with the USSR (no more “babying” them).

o Containment: the U.S. policy of stopping the spread of communism in ANY part of the world.

▪ Concept would guide U.S. foreign policy for next 40+ years.

[pic]

Pre-quiz

1. Why did the U.S. and USSR grow to distrust each other by the end of World War II?

|Answer: |

2. What countries made up the USSR?

|Answer: |

3. What were the goals of the US and USSR after WWII

|Answer: |

|US- |

|USSR- |

III. Cold War in Europe

• Cold War: the conflict between the U.S. and USSR in which neither nation directly confronted each other on the battlefield:

o Lasted from 1945 – 1991.

o Dominated global affairs for that period.

• In 1947 the U.S. Congress agreed to send $400 million to fight communist takeovers in Greece and Turkey.

• Truman Doctrine (1947): Truman’s stated policy that it was the U.S.’ responsibility to support anti-communist movements ANYWHERE in the world.

o This would guide U.S. foreign policy for 40+ years.

• Marshall Plan (1947): aid given to Western European nations to help them rebuild after the devastation of WWII:

o Named after U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall.

o The U.S. feared that weak economies, low food supplies, and destroyed infrastructure would open the door for a communist takeover.

o Also wanted to keep Western European markets open to U.S. businesses.

o Sent $13 billion in 5 years.

o Successful in helping Western European nations rebuild.

[pic]

IV. Superpowers Struggle Over Germany

• At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into four zones, each occupied by the U.S., France, Great Britain, and the USSR.

o U.S., France, Great Britain controlled the western portion.

o USSR controlled the eastern portion.

• In 1948 the U.S., France, and Great Britain combine their zones into one.

• The capital of Germany is Berlin.

o Berlin was also divided into 4 zones.

o The city was completely surrounded by the Soviet-occupied eastern zone.

• In June 1948 Stalin cuts off ground transportation into Berlin:

o This was an attempt to take over the entire capital city.

o No food or fuel could enter the city because it was surrounded by the Soviet-occupied zone.

• Berlin Airlift (1948 – 1949): the U.S. and Great Britain flew supplies into West Berlin to assist those living there and prevent Stalin from taking over the entire city.

o After a year, Stalin lifted the blockade.

o U.S. global popularity increased because of their support for West Berlin.

• In 1949 Germany officially becomes two nations.

o West: Federal Republic of Germany (“West Germany”).

▪ Included West Berlin.

o East: German Democratic Republic (“East Germany”).

▪ Included East Berlin.

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

o A defensive military alliance organized in 1949 between the U.S., Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Canada.

o All pledged to support each other if one was attacked.

o First time in U.S. history that it entered into military alliance during peacetime.

o By 1955, NATO had over 500,000 troops.

Pre-quiz

1. Why did the U.S. and USSR grow to distrust each other by the end of World War II?

|Answer: |

2. What was the Truman Doctrine?

|Answer: |

3. What is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

|Answer: |



2. The Cold War Heats Up

I. China Becomes a Communist Country

• Conflict existed in China for 20 years and in 1945 it finally erupted into civil war.

o Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-Shek.

o Communists were led by Mao Zedong.

• Between 1945 and 1949, the U.S. supported the Nationalists with billions of dollars in aid:

o U.S. officials in China find his government inefficient and corrupt.

o However, this doesn’t change U.S. policy toward China.

o Truman refused to send troops (feared starting World War III).

• Chiang undermined his own movement by alienating (even attacking at one point) peasants who were anti-communist,

• Communists eventually won the peasant support, especially in Northern China.

• In 1949 Chiang and the remaining Chinese government leaders fled to the island of Taiwan:

o Communists took full control of China.

o Known as “People’s Republic of China” (PRC).

• U.S. refused to accept the communist government as China’s true government.

• U.S. public and politicians were shocked at the communist takeover in China.

o The containment had failed.

o Many members of. Congress charged that Truman didn’t do enough.

o Fear of a communist infiltration of the U.S. government and society began to spread rapidly.

[pic]

II. The Korean War

• Korea was controlled by Japan from 1910 to 1945.

• When Japan surrendered in World War II, troops north of 38th parallel surrendered to the USSR; those south of the 38th parallel surrendered to the U.S.

o After World War II ended, two nations emerged; communist North Korea and democratic South Korea.

• In 1949 the USSR-backed North Korea and invaded South Korea in an attempt to take over the entire peninsula.

o This began the Korean War

• South Korea asked the United Nations to stop the invasion and the United Nations agreed by sending in troops.

o The United Nations forces were mostly American and their general was the American Douglas MacArthur.

• Truman ordered U.S. troops and ships to Korea as well.

[pic]

III. The United States Fights in Korea

• North Korea at first drove the United Nations and South Korean forces all the way into the corner of South Korea.

• In September of 1950, MacArthur launched a successful surprise counterattack:

o Essentially saved the war for South Korea.

o Drove North Korea back across the 38th parallel.

• In November of 1950, the United Nations and South Korean forces drove North Korea nearly to border of China.

o China joined the conflict on the side of North Korea as a result of this.

▪ They did not want a non-communist, U.S.-supported nation to border their country.

o The war was essentially between China and the U.S. at this point.

• In January of 1951, all United Nations forces were pushed back to the 38th parallel:

o War would be a stalemate there for another two years.

• MacArthur recommended attacking China with nuclear weapons.

o Truman rejected the request, for he did not want to use nukes and did not want to start World War III.

• MacArthur attempted to go over Truman’s head to get invasion approval and publicly criticized his decision not to invade.

o He ignored President’s authority as Commander in Chief

o This angered Truman, for his general was not following orders.

• In April of 1951, Truman fired MacArthur:

o A shocking decision, especially in the middle of a war.

o Many Americans were outraged at the firing, due to that fact that MacArthur was a World War II hero.

• In 1953 a truce was finalized in Korea:

o cease-fire line was established.

o demilitarized zone established at 38th parallel.

o Korea was still two nations.

• 54,000 Americans were killed in Korean War and it cost roughly $67 billion.



Quiz

Directions: Answer the following questions to see if you met the objectives.

1. Why did President Truman refuse to send troops into China between 1945 and 1949?

|Answer: |

2. Why did Korea turn split into North Korea and South Korea after World War II?

|Answer |

3. Why did China join the conflict on the side of North Korea in November of 1950?

|Answer: |

4. Why did President Truman fire General McArthur in April of 1951?

|Answer: |

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