EAST ASIA-II



EAST ASIA-II

(CHAPTER 9: 440-464)

CHINA’S POPULATION

1.306 BILLION

ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.7% (1970S - 3%)

DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS

LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 (MALES), 73 (FEMALES)

TFR 1.8 BORN/WOMEN (1997)

ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 353 PEOPLE/SQ MI

PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,524 PEOPLE/SQ MI

* ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND

DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (MINORITIES)

POPULATION DENSITY (MAP)

POPULATION PROFILE

URBAN CHINA (INCLUDES MAP)

38% URBANIZED

LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

* AIR POLLUTION

* CONGESTION

* WATER POLLUTION

SHANGHAI (MAP)

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED ECONOMY.

SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED

POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY HAVE WEAKENED CHINA’S POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM.

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM

1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM

BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL

LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED.

FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED.

INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES.

EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”

DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

AGRICULTURAL REGIONS (MAP)

ENERGY RESOURCES (MAP)

DENG XIAOPING ERA

TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A “PRAGMATIC MODERATE”

ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES

OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD

DENG XIAOPING

INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES

DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING

SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN AGRICULTURE

CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS

ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A “SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY”

ECONOMIC INITIATIVES

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

* 5 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

* INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC

OPEN CITIES

* INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES

* SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES

* NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI

OPEN COASTAL AREAS

* ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

* CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

INVESTOR INCENTIVES

LOW TAXES

EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS

SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES

HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED

PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION

CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES (MAP)

OPEN CITIES

SIZE

OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY

LINKS TO “OVERSEAS CHINESE”

LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR

CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS

XIZANG (TIBET)

A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

SPARSELY POPULATED

CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720

GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK CONTROL IN THE 1950s

BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES

FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION

XINJIANG

COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA

A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS

CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION

MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION

BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS

UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES

HONG KONG

MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT

BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR

6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES

ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES

1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA

HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG

ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINA’S ONLY SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)

MONGOLIA

STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION INHABITANTS

PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911

BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s

FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE

ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS

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