Introduction



Biology

Year 10

Blood and Circulatory

System

Name: _______________________

Learning Objectives

• Understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell

• Understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms

• Understand the general structure of the circulation system to include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys

• Describe the structure of the heart and how it functions

• Explain how the factors that affect heart rate

• Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and understand their roles

• Describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

• Understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy

• Explain how adaptations of red blood cells, including shape, structure and the presence of haemoglobin, make them suitable for the transport of oxygen

• Understand that platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms

• Describe how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen

• Understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity

• Outline the issues of childhood vaccinations

Key Terms

surface area

SA:Volume ratio

pulmonary

systemic

pathogen

white blood cell

vaccination

blood vessels

innervated

blood clot

blood

plasma

cardiac muscle

oxygenated

deoxygenated

platelets

red blood cells

fibrinogen

gibrin

cardiac cycle

systol

diastole

erythrocytes

haemoglobin

oxyhaemoglobin

phagocytises

secondary immune response

medulla

pseudopodia

lymphocytes

antibodies

antigen

memory cell

immune

Functions of the Circulatory System

1. What are the functions of the circulatory system?

2. In small organisms diffusion across their body surface is sufficient:

a.

b.

3. Large active organisms cannot rely upon their body surface:

a.

b.

4. Single Cell Organisms rely on the ratio of supply and demand. This ratio will affect the size of the organisms. Write out the formula used to calculate this ratio

5. Single Cell Organisms have a _________________________. Cell surface membrane has a ___________________ to supply all the oxygen that their volume demands.

What is the relationship between size, surface area, volume and S.A.:Volume Ratio?

This information is a review from an earlier worksheet. It is good that you look this over

Surface area of one side 1 1=1mm2 Surface area of one side 1 1=4mm2

Total surface area 6 1=6 mm2 Total surface area 6 4=24 mm2

Volume 1 1 1= 1mm2 Volume 1 1 1= 8 mm2

SA/V 6/1 = 6:1 SA/V 24/8 = 3:1

The bigger cube has a smaller SA/V. It would be less able to obtain all the oxygen it needed through its surface

6. As size ____________, volume ____________ disproportionately compared to _______________. Demands of cells for ____________ and ____________ also ______________ disproportionately:

a.

b.

Circulatory System

1. Label the two different types of circulatory systems. Give an example of each

________________ _____________________

________________ _____________________

2. The two distinct parts of the Double System are the _______________________ and the __________________

3. List the components of the double circulatory system

The Heart

1. Describe the function of the heart

2. The heart is composed of _____________ chambers and divided into _____________ and _____________ halves. It is made up of special tissue called ______________. This type of tissue will ____________ like ___________. They will contract over ______________ in a lifetime.

3. Describe the function of the pericardium

4. The myocardium (muscle of the heart) conducts electricity. Why does the muscle need to be larger on the left side?

7. Label the Chambers of the Heart

8. The inside of the heart is made of various valves. These values keep the blood moving in one direction. This prevents _____________________.

9. Label the heart valves?

Cardiac Cycle

1. Events from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart beat is referred to the ______________________

2. One heart beat consists of two parts. The __________________ and the ____________________.

3. During the cardiac cycle ______________ from the lungs fills the ________ atrium. ________________from other parts of the body fills the __________ atrium. ___________ is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction.

4. The _____________ is the contraction of the heart muscle of the ____________________ atria. Both atria contract at the same time, sending blood into the corresponding ________________. __________________ is the contraction of the muscles of the ____________________ ventricles, which contract at the _________________.

5. On average a heart beats ____________________ when at rest. The heart rate is controlled by the _________________________________.

6. Specialised equipment called ___________________________can be used to test the cardiac cycle. This test measures the ________________________ of the heartbeat or one ____________________________.

7. Specialised nerves are used to activate the cardiac cycle. Label these on the diagram

“The part of the brain called ____________ controls the nerve impulses to the heart. Accelerator nerves increase the heart rate and decelerator nerves slow down the heart rate.”

8. The ______________________ consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the _____________ itself. The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the ___________________ are known _____________________.

9. Complete the pathway of blood flow through the heart

[pic]

Blood Vessels

1. Blood vessels form a throughout the body

2. Blood vessels distinguished by _____________________________________

3. Describe the structure of arteries

4. Describe the structure of veins

5. List the features of the capillaries

[pic]

Blood

1. Describe the function of blood

2. What percent of your body is blood?

3. How much blood do we contain?

4. What percent of your blood is cellular?

5. What percent of your blood is plasma?

6. What is plasma?

7. The cellular components of blood are ______________________, _____________________, and _____________________.

8. Blood cells are formed in the _______________.

9. The characteristics of red blood cells

10. Haemoglobin molecule replaces the nucleus of the blood cell. Haemoglobin is a _____________ molecule which contains particles of ___________. This is an iron containing protein that associates with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

11. Characteristics of white blood cells

12. Complete the table

|Type of White Blood Cell |Role of the White Blood Cell |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

13. Describe how vaccinations help the immune system

14. List some disadvantages of vaccinations.

15. Characteristics of platelets

16. Describe the steps of blood clotting

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1

2

3

 

 

 

Diameter

/ mm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 4

Surface area / mm2

 

 

 

 

 

 

Volume

/ mm3

 

 

 

 

 

s.a. : volume ratio

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

2 mm

2 mm

1mm

2 mm

1 mm

1 mm

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