Chapter 9-1 Growth of Royal Power in England and France



Chapter 8-1 Growth of Royal Power in England and France

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church

• During feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society but had ____________________. _________________ and the ____________________ had as much—or more—power than the monarchs.

• In order to expand their power, monarchs

o ____________________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________________

o ____________________________________________________________

In this way, little by little over many ____________________, these monarchs built the framework for _________________________________________________________

Evolution of English Government

•

• 1066

o ________________________________________= William of Normandy defeats Anglo-Saxons at Hastings.

• 1086

o Domesday Book = ____________________ uses this survey as a basis for ____________________

• 1160s–1180s

o _____________________________________ = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system.

• 1215

o Magna Carta = ____________________ signs this document limiting __________________________ and ______________________________

• 1295

o Model Parliament = ____________________ summons Parliament, which includes representatives of ____________________

1. Created by William I to collect taxes?

Unified Legal System

2. Group of men swore to speak the truth who decided what cases were to be brought to trial?

3. What conflict did Henry II have with the Catholic Chruch?

Successful Monarchs in France

Monarchs in ____________________ did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong ____________________ , such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power

Philip II

• Granted charters to ____________________

• Introduced a ________________________________________

• Filled government positions with loyal ____________________ officials

• Introduced new ________________________________________

• Quadrupled ________________________________________

Capetians

• made the throne ________________________________________

• added to their lands by playing rival ____________________ against each other

• won the support of the ____________________

• built an effective ____________________

Louis IX

• Checked up on ________________________________________

• Expanded ____________________

• Outlawed ____________________.

• Ended ____________________ in his lands

• Left France an efficient, ________________________________________

Chapter 8-2 The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

The Holy Roman Empire

After the death of ____________________, the ___________________________ dissolved into a number of separate states.

In 936AD who took the title of King of Germany?

How did he help the Pope? What title was bestowed upon him?

What problems were faced by Holy Roman Emperors?

German emperors claimed authority over much of central and eastern Europe and parts of ____________________ and ____________________.

The hundreds of nobles and Church officials, who were the __________________ held the real power.

The Struggle Over Investiture

• The Holy Roman emperors and other monarchs often appointed the Church officials within their realm. This practice was known as ____________________

• Popes, such as ________________________________________, tried to end lay investiture, which they saw as outside interference from secular rulers.

• The struggle over investiture dragged on for almost _____ years.

How did Gregory VII free the subject of Henry IV? How did Henry make amends with Gregory?

• Finally, in 1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the __________________ ____________________

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•

•

•

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•

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• It stated that only the Church could appoint bishops, but that the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs.

German Emperors in Italy

• During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious German emperors struggled with powerful popes as they tried to gain control of ____________________

How did the northern Italian city-states defeat Frederick Barabrossa?

• While the emperors were involved in Italy, German ____________________ grew more independent. As a result, Germany did not achieve unity for another 600 years.

• In Italy, the popes asked the ____________________ to help them overthrow the German emperors. Power struggles in ____________________ and Sicily led to 200 years of ____________________ in that region.

The Height of Church Power

• “The pope stands between ____________________ and ____________________, lower than God, but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one.”

—Pope Innocent III

• Pope ____________________ claimed supremacy over all other rulers. He used the tools of ____________________ and ____________________ to punish monarchs who challenged his power.

• After Innocent’s death, popes continued to press their claims for ______________ However, ____________________ and ____________________ monarchies were becoming stronger. The papacy soon entered a period of decline.

Chapter 8-3 Europeans Look Outward

The World in 1050

As Western Europe was just emerging from a period of isolation, civilizations were thriving elsewhere.

|ISLAMIC EMPIRE |INDIA |CHINA |

|Islamic civilization spread from Spain to |________________ thrived, despite political |Culture flourished under ________ and |

|________________ |division. |________ dynasties. |

| | | |

|Islamic traders went as far as West _____ |_____________ and ________________ flourished. |Chinese made advances in ________________. |

|West Africa |AMERICAS |BYZANTINE EMPIRE |

|The Sonike people built the great trading |__________ cleared rain forests to build |Scholars studied _____________ and Roman |

|empire of ________________ |cities. |writings. |

| | | |

|Merchants traded __________ all over the |Native Americans in ____________ built empires.|Merchants mingled with traders from the |

|world. | |_____________ states. |

| | | |

Crusades, 1096–1204

1. What route did English Crusaders take to the Holy Land?

2. Based on the map, why was it difficult for Europeans to defend the Crusader states?

The Crusades

|CAUSES |EFFECTS |

|Turks invade __________________ and attack Christian |Religious ______________ grows. |

|____________. |_____________________________ |

| | |

|Crusaders were motivated by ____________________ and the desire |Europe develops a _____________ economy, which helps undermine |

|to win wealth and land. |____________________ |

| | |

|Pope ____________________ hopes to heal the ______________, or |Power of feudal _______________ increases. |

|split, between Roman and Byzantine churches and increase papal | |

|power. |Europeans become curious about the ____________________ |

Western Europe Emerges From Isolation

|Immediate Effects |Long-Term Effects |

|____________________________ |_____________________________ |

|End of ____________________ |_____________________________ |

| |_____________________________ |

|_____________________________ |_____________________________ _____________________________ |

| | |

|Growth of ____________________ centers | |

| | |

|Increased ____________________ | |

| | |

The Reconquista

The campaign to drive the Muslims from Spain became known as the Reconquista, or “reconquest.”

• 700s – Muslims conquered most of ____________________

• Christians began efforts to drive the ____________________ out.

• 1085 – Christians recaptured the city of ____________________

• 1300 – Christians gained control of the entire ____________________________, with the exception of ____________________

• 1469 – ____________________ of Castile married ____________________ of Aragon, uniting two powerful kingdoms.

• 1492 – Christians, under Isabella and Ferdinand, recaptured ____________________. The ____________________ was complete.

• After 1492 – Isabella ended the tradition of religious ____________________ established by the Muslims and launched a brutal crusade against ____________ and ____________________.

Chapter 8-4 Learning, Literature, and the Arts

Medieval Universities

As economic and political conditions improved, the need for education expanded.

• By the 1100s, schools to train the ____________________ had sprung up around the great cathedrals. Some of these ____________________ schools evolved into the first ____________________

• The first universities were in ____________________ and Bologna in Italy, and then in ____________________ and Paris.

• The curriculum covered the seven liberal arts: ____________________, geometry, ____________________, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.

• ____________________ were not allowed to attend the universities.

1. Describe the Daily life of a student in Medieval Times?

2. Why was Christine de Pizan important?

New Learning” and Medieval Thought

• An explosion of knowledge reached Europe in the High Middle Ages. Many of the new ideas were based on ________________________________________, and posed a challenge to ____________________ thought, which was based on faith.

• Christian scholars, known as ____________________, tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reason. Scholasticism used logic to support Christian beliefs.

• The scholastic ________________________________________ concluded that faith and reason existed in harmony. Both led to the same truth, that God ruled over an orderly universe.

• Science made little progress in the Middle Ages because most scholars still believed that all true knowledge must fit with ____________________ teachings.

1. From what areas did Arab ideas spread into Europe?

2. What number system replaced the Roman system during the Middle Ages?

Literature, Architecture, and Art

• As economic and political conditions improved, Europeans made notable achievements in literature and the arts.

LITERATURE

• New writings in the ____________________, or language of everyday people, captured the spirit of the times.

• The epic ____________________ (France)

• Dante’s ____________________ (Italy)

• Chaucer’s ____________________ (England)

ARCHITECTURE

• Towering stone ____________________ symbolized wealth and religious devotion.

• The ____________________ style reflected Roman influences.

• The ____________________ was characterized by flying buttresses, or stone supports that stood outside the church.

ART

• Sculptors portrayed ________________________________________

• ________________________ windows added to the splendor of Gothic churches.

• The Gothic style was applied to painting and ____________________, the artistic decoration of books.

Chapter 8-5 A Time of Crisis

The Black Death

Open your textbook to page 274. Then study the map and pictures, what are some probable effects of the Black Death on medieval society?

By 1347, the ____________________ had spread to Europe. Before it had finished taking its toll, ____________________ Europeans had died.

The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline.

Social Effects

• Some people turned to _________________ and __________________ for cures.

• Others believed they were being punished by ____________________.

• Some people turned to ____________________, believing the end was inevitable.

• ________________________________________ broke down.

• Individuals turned away from ____________________ and relatives to avoid contagion.

• Christians blamed and persecuted ____________________

Economic Effects

• As workers died, production ____________________

• Surviving workers demanded ____________________. As the cost of labor soared, ____________________, or rising prices, broke out.

• Landowners abandoned ____________________, forcing villagers to look for work in the ____________________

• Unable to find work, ____________________ revolted.

Upheaval in the Church

The late Middle Ages brought spiritual crisis, ____________________, and division to the ________________________________________

• Many ________________________________________ died during the plague.

• Plague survivors questioned why __________ had spared some and killed others.

• The ____________________ could not provide strong leadership in desperate times.

• The papal court was moved to ____________________, during a period known as the ________________________________________.

• Popes lived in ____________________

• Popular ____________________ challenged the power of the Church.

Open your textbook to page 229 and answer the following questions

1. What city in northern France was still under English Control in 1453?

2. What regions of France did England gain between 1337 and 1429?

The Hundred Years’ War

Between 1337 and 1453, ____________________ and ____________________ fought a series of conflicts, known as the ________________________________________.

CAUSES

• English rulers wanted to keep the ____________________ lands of their Norman ancestors.

• French kings wanted to extend their own power in ____________________

• In 1337, ____________________ claimed the French crown.

• Once fighting started, ________________________________________ and a growing sense of ________________________________________ made it difficult for either side to give up.

EFFECTS

• In France, __________________________ grew and kings expanded their power.

• In England, ____________________ gained the “power of the purse,” and kings began looking at trading ventures overseas.

• The ____________________ and ____________________ made soldiers more important and ____________________ less valuable.

• ____________________ and ____________________ became obsolete.

• Monarchs came to need ____________________ instead of feudal vassals.

Turning Points of the Hundred Years’ War

Longbow

During the early years of the war, English armies equipped with the _________________ overpowered their French counterparts equipped with the ____________________. An English archer could shoot ____________________ in the time it took a French archer to shoot one.

Joan of Arc

From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes in battle rallied the ____________________ to victory. French armies continued to win even after she was executed by the English.

Cannon

The ____________________ helped the French to capture English-held castles and defeat England’s armies. French cannons were instrumental in defeating English forces in ____________________

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