Citation Styles .com



Citation StylesCitation styles differ mostly in the location, order, and syntax of source information. The number and diversity of citation styles reflect different priorities among different disciplines of study/research with respect to concision, readability, dates, authors, publications, and, of course, style.There are two major divisions within most citation styles:Documentary-note style: superscript numbers direct the reader to a footnote or endnote; this makes source information both readily available and minimally disruptive to the reader.Please note: documentary-note style is common to MLA, but almost never used in APA.Parenthetical style: takes up much less space and is much more concise in what it includes; however, it may interfere with how smoothly your work reads. No matter which style one uses, one must include a "Works Cited" or “References” page.How do you know which citation style is right for your paper? Ask your instructor! There are several factors determining the appropriate citation style, including the type of class, the academic expectations, and the teacher’s preferences. Citation Styles by Area of StudyMLAAPAChicagoEnglish Language and LiteratureLiterary Criticism and Comparative LiteratureArt HistoryPhilosophyMusicReligionForeign Language and LiteraturesCultural StudiesSocial Sciences:PsychologyLinguisticsSociologyEconomicsCriminologyEducationBusinessNursingEngineeringHistory Physical SciencesNatural SciencesMLA vs. APAMLASimilaritiesAPA Used in humanitiesDouble-spacedCitation page at endUsed in social sciencesCitation page labeled“Works Cited”Must list every source used within the citation pageCitation page labeled“References”Author’s name in Works Cited:Last name, First name.Smith, JaysonMust cite all ideas, information, numbers, statistics, facts, or wording taken from any source, including when one has paraphrased!Author’s name in References:Last name, First initial.Smith, J.If the author’s name is given in a signal phrase, only the page number appears in the in-text (parenthetical) citation.According to linguist Jayson Smith, “The cultural import of certain words…” (34).In both citation styles, quotes are integrated smoothly into the text with lead-in statements, signal phrases, and other rhetorical set-ups.If the author’s name is given in a signal phrase, place the year of publication after the author’s name parenthetically.Linguist Jayson Smith (1995) states that “The cultural import of certain words…”If the author’s name is not given in a lead-in, the author’s name and page number should be placed in a parenthetical to end the sentence.The scientists found a 22% correlation between the trait and the life outcome (Smith 34).In MLA and APA, if theauthor’s name is nowhere to be found, the title of the source is used in both signal phrases and parenthetical references.MLA (“Word Magic” 34) APA (“Word Magic,” 1995)If the author’s name is not given in a lead-in, the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication should be placed in a parenthetical to end the sentence.The scientists found a 22% correlation between the trait and the life outcome (Smith, 1995).Block quotes: quotes of 4+ lines (typed) are indented 1 inch.Each style sets longer quotations off from the rest of the text in a “block quote.”Block quotes: quotes of 40+ words are indented 1/2 inch.Converting MLA to APA: FormattingTitle PageHighlight the whole paper (ctrl+A); make sure it’s double-spaced and in TNR 12 font.Now, to get a fresh page above your first page of text, press ctrl+enter. Next, hit enter (or “return”) until your cursor is 4.5 inches down—look at the ruler to check. Then, press ctrl+e to center the cursor. On line one, type the title of your paper (use title-case). On line two, type your name (with middle initial). On line three, type the name of your school.HeaderClick on “header” and choose “Blank, Three Columns.” Click in the left-hand column, then type out the title of your paper in ALL CAPS.Then, click the right-hand column, go to “insert,” and click the choice that adds a page number (choose the one that says “current position” & then “plain”). Delete middle column.AbstractClick after the name of your school, hit enter, and then hit ctrl+enter. Now you are on a new page. This is where you will write the abstract. If the professor requires an abstract, it should have 100-200 words. Summarize the material presented in the paper, including conclusions or findings. Start by writing “Abstract” on the first line of this page (centered & plain font). Hit enter only once. Left-align your cursor. Write about what the research showed and what the paper concludes.Now write a concise summary of the key points of your research (do not indent.) Your abstract should be only one single paragraph, TNR 12 font, double-spaced. HeadingsGo onto a new page. Write the title of your paper, centered, in plain font.Unlike MLA, APA uses headings. Main headings state the main idea of the paragraph, use title case, and are centered and bold, but they still use size 12 TNR font. Sample headings may say something like these: Introduction, Animal Testing Practices, Problems with Animal Testing, Alternatives to Animal Testing, Conclusion. Sub-headings (optional) state sub-points within the paragraph. These are left-justified, bold, TNR 12 font, and in title case. Here are sample sub-headings that could appear under the Animal Testing Practices paragraph: Cosmetics Testing, Pharmaceutical Testing, and Weapons Testing.Once you have all of your formatting and headings set up, check out the APA in-text citation rules on the next page; then you can type up the essay.Once your essay is typed up, pages 5-8 in this packet can help you convert your MLA Works Cited page to an APA References page.Converting MLA to APA: In-Text CitationBasic In-Text Citation format:Author present: (Smith, 2008, p. 32).No author present: (“Discipline in Schools,” 2018).Signal phrases are the same in MLA or APA. Option 1: According to Dr. James Smith, in an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, “blah blah blah” (2008, p. 32).Option 2: According to Dr. James Smith (2008), in an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, “blah blah blah” (p. 32).No pages? – Skip the pages then!Option 1: Interestingly, the recent article from the pages of the Journal of Scientific Research contains new information about the subject: “blah blah blah” (Smith, 2008).Option 2: According to Dr. James Smith (2008), in an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, “blah blah blah.” Institutional author? – List the organization or agency as the author.There’s no author AND no institutional author? Give the title of the article in place of the author’s name.Option 1: According to “Word Magic” (2008), an article from the Journal of Scientific Research, “blah blah blah.” Option 2: Interestingly, the recent article from the pages of the Journal of Scientific Research contains new information about the subject: “blah blah blah” (“Word Magic,” 2008). Sample APA In-Text CitationsAPA SHORT QUOTATIONSWhen directly quoting, find a way to include all key elements: quotation marks, author, year of publication, and page #(s).Ex 1: According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199).Ex 2: She stated, “students often had difficulty using APA style,” but she did not offer an explanation as to why (Jones, 1998, p. 199).APA LONG QUOTATIONSDirect quotations of 40+ words go in a block of text without quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line and tab once (an indent of only 0.5” from the left margin). Keep it double-spaced. Then, the parenthetical citation comes after the closing punctuation mark.Ex: The well-known teaching manual made an interesting point:Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or ask their teacher for help. (Jones, 1998, p. 199)APA PARAPHRASINGWhen paraphrasing an idea from another’s work, you must refer to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. APA guidelines encourage you to provide page numbers; however, technically, page numbers are only required for direct quotes.Ex 1: According to Jones (1998, p. 32), APA style can be a difficult citation format for first-time learners, so it is important to consult the Purdue Owl sometimes.Ex 2: APA style can be a difficult citation format for first-time learners, so it is important to consult the Purdue Owl sometimes (Jones, 1998, p. 32).APA: As Cited in…To talk about a work discussed within another work (a citation within a citation), cite ONLY the source you read in the References page, and then cite like this in-text: Foucault (as cited in Spivak, 1992) defines this as...Foucault = original / Spivak = secondary source (the one you were looking at)Converting MLA Works Cited to APA ReferencesFormatting BasicsIn APA, title this page References (plain/normal font & centered at top of page). Do not put any extra space between the title and entries or between entries.As with MLA, alphabetize, double space, and use hanging indents.Author NamesAPA uses the author’s first and middle initials and last name; it goes up to seven (not four) authors; and it always inverts author’s first and last names (not just the first one).Multiple authors? Keep inverting their names, and use & instead of “and.”More than seven authors? List the first six, then an ellipsis, and then the final author.Date of PublicationAPA includes the date of publication in parenthesis. If it is a specific date, spell out the month, and write it in this order: (2002, April 16). If it’s just a year, put the year: (2002).Title of SourceIn titles, APA only capitalizes the first letter of the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash, and proper nouns.?Use italics for full-length works and container names (books, movies, websites, journals).In the reference page (but not in the paper or parenthetical citation), titles of short works appear in plain font, without quotation marks or other formatting.Title of ContainerIf there is a container, like the title of the website, journal, database, or textbook the source exists within, its title of this container is italicized. Also, for this container title, go back to title case capitalization: capitalize all words besides conjunctions and short prepositions.Volume and Issue NumberIf there is a volume number, it is italicized. If there is a journal number, put it in parentheses.Page RangeFor the second-to-last part of the entry, we include the page range, if that is available.Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55(1), 893-896.LocationNow, if the source was found online, we have one final element to add. Notice there’s no period after the url: Retrieved from References ExamplesBOOK BY ONE AUTHORAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.Calfee, R. C. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.BOOK BY TWO OR MORE AUTHORSAuthor, A. A. & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication:Publisher.Calfee, R. C. & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal Publication. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.Barnes, J., Nichols, E. H., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). Self-esteem stability. Boston: New Wave Book Publishers.BOOK WITH NO KNOWN AUTHORInstitutional author (year of publication). Title of book. City of publication: Publisher.American Allergy Association (1998). Allergies in Children. New York: Random House.A WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR COLLECTIONAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of chapter or article. In Editor (Ed.), Title of Book (pages of chapter or article). City of publication: Publisher.Gladwell, M. (2007). What the dog saw. In D. F. Wallace (Ed.), Best American Essays 2007 (86-102). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNALAuthor, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), Pages.Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55 (1), 893-896.ARTICLE OR PAGE ON A WEBSITEAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (date of publication). Title of article or page. Website Title.Retrieved from addressAngeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, September 5). General format. Purdue Owl. Retrieved from OR WEBPAGE WITH NO AUTHORAll 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13). MSNBC. Retrieved from . id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/ARTICLE IN A PAPER NEWSPAPER or ONLINE NEWSPAPERAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, page(s).Stewart, K. (2006, August 21). No time for sleeping. The New York Times, B1.Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from addressParker-Pope, T. (2008, December 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from ................
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