English Studies 12 with Ms. Martens



APA Documentation Style 6th Edition

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General Format:

Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.

Elements of a Title Page:

• Article title

• Author’s name

• Author's school

• Running head- included in the upper left-hand corner on all pages, including the title page.

• Page number-- All pages, including the title page, should also have a page number in the upper right-hand corner.

General Advice about When and How to Cite Sources in Your Text:

Citation Basics:

Altering your quote—Use of [square brackets] At times you need to change parts of your quotation in order to make the sentence grammatically correct.

Changing Point of View/ Changing the Verb Tense

Garnet is angry when Raphaella brushes him off. “But instead of talking I stepped toward her, took her in my arms and kissed her.”

What is the issue? The quotation is not integrated because the point of view and tense has changed.

Garnet surprises himself by unexpectedly showing his feelings for Raphaella when he “step[s] towards her, [takes] her in his arms and kiss[es] her” (p. 90). Not even his anger at being brushed off stops him.

Why does this work?

✓ Quote fits right into the writer’s sentence

✓ Is connected and revealing (goes further into the character and the writer creates a conclusion for the reader)

✓ Shows changes to the quote with square brackets and maintains a consistent verb tense; the meaning is still the same

Notice the Punctuation

Notice that there are only two punctuation marks that are used to introduce quotations: the comma and the colon (:). Note that a semicolon (;) is not used to introduce quotations.

The Proper Punctuation: Keeping it Simple

Remembering just a few simple rules can help you use the correct punctuation as you introduce quotations. There are some exceptions to the rules below, but they should help you use the correct punctuation with quotations most of the time.

• Rule 1: Complete sentence: "quotation." (If you use a complete sentence to introduce a quotation, use a colon (:) just before the quotation.)

• Rule 2: Someone says, "quotation." (If the word just before the quotation is a verb indicating someone uttering the quoted words, use a comma. Examples include the words "says," "said," "states," "asks," and "yells." But remember that there is no punctuation if the word "that" comes just before the quotation, as in "the narrator says that.")

Ellipsis

Ellipsis is a fancy word meaning leaving out some of the words in a quotation. Students are reluctant to do this, and of course you don't want to change the sense of a passage by leaving out crucial words. But, pruning a quotation is one of the best ways of strengthening its impact. Be careful, however: you must notify the reader of any changes, and naturally you cannot change the meaning of a passage in any material sense. If you leave out words within a quoted sentence, use ellipsis—three or four dots with spaces between and around them.

[pic]

3-Dot Ellipsis

• When you cut some of the words at the beginning of or within a quotation (but less than a full sentence), use 3-dot ellipsis.

“Most of the world’s Muslims today . . . are not Arabs and cannot read Arabic” (Lippman, 2015, p. 58

• Note that you put single spaces around the dots. A considerable number of academic readers care about such things, so be warned.

[pic]4-dot ellipsis

If the deleted portion of the quotation includes a sentence's end punctuation, or if you are using the quotation to end a sentence in your essay, then you have to add a fourth dot, representing the period. If you leave out a sentence or more from a quoted passage, you must also use four-dot ellipsis. Make sure that what you do quote consists of grammatically complete sentences before and after the ellipsis:

Frederick Douglas bores into his listeners’ hearts, insisting that no one can truly believe in the justice of slavery: “There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven, that does not know that slavery is wrong for him. . . . At a time like this, scorching irony, not convincing argument, is needed” (Douglas, 1800, p. 34).

Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). 

OR

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long Quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Jones's (1998) study found the following: 

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or Paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Source within a source Citation

When the source you want to cite is found within another source, cite as follows:

Neal (2007) refers to Singh’s (2003) study which shows that…(p. 27).

OR

James (as cited in Trivedi, 2011, p. 71) describes the results…

Use of et al.

The Latin phrase et al., an abbreviation meaning “and others” is used to shorten lists of author names in text citations to make repeated referencing shorter and simpler.

Below is a chart showing when to use et al., which is determined by the number of authors and whether it is the first time a reference has been cited in the paper. Specifically, articles with one or two authors include all names in every in-text citation; articles with three, four, or five authors include all names in the first in-text citation but are abbreviated to the first author name plus et al. upon subsequent citations; and articles with six or more authors are abbreviated to the first author name plus et al. for all in-text citations.

|Number of authors |First text citation (either parenthetical or |Subsequent text citations (all) |

| |narrative) | |

|One or two |Palmer & Roy, 2008 |Palmer & Roy, 2008 |

|Three, four, or five |Sharp, Aarons, Wittenberg, & Gittens, 2007 |Sharp et al., 2007 |

|Six or more |Mendelsohn et al., 2010 |Mendelsohn et al., 2010 |

When you want to cite more than one source as providing the same information: 

Order the citations of two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses alphabetically in the same order in which they appear in the reference list (including citations that would otherwise shorten to et al.). Separate the citations with semicolons.

Example: 

Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske & Mahoney, 1998)

Citing a section or page of a website

For example, if you want to cite information on melanoma that is taken from the BC Cancer Agency website, you use the creators of the site as the author, and the title of the section or page as the title of the article in your reference – so the citation is just author, date and paragraph number.

Example:

According to the BC Cancer Agency (2018), “[m]elanoma may spread (metastasize) by way of the lymph system or the blood stream” (para. 1).

Some things to remember about citing webpages:

Author information can sometimes be found under an "About" section on a website. If there is no known author, start the citation with the title of the website instead. The best date to use for a website is the date that the content was last updated. Otherwise look for a copyright or original publication date.

Citing from a long document with subtitles

When you are using an article that contains no page numbers but has subtitles for each section, you cite the author, date and then subtitle.

Example:

Exposure to sunshine increases the risk of skin damage (Jones & Smith, 2017, “Causes of Skin Cancer”).

SAMPLE APA FORMATTED PARAGRAPH WITH CITATIONS

Reference List Basics:

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

• Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.

• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.

• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

• Present the journal title in full.

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Basic Form for Print Articles from Periodicals (Reference List)

APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.Title of Periodical, volume

number(issue number), pages.

References of Websites

• The most basic entry for a website consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, date accessed, and the web address.

Last Name, First. “Page Title.” Website Title. Retrieved Date, from Web Address

Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as President. Retrieved

February1, 2009, from

• The first author's name should be reversed, with the last name coming first, followed by a comma. First names and any middle names are given as initials, each followed by a period. A suffix, such as a Roman numeral or Jr./Sr. should appear after the author's first and middle initials, preceded by a comma.

• For a page with two or more authors, separate them by comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name. If more than six authors are cited, abbreviate the seventh author and any others that follow with "et al."

Smith, J. & Doe, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as President. Retrieved

February1, 2009, from

• If an organization is the author, include the organization name, as normal, in place of the author names. If no author is available, begin the citation with the page title.

Trudeau elected as Prime Minister. (2015, Oct 25). . Retrieved February 1, 2016

from

• After the author names are listed, include in parentheses the publication date. List the year first, followed by a comma, and then the month and day. Place a period outside of the parentheses. In some cases, a specific date might not be available, and the date published may only be specific to a month or even year. Provide whatever date information is available.

Smith, J. (2015, October). Trudeau elected as Prime Minister. . Retrieved February 1,

2016, from

• If there is no publication date available, substitute the abbreviation "n.d." instead.

Smith, J. (n.d.). Trudeau elected as Prime Minister. . Retrieved February 1,

2016, from

• Include the full page title, which is followed by a period. Within the title, only capitalize the first letter of the first word or any proper nouns. Afterwards, cite the name of the website (which is italicized), followed by a period.

• Conclude your citation by including the word "Retrieved", followed by the date on which you accessed the website (written in the format of "month day, year"). Follow the date with a comma, the word "from", and the web address of the website.

References of Movies, Documentaries or Youtube Clips

Movie Reference Format:

Producer, A.A. (Producer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Release Year). Title of motion picture [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio

APA format example:

Bender, L. (Producer), & Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994). Pulp fiction [Motion Picture]. United

States: Miramax.

Citing a film from YouTube:

APA format:

Author, A.A.. [screename]. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from

APA format example:

Smith, Rick. (2013, September 20). Favre to Moss!. [Video file]. Retrieved from

Notes: When citing a video from YouTube, keep in mind:

• Screen names are more prominent that actual names on YouTube. If you come across a user whose real name isn’t available, use only their screen name without brackets.

Screen name. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title of video. [Video file]. Retrieved from



APA format example:

Holleratgeorge. (2007, May 27). The flop of all flops. [Video file]. Retrieved from



.

SAMPLE APA FORMATTED REFERENCE PAGE

References

Bender, L. (Producer), & Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994). Pulp fiction [Motion Picture]. United

States: Miramax.

Holleratgeorge. (2007, May 27). The flop of all flops. [Video file]. Retrieved from



Smith, J. (2009, January 21). Obama inaugurated as President. Retrieved

February1, 2009, from

Smith, R. (2013, September 20). Favre to Moss!. [Video file]. Retrieved from



Trudeau elected as Prime Minister. (2015, Oct 25). . Retrieved February 1, 2016

from

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Dekulakisation was anti-productive for the collective farms because they were getting rid of the most skilled farmers (Perloff, 2009, p. 12). Communist volunteers that were trained mainly by propaganda for two-weeks were used to run the farms instead. Stacy (1970) described the so- called ‘25-thousanders’ who were not qualified for these jobs; the farms rarely met State quotas under their management (p. 23).

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