How to Cite Your Sources



Guidelines for Citing Source Information

When writing a research paper, you cite your sources in two ways: within the paper and at the end of the paper. Parenthetical citations (also referred to as in-text citations) are used for citing your sources within the paper. The full citation of the source is placed at the end of your paper on a separate page known as either a works cited page or a bibliography page. You may also use the Son of Citation website located online at to assist you with citations. Choose MLA format, text type, and information for citing the text.

There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style/format sometimes depends on the academic discipline (subject) involved. For example:

• APA (American Psychological Association) is used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences

• MLA (Modern Language Association) style is used by the Humanities (English)

• Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

You’ll need to consult with your teacher or professor to determine what is required in your specific course. The information below is used to assist you with your parenthetical (in-text) citations:

• Generally, you want to provide the last name of the author and the specific page numbers of the source. If such information is already given in the body of the sentence (ex. using according to), then omit it from the parenthetical citation.

• Place the parenthetical citation where there is a pause in the sentence – normally before the end of a sentence or a comma. The in-text citation will differ depending on how much information you provide within the sentence.

Examples:

Johnson argues this point (12-13).

This point had already been argued (Johnson 12-13).

Citing online sources with no author

• If there is no author, use the title that begins the citation, either the article or website title.

Examples:

Elephants are thought to be one of the smartest mammals (“Smart Elephants”).

Nineteen men and women were convicted (Salem Witchcraft Trials).

According to the article “Salem Witchcraft Trials,” many people were falsely accused of being witches.

Note: Ideally, when citing online sources, try to reference the source within your sentence, with either the author or the title to avoid writing a parenthetical citation.

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Where to put the parenthetical citations:

• Place parenthetical citations at the end of the sentence(s) you’re paraphrasing and or quoting.

• Citations on the Works Cited or Bibliography Page

The information below is used on your works cited or bibliography page. You may also use the Son of Citation website located online at to assist you.

1. Book with One Author

Last name, first name. Title. City where published: Publishing company, Year

published.

O’Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York: Broadway Books, 1990.

2. Source With More than One Author

Last name, first name, and First Name Last Name. Title. City where published: Publishing company, Year

published.

3. Magazine Article

Last name, first name. “Title.” Magazine Title. Date. Year: page numbers.

Rust, William F., and Robert J. Sharer. “Olmec Settlement Data from La Venta,

Tabasco, Mexico.” Science 7 Oct. 1988: 102-104.

4. Full Text Magazine Article Retrieved from an Online Database

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine Date of Publication.

Volume Number (if required). Pagination (if given). Vendor/Supplier of

Database. Date of Access.

Gore, Rick. “Pharaohs of the Sun.” National Geographic Apr. 2001. Expanded

Academic ASAP. Gale Group. Duke U. Lib., Durham. 21 Aug.2001.

5. Internet/Website (Stand Alone Document)

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Web Page. URL Web address (Date).

Harris, Jonathan G. “The Return of the Witch Hunts.” Witchunt Information

Page. (28 May 1996).

6. Personal Interview

Last name, First Name. (Type) of Interview, Date.

Stuphin, Andrea. Email Interview. 17 Apr. 2002.

7. Newspaper Article

Last Name, First Name. “Story Title.” Newspaper Name Date Year, edition,

section: page number.

Jones, David. “Olmec Data.” New York Times 1 Aug. 1991, early ed., sec. 1:2

8. Encyclopedia Article

Last Name, First Name. “Topic Title.” Encyclopedia Name. Year ed.

Smith, Stewart. “Lung Cancer.” World Book Encyclopedia. 1996 ed.

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