World Bank loan financed
World Bank loan
Integrated Forestry Development Project
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
World Bank Loan Project Management Center
State Forestry Administration
May 2009
Table of contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Project background 1
1.2 Project origin 1
1.3 Lessons learnt from previous World Bank loan forestry projects in China 2
1.4 Project compliance with related policies and regulations 5
1.5 Environment management assessment and institutes 5
1.5.1 Assessment content 5
1.5.2 Assessment Institutes 5
2 Policy, Laws, and Regulations and Management Framework 7
2.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national and local levels 7
2.1.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national level 7
2.1.2 Policy, laws and regulations at local level 7
2.2 World Bank policy 8
2.3 Technical norms of environmental assessment 8
2.4 Construction project documents 8
3 Project Description 8
3.1 Project objective 8
3.2 Project components 9
3.2.1 Establishment of new multifunction forest plantations 9
3.2.2 Improving existing plantation forests 10
3.2.3 Institutional support, project management and M&E 11
3.3 Distribution of project areas 11
4 Natural Environment and Socio-economic Condition of Project Areas 17
4.1 Natural conditions 17
4.1.1 Topography 17
4.1.2 Soil 19
4.1.3 Climate 21
4.1.4 Hydrological conditions 23
4.2 Ecological condition 24
4.2.1 Vegetation types 24
4.2.2 Current condition of forest resources 26
4.2.3 Fauna and flora resources 28
4.3 Current socio-economic development condition 29
4.3.1 Socio-economic condition 29
4.3.2 Land ownership condition 30
4.3.3 Culture heritage and historical relics 30
4.3.4 Collectively owned forest contracting and forest land tenure reform 30
4.4 Current environmental quality related to project objectives 31
5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures 34
5.1 Methods of assessment 34
5.1.1 Scope and time of assessment 34
5.1.2 Factors of assessment 34
5.1.3 Standards of assessment 36
5.1.4 Category of assessment 36
5.1.5 Priorities of assessment 36
5.2 Positive environmental impact analysis 37
5.2.1 Water retention, soil conservation and improvement 37
5.2.2 Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forests and land sandification combating 38
5.2.3 Increment of biodiversity 38
5.2.4 Carbon sequestration and regulation of climate 38
5.3 Negative impact and mitigation measures 39
5.4 Risk analysis and prevention measures 43
5.4.1 Risk analysis 43
5.4.2 Risk reduction measures 43
5.5 Socio-economic impact analysis 44
5.5.1 Social benefit 44
5.5.2 Social risks 44
5.5.3 Mitigation measures 45
6 Analysis of Alternatives 46
6.1 The "zero scheme" analysis 46
6.2 Comparison between IFDP afforestation and other afforestation schemes 47
6.2.1 Afforestation site selection 47
6.2.2 Species selection 48
6.2.3 Afforestation model selection 48
6.3 Comparison between IFDP existing plantation forest improvement scheme and the traditional scheme 49
7 Environmental Management Plan 51
7.1 Specific plans of implementing mitigation measures 51
7.1.1 Preparation and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines” 51
7.1.2 Preparation and execution of “Integrated Pest Management Plan” 51
7.2 Environmental monitoring plan 51
7.2.1 Topics and indicators of monitoring 51
7.2.2 Monitoring Site selection and distribution 52
7.2.3 Methods of monitoring 55
7.2.4 Organization of monitoring execution and reporting 56
7.3 Training plan 56
7.3.1 Purpose of training 56
7.3.2 Topics of training 56
7.4 Organization and supervision 59
7.4.1 Organization and implementation 59
7.4.2 Inspection and supervision 59
7.5 Fund source and budget 59
8 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 61
8.1 Public survey method and topics 61
8.1.1 Public consultation survey method 61
8.1.2 Public consultation survey topics 62
8.2 Analysis and recommendations of public survey result 64
8.2.1 Analysis of survey result 64
8.2.2 Comments and recommendations from the public 66
8.2.3 Comments and suggestions from experts 67
8.3 Information disclosure 70
8.4 Public consultation 73
9 Conclusions 75
Annexes: 76
1. Environmental Protection Guidelines 76
2. Integrated Pest Management Plan 76
3. Public Survey Tables and Records 76
4. List of Organizations and Persons of EIA Report Contributors 76
1 Introduction
1.1 Project background
Maintaining good environmental quality is critical to living conditions as well as economic and social development. Protection and improvement of ecological condition of the natural environment for sustainable development is a national policy of the Chinese government. The overall ecological condition of China is fragile especially with limited amount of forest resources, as indicated in wide-spread serious soil and water erosion, continuous desertification expansions, , low forest quality, etc.
In January 1999, the State Council of the Chinese Government issued “Nation Ecological Construction Program” dividing the whole country into eight zones based on their distinct ecological types, each with different goals, tasks and construction manners. According to this program, the IFDP has selected 5 provinces from three zones to carry out afforestation and forest improvement based ecological construction.
As the first selected zone, Shanxi Province is located at the zone of upper and middle reaches of Yellow River. The main direction of ecological construction is to use biological and engineered measures in sub-watershed treatment units for soil and water erosion control as well as to expand and restore bushes, trees and grasses for integrated vegetation communities.
As the second selected zone, Liaoning Province and Hebei Province are located at the project area of the "national three-north shelterbelt protection forest program" where comprehensive measures are being taken to resolve the dust storms and sandification harms. Under IFDP, the main objective of ecological construction is to increase forest and vegetation through establishing farmland protection forest shelterbelt and to control the tendency of desertification expansion at the desert fronts.
As the third selected zone, Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province are located at the southern low hilly land areas of China, where the main objective of ecological construction is to establish water retention forest to reduce surface runoff and to prevent soil erosion. Meanwhile, the existing plantation will be protected and improved by enriching the forest structure, improving forest function and maximizing forest comprehensive/integrated benefits.
1.2 Project origin
To further develop forest resources, improve forest ecosystem structure, enhance the quality of forest resources, make full use of efficency and multiple functions, and ensure territory ecological safety, State Forestry Administration (SFA) put forward project application in 2003 to NDRC for use of a World Bank loan for“China Forest Plantations Resources Cultivation Project" (SFA official document [2003] No. 91). Since then, a series of investigation and field studies have been carried out in accordance NDRC Provisional Management Methods for International Financial Organization and Foreign Government Loan Investment Projects (NDRC official document [2005] No.28). Based on the findings of these studies, SFA revised its project proposal and renamed the project as "Integrated Forestry Development Project (IFDP)". In 2006, IFDP was incorporated into the World Bank- China 2007-2009 project pipeline. Through the series studies and consultation with relevant government agencies, SFA confirmed the IFDP scope to be within Liaoning, Shanxi, Hebei, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces.
1.3 Lessons learnt from previous World Bank loan forestry projects in China
The World Bank has lent China a series loans in support of forest improvement in China, including "NAP","FRDPP","FDPA" and "SFDP". All forest projects have paid a high attention to environmental management through identification and implementation of mitigation measure to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts from project activities on nature reserves, forest land, natural habitats, and other ecosystems in the project areas. Measures have also been taken to conserve soil and water, reduce soil fertility decline, control pest and disease and promote plantation, forest ecosystem stability and sustainable development.
(1) Major environmental measures adopted in previous World Bank forest projects
·Development and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines”，which included explicit environmental protection measures regarding sites selection and layout, selection of planting species (varieties) and distribution, site slashing/preparation, young forest tending, pest and disease prevention and control, timber felling and forest regeneration, forest road construction, and other key field operational linkages. These measures have been carried out strictly in project field operation.
·Development and execution of “Pest and Disease Management Plan”（FDPA and SFDP）which includes specific stipulations for forest pest/disease prevention and control, monitoring as well as the chemical pesticide safety during project implementation. These management plans advocate physical and biological prevention and control methods, and the use of high-efficiency and low-toxicity for chemical pesticide for pest management.
· For major planting species of project timber forest plantation, cash tree crops, bamboo forest as well as multi-function protection forests, environmental monitoring were conducted on soil and water conservation, soil fertility, pest and disease. A total of 236 environmental monitoring stations were established and observed for five continuous years to reveal the incidence regulations of project afforestation activities related soil and water conservation, soil fertility and project plantation forest pest and disease.
·The projects carried out training of project management and technical staff at all levels as well as project entities and households to promote their environmental protection awareness，understand and learn the proposed technologies and measures stipulated in “Environmental Protection Guidelines” and “Pest and Disease Management Plan” for use in their implementation activities under the projects.
·Use compliance of the “Environmental Protection Guidelines” in field operations to judge the project implementation quality. The “environmental protection compliance rate” is adopted as afforestation sub-compartment acceptance checking indicator, to enhance environmental protection supervision and management.
（2）Environmental management performance of previous World Bank forestry projects
·The project implementation did not lead to negative impacts on local natural forest, nature reserves or wild animal habitats.
·The improper traditions of sites without careful preparation and “mountain burning” site preparation methods are changed. Alternatively, the project plantation forests are made to coexist with the rationally retained natural arbors, bushes to form forest ecological structures to add plantation forest ecological stability and to maintain plantation forest soil fertility.
·Such environmental protection measures of partial site preparation along contour line and “triangle” form planting hole layout, partial forest tending method, retention of under-forest vegetations were applied in the project afforestation and plantation forest management to reduce soil and water conservation, maintain soil fertility and plantation forest biodiversity.
·To make project plantation forests into multiple-variety, small-scale continuous forests which are more reasonable structure, by altering the traditional practice of unitary superior variety plantation forest in large continuous scales, to have reduced the risks of land degradation and pest and disease incidence of the artificial forest ecosystems.
· The occurred pest and disease of project plantation forests were well managed, with limited pest and disease incidences on individual forest stands effectively controlled, prevented mainly with physical and biological measures, and used chemical pesticides minimized and if necessary, in accordance with applicable WHO requirements.
·The environment monitoring to different types of project plantation forests indicate the following conclusions. In the forest planting year and the followed year, most planting lands will have light soil and water conservation（erosion modulus 2500t/a·km2）; The planting lands soil nutrient loss happen simultaneously with soil and water erosion；The new planting lands pest and disease incidence is low and there are no large areas with pest and disease incidences.
·The project implementation management as well as the technical staff, beneficiaries （including local farmers）gained increased environmental awareness as well as awareness for afforestation and plantation forest management. They have better understanding of necessary environmental protection methods and measures. Taking “FDPA” as the example, 98 person-days of environmental protection training were conducted to different levels of the project provincial management and technical staff，2461 person-days to county management and technical staff，12878.6 person times to township level management and technical staff, 549800 person-days to afforestation entities and households. The training and extension of the environmental protection measures have ensured environmental protection compliance of project implementation, and for forests established locally for managed plantation forests out of the project.
·For the first time the projects adopted for plantation afforestation and management in china the “environmental protection compliance rate” as a quality control indicator. For the past four World Bank loan forestry projects implementation, the “environmental protection compliance rate” reached on average 95.0%，indicating satisfactory execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines” in project field operations.
（3）Comparison between “IFDP” and previous World Bank loan forestry projects in China
|Category |IFDP |Former WB forestry projects |
|project target |Establishment of multifunction forest |Establishment of intensive managed |
| |plantations, for dual environmental protection |plantation forest mainly for economic |
| |and economic benefits. |benefit, but meanwhile for ecological |
| | |improvement |
|Forest type |Ecological economic tree crops ,ecological |Timber forest plantation, economic tree |
| |protection forest |crops ,bamboo forest etc |
|Sites selection |ecologically fragile wastelands and degraded |Better site condition areas suitable for |
| |lands |development of commercial forest |
|Afforestation model |Multiple planting species mixed forest, |single species forest, single-layer forest |
| |multi-layer forest | |
|Existing plantation forests|To upgrade existing single species forest into |To transfer low quality, single species |
|improvement model |multiple species mixed forest and multi-layer |forest into healthy, high production single |
| |forest |species forest |
The above comparison shows that "IFDP" pays higher attention to the ecological or environmental protection role of the new established forest plantations and improved existing plantation forests. Therefore, more strict and careful environmental management measures need to the taken in the project area layout, sites selection for forest planting or forest improvement as well as the specific field operations in order to guarantee the realization of project objectives.
( 4 ) Need for improvement in environmental management in "IFDP"
By fully learning the environmental management lessons and practices of previous forestry projects, the following aspects will be strengthened for better performance of environmental management based on the characteristics of IFDP:
·Selection standards will be made clear to project area and planting sites. It is suggested that priority will be given to ecological fragile areas and areas of urgent needs of soil and water conservation, wind-breaking and sand-fixing as well as farmland protection.
·Clearification of project selection standards of the existing plantation forest improvement. The priority will be given to plantation forests with declined ecological function, and forest stands with inferior health conditions, low increment, and low biodiversity.
·Selection standards of slope lands will be strict. The project will not allow afforestation on slopes over 35 degrees. At the same time, sites selection of new established forest plantation or improvement existing plantation forest will be done with priority scheme by considering the ecological protection role and effectiveness.
·Clearification of mixed afforestation with more strict requirements on ecological benefit facilitation. For example, the maximum plot area of single planting species will be much lower than that in previous afforestation projects.
·More strict, more extensive application of partial site preparation method and partial forest tending method. The original vegetations are as far as possible retained on planting lands, and the removed weeds are be retained on site.
·Intercropping activities in new afforestation sites will be controlled, by putting forward clearly the types of lands for intercropping crop to prevent irrational intercropping leading to soil and water erosion.
·More strict to selective cutting adopted and no clear cutting, to protect biodiversity and the protection function of the ecosystem of plantation forests.
Besides, IFDP will maintain the effective training program as done to personnel of different levels in previous World Bank projects, keep the practice of using environmental protection compliance rate for acceptance checking, environmental monitoring etc. to ensure the realization of the project environmental management targets.
1.4 Project compliance with related policies and regulations
The project has been designed to establish wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest at sand/wind-prone areas of Hebei, Liaoning; to establish soil and water conservation forest at soil and water erosion areas of Shanxi, Liaoning and Anhui; to establish farmland protection forest at plain cropping areas of Hebei, Shanxi; to establish ecological landscape forest at culture heritage surrounding areas of Anhui; and to improve the low quality/benefit forests in Anhui, Zhejiang. The main purpose of the project is to improve forest function and enhance its ability to resist natural disasters, provide full forest multiple benefits especially the ecological benefit, protect and improve ecological condition, ensure regional territory ecological security, promote grain high steady production, and raise local people’s income. These targets are in full compliance with “Decision by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Quickening Forestry Development”, “National Ecological Construction Program”, “Outline of the 11th 5-Year National Economy and Social Development Plan”, “Forestry Development and the 11th 5-Year Mid and Long Term Plan”, and are consistent with the national policies of ecological construction.
1.5 Environment management assessment and institutes
1.5.1 Assessment content
This environmental assessment includes identification and assessment of environmental benefit or positive impacts, adverse impacts, risk analysis, mitigation measures, analysis of alternative, environmental management plan, and public consultation.
1.5.2 Assessment Institutes
The following institutions were involved in preparation of subproject EIAs.
1. Liaoning: Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower
Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Provincial Forestry Department
2. Shanxi: EIA Center of Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment and Protection of Chinese Academy of Forestry
Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province
3. Hebei: Institute of Hydrological and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geology Science
Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province
4. Anhui: Academy of Environmental Science of Anhui Province
Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Province
5. Zhejiang: Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province
Based on the individual EIA reports for each of the project provincial components, experts from Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Academy of Forestry completed the consolidated EIA report.
2 Policy, Laws, and Regulations and Management Framework
2.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national and local levels
2.1.1 Policy, laws and regulations at national level
（1）Environmental Protection Law, P.R.China, 1989
（2）Environmental Impact Assessment Law, P.R.China, 2002
（3）Water law, P.R.China, 1988
（4）Water Pollutant Prevention and Control Law, P.R.China, 1996
（5）Soil and Water Conservation Law, P.R.China, 1991
（6）Forest Law, P.R.China, 1998
（7）Wild Animal Protection Law, P.R.China, 1988
（8）Nature Reserve Regulation, P.R.China, State Council order No 167, 1994
（9）Wild Plant Protection Regulation , P.R.China, State Council order No 204, 1996
（10）Notice of Further Strengthening the Administration of Nature Reserve, State Council order No. 111, 1998
（11）Construction Project Environmental Management Regulation, State Environmental Protection Administration, 1998
（12）Notice of Strengthening EIA Management of Projects Financed byLoan of International Financial Organizations, four ministries and commissions of State Environmental Protection Administration etc. SEPA official document [1993] No 324
（13）Construction Project Environmental Protection Classified Management List, State Environmental Protection Administration 2002
（14）Forest Pest and Diseases Prevention and Control Regulation , SFA 1989
（15）Forest Plantation Quality Management Provisional Methods, SFA 2001
2.1.2 Policy, laws and regulations at local level
（1）Environmental protection regulation of Shanxi province（revised）,1996
（2）Forest pest and diseases prevention and implementation methods of Shanxi Province , Shanxi Province people' s government 1997
（3）Plant quarantine implementation methods of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province people’s government 1997
（4）Implementation instructions of construction project environmental protection management regulation, Environmental protection bureau of Zhejiang Province
（5）Land wild animals protection regulation Zhejiang Province
（7）Forest management regulation of Zhejiang Province
（8）Environmental protection regulation of Hebei Province, 2005
（9）Hebei province environmental monitoring management method, Hebei province people’s government order [2001] No.20
（10）Forest pest and diseases prevention implementation method of Hebei Province
（11）Forest park management regulation of Anhui Province
2.2 World Bank policy
World Bank operational policy (OP) 4.01 （environmental assessment）, 4.09（pest and diseases management）, 4.36（forestry）and World Bank information disclosure policy
2.3 Technical norms of environmental assessment
（1）Environmental impact assessment technical guidelines（HJ/T2.1-2.3-93）
（2）Environmental impact assessment technical guidelines for non-pollutant ecological impact （HJ/T19-1997）
（3）Soil and water conservation comprehensive treatment technology norms （GB/T16453.1-16453.6-1996）
（4）Development project soil and water conservation program technology norms（SL204-98）
（5）Soil and water conservation monitoring technology guidelines（Sl277-2002）
（6）Forestation technology guidelines（GB/T 15776-2006）
（7）Forestation operational design guidelines（LY/T 1607-2003）
2.4 Construction project documents
（1）World Bank loan financed IFDP feasibility study report
（2）IFDP Aide Memoires of World Bank of the project identification mission（March, and September, 2008）; preparation mission （September and October, 2008）; preparation supervision mission ( January, 2009); Pre-appraisal Mission (April, 2009)
3 Project Description
3.1 Project objective
The overall objective of the project is to demonstrate the establishment and management of sustainable multifunction forest plantations with significant public goods benefits, optimize forest stands structure, improve forest stands quality, increase biodiversity, improve forest ecological conditions, enhance world natural and cultural heritage sites neighboring to the project forest lands and protection function and increase forest farmers income. The project implementation shall support provision of different services（technical extension, marketing, establishment of cooperatives and associations）, project beneficiaries in strengthening public institution capacity building, promoting implementation of collective forest land tenure reform.
The project will establish new multifunction forest plantations and improve existing plantation forests at ecological fragile areas to rehabilitate forest vegetation, increase forest coverage, improve forest ecosystem struction and function, provide ecological multifunction and comprehensive benefits of forest, guarantee territorial ecological safety, improve forest sustainable management level, increase forest management income, and demonstrate the extension of management of sustainable multifunction forest plantations to other areas.
3.2 Project components
3.2.1 Establishment of new multifunction forest plantations
The project shall be on degraded or erosion prone lands establish multi-function forest plantations of wind-breaking/ sand-fixing forest, soil and water conservation forest and farmland protection forest, to mitigate soil erosion, improve degraded land to strengthen the general production capability of agricultural comprehensive production.
Table 3-1 New establishment of multifuntion forest plantations
|Province |Forest types |Acreage（ha.） |Percentage (%) |
|Hebei |Timber species mixed wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest |8186.9 |32.9 |
| |Intercropped wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest |12674.0 |50.9 |
| |Ecological-economic wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest |4038.3 |16.2 |
|Total |24899.2 | |
|Anhui |Coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest |9823.0 |62.2 |
| |broadleaved mixed species forest |3450.0 |21.8 |
| |bamboo- broadleaved mixed forest |2530.0 |16.0 |
|Total |15803.0 | |
|Shanxi |Protection forest of Platycladus, larch, Chinese pine, poplar, black |19093.8 |72.7 |
| |locust, etc . | | |
| |Economic protection forest of walnut, Chinese date, apricot, prickly ash, |7178.9 |27.3 |
| |persimmon etc | | |
|Total |26272.7 | |
|Liaoning |Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest |9499.0 |34.8 |
| |Soil and water conservation forest |17818.0 |65.2 |
|Total |27317.0 | |
|General total |94291.9 | |
3.2.2 Improving existing plantation forests
In Anhui, Zhejiang, improvement will be carried out to existing degraded forest plantations with poor growth and forest forms, single structure or single species, by measures of enrichment of broadleaved tree species and bamboo, strengthening forest tending management to upgrade the forest into well developed broadleaved forest, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest or bamboo-broadleaved mixed forest that contain forest with uniform forest from, rich structure and tree species.
Table 3-2 Improving Existing Plantation Forests
|Province |Forest types |Acreage（ha.） |Percentage (%) |
|Anhui |Coniferous single species forest improvement |13385.00 |87.3 |
| |low benefit, broadleaved single species forest improvement |1947.00 |12.7 |
|Total |15332.00 | |
| Zhejiang |Broadleaved, pine mixed species forest |10016.50 |40.0 |
| |Broadleaved, pine, bamboo mixed species forest |1219.22 |4.9 |
| |Broadleaved, Chinese fir mixed species forest |5991.05 |24.0 |
| |Broadleaved, Chinese fir ,bamboo mixed species forest |4636.84 |18.5 |
| |Broadleaved, Chestnut mixed species forest |2238.67 |9.0 |
| |Broadleaved, tea multiple layer mixed species forest |908.15 |3.6 |
|Total |25010.43 | |
|General total |40342.43 | |
3.2.3 Institutional support, project management and M&E
In total, 218,000 person-days of personnel training will be provided by forest, ecology and environmental specialists, both domestically and overseas. The trainees will be from different levels of forest management as well as project implementation agencies in five project provinces and central project management office. The project will include 3406 person-days of technical consulting services and 39,875 person days of practical technology extension training. The project is to issue a total of 94,292 forest management certificates to those successful establishment of new forest plantations, to support establishment of 22 farmer associations. The project is also to develop a demonstration forest management scheme with a total area of 400 ha including further 1320 person day training under this scheme. As part of the hardware support to forest environmental management organizations, the project is to provide various project management offices, forest stations, associations and coops at all levels a total of 629 sets of computers, fax machines and copiers and 90 vehicles.
3.3 Distribution of project areas
Table 3-4：Table of distribution of project areas
|Provinces |Administration Region |Number |Project Administration Names |
|Liaoning |Prefectures |4 |Shenyang, Jinzhou, Fuxin, Tieling |
| |Counties |6 |Xinmin, Yixian,Fuxin, Zhangwu, Changtu, Xifeng |
|Shanxi |Prefectures |9 |Xinzhou, Jinzhong, Lvliang, Linfen, Yuncheng, Yangquan, Jincheng, Taiyuan, |
| | | |Datong |
| |Counties （city, |24 |Hunyuan, Guangling；Baode, Hequ, Pianguan, Zhongyang, Lishi District, Linxian,|
| |district） | |Jiaokou, Liulin；Jinyuan, Yuxian , Taigu, Heshun, Zuoquan；Daning, Yonghe, |
| | | |Wanrong, Linyi, Yanhu District, Wenxi, Jiang；Gaoping, Jincheng |
| |Forest management |2 |Wutai, Heitu |
| |bureau | | |
|Hebei |Prefectures |4 |Handan, Xingtai, Henghui, Langfang |
| |Counties |17 |Yongnian, Feixiang, Jize, Quzhou, Qiuxian, Linzhang, Daming, Guantao, |
| | | |Guangzong, Linxi, Weixian, Wuyi, Jingxian, Yongqing, Guangyang, Wen’An, |
| | | |Dacheng |
|Anhui |Prefectures |5 |Huangshan, Xuancheng, Anqing, Liu’An, Chuzhou |
| |Counties |15 |Qianxian, Qimen, Huangshan District, Huizhou District, Xuanzhou District, |
| | | |Ningguo, Jingxian, Jingde, Yuexi, Huaining, Susong,Taihu, Huoshan, Nanqiao |
| | | |District, Quanjiao |
| Zhejiang |Prefectures |2 |Huzhou, Hangzhou |
| |Counties |5 |Anji, Deqing, Changxing, Lin’An, Fuyang |
Figure 3-1 Map of project areas
[pic]
Figure 3-2 Map of five project provinces
|Liaoning Province |[pic] |
|Shanxi Province | |
|Hebei Province |[pic] |
|*Anhui Province |[pic] |
|Zhejiang Province |[pic] |
4 Natural Environment and Socio-economic Condition of Project Areas
4.1 Natural conditions
4.1.1 Topography
Table 4.1 shows the typographical conditions of the project areas of the five project provinces.
Table 4-1: Typographical condition of project areas and project provinces
|Province |Project areas |Topographical condition of project area |Provincial topography |
|Liaoning |Shenyang |Located in the plains of middle and lower reaches of Liao River,|The whole province inclines from |
| | |open and plain terrain, slightly higher in the north, elevation |north to south, and from |
| | |at 60 -120m. |east/west sides to the central |
| | | |part. The hill/mountain areas at |
| | | |east/west sides take |
| | | |approximately 2/3 area of the |
| | | |province while the central |
| | | |section wide Liao River plain |
| | | |approximately the remaining 1/3 |
| | | |area. |
| |Jinzhou |Low hilly area, Daling River alluviation plain, coastal | |
| | |low-lying area; General elevation at 50- 800 m asl. | |
| |Fuxin |Low hilly, sandy or plain areas. | |
| |Tieling |Low hilly, sandy/windy or plain areas, elevation at 120- 870 m. | |
|Shanxi |Xinzhou |High at east and western parts but low at intermediate, |Located at the valley area |
| | |inclining from east to west, fragmented typographical forms with|between Taihang Mountain and |
| | |gullies. |Yellow River middle reaches, and |
| | | |at the loess plateau. Two sides |
| | | |at east and west are mountains of|
| | | |Luliang and Taihang while the |
| | | |southern and northern ends are |
| | | |mountains of Zhongtiao and Heng, |
| | | |and central section is a series |
| | | |of broken basins. Typographically|
| | | |complicated with mountainous |
| | | |areas hills, tableland, valleys, |
| | | |plains etc. The mountainous and |
| | | |hilly areas are the main |
| | | |landforms. |
| |Luliang |Located in the western side of central Shanxi, with Luliang | |
| | |mountain crossing from north to south the whole city, fragmented| |
| | |landforms with gullies | |
| |Linfen |High in north and low in south, with four landforms of loess | |
| | |gullies, loess hilly terraces, earth-stone mixed mountainous | |
| | |area and alluvial plains. | |
| |Yuncheng |Zhongtia Mountain at southeast, Ermei Mountain northwestward and| |
| | |between the two mountains is the Yuncheng basin, elevation at | |
| | |350 - 500 m, | |
| |Yangquan |Mountainous areas mainly, in addition to some hilly and plain | |
| | |areas. Higher at the west and low at east. | |
| |Taiyuan |General elevation at 764 - 1866 m, mountainous with hill inside,| |
| | |various landforms, gullies and mounds at 100-150 m. | |
| |Datong |Located east part of loess plateau with gully cross-criss, | |
| | |extended mountains and gullies mixed, complicated typographical | |
| | |structure, major landforms of mountainous areas, hills, gullies,| |
| | |plains, basins, valleys. Divide into east mountainous region, | |
| | |the hills of central section and west plain; | |
| |Jinzhong |Mountainous land at east, hilly land at middle and western part | |
| | |plains. With eastern part steep and west part plain, elevation | |
| | |at about 800 m . | |
| |Jincheng |Mainly hills although with mountainous areas at northeast part, | |
| | |generally high mountainous ridges with hills and basins at | |
| | |central section rising and falling, 2322m peak site and normally| |
| | |600-1200 m elevation. | |
|Hebei |Handan |Old river course areas of Yellow River, alluviation and flooded |Three landforms of pla |
| | |plain, elevation at 34-70m. |teau, mountainous areas and |
| | | |plains. Plateau is located in the|
| | | |northern end of the province, |
| | | |with north and northeast parts |
| | | |taken over by Yan Mountain. The |
| | | |northwest is the ending of Heng |
| | | |Mountain, and western is Taihang |
| | | |Mountain. These 3 mountains form |
| | | |semicircle surrounding Hebei |
| | | |plain by inclined arch landform |
| | | |from north to south and west to |
| | | |east. |
| |Xingtai |Old river course areas of Yellow River, alluviation and flooded | |
| | |plain, elevation at 28-36m. | |
| |Hengshui |Old river course areas of Yellow River, alluviation and flooded | |
| | |plain, elevation at 14-23m | |
| |Langfang |Old yellow river and Yongding River alluviation and flooded | |
| | |plain, elevation at 2-23m. | |
|Anhui |Huangshan |Aligned hills and mountain ranges, mixed with valleys, basins |Located at eastern part of China,|
| | |and plains. |with Yangtze River and Huai |
| | | |River crossing the province from |
| | | |west to the east. The province |
| | | |is divided into 5 natural areas: |
| | | |Huaihe north plain, |
| | | |Yangtze-Huaige hilly area, |
| | | |western Anhui Dabieshan |
| | | |mountainous area, Yangtze river |
| | | |plains and southern mountain |
| | | |area. Major mountains are Dabie, |
| | | |Yellow Mountain, Jiuhua Mountain,|
| | | |Tianmu. The Huang Mountain summit|
| | | |(lotus peak) is 1860 m high. |
| |Xuancheng |Contains three mountains of Huangshan, Tianmu and Jiuhua that | |
| | |extended freely forming south-high and north-low, gradually | |
| | |inclining complex typography landform. | |
| |Anqing |Northwest lie the moderate and low mountain area of Dabie | |
| | |Mountain, southeast part is the beach land of the Yangtze River | |
| | |while at central section are rising and falling hills mixed | |
| | |among low mountains and lakes. | |
| |Liu’an |The southwest part is high while the northeast is low and flat. | |
| | |Trapezia -shaped distribution of mountains, hills and plains. | |
| |Chuzhou |Landforms include three types namely hilly area, hillock area | |
| | |and plains, high in the west and low in the east. The peak site | |
| | |elevation is 399.2 m. | |
| Zhejiang |Huzhou |Physically inclined from west to east, with the western part of |Zhejiang has narrow land area |
| | |the ending of Tianmu Mountain, eastern part of water abundant |with its plains used for |
| | |plains of canals and fish ponds. The central section contains |cropping. The cropland takes |
| | |hills and plains. |44.8% of total land acreage, and |
| | | |paddy rice cropland takes 77.6% |
| | | |of cropland. The hilly or |
| | | |mountainous are for forestry |
| | | |mainly. |
| |Hangzhou |Part of northern Zhejiang Plain, including mountainous areas, | |
| | |hilly areas and plain areas. Typographically inclined from | |
| | |southwest (ending of the Tianmu Mountain) to northeast (network | |
| | |of waterways). | |
4.1.2 Soil
Table 4-2 shows the soil conditions of the project provinces and project areas:
Table 4-2: Soil condition of the project provinces and project areas
|Province |Project areas |Soil conditions |
|Liaoning |Shenyang |Meadow soil |
| |Jinzhou |brown earth, Meadow soil |
| |Fuxin |Cinnamon soil, Brown earth and Aeolian soil |
| |Tieling |brown forest soil, lowland brown soil and Aeolian, brown forest soil, |
|Shanxi |Xinzhou |Grey-cinnamon soil and fixed Aeolian soil |
| |Luliang |Brown loess soil mainly; for the over 1500 meters forest area, the soil of Lishi, |
| | |Zhongyang, Jiaokou are sub-alpine meadow soil; Liulin and Linxian have mainly loess soil.|
| |Linfen |The main soils are mountainous areas meadow soil, brown earth soil, drab soil, meadow |
| | |soil, Bog soil, saline-alkali soil, such as the six major types of soil. |
| |Yuncheng |Mainly cinnamon soil over 80% of the city area; other soils are brown earth, mountainous |
| | |areas Meadow soil, Litho soil, Skeletol soil |
| |Yangquan |Mainly Cinnamon soil type, and another Fluvo-aquic soil type, Skeletol soil type, |
| | |Litho soil type. |
| |Taiyuan |Soil can be divided into cinnamon soil ,Meadow soil ,Paddy soil. |
| |Datong |Mainly cinnamon soil, Castano-cinnamon soil, Castanozems. |
| |Jinzhong |Cinnamon soil, Mountainous areas meadow soil, Brown earth, Litho soil, Skeletol soil, |
| | |Fluvo-aquic soil, solonchak, Paddy soil. |
| |Jincheng |Mainly cinnamon soil, while mountainous areas Meadow soil, Brown earth, luvic cinnamon |
| | |soil, etc.. |
|Hebei |Handan |Aeolian soil, sandy Fluvo-aquic loam, medium cinnamon loam. |
| |Xingtai |Sandy Fluvo-aquic loam, light Fluvo-aquic loam. |
| |Hengshui |Sandy loam, Fluvo-aquic soil. |
| |Langfang |Fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil, Aeolian soil. |
|Anhui |Huangshan |Red earth, Yellow earth, mountainous areas yellow Brown earth, Purplish soil, Sandy loam,|
| | |alluvial soil. |
| |Xuancheng |Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth, Purplish soil, black Limestone soil, |
| | |Skeletol soil , Red clay soil, Fluvo-aquic soil, Paddy soil. |
| |Anqing |Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth etc. |
| |Liu’an |Yellow Brown earth, Paddy soil, Fluvo-aquic soil, Lime concretion black soil, mountainous|
| | |Meadow soil. |
| |Chuzhou |Yellow Brown earth, Paddy soil, Skeletol soil, Limestone soil, Purplish soil. |
| Zhejiang |Huzhou |Red earth, Yellow earth, Yellow Brown earth, Fluvo-aquic soil bedrock soil |
| |Hangzhou |Red earth with the most widely distributed, accounting for 58.94 percent of the total |
| | |area, yellow earth accounted for 20.31%, accounting for 10.98 percent bedrock soil. |
4.1.3 Climate
The following table summarizes the climatic conditions of the project areas.
Table 4-3 Climate conditions of project areas
|Provinc|project areas |Climate conditions |
|e | | |
| | |Annual average temp（℃） |
| | |Surface water |Groundwater reserve |
| | | |（100 million m3） |
| | |Watershed |Area（km2） |Annual runoff | |
| | | | |（100 million m3） | |
|Liaoning |Shenyang |Liao River |3315 |1.978 |5.40 |
| |Jinzhou |Daling River |5267 |4.930 |7.89 |
| |Fuxin |Daling River |3559 |1.864 |6.11 |
| | |Liao River | | | |
| |Tieling |Liao River |14161 |5.475 |5.44 |
|Shanxi |Xinzhou |Yellow River |1326.5 |0.2022 |0.5645 |
| |Luliang |Yellow River |21095 |11.1 |8.9 |
| |Linfen |Fen River |11288 |13.2 |10.3 |
| |Yuncheng |Sushui River |5548 |2.17 |8.85 |
| | |Fen River |2873 |25.1 | |
| | |Yellow River |8424 |500 | |
| |Yangquan |Tao River |3608 |1.4 |0.9887 |
| |Taiyuan |Fen River |287.4 |2.04 |0.5 |
| |Datong |Sanggan River |6417.2 |2.28 |9.3 |
| |Jinzhong |Nanyang River |2427 |0.72 |1.36 |
| |Jincheng |Yellow River |48 |4.78 |5.61 |
|Hebei |Handan |Zhang River |3624.8 |5.41 |17.3 |
| |Xingtai |Fuyang River |2057.0 |4.70 |6.8 |
| |Hengshui |Fuyang, |2005.0 |3.04 |13.7 |
| | |Weiyun River | | | |
| |Langfang |Yongding, |2730.0 |4.50 |7.7 |
| | |Ziya River | | | |
|Anhui |Huangshan |Xinanjiang |5944 |91.70 |11.45 |
| | |Qingyi |3863 | | |
| | |(subsidery of | | | |
| | |Yangtze River) | | | |
| | |Yangtze River |3863 | | |
| |Xuancheng |Qingyi, |11627 |94.53 |13.24 |
| | |Shuiyangjiang | | | |
| | |Xinanjiang |713 | | |
| |Anqing |Yangtze River |6700 |106.51 |19.79 |
| |Liu’an |Huai River |14920 |181.38 |16.01 |
| | |Yangtze River |3054 | | |
| |Chuzhou |Huai River |3328 |93.28 |6.14 |
| | |Yangtze River |4412 | | |
| Zhejiang |Huzhou |Tiaoxi |4541 |28.64 |8.12 |
| |Hangzhou |Qiantang |42000 |134.10 |29.39 |
4.2 Ecological condition
4.2.1 Vegetation types
Table 4-5: Vegetation types of project provinces and project areas
|Province |Vegetation types of project provinces |Main vegetation types of project|
| | |areas |
|Liaoning |Belongs to Northeast China Plant Zonation. Vegetations are of medium quality |coniferous- broadleaved mixed |
| |but many types, including warm coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, deciduous |forest, deciduous forest, |
| |forests, temperate pine and oak mixed forests, and oak forests. The |coastal/beach vegetations |
| |vegetations are either of warm temperate zone/ temperate zone semi-humid | |
| |agricultural vegetation types, or sea/river coastal vegetation types. The | |
| |steppe of Liaoning province is in the eastern end of Euro-Asia steppe belt, | |
| |provincial distribution have raw hay original, meadow steppe and bush thick | |
| |grass 3 types of steppe. | |
|Shanxi |Belongs to North China plant zonation of holarctic (i.e.,North China plants of|Broadleaved forest ,coniferous |
| |China-Japan plant sub-region). Major vegetation types are cold temperate |forest ,coniferous- broadleaved |
| |coniferous forest, cold temperate evergreen coniferous forest, cold temperate |mixed forest mixed species |
| |evergreen, coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, and cold temperate |forest, bush clump grassland, |
| |coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, warm coniferous forest, oak forest, |and meadow |
| |broadleaved hardwood forest, mountainous poplar-birch forest, bush clump | |
| |grassland, bush-grass clumps and meadows. | |
|Hebei |Belongs to North China plant zonation of holarctic (i.e., North China plants |Deciduous broadleaved forests of|
| |of China-Japan plant sub-region), and the North China Plain. According to |poplar, willow, elm, toona, |
| |typographies, western part of the plateau is dry grassland while the eastern |pear, peach and apricot |
| |part is for forest steppe with larch, birch, coniferous-broadleaved mixed | |
| |forest; The mountainous region has by vertical distribution the grass/bush | |
| |clumps – deciduous broadleaved forest – coniferous and deciduous broadleaved | |
| |mixed forest - coniferous forest - the low mountain meadow; Plain has the | |
| |primitive vegetations of warm temperate broadleaved forest and meadow, but now| |
| |replaced with poplar, willow, elm, toona, pear, peach and apricot and other | |
| |artificial plantation. | |
|Anhui |Belongs to eastern China plant zonation straddling south edge of warm |Evergreen broadleaved forest, |
| |temperate zone and north edge of middle subtropical zone, and the transition |deciduous broadleaved forest |
| |area between northern species and southern species, with complicated |,deciduous |
| |typography, rich species, numerous forest vegetations of deciduous broadleaved|broadleaved-coniferous mixed |
| |forest, deciduous evergreen mixed forest, evergreen broadleaved forest, |forest, coniferous forest |
| |coniferous forest, coniferous- broadleaved mixed forest, bamboo forest, | |
| |economic tree crops, bush forest and bush clumps. | |
|Zhejiang |Belongs to east China subtropical plant zonation, straddling the south |Broadleaved forest, coniferous |
| |subtropical zone and north subtropical zone. Local vegetations are evergreen |forest, coniferous- |
| |broadleaved forests, existent forest types of broadleaved forest, coniferous |broadleaved mixed forest, |
| |forest, coniferous- broadleaved mixed forest, highland low forest, bush clumps|highland low forest, bush clumps|
| |and mountain meadows. |and mountain meadows. |
4.2.2 Current condition of forest resources
Current structure and distribution of the project provinces’ forest resources have the following features:
Table 4-6 Table of Forest Resources Status
|Province |Forest Resources Status |
|Liaoning |All the forest vegetation has single-layer structure, mainly young and middle forest, limited amount of mature forest. The forest structure needs improvement. The forest vegetations are unevenly |
| |distributed more in the east and less in the west. |
|Shanxi |In the project areas, the forest resources are limited and unevenly distributed with poor quality and low benefits. There are no stable forest communities. The ecological protection system is |
| |underdeveloped unable to meet the ecological demands of soil and water conservation, water retention, wind-breaking, sand-fixing etc. The forest coverage is nearly 3% lower than the average level |
| |of the whole province. |
|Hebei |Due to lasting human intervention, there has been no virgin forest. The existing forests are plantations of poplar, willow, elm, black locust, toona, apple, pear, peach, apricot etc. |
|Anhui |The province straddles the southern edge of warm temperate zone and the north edge of subtropical zone, belonging to the transitional region between south and north species of the country. There |
| |are complicated typographies, rich species and forest vegetation types. |
|Zhejiang |Because of long term development and utilization in history, the indigenous vegetations have been replaced by forest plantations such as Masson pine, China fir, economic tree crops, bamboo etc. |
Table 4-7: Arbor forest resources of project areas（unit: ha., 10000 cubic meters）
|# |Province |Forest |Total |By forest origin |By forest types |
| | |cover（%） | | | |
| | | | |Forest plantations |Natural forest |Single species forest |Mixed species forest |
| | |
|Liaoning |Liaoning province has plants in 161 families and 2200 species, including nationally protected wild plants|
| |12 species (4 species for Grade I protection,8 species for Grade II protection. Priority protected wild |
| |animals 100 species, including Grade I nationally protected wild animals 17 species and Grade II 83 |
| |species；Provincial protected wild animals 91 species；Beneficiary or main economic/research valued wild |
| |animals 292 species；Sino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Agreement includes 227 species of which 202 |
| |species are found in Liaoning, Sino-Australia Migratory Bird Protection Agreement includes 81 species of |
| |which 54 species are found in Liaoning. |
|Shanxi |The wild plants totals in 177 families,762 genus,2683 species, of which 2 species are Grade I protected |
| |plants, 3 species are Grade II protected plants. There are land vertebrates in 439 species, Grade I |
| |protected wild animals in 15 species；Grade II protected wild animals in 56 species；provincial priority |
| |protected wild animals in 27 species；Sino-Japan Migratory Bird Protection Agreement contains 148 species|
| |in Shanxi. |
|Hebei |Hebei has plants of 156 families, 807 genus, 3000 species, of which woody plants in over 500 species. |
| |There are meanwhile land (inclusive of amphibian) vertebrates in 530 species；reptile 19 species and |
| |amphibian 10 species, including 1 species of Grade I protection；There are 440 bird species representing |
| |46.0% of the national Grade I protected bird species. The province has national or provincial priority |
| |protected wild animals 137 species, and over 200 marine species. |
|Anhui |Anhui has rich variety of wild animals and plants, with high plants in 4245 species （including woody |
| |plants in 112 families, 334 genus and 1320 species）, nationally protected wild plants in 31 species, |
| |province protected plants 44 species. Vertebrates in 44 orders, 121 families and 742 species including |
| |nationally protected animals 91 species . |
|Zhejiang |Zhejiang has higher plant 4550 species, of which 53 ones are listed as national key protected plant, 88 |
| |listed as provincial protected plant. There are 689 species of vertebrate in 126 families of 35 genus. Of|
| |the 689 species, 117 ones are national key protected animals, 37 provincial level protected animals, |
| |including known beasts of 99 species in 33 families of 10 genus; There are birds of 464 species and |
| |subspecies, in 69 families of 19 genus; Reptile 82 species, in 47 genus, 15 families of 4 orders; There |
| |are amphibious of 44 species in 16 genus, 9 families and 2 orders. |
4.3 Current socio-economic development condition
4.3.1 Socio-economic condition
The following table for the project area socio-economic conditions.
Table 4-9: Socio-economic survey of project areas
|Province |Total land area |No. of |Total hhs. (104)|Population (104) |Minority people |Agri. Population |Rural laborers (104) |
| |(ha) |township | | | |(104) | |
| | |(farms) | | | | | |
| | | | |
| |Total |1st industry |
|soil and |Liaoning |Liaoning has now soil erosion area of 51161 km2,or 35.1% of total area of the province. The annual loss of soil |
|water | |from erosion reaches 131 million tons, annual soil loss depth 2.2mm.Liao River basin, the soil erosion area is |
|erosion | |17080.9 km2, or 24.6% of the total watershed area. In Daling River basin, the soil erosion area is 11835 km2or |
| | |59.2% of the total watershed area (the Liaoning part).Liaoning has serious soil and water erosion, especially the |
| | |wastelands and croplands. |
| |Shanxi |The soil and water erosion acreage of the areas along the Yellow River makes up over 80% of total land area.The |
| | |average annual silt discharge is 456 million tons, of which 367 million tons goes to Yellow River comprising |
| | |nearly 1/4 of the silt inflow into Yellow River. The middle reaches of yellow River have most severe soil and |
| | |water erosion. The soil and water erosion area for the whole province is 108000 km2,or 69% of the total land area.|
| | |Luliang and Taihang mountains are serious soil and water erosion areas. Shanxi has the most severe soil and water |
| | |erosion among of five IFDP project provinces. |
| |Hebei |Hebei has its project areas wholly located at the plains. Therefore there is basically no risk of soil and water |
| | |erosion. |
| |Anhui |Anhui has soil and water erosion mostly in form of hydraulic erosions and mainly surface erosion. Gully erosion |
| | |and gravity erosion only occurs at partial local sites. The province has 3.42846 million ha of soil and water |
| | |erosion acreage. Up to 2006, the province has totally treated 1.98363 million ha eroded land and the existing soil|
| | |and water erosion acreage is 1.44483 ha, taking 10.4% of provincial territory area. Due to improper land use |
| | |measures, some new erosion area appears by year along with the actively treated eroded acreages every year. |
| | Zhejiang |Zhejiang possesses soil and water erosion area of 13654.13 square kilometers taking 12.95% of total provincial |
| | |land territory acreage. The erosion exists mainly at mountainous area of northwestern part, hilly area of |
| | |southwestern part, hill-basin mixed areas of the central part of the province |
|Surface |Liaoning |Yearly average surface runoff of Liaoning measures 32.471 cubic meters, with the runoff coefficient of 0.32. |
|Runoff | |Precipitation distribution and runoff distribution essentially overlaps. Yalu River lower reaches Kuandian and |
| | |Dandong has annual runoff of 600-700 mm deep, which gradually becomes smaller northward and to the central section|
| | |to reach 200-500 mm at Hun River and Taizi River upper reaches, and to reach 100 mm Liao River lower reaches at |
| | |the center of the province. At the Liaodong Peninsula coastal area, the runoff depth decreases from east 600 mm to|
| | |west around 200 mm. At western Liaoning, and the Liao River upper reaches (the Laoha River), the runoff depth is |
| | |at 25-75 mm. At the border area of northern Liaoning province with Inner Mongolia, the annual runoff is below 25 |
| | |mm deep. |
| |Shanxi |The yearly average runoff measures 9.79 billion cubic meters, average runoff 62.6 mm deep. For annual runoff |
| | |depth, the southeast part has deepest runoff, to shallower runoff to the northwest and west; The runoff depth of |
| | |the eastern and southeastern parts to the south of Heng mountain including Heng mountain, Wutai mountain, Taihang |
| | |mountain (wind facing slope), Zhongtiaoshan mountain (south slope), the runoff is over 100 mm deep generally; The|
| | |northwestern and north areas of Shanxi have runoff about 50 mm or 25 mm deep mostly; Runoff of the big basins is |
| | |less than 25 mm deep in general. |
| |Hebei |Yearly average of runoff of Hebei province is at 5.74 billion cubic meters, with the high runoff value area (over |
| | |100mm deep, and annual runoff accumulated depth about 150-250mm) along the mountain ranges of Taihang and Yan |
| | |Mountains at the range slope side facing the wind, Beyond this high runoff value area, the runoff declines |
| | |gradually by two directions to the northwest and southeast, to have low runoff value areas at the inland river of |
| | |Zhangjiakou north. Of these low runoff value areas, Jixian county, Xinji, Ningjin has lowest runoff depth, below 5|
| | |mm while runoff depth of other areas is at 10-150 mm. |
| |Anhui |The average runoff measures 66.9 billion cubic meter, concentrated mainly in Huai River, Yangtze River, and the |
| | |basins of the southeastern rivers. Of the above, the major implementation area of IFDP of the Yangtze River basin |
| | |has an annual runoff of 32.032 billion cubic meters, taking 47.9% of the total annual runoff of the province; |
| | |Southeastern river basins has total runoff of 3.693 billion cubic meters, 5.5% of the annual runoff total. |
| | Zhejiang |Yearly average river runoff of 92.37 billion cubic meters. The precipitation and the distribution of runoff depth |
| | |isoline are of similar tendency. Specifically, the runoff depth in mountainous areas is larger than that of the |
| | |plain areas; and at the same latitude, the inland area exceeds the islands. In the same year, the runoff |
| | |distribution is uneven. In the project area of Qiantangjiang River basin, the annual runoff is 13.41 billion cubic|
| | |meters, and in Tiaoxi brook the runoff is 2.864 billion cubic meters. |
|Water |Liaoning |The Liao and Daling River surface water quality assessment of the province areas: low water season river length |
|quality | |2,356.1 km with Grade I river 80 km long taking 3.4%; GradeⅡ river 526.6 km long taking 22.4%; GradeⅢ river 109 km|
| | |long taking 4.6%; Grade river 275.5 km long taking 11.7%; GradeⅤ river 186 km long taking 7.9%; Inferior GradeⅤ |
| | |river 1179 km long taking 50.0%. Water quality of 70% rivers is Grade Ⅳ or under Grade Ⅳ in low water season. For |
| | |the ample season river length of 2,396.1 for the whole province , GradeⅠ river 225 km long taking 9.4%; GradeⅡ |
| | |river 345.6 km long taking 14.4%; GradeⅢ river 406.5 km long taking 17.0%; GradeⅣ river 368 km long taking 15.3%; |
| | |Grade Ⅴ river 500 km long taking 20.9%; Inferior Grade Ⅴ river 551 km long taking 23.0%. Water quality of over 50%|
| | |rivers is still Grade Ⅳ or under Grade Ⅳ in ample water season. |
| |Shanxi |The results of surface water environment monitoring of 103 sections (16.5% of the all sections) of Yellow River, |
| | |Hai River in Shanxi comply with "the standard of surface water of environmental quality (GB3838-2002)” by Grade I |
| | |to Grade III. Meanwhile, Grade Ⅳ - Ⅴ water standard sections takes 21.4% and Grade Ⅴ and the inferior takes 62.1% |
| |Hebei |Langfang city has Grade V inferior river water quality at the lower reaches of Yongding river in accordance with |
| | |“the standards of surface water environmental quality ( GB3838-2002 )” ; By going through the industrial |
| | |enterprise pollution areas, the Fuyang river water city has worse water quality than Grade V in accordance with |
| | |“the standards of surface water environmental quality ( GB3838-2002 )”; Zhang river of Handan city has better |
| | |water quality, at Grade II in line with “the standard of surface water of environmental quality (GB3838-2002)”. |
| |Anhui |The Yangtze River, Qingyi river, Shuiyang river, Qingtong river, Qiupu river etc. are Grade II water standard or |
| | |above, Hangfu river is of Grade Ⅳ water quality; The Mozitan reservoir of Liu’an city and the Taipinghu reservoir |
| | |of Yellow Mountain city is of Grade II; The Chengxi reservoir and Fuziling reservoir of Chuzhou city are of |
| | |Grade Ⅲ water quality. Therefore, the surface water environment and quality of the project on the whole is good. |
| | Zhejiang |The water quality of the main streams of the rivers in the province is basically good, but some tributaries and |
| | |local river sections that pass towns/cities have pollutions at different levels. The canals, rivers, waterways of |
| | |the plains and the rivers inside cities are seriously polluted; The lake eutrophication phenomenon are at |
| | |different levels. For the water environment and quality, Yong River, Ling River, Feiyun River, Xitiao Brook reach |
| | |Grade II water standard; Ou River, Caoer River has maintained their Grade III water standard; Ao River has gone up|
| | |from Grade V to Grade IV water standard; Qiantang river at its water-sampling site of the power plant has accorded|
| | |with Grade I water quality standard. |
|Wind &sand|Liaoning |The project areas are mainly at the northwest part of the province, belonging to southern edge of Ke’erqin Sandy |
|harm | |Land, with sandified and desertificated area of 875000 ha. which directly threatens cropland of 450000 ha. Pasture|
| | |land of 8000 ha Ke’erqin Sandy Land is now extending southward at the speed of 10 m per year. The frequent weather|
| | |of sandy dust reduces crop output by about 30%. |
| |Hebei |The project areas are located at the Hebei Plain, lower reaches of old Yellow River course and Yongding River low |
| | |reaches sandy land area. The desertificated land area is 2.404 million ha, taking 12.8% of the total land area of |
| | |the province. Project areas of Handan, Xingtaiwan, hengshui and Langfang have desertificated land area of 525000 |
| | |ha or 21.7% of desertificated area of the province, or 35.0% of the total land area of the four cities. For a |
| | |long-term, the dust storms, high temperature and dry-hot spring wind do immense harms to the regional ecological |
| | |condition, and local livelihood/ production with serious losses. |
Note: Environmental baseline data survey of project areas, including soil erosion modulus and surface runoff, will be conducted in the first year of implementation.
5 Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures
5.1 Methods of assessment
5.1.1 Scope and time of assessment
（1）Assessment scope
The IFDP environmental impact assessment covers mainly the ecosystems that may be impacted by the project construction and implementation:
1）EIA scope for afforestation at mountainous areas, hilly areas, will cover the assessment scope from the vertical limit of the side slopes ( ridges or and foot of the hills) of the forest plantation sites, to 200m of the upper reaches direction, and 1 km of the lower reaches direction;
2）For the afforestation at plains, the environmental impact assessment will cover the areas 200-300m away from the border limits of the planted sites；
3）EIA scope for afforestation at mountainous areas, hilly areas, if relevant to downstream with environmental sensitive sites（drinking water protected areas for example）,the assessment will extends its scope to cover such sensitive venues；
4） If the afforestation happens at the leeward direction of the local annual dominant wind force, the assessment will extends its scope accordingly.
（2）Assessment time
The environmental assessment will cover the different time phrases of the project:
1）project design；
2）project field construction（4 years）；
3）post-completion project operations.
5.1.2 Factors of assessment
The proposed IFDP is an ecological improvement prioritized project, with the components of establishment of multifunction forest plantations; existing plantation forests improvement; and institutional support, project management, M&E. The environmental impact interacts with project activities comprehensively. Therefore the environmental impact factor matrix table is used （Table 5-1）to identify the assessment factors .
Table 5-1: World Bank loan IFDP environmental impact factor identification
|Project component/ activities |Environmental factors |
| |Physical environment |Ecological environment |Social environment |
| |Hydrology |Water quality |Soil erosion |
|Project design |Site selection |1. Inappropriate site selection for |Areas which are of geo-ecological importance, fragile in ecological conditions or have severe ecological problems should be |
|stage | |afforestation may jeopardize natural |selected for both the new and the improved forest plantations. Nevertheless, areas with valuable natural habitats, natural and |
| | |vegetations at ecological fragile area. |cultural heritages can never be selected. The forbidden areas for new plantation establishment and existing plantation improvement|
| | |2. Selection of slope area over 35 |include areas less than 2000 m from the buffer zones of nature or cultural heritages, less than 100 m from the designated |
| | |degrees for forest operations may cause |ecological public welfare forest, less than 50 m from the main river banks and 20 m from the subsidiary river banks. |
| | |serious soil and water erosion |The site selection of new forest plantations of IFDP will be paid attention to the following. |
| | |3. Irrational layout may affect the |1. The existing plantation with canopy closure over 0.2 should not be selected; |
| | |habitat of wild animals and their |2. Slope lands over 35 degrees are not allowed for project afforestation. |
| | |multiplication, or damage the passageway|3. Efforts should be made to avoid, to the maximum extent possible, selection of plant communities of bushes and secondary low |
| | |of wild animals. |density plantation woodland etc. as they might be used as the habitats for local wild animal or as the refuges. |
| | | |Site selection for improvement of existing plantation forest will pay attention to the following: |
| | | |1. Existing coniferous plantation forest with monoculture species structure, poor heath condition and low ecological function. |
| | | |2. Existing economic tree crop forest with serious water and erosion problem, inferior growth of tree, monoculture structure and |
| | | |low ecological function. |
| |Tree species |1. Tree species (variety) selection if |Afforestation species selection will pay attention to the following: |
| |（varieties）select|improper, may lead to low ecological |1. Priority on the indigenous tree species |
| |ion and |adaptability and stability of forest |2 layout of multiple tree species (varieties), control of the scale of single species (varieties) large area contiguous planting. |
| |distribution |plantations |Mono-species forest areas should not be larger than 2 ha in patch (afforestation areas in the sandy land in Liaoning should not |
| | |2. Large area, unitary-species planting |exceed 5 ha). |
| | |may aggravate risk of pest and disease |For improving existing plantations by enrichment, the tree species selection will be paid attention to the following: |
| | |incidence. |1.Give full consideration to diversity and adaptability of the species |
| | | |2 The post-enrichment forest stands will form mixed plantations of multi species by integrating the enrichment trees with the |
| | | |original stands. |
|Field work stage |Site slashing |Site slashing methods if not proper, may|1. Strictly forbid to mountain burning |
| | |cause soil and water erosion or damage |2. Bushes or grasses that hinder the afforestation activities should be removed in patch or strip forms. Removed bushes or grasses|
| | |the natural vegetation of fragile areas.|should be piled between such strips or planting holes for natural decomposition. |
| | | |3. The original vegetation at hill top, hillside and foot of the hills are maintained. |
| | | |4. When slashing, the planting sites at streamside areas, protection zone of sufficient size should be defined. |
| |Site preparation |Slope site preparation methods if |1. In accordance with the degree of slopes, site preparation will select among the methods of hole type, strip type or overall |
| | |improper, may cause serious soil and |type of site preparation, with the ground breaking area controlled between 20-25%. |
| | |water erosion. |2. Vegetation protection belt of l0 m wide will be retained between forest plantation plot edge and farmland; For long slope |
| | | |surface where overall site preparation method is adopted, a 3-meter-wide raw grass protection belt will be retained for every 100 |
| | | |meters. |
| | | |3. After the site preparation, the litter materials will be mulched on land surface to avoid raw soil exposure. |
| | | |4. For planting economic tree crops at slopes over 15 degrees, terraced site preparation type should be adopted |
| |Young forest |When carrying out young forest tending |1.At slopes, the young forest tending will adopt the partial operation method, to keep as far as possible the site natural |
| |tending and |and intercropping on slope lands, |vegetation；The weed removed thereby will be kept in-site as mulches. |
| |intercropping |unsuitable methods can cause serious |2.Litter collection as firewood is forbidden in forest |
| | |soil and water erosion |3. Intercropping activities on the slope will be carried out horizontally, and no intercropping is allowed for slopes over 25 |
| | | |degrees and for slopes between 15-25 degrees with the hole type site preparation adopted; Only when the strip type or terrace type|
| | | |are conducted along the contour line can intercropping be conducted. The tuber and root crops will not be intercropped and legume |
| | | |plants are recommended. |
|Operational stage |Pesticide /chemical|1. Improper use of pesticide may kill |1. Select pest/ disease resistance tree species. |
| |fertilizer uses |predators of pests causing biodiversity |2. Use who assigned Grade 3 pesticide or higher grade ones by WHO |
| | |decrease and species imbalance of forest|3.Adopt scientifically prescribed fertilizers, with the fertilizer applied at upper slope part of the tree hole, covered with |
| | |areas. |earth immediately after the fertilization; |
| | |2. Pesticide or chemical fertilizer |4. Containers of pesticides, fertilizers will be collected in unified manner. No washing the containers at water sources, or at |
| | |application methods if improper, may |water bodies of animal keeping or animal water drinking. |
| | |cause the pollution of nearby water |5. Training to forest farmers or worker on safe use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. |
| | |bodies. | |
| |Timber felling and |1.Harmful for other standing forest or |(1) The project timber felling will adopt selective cutting method. Clear cutting is forbidden. At times of felling, the under |
| |yarding |under-forest vegetations to cause soil |forest vegetations will be protected, and reforestation must be carried out in the following year. |
| | |nutrient runoff |(2) Bamboo forest felling will adopt selective cutting by maintaining proper culm density and forest age structure |
| | |2. Large scale of clear felling may |(3) Existing trails should be used for yarding. Forest earth road with width less than 1m could be built if necessary. |
| | |cause degradation of forest ecosystem |(4) Yarding should strive to use log-length logging rather than tree-length logging . |
| | |overall function. | |
| | |3. Yarding methods if improper, may harm| |
| | |neighboring forest and natural water | |
| | |systems. | |
| | |4. Yarding road and vehicle facilities | |
| | |may cause serious soil and water | |
| | |erosion. | |
5.4 Risk analysis and prevention measures
5.4.1 Risk analysis
The project risks include mainly fire, harmful low temperature, typhoon, pest and diseases, etc.
The risk factors and severity analysis refer to Table 5-3.
Table 5-3 Risk analysis
|Risks |Analysis |Risk |Environmental |
| | |level |risk level |
|Fire |Project areas contain biological fireproof forest belts, with professional |Medium |Low |
| |fire-fighting team and infrastructure, forest fire prevention capability is| | |
| |notably raised. The possibility of devastating fires at large area is low | | |
| |for the project. | | |
|Harmful low |Cold harm that has major impact on tree growth happens more regularly at |Medium |Medium |
|temperature |one time for every 10 years, and the level of victimizing of tree is not | | |
| |necessarily catastrophic. This project will select cold-resistant species | | |
| |to avoid such risk. | | |
|Freezing |Freezing jeopardizes heavily the output of economic tree crops, especially |Medium |Medium |
| |walnut. But freezing occurs periodicity normally. The project will select | | |
| |resistant species to avoid the risk. | | |
|Typhoon |Among project areas, Zhejiang has the natural calamity from tropical storms|Medium |Medium |
| |(typhoon) and the storm tides. In recent years, Zhejiang has increased the | | |
| |construction of coastal protection forest, so the wind-breaking capability | | |
| |has risen apparently. Typhoon has limited influence on the project. | | |
|Drought |In the project, droughts threaten the tree growth in Shanxi province in its|Medium |Medium |
| |arid project areas. The impact is especially obvious to the economic and | | |
| |protection forests. Through tree species selection, as well as measures of | | |
| |precipitation collection wells and water-saving irrigation and extension | | |
| |dryland cultivation technologies, the project can alleviate the risk. | | |
|Pest and diseases|The project forest may be harmed by pests and diseases, but with the |Medium |Fair |
| |provinces' established quarantine system of pest and diseases and the | | |
| |reporting/forecasting network, the project can forecast and promptly | | |
| |address the risk to ensure healthy project forests. | | |
5.4.2 Risk reduction measures
(1) Establishment and improvement of forest protection and forest fire fighting management organizations, by strengthening the capacity building. In line with the relevant laws and regulations, individual staff based work responsibility work plan will be developed to protect forest against.
(2) Cold, freezing and typhoon risks will be addressed through forestation by cold/wind-resistant tree species. If necessary, lime whitening or smoking may be adopted to prevent or alleviate the harms from low temperature.
(3) Selection of tree species for forestation that are drought-resistant. At planting, the fish scale pit, rainwater wells, or other precipitation collection measures may be adopted to make full use of the limited water resources. Extension of dryland forestation technologies will also help to reduce arid risk to minimum.
(4) Use IPM advanced concept and methods into the project. The developed national/provincial network of pest and diseases monitoring is used to serve the project, especially by accurate forecasting. Vigorous extension of physical, biological methods of prevention and control, and uses of high-efficiency, low-toxicity pesticides are adopted.
5.5 Socio-economic impact analysis
5.5.1 Social benefit
(1) Offer employment opportunities and raise farmer income
The project will offer employment opportunities to the local residents and alleviates over supply of rural labors in the project areas. From the start of project implementation, the project will offer 10.8317 million work days within the project area. This is equivalent to employment of one year of 43000 laborers at 250 days per laborer. The project can drive the resources development, processing of forest products, ecological tourism, which will further expand income opportunities for local farmers and improve their living conditions.
(2) Improve technological and managerial levels
Through domestic and international study tours and training, design and execution of project afforestation and existing forest improvement schemes, demonstration forest establishment, the project will help raise foresters’ quality and management capability in sustainable forest management. At the same time, the training to households will raise ability and knowledge of their afforestation and forest management operations.
(3) Promote forest land tenure reform
The project will combine the national forest land tenure reform policy which will issue forest certificates to the households, to help establish farmer associations. This will raise the ability of project area farmers' self organization level and strengthen their capability of self service, self management and self development.
(4) Improve living environment and strengthen the environmental awareness
The project construction will improve ecological condition so that local people can have better environment for production and life and better health. Implementation of the project is helpful for people to know the relationship between the environment and human survival raising their environmental ecological construction consciousness.
5.5.2 Social risks
(1) Possible unequal opportunity in development between large land contractors and small land holders
The unequal land holding between large and small land holding households is the consequence of the Collective Land Open Auction Policy implemented in 1990s. Now, the participation competence of large land holders in terms of technical, financial and scope of land resource is obviously higher than the small land holders. For IFDP project, there might be more chance to the holders with relative large contracted lands and less chance for the households with small sites.
(2) Discrepancy between the ecological conservation objective and the economic benefit
From scoring results of farmer’s group interview, it was concluded that farmers’ priority objective is to increase their financial income through participation in IFDP. The farmer’s objective is inconsistent sometimes from the objective of ecological conservation as public goods anticipated by the government. Particularly for ensuring the survival rate of new planted trees, the barren mountain and wastelands animal grazing and other kind of land use activities will be banned for certain years. This might negatively affect the livelihood of some households who are currently still using these lands for grazing their livestock.
(3) Lack of participation competency of poor households and other vulnerable social groups
Poor households and other vulnerable social groups in the village are normally small land holders, being lack of labors, lack of technical skills, lack of own investment capacity and lack of social capital, therefore their abilities of participating in the IFDP project are also weak. Due to lack of participation competency, poor and vulnerable social groups might be marginalized in the whole project life cycle of IFDP project.
5.5.3 Mitigation measures
(1) In course of identification of project entities or households, the participatory consultation approach are to be adopted to ensure that the project target groups and beneficiaries will voluntarily and have eaual chance to participate in the project.
(2) For the restrictions brought to some households by the project, such as grazing ban and firewood collection, etc., countermeasures will be established for alternatives or compensation.
(3) In identification of project participating households, or in offering of technology training, or when establishing farmer associations, the project will pay special attention to and invite the vulnerable groups to provide them priority opportunities and ensure they have the opportunities to participate in the projects to the extent they can.
6 Analysis of Alternatives
6.1 The "zero scheme" analysis
"Zero scheme" means the no project scenario, i.e., the conditions without implementing the project. Comparison of having or not having the project is summarized in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1: "Zero schemes" analysis table of environmental impact
|Environmental impact |If with the project |If without the project |
|Direct Environmental Impact |1）Establish new plantations: Establishment of |1）Slope and sandified lands will further lose |
| |new multifunction forest plantations with mixed |capability gradually to resist erosion. The |
| |species in project areas to increase forest |barren earth layer may be hardened, along with |
| |area, reduce soil and water erosion, improve |serious soil erosion, land desertification, soil |
| |soil quality, increase wind breaking and |fertility decline, and ecological function |
| |sand-fixing, combating desertification; and to |decline. The natural disasters frequency may add.|
| |increase biological diversity and carbon |2) Forested coverage rate reduces year by year, |
| |sequestration. But if the site and tree species |with the unitary forest structure, gradual forest|
| |selection improper or if the afforestation |degradation, biological diversity decreases, |
| |technology or young forest tending management |forest plant diseases increases, ecological |
| |measures irrational, the ecological condition |function weakening, forest comprehensive benefits|
| |may be subject to disadvantageous impact and the|successive decreases. The forest suitable |
| |risk. |management is faced with even more significant |
| |2) Improving existing plantation forests. |challenges. |
| |Improving existing degraded forest plantations | |
| |into sustainable multifunction forests by | |
| |thinning, enrichment and tending to increase | |
| |their vegetative cover and canopy closure, | |
| |improve forest quality, optimize forest | |
| |structure and increase biodiversity. But if the | |
| |site and enrichment tree species selection | |
| |improper or if the tending measures irrational, | |
| |the ecological disadvantageous impacts/ risk may| |
| |appear. | |
|Indirect environmental impact |1) Increase forest cover, resume ecological |Wildlife resources decrease, disadvantageous to |
| |landscape, and improve wild animal habitats by |biological diversity protection; The degradation |
| |passageway formation, helpful for biodiversity |of environment is neither restrained nor |
| |protection. |improved; Local community surrounding |
| |2) Helpful for regulating climate and improving |environmental quality drop, and natural calamity |
| |ecological quality, offering people community |defense capability of farmlands decreased. |
| |recreation sites, promoting development of local| |
| |tourism; | |
| |3) Protect of farmlands and improve the | |
| |production conditions of farming, raise land | |
| |utilization rate, increase farmer income, | |
| |strengthen farmers' consciousness of | |
| |environmental protection. | |
|Conclusion： |Recommended |Not recommended |
6.2 Comparison between IFDP afforestation and other afforestation schemes
This comparison indicates the differences of IFDP multifunction forest plantation scheme from traditional scheme including afforestation site selection, tree species selection, afforestation models, etc., and the results are presented in Tables 6-2, 6-3, 6-4.
6.2.1 Afforestation site selection
Table 6-2: Afforestation site selection analysis
|IFDP scheme |Traditional scheme |
|① The afforestation sites are selected at government planned |① Would usually locate afforestation projects at areas |
|public welfare forest areas, commercial forest areas near |traffic convenient, natural condition superior, to |
|timber processing enterprise counties (city and districts) in |facilitate afforestation operations, plantation forest |
|lacks of forest raw materials, important ecological zones or |productivity can reach higher level in order to get biggest |
|ecological fragile areas, including the areas of 2000m away |economic benefits; |
|from nature reserves and cultural heritages, upper reaches |②Aforestation land selection prioritizes consideration |
|water flow formation areas of large/ medium-sized reservoirs |harvested plantation sites, converted cropland, landforms |
|and the periphery areas serious stony desertification areas. |and wastelands of barren mountain with better soil |
|②Afforestation lands will afforestation suitable wastelands or |conditions, for higher afforestation survival rate and |
|barren mountain; old harvested plantation sites; converted |preservation rate, higher forest growth. |
|cropland; degraded forest land with exotic weed species, bush | |
|land and low-density plantation woodland; semi-fixed or fixed | |
|sandy lands; seriously, moderately and lightly desertified | |
|lands; The soil and water conservation plantation will firstly | |
|select higher slope barren mountains or wastelands and secondly| |
|river beach lands. | |
|Conclusion：recommended |Not recommended |
6.2.2 Species selection
Table 6-3: Species selection scheme analysis
|IFDP scheme |Traditional scheme |
|1 ) To select good ecological adaptability, strong resistance |1）To prioritize fast-growing, high-production, good quality |
|species |afforestation tree species or varieties. Under the prerequisite|
|2) To prioritize indigenous tree species |of ecological adaptability, priority selection are to |
|3) To advocate use of ecologically and economically |well-known, special, superior, new ones with high quality/yield|
|satisfactory tree species |for plantation forests to maximize economic benefits; |
|4) Multi-tree species (variety) layout arrangement; |2) Afforestation tree species (variety) resistance and |
|5) To control unitary species (variety), large-scaled |ecological stability are taken as secondarily important |
|contiguous plantation. |priorities, with high attention to the successfully introduced |
| |(from foreign or other national areas) species (varieties), and|
| |less consideration is given to local indigenous, genetically |
| |unimproved species. |
| |3) Use unitary species for afforestation mainly with Larch |
| |pine, Masson pine, Chinese fir, Poplar, Eucalypt, Bamboo, Cash |
| |crop trees, etc. |
|Conclusion：recommended |Not recommended |
6.2.3 Afforestation model selection
Table 6-4: Afforestation model environmental impact comparison
|Measures |IFDP scheme |Traditional scheme |
|Site slashing |To cut/remove the weeds in patch or strip forms, |To adopt overall slashing or mountain |
| |strictly forbidding mountain burning. |burning. Original site vegetations are |
| |Maintainance of original vegetation to alleviate |destroyed basically, easy to cause soil |
| |soil erosion and soil nutrient loss, which is |erosion and soil nutrient loss, |
| |helpful for biodiversity protection. |disadvantageous to biodiversity protection.|
|Site preparation |Slope lands over 15 degrees, hole, strip and |Overall or strip site preparation types, |
| |terrace types should be selected; for slope over |with ground breaking area of 30-100%, |
| |25 degrees, hole type site preparation is a must;|vegetations destroyed completely or |
| |When establishing cash crop trees on the slopes |partially, soil erosion serious. |
| |over 15 degrees, terraced tpye must be adopted; | |
| |raw grass protection belt should be retained; | |
| |ground breaking areas as less as possible | |
| |(preferably less than 25%), with effective | |
| |soil/water conservation measures. | |
|Planting density |Planting density is reduced by 30% than |Density is high, forest canopy sunshine |
| |conventional afforestation density, with improved|penetration low, canopy closure early, |
| |forest sunshine penetration; better under-forest |which would affect individual tree growth. |
| |bush/grass growth helpful for forest stands |There are almost no under-forest bush/grass|
| |health and raising the forest resistance |vegetations in growth, and the forest has |
| |capability. |low resistance capability. |
|Young forest tending|The partial tending methods with operations of |To adopt mostly all-sided forest tending to|
| |enlarging planting holds, loosening the soil, |remove all weeds of the afforestation land |
| |weeding and retaining natural vegetation as far |which is not facilitative to soil and water|
| |as possible around the young trees, using removed|conservation. |
| |weeds/vegetation residues for site mulches, is | |
| |helpful to site conservation and increasing soil | |
| |fertility. | |
|Fertilization |Prioritize application of organic fertilizer; |The fertilization is not well targeted |
| |When using chemical fertilizer, hole or trenches |using chemical fertilizer mostly, which |
| |type are applied, strictly forbidding broadcast |would harden the soil. Sometimes, broadcast|
| |method; After fertilizing, earth applied on |method is used, reducing the fertilizer |
| |surface. |efficiency. |
|Conclusion： |Recommended |not recommended |
6.3 Comparison between IFDP existing plantation forest improvement scheme and the traditional scheme
This comparison is for the IFDP existing plantation forest improvement scheme with the traditional scheme, with key analysis on target forest stands selection, difference of improvement or tending measures. The analysis results are shown in Table 6-5.
Table 6-5: Comparison between IFDP forest improvement scheme and the traditional scheme
| |IFDP scheme |Traditional scheme |
|Target forest stands|To select at ecological fragile area the following|Target forests are selected at sites with |
|selection |two types of forest rehabilitation improvement: |convenient traffic and good site conditions, for |
| |1) Existing coniferous plantation forest with |timber forests that the too high forest density is|
| |monoculture species structure, poor heath |affecting the normal growth; or the economic tree |
| |condition and low ecological function. |crops with outdated varieties and reducing |
| |2) Existing economic tree crop forest with serious|production. |
| |water and erosion problem, inferior growth of | |
| |tree, monoculture structure and low ecological | |
| |function. | |
|Single-species |1)To fell the individual trees with weak growth |Through pruning, thinning, and other forest land |
|coniferous forest |tendency, or with incidence of pests/diseases or |management measures, the target forest is changed |
|improvement |those that have reached harvest maturity. After |into forests with rational forest structure, |
| |the felling, at sites of the "forest windows" |healthy individual trees, vigorous growth, |
| |formed thereby and previously existent empty |high-quality and high-yield for achieving the |
| |spaces, broadleaved trees with dual ecological and|purpose of high production and high quality |
| |economic uses are to be enrichment to form |timber. |
| |coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests; | |
| |2) to reserve the previously existing arbor trees | |
| |in the forest; | |
| |3) to adopt necessary forest tending measures to | |
| |ensure survival and healthy growth of the | |
| |enrichment broadleaf trees. | |
|Economic tree crops |For existing economic tree crops, thinning or |To adopt pruning, changing canopy and land |
|improvement |enrichment with broadleaved tree, etc. are |management measures to strengthen tree growth |
| |conducted to form group-form or scatter-form |tendency, promote fruit-bearing, improve general |
| |multi-layer mixed forest, for raising forest |quality, for reaching steady and high yield |
| |ecological stability. |production purpose. |
|Conclusion |Recommended |not recommended |
7 Environmental Management Plan
The project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed and the detailed institutional arrangements, technical requirements, training plan and monitoring plan to implement the EMP have been incorporated in the project technical design, training program and monitoring plans, as well as budget allocation, as an integrated parts of Project Implementation Plan.
7.1 Specific plans of implementing mitigation measures
7.1.1 Preparation and execution of “Environmental Protection Guidelines”
To materialize the mitigation measures of Chapter 5 into project, design, field construction and operations to strengthen ecological benefit and reduce, eliminate possible negative impacts on natural environment to minimum level, this paper has aimed the major linkages of project implementation afforestation/forest improvement site selection, tree species (variety) selection and layout, site slashing/preparation, young forest tending management, fire management, timber felling/yarding, etc., to establish much detailed " Environmental Protection Guidelines”. The guidelines are used for multifunction forest plantations and degraded plantation etc so as to ensure realization of the expected environmental objectives of the project.
Refer to Annex 1 of“Environmental Protection Guidelines”.
7.1.2 Preparation and execution of “Integrated Pest Management Plan”
The IPM plan has been developed for IFDP according to the national policy of“prevention first, scientific control, treatment by law and health promotion" and related requirement of World Bank. The IPM plan makes detailed stipulations regarding present situation, principle and objective of prevention and control, monitoring and forecasting, types of pests/diseases of major tree species and the control measures, safety pesticide recommended and use methods as well as technology and management training of the project personnel beneficiaries at different levels. The IPM plan by execution of the definite stipulations in project implementation, will promote the application of physical and biological methods of prevention and control, decrease the reliance of chemical methods, for ecological chemical pesticide management and avoiding of environmental pollution.
Refer to Annex 2“Integrated Pest Management Plan”
7.2 Environmental monitoring plan
7.2.1 Topics and indicators of monitoring
To the new establishment of multifunction forest plantations and the existing plantation forests improvement, environmental monitoring will be conducted to evaluate impacts of the project on soil and water conservation, water retention, wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest, farmland protection and forest pest/diseases. The monitoring topics/indicators are as follows:
（1）Soil and water erosion monitoring:
-- Soil erosion
-- Land surface runoff
（2）Wind-breaking, sand-fixing forest monitoring
-- Plantation forests and natural vegetation for the total coverage
-- wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness
（3）Farmland protection monitoring
-- Forest belt growth monitoring for height of tree, DBH, tree canopy;
-- Wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness at winter and spring time;
-- The protected farmland monitoring: degree and percentage of seed exposure as result of wind after seed broadcasting, crop production level
（4）Reduction or removal of pest and disease harms
-- Pest and diseases incidence and the types
-- Incidence frequency, damage degree and change of times of launching treatment measures
（5）Plant biodiversity monitoring:
-- Types/species and number of arbors.
-- Types/species of cover degree of bushes.
-- Types/species of cover degree of herbaceous plants.
7.2.2 Monitoring Site selection and distribution
To the types of new forest plantations of soil and water conservation, wind-breaking/ sand-fixing, farmland protection as well as the existing degraded plantations under the project, fixed site monitoring will be conducted by selecting main afforestation/forest improvement models of the project provinces. The monitoring sites will of at representative site conditions. Refer to the following table 7-1 for the environmental monitoring site locations for the above-mentioned environmental factors.
Table 7-1: Monitoring site selection and distribution
|Monitoring plot types |Province |Afforestation model |Number of monitoring |Monitoring sites（counties ） |
| | | |plots | |
|Soil and water erosion |Liaoning |Hazelnut soil and water |1 |Changtu |
| | |conservation forest; | | |
| | |Apricot soil and water |1 |Yixian |
| | |conservation forest. | | |
| |Shanxi |Walnut |1 |Linxina |
| | |Chinese pine |1 | |
| | |Platycladus |1 | |
| | |Black locust |1 | |
| | |Sorbifolia |1 | |
| |Anhui |Coniferous- broadleaved mixed |1 |Northern Yangtze and Dabieshan|
| | |forest; | |mountainous area |
| | | | |Southern Anhui mountainous |
| | | | |area |
| | |Broadleaved forest ecological |1 | |
| | |recovery | | |
| | Zhejiang |Broadleaved and pine mixed |2 |Deqing |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, pine, bamboo mixed |2 |Changxing |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, Chinese fire mixed |2 |Lin’an |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, Chinese fir, bamboo|2 |Fuyang |
| | |mixed forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, chestnut mixed |2 |Anji |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, tea multi-layer |2 |Anji |
| | |mixed forest | | |
|Wind-breaking and |Liaoning |Poplar and Mongolian pine |1 |Changtu |
|sand-fixing | |sand-fixing forest; | | |
| | |Poplar, Seabuckthorn sand-fixing|1 |Zhangwu |
| | |forest | | |
| |Hebei |Mixed wind-breaking, sand-fixing|1 |Yongqing |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Intercropping type |1 |Wuyi |
| | |wind-breaking, sand-fixing | | |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Economic wind-breaking, |1 |Guantao |
| | |sand-fixing forest | | |
| |Shanxi |Chinese pine |1 |Pianguan |
| | |Caragana |1 | |
|Farmland protection |Hebei |Mixed wind-breaking, sand-fixing|1 |Dacheng |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Intercropped wind-breaking, |1 |Feixiang |
| | |sand-fixing forest; | | |
| | |Economic wind-breaking, |1 |Linxi |
| | |sand-fixing forest | | |
|Pest and diseases |Zhejiang |Broadleaved, pine mixed forest;|3 |Deqing |
| | |Broadleaved, pine, bamboo mixed |3 |Changxing |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, Chinese fir mixed |3 |Lin’an |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, Chinese fir, bamboo|3 |Fuyang |
| | |mixed forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, Chestnut mixed |3 |Anji |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaved, tea multi-layer |3 |Anji |
| | |mixed forest | | |
|Plant diversity |Anhui |Broadleaf forest ecological |1 |Southern Anhui mountainous |
| | |improvement | |areas |
| |Zhejiang |Broadleaf, pine mixed forest; |2 |Deqing |
| | |Broadleaf, pine , bamboo mixed |2 |Changxing |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaf, Chinese fir mixed |2 |Lin’an |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaf, Chinese fir, bamboo |2 |Fuyang |
| | |mixed forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaf, chestnut mixed |2 |Anji |
| | |forest; | | |
| | |Broadleaf, tea multi-layer |2 |Anji |
| | |mixed forest | | |
7.2.3 Methods of monitoring
All the environmental monitoring activities will be conducted in the first year, the third year, and the fifth year of the project construction phase, as well as the third year and sixth year of the project operation phase.
（1）Method of soil and water erosion monitoring
At every monitoring site of soil and water erosion, the project will select sites of slope with plain surface, and of representative condition section, to establish 3 runoff districts (runoff blocks). Of these, 2 districts will be built on afforestation lands as repetitions; 1 district built on no-afforestation land, as control. The structure of runoff districts will follow unified standard design and include boundary wall, water collection groove, flow groove, pool as well as drain ditch next to the upper edge of runoff district, protection belts at two sides of the runoff district. The monitoring will cover rainfall, rainfall lasting time, rainfall intensity; land surface runoff; Soil runoff. The monitoring will start from the beginning of project field construction, and be carried out after rainfall of the monitoring years..
（2）Method of wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest monitoring
For monitoring methods of wind-breaking and sand-fixing forests in the project, sample monitoring plots for afforestation land and non-afforestation land will be installed, for the following observations.
1) Plantation forests and natural vegetation coverage. This is done by two sets of randomly obtained sample plots (one set as X axle - - for instance, in south-north direction, and another set Y axle in east-west direction). Every plot size is 20 x20 m, with observation content of afforestation preservation rate, height of established arbor and bush, canopy, coverage of each of natural vegetation layer and regeneration condition. From the starting of afforestation, two observations for one year are conducted, in mid-August and mid-January of the monitoring years respectively.
2) Methods of wind erosion and sand burial monitoring
This is done by inserting testing prop to monitor wind erosion and sand burial levels. Specifically, along sites 2-3 meters of the leeward direction edge of project forest, place sample line, for which for every 5-10 meters an iron prop is inserted to measure wind erosion/ sand burial thickness by use rules that has size graduation. From starting of the afforestation, observation is carried out every year at the wind season beginning time (mid January) wind season later stage time (early April) of the monitoring years respectively.
（3）Methods of farmland protection monitoring
This is done by installing sample observation plots at the project forestation lands and non-forestation lands, to carry out following observations.
1) Forest belt growth monitoring: afforestation preservation rate, tree height, DBH, canopy will be measured. From beginning of afforestation, every year the observation is done in January and in August of the monitoring years respectively.
2) Wind erosion depth or sand burial thickness monitoring: from afforestation beginning, measuring is done every year in mid January in mid-April of the monitoring years with methods ditto.
3) Protected farmland monitoring: seed grain exposure proportion and intensity after the seed is sown, crop output. From afforestation beginning, measuring is done annually at sow seed time and crop harvesting season of the monitoring years.
(4) Methods of pest and diseases monitoring.
Fixed observation plots are installed for the project locations with forest restores measures with forest land with do not restoration measures and the control without such measures for survey. Suitable mechanical sampling methods are used to identify 20- 30 standard trees for being marked and for observation. For each of the monitoring years, regular observations are conducted to the pest and disease condition to the standard trees, on such survey topics of incidence types and rates, damage level recording the frequency and adopted measures of prevention and control.
(5) Methods of plant biodiversity monitoring
By selecting representative forest stands and land sections, three fixed monitoring plots are established respectively for IFDP existing plantations improvement and the control. The area of each monitoring plot is 30x30 cubic meters, laid at upper, middle and lower parts of the slopes. In June to August of the monitoring years, survey observations are done to the arbor, bush and herbaceous plant at the plots.
1) Arbor. Each of the arbor tree surveyed to investigate the tree species/types of the arbor, and number, height of trees ≥ 1 m and ＜ 1 m.
2) Bush. Five 5x5 m2 samples are established at the four corners and the center of the monitoring plots to investigate the bush species/types and cover degree.
3) Herbaceous plant. Five 5x5 m2 samples are established near the mongering plot to investigate the cover degree and plant species/types.
7.2.4 Organization of monitoring execution and reporting
Each provincial PMO is responsible for the implementation and organization of the monitoring plan. The PMO will organize relevant technological personnel to set up special monitoring group for related work of environmental monitoring. It is to allocate necessary equipments and tools to every location of environmental monitoring to ensure monitoring quality and efficiency.
At the end of each of the monitoring years, each provincial PMO will organize promptly the collection and consolidation of the monitoring results and data, with analysis and reports on soil and water erosion, wind-breaking, sand-fixing forests, farmland protection and pest and diseases. The related summaries and assessment results are submitted to PMC of SFA together with annual project implementation progress report.
7.3 Training plan
7.3.1 Purpose of training
The project will carry out training for environmental management knowledge and skills to relevant management staff of different levels and project beneficiaries (especially project farmer and households). The main purposes of the training are:
(1) To provide project management staff at levels of province, county and township with full understanding and firm grip of the national/local legal regulations and rules, guidelines, project positive/negative environmental impacts, environmental management schemes and enforcement. With these, they will be enabled to seriously and concisely conduct the IFDP "Environmental Protection Guidelines" , "IPM Plan ", "Environmental Monitoring Plan" etc.
(2) To ensure that the project beneficiaries including the entities and households participating the project understand and learn the schemes and related IFDP operating technologies, measures so that they can follow "Environmental Protection Guidelines" , "IPM Plan " when carrying out the field operations.
The environmental management training of the project will be provided at the national, provincial and county levels, to ensure training coverage and achieve training purposes.
7.3.2 Topics of training
(1) World Bank safeguards policies and Chinese national/ local environmental protection laws and regulations;
(2) Project environmental impact, environmental protection guidelines, and related organization management/supervision.;
(3) IFDP IPM plan;
(4) IFDP environmental monitoring plan and implementation methods.
For the detailed training topics/content, trainee number, training person days and budget at different levels, see Table 7-2.
Table 7-2: Table of Training Plan
|Training topics |trainer |trainees |Number of |training |Training time |budget |
| | | |trainee |person days |(Year) |（10,000 RMB） |
|A National level | | |20 |40 | | |
|1. project environmental management and environmental protection guidelines |PMC |Pm, Pt |10 |20 |2010 | |
|2. project pest and diseases management |PMC |Pm, Pt |10 |20 |2010 | |
| | | | | | | |
|B Provincial level | | |739 |1,707 | |68.28 |
|1. Environmental management and environmental protection guidelines, including project implementation |PMO |Cm, Ct |152 |330 |2010 |13.20 |
|positive/negative environmental impacts, environmental protection guidelines, project environmental management | | | | | | |
|organization, implementation and supervision and environmental monitoring plan and implementation. | | | | | | |
|2. Pest and diseases integrated management plan and implementation, pesticide procurement and safe use methods. |PMO |Cm, Ct |587 |1,377 |2010 |55.08 |
| | | | | | | |
|C County level | | |73,695 |83,339 | |666.71 |
|1.Main environmental protection measures of environmental protection guidelines and project implementation. |CMO |Tt, Ft, |742 |1,120 |2010-2013 |8.96 |
| | |Fm |31,500 |15,750 |2010-2013 |126.00 |
|2. Project main pest and diseases identification, prevention and control measures, pesticide safe use methods. |CMO |Tt, Ft, |9,953 |18,319 |2010-2013 |146.55 |
| | |Fm |31,500 |48,150 |2010-2013 |385.20 |
Note: PMC-SFA PMC；PMO-provincial project mgt office；CMO-county project mgt office；Pm-provincial project management staff；Pt-provincial technological personnel；Cm-county project management staff；Ct- county technology personnel；Tt-township technological personnel；Ft-county ,township forest farm technological personnel；Fm- project village leaders, farmer household cooperatives or key farmers, household representatives
7.4 Organization and supervision
7.4.1 Organization and implementation
The "environmental management plan" will be implemented as the important part of IFDP. The provincial PMOs will organize experts of forestry, ecology, environmental protection etc. to set up "project environmental management expert supporting group" to offer technological supporting service for environmental management training and the environmental monitoring work of the project. Each PMO of the project provinces and counties have designate special staff in charge of the environmental management work with clear responsibilities. Each county PMO, in course of the project participatory design, will propagate and publicize the measures and environmental management requirements of the project. And in the contracts with the project entities or households, there will be clear terms regarding strict conduction of "environmental protection guidelines". Each county PMO will organize project entities and household representative for training and on-the-spot consultancy, to let them gave practical grip of the related technical knowledge such as the measures of environmental protection, plant pest/disease prevention and control, so as to materialize the project environmental management into implementation operations.
7.4.2 Inspection and supervision
Inspection and supervision of the project environmental management work will be conducted through the following mechanism:
(1) Internal inspection and supervision
PMC of SFA will take the responsibility for inspecting and supervising for each project province for their environmental management work. Through examining and approving the each province's project progress report, on-the-spot inspection etc. the effectiveness and progress of environmental management work in the provinces will be understood and evaluated. For the identified difficulties and problems, assistance will be offered for resolution on timely basis.
Each PMO will take the execution performance of "the environmental protection guidelines" as one key project implementation quality indicator, and as part of the project checking and acceptance requirement. At the same time, each province and county project PMO will in their half-year and annual project progress reports, report specially on the environmental management work. Provincial PMO will carry out summaries of environmental monitoring results of the monitoring year and report to PMC. Besides, the PMOs of the project provinces and counties will visit frequently the project construction sites for on-the-spot supervision, to identify any arisen problems, issues or difficulties in project construction operations.
(2)External inspection and supervision
The relevant departments of State Environmental Protection Administration and SFA, based on needs, will carry out inspections at any time to progress report and design files, as well as management and technical rules. These departments, according to the environmental management requirements of SFA national forestry construction projects, examine and evaluate project environmental protection, to identify problems and offer suggestions for improvement.
The responsible departments of environmental protection of every project province and county, will also based on needs, inspect and supervise at any time the project progress report and design files, management and technical rules. They at the same time, will conduct implementation site random examination and supervision, to discover problems and give improvement suggestions.
7.5 Fund source and budget
Enforcement funding needed by implementation of the plan will come from the project monitoring and evaluation plan and no extra budget, by incorporating into the budgets of project training, monitoring/evaluation and management. According to the work activity and quantity planned, the estimated need of fund is RMB17.9764 million, including training for RMB 7.3498 million, monitoring for RMB 9.4766 million and management for RMB 1.15 million. Budget details, please see Table 7-3.
Table 7-3: Implementation budget of Environmental Management Plan (unit: 10,000 RMB)
|Fund type |Use explanations |amount |subtotal |
|Training |Provincial-level training |68.28 |734.98 |
| |County-level training; |155.50 | |
| |Township level technical people and afforestation entities representatives, |511.20 | |
| |village leaders, farmer household associations, household representatives | | |
|Monitoring |Project construction |Soil and water erosion monitoring; |273.54 |947.66 |
| |period | | | |
| | |Wind breaking and sand fixing monitoring; |180.42 | |
| | |Farmland protection monitoring; |77.32 | |
| | |Plant pests and diseases monitoring; |39.71 | |
| | |Plant biodiversity monitoring |89.71 | |
| |Project operation |Soil and water erosion monitoring; |127.12 | |
| |period | | | |
| | |Wind breaking and sand fixing monitoring; |37.8 | |
| | |Farmland protection monitoring; |16.2 | |
| | |Plant pests and diseases monitoring; |76.42 | |
| | |Plant biodiversity monitoring |29.42 | |
|Management |10% of the budget of the project management fee of the project construction |115 |115 |
| |units will be used for environmental management. | | |
|Total |1797.64 |
Note: the budget of post-completion project operation is for planning only, not incorporated into project total budget and will only be financed by domestic funding.
8 Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
8.1 Public survey method and topics
8.1.1 Public consultation survey method
Public consultation is to learn from the project affected individuals or groups of their comments on project preparation, construction and operation, so that the project implementation will reflect interests and the affected public and address their concerns by optimizing project design and carefully conducting project activities. At the same time, public consultation is helpful to ensure EIA quality and to guarantee transparency of related assessment, results, mitigation measures, implementation plans and other decision making for the project.
According to related policies of World Bank and the requirements of "Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the PRC", and to reflect the comments of the public in the project areas, IFDP public consultation adopts the methods of posters, publishing in local newspapers, TV, convening villager meetings, collective interview, informal discussions. Some household investigations at the project areas were done on the uses of their existing land/forest lands, pesticide and fertilizer, and go to understanding of their living standards, health as well as their understanding for this project. The investigation of public consultation was helped by the project social assessment team who has carried out thorough social surveys to the social impact of the project.
.
8.1.2 Public consultation survey topics
Table 8-1: Public consultation survey topics
|Surveyee |Provinces surveyed |
| |Liaoning |Shanxi |Hebei |Anhui |Zhejiang |
|Households |7 counties, 13 townships, 24 villages,312|Focal interviews to 63 households |2 cities, 4 townships,139 |5 counties, 10 township |2 cities, 5 counties, 8 key |
| |households |of 14 villages of 8 township of 5 |households |(towns), 10 villages, 206 |townships（towns, forest farms）, 213 |
| | |counties. | |households; |households |
|Peoples at |NGO |Provincial Forestry Societies and |Shanxi provincial forestry |Provincial Forestry Society |Anhui Provincial Forestry |None |
|different level | |Shengyang, Jinzhou, Fuxin, and Tieling |society, ecological society | |Society, and the Ecological | |
| | | | | |Society | |
| |Government |project areas: 7 county/prefectural |Provincial forestry academy, |Prefecture /county project |Project areas: township |project areas: 5 county |
| |institutions |forestry bureaus |plan/design academy, project |offices |(towns) forestry station, |（prefecture）forestry bureau |
| | | |county forestry bureaus | |afforestation entities etc | |
| |Related experts |Experts of sadification management, soil |Experts of provincial forestry |Experts of provincial |Provincial experts of |Experts of provincial forestry department |
| | |and water conservation, technology |academy ,plan/design academy, |forestry department |forestry, forestation | |
| | |extension, afforestation, pest and |nature reserve management station | |,seeding, inventory and | |
| | |diseases. | | |design, environmental | |
| | | | | |protection etc | |
| |The public |County/township (town) leaders, |Governmental officials, |County/township (town) |The project has direct |County/township (town) leaders, technicians,|
| | |technicians, village chief, farmers and |technological personnel, farmers |leaders, technicians, |influence on natural persons |village chief and villagers |
| | |other socio-economic organization | |village chief and villagers |or legal persons that live in| |
| | |personnel | | |or nearby the project areas, | |
| | | | | |other interested individuals| |
| |Number of |454 |295 |103 |87 |100 |
| |participant | | | | | |
|Time |June- August, 2008 |June to September, 2008 |November, 2008 |July to December, 2008 |October to December, 2008 |
Note: The public consultation adopts the methods of posters, publishing in local newspapers, convening villager meetings, collective interview, informal discussions，filling in survey tables, individual/household visits, discussion meetings. Refer to Annex 3 for detailed survey time and locations.;
8.2 Analysis and recommendations of public survey result
8.2.1 Analysis of survey result
Table 8-2: Analysis of project knowledge survey results
|Survey topics about |Comments |Provinces survey |Conclusion |
| | |Liaoning |Shanxi |Hebei |Anhui | Zhejiang | |
|Project |Know |60% |75.3% |100% |62% |100% |Most people know or know about Project origin|
|Origin | | | | | | | |
| |Partially know |35% |23.9% |0% |37% |0 | |
| |Do not know |5% |0.8% |0% |1% |0 | |
|Project |Know |70% |73.4% |100% |62% |99% |Most people know or know about Project |
|Objective | | | | | | |objectives |
| |Partially know |26% |25.6% |0% |37% |1% | |
| |Do not know |4% |1% |0% |1% |0 | |
|Project tasks |Know |50% |76.3% |98% |62% |99% |Most people know or know about Project tasks |
| |Partially know |44% |20.5% |2% |37% |1% | |
| |Do not know |6% |3.2% |0% |1% |0 | |
|Project activities |Know |54% |77.4% |99% |62% |95% |Most people know or know about project |
| | | | | | | |activities |
| |Partially know |40% |19% |1% |37% |5% | |
| |Do not know |6% |3.6% |0% |1% |0 | |
|Project measures |Know |61% |71.9% |99% |62% |90% |Most people know or know about the project |
| | | | | | | |measures |
| |Partially know |33% |26% |1% |37% |10% | |
| |Do not know |6% |2.1% |0% |1% |1% | |
Table 8-3: Analysis of project recognition survey results
|Surveys about|Feedback comments | Province surveyed |Conclusion and remarks |
| | |Liaoning |Shanxi |Hebei |Anhui | Zhejiang | |
|Project |Agree |99% |95% |100% |98% |99% |Most people agrees with the project with high expectations |
|construction | | | | | | | |
| |Disagree |--- |- |--- |-- |--- | |
| |Do not know |1% |5% |--- |2% |1% | |
|project |Agree |100% |90% |100% |98% |85% |Most people think the project location selection is reasonable |
|site | | | | | | | |
|selection | | | | | | | |
| |Disagree |--- |- |--- |--- |5% | |
| |Do not know |--- |10% |--- |2% |10% | |
|Are the |Yes |84% |98% |99% |98% |80% |The project can improve ecological condition, add plants to restrain soil and water |
|project | | | | | | |erosion, good for water retention and protection of original raw vegetations, |
|activities | | | | | | |biodiversity. |
|reasonable? | | | | | | | |
| |No |14% |--- |--- |--- |5% |Some soil and water erosion, addition of pest and diseases and environmental pollution,|
| | | | | | | |life rubbish from IFDP. But these are of small scope and severity low, and so are |
| | | | | | | |acceptable |
| |Do not know |2% |2% |1% |2% |15% | |
|benefits |Addition |99% |100% |98% |100% |95% |Most people believe that the project will add farmer income, and the projects benefit |
| | | | | | | |are immense or considerable |
| |Reduction |--- |--- |--- |--- |2% | |
| |Do not know |1% |--- |2% |--- |3% | |
8.2.2 Comments and recommendations from the public
Table 8-4: Comments and recommendations from the public
|Province |Comments and recommendations from the public |
| |On environmental protection measures |On project construction |
|Liaoning |① Forestry work by law, vigorous protection, strengthened |① reinforced management to guarantee fund availability|
| |management, timely solution to the problems | |
| |② establishment of mixed species forest and development of |② strengthen farmer technology training, support |
| |diverse management patterns |farmer households developing economy |
| |③ for slope over 15 degrees of afforestation sites, overall |③ consider all project aspects reasonably by |
| |type of site preparation method is not recommended to avoid |diversifying the field operation patterns |
| |serious soil and water erosion and negative impact on |④ plant as much as possible native tree species |
| |biodiversity |⑤ guarantee timely regeneration of forest |
| |④ the propaganda intensity will be increased for | |
| |environmental protection | |
| |⑤ use less harmful pesticides and extend fertilizers good for| |
| |environmental protection | |
|Shanxi |① to rationalize as far as possible project layout such as |① develop vigorously income activities of planting and|
| |the proportion of ecological protection forest and economic |animal keeping, carry out technology training, support|
| |protection forest, project location distribution etc. |farmer household in developing economy; |
| |② Forestry work by law, vigorous protection, strengthened |② considers reasonably all project aspects by |
| |management, timely solution to the problems |diversified operational models |
| |③ ecological protection forest will be mixed species forest |③feasibility of the project will weigh meanwhile the |
| |with low planting density |gain and loss of economic benefit, ecological benefit |
| |④ overall type of site preparation method are not encouraged |and social benefit. |
| |for forestation, to avoid soil and water erosion and |④ not to introduce blindly exotic species; the |
| |disturbance to biodiversity. |ecological protection tree species to be local species|
| |⑤ considering the characteristic of deep soil layer at loess |mainly; ecological-economic tree species to be those |
| |area, the specifications of site preparation holes(pits) will|suitable tree species fit for local development. The |
| |be bigger specifications on existing terraced lands to |project can plan some new varieties suitable for local|
| |promote the tree growth for high output and profit; On |extension. |
| |hillside fields, the adverse-slope terraces, fish-scale pits |⑤ reinforce the release of forest land tenure |
| |(holes) can be adopted to collect surface runoff |certificates, make clear the property rights, promote |
| |⑥the propaganda intensity of environmental protection will |forest land use right transfer, with higher subsidy of|
| |increase, the rubbish produced will be treated in time |forest ecological benefit granted. |
| |⑦ use less harmful pesticides and extend fertilizers good for| |
| |environmental protection | |
|Hebei |① project management by law, good management for the local |Offer regular farmer technology training, support |
| |people |farmer households in developing economy |
| |② establish mixed species forest ,and in diverse mgt patterns| |
| |③more environmental protection publicity, and higher | |
| |environmental protection awareness | |
| |④ extension of environmental protection fertilizers | |
| |⑤ water-saving irrigation methods | |
|Anhui |① Change the traditional mountain-burning way of site |① hope that relevant project management can offer |
| |preparation, to adopt strip or patch form methods according |advanced practical technologies, and carry out |
| |to site typographies to reduce soil and water erosion; |training and on-the-spot demonstration to better |
| |② increase the proportion of mixed species forest, for |conduct the project for better benefits. |
| |raising biodiversity of project areas; |② more fund support, lower loan interest level, |
| |③ vigorous extension of organic fertilizers, biological |extension of repayment period and grace period. |
| |pesticides and reduction of chemical fertilizers, pesticides |③ tree species selection will consider those of higher|
| |for less damages of environment; |economy value. Suitable land selection for economy |
| |④ tree species selection focused on indigenous species, |tree species. Between ecological benefit and economic |
| |partial introduced species places will undergo quarantine and|benefit of the project, a balance is possible. |
| |inspection measures strictly to prevent the spread of exotic |④ hope that the project can start implementation as |
| |pests and diseases and ensure planting stock quality; |soon as possible. |
| |⑤ the project infrastructure will be based on the existing | |
| |trails/paths of project areas, and in combination with fire | |
| |fighting roads, to reduce the damage to environment. | |
| Zhejiang |① intensify supervision, development and protection happens |① hope the project implementations start as soon as |
| |simultaneously; |possible |
| |② reinforced propaganda to rise local people participation |② farmer technology training offers plenty of |
| |level; |employment opportunities |
| |③ increase the scale of loan |③ the project can rise the economic benefit, |
| |④ strengthen farmers technology training, and support farmer |ecological benefit as well as living environment and |
| |household developing economic activities. |economy condition of farmer households |
8.2.3 Comments and suggestions from experts
Table 8-5: Comments of experts
|Province |Comments and suggestions of experts |
|Liaoning |① Implementation of the project accords with the strategy of Liaoning of "ecological province". The project will|
| |add construction activities and expand loan funding scale. ② The project design, implementation will embody |
| |scientific spirit and multi-function principle to guarantee realization of expected objectives of the project. |
| |③ The project will emphasize biodiversity protection. |
| |④ Project construction will reinforce environmental protection, pesticide/chemical fertilizer uses, reducing |
| |soil and water erosion and adding biodiversity. The project will put forward feasible, operable environmental |
| |protection measures to reduce the project negative impact on environment to the minimum. |
|Shanxi |① The project construction will fit into Shanxi Forestry Develop Program. Using World Bank loan for |
| |afforestation will promote for forestry comprehensive development of Shanxi, but strengthening environmental |
| |protection management is a must, especially by putting negative ecological impact to minimum. The construction |
| |of project will be good. |
| |② In IFDP, there will be a reasonable proportion between ecological protection forest and economic protection |
| |forest by considering both income of ecological benefit of local farmers. At the same time, the project will |
| |emphasize biodiversity protection. |
| |③ It is necessary to analyze the suitability of each project land site, by listing land use types. Natural |
| |forests, ecological forest of public welfare, protected areas, special-purpose forests are not to be developed |
| |for use. |
| |④ The layout planning will be explicit, by proving the reasonability of the project from micro region. The |
| |fast-growing and high-yielding forest plantations in large acreage will weaken biodiversity, therefore their |
| |scale and proportion be controlled. Additionally the thin-earth stony mountainous areas with high slope are not |
| |suitable for developing forest plantations, but for mountain closure for rehabilitation forest mainly. |
| |⑤ There is need to clarify for the project that in the project areas and periphery there will not be nature |
| |ecological function areas. In other words, site assessment will focus on screening selection of project areas, |
| |to make clear what are places suitable for planting and what are not. |
| |⑥ The planting area of one tree species will not be too large. That is, the plot patch will not be too big, and |
| |there will be linkage between the patches. Maintenance original vegetations are highly recommended. It is |
| |suggested to grow certain quantity of mixed species forest and in protected zones there will be not fast-growing|
| |and high-yielding tree species to avoid "isolated island’ of the protected area. The project will reserve the |
| |biological passageway with certain width. |
| |⑦ The project development will avoid constructive damages, forest damages, pesticide/chemical fertilizer |
| |pollution as well as soil and water erosion, and damages of biodiversity. The project will put forward feasible,|
| |operable environmental protection measures to reduce the project influence to environment to minimum. |
| |8. The project construction will be scientifically done, without ecological protection forest site preparation |
| |method of overall type for planting. It is necessary to reserve the original vegetation of certain width along |
| |contour line. |
| |9.Develop scientific researches under the project, especially on the sustainable management issues such as |
| |multi-function use of ecological protection forest,the protection function of economic protection forest, as |
| |well as patch area control etc. |
|Hebei |① The project implementation will select scientific planting models to balance between ecological protection, |
| |economic profit, social profit. |
| |② The project construction management will be reinforced to guarantee timely fund availability, environmental |
| |protection, and to mitigate soil and water erosion, damages to biodiversity. |
| |③ Intensify environmental protection by less use of harmful pesticides. |
|Anhui |① Project implementation design has changed the past mountain burning site preparation mode, by adopting |
| |belt/patch form methods according to site typographies to reduce soil and water erosion. |
| |② Increase the proportion of mixed species forest to raise local biodiversity. |
| |③ Vigorous extension use of organic fertilizer, biological pesticide by reducing use of chemical fertilizer, |
| |pesticides that may damage the environment. |
| |④ Selected tree species will be local species first and partial introduced species will undergo quarantine and |
| |inspection measures strictly to prevent the spread of external pest and diseases and to ensure seedling quality.|
| | |
| |⑤ The construction of suggested infrastructure will be based on original trails or paths of project areas, or |
| |combine fire fighting road to reduce the damages to environment. |
| Zhejiang |① Implementation of project coincides with Zhejiang governmental strategy/spirit of " the ecological province", |
| |the project will add construction activities and the scale that uses foreign funds. |
| |② The project design and implementation will embody scientific and multifunction spirits to guarantee |
| |realization of objectives of the project. |
| |③ Biodiversity protection. |
| |④ The project construction will reinforce management of environmental protection, especially on pesticide, |
| |chemical fertilizer use, soil and water erosion, biodiversity. |
| |⑤ These aspects will have feasible, operable environmental protection measures for execution to reduce the |
| |project impact on environmental to the minimum. |
The consultation results and comments of the public and experts are reflected in project environmental management plan, and project feasibility study, design and implementation plans through PMC of SFA.
8.3 Information disclosure
Table 8-6: Information disclosure and the feedback
|Province |Disclosure time |Disclosure manners |Feedback and comments |
|Liaoning |June 2008 |① Local news program broadcast of 2-5 |① Farmer households that get forest land in the |
| | |times about the project for 3 minutes |national forest land tenure reform hope to attend |
| | |for each time during June 20-25 |the project, and willing to carry out forestry |
| | |② At county（prefecture）forestry |activities. |
| | |bureau, township（town）government, |② hope the project offers good fund support |
| | |project villages, project posters are |③ hope that the project starts implementation as |
| | |put up |early as possible |
|Shanxi |Dec 6,2008 |The project is publicized in form of |① hope the project can be arranged the interviewee |
| | |“Yellow River ecological restoration |that is willing to develop forestry. |
| | |forestry project environmental impact |②hope that the planting proportion of tree species |
| | |assessment”by internet website of |with economic benefit be increased, so as to add |
| | |Shanxi Forestry. |income of local farmers. |
| | | |③hope the PMO can give fund to support household |
| | | |forest farms. |
| | | |④ hope that implementation of the project provide |
| | | |good technology training. |
|Hebei |Nov 7,2008 |The province used posters, radio |Hope that project starts implementation as soon as |
| | |broadcasting etc to introduce project |possible and that more fund support be given to the |
| | |objectives, activities, scale, and |project. |
| | |positive impacts of the project on | |
| | |environment ,etc.; | |
|Anhui |Nov 20 to Dec 20, |All project townships (towns) put up |① the localities are all enthusiastic about IFDP to |
| |2008 |public posters, announcements to |develop forestry activities. All think it is good to|
| | |introduce the project |publicize the project information, and the project |
| | |purpose/objective, construction |management is properly estimating the risks and |
| | |activities, scale and project |potential negative environmental impacts of the |
| | |environmental impacts. |project. The public support the deed to follow |
| | | |environmental measures to reduce soil and water |
| | | |erosion, etc. |
| | | |② the local people (including some forestry |
| | | |department staff) think if in project |
| | | |implementation the announced environmental measures |
| | | |are followed, the negative impacts will be |
| | | |completely put under control, so not to harm the |
| | | |environment. |
| | | |③ some people suggest shortening the time for site |
| | | |preparation. One week after site preparation the |
| | | |planting can be completed. It is also possible to do|
| | | |planting and site preparation at the same time if |
| | | |labor condition is ok, because this will shorten raw|
| | | |earth exposure time to reduce damages to |
| | | |environment. |
| | | |④ The public hope that the project considers both |
| | | |ecological benefit and other factors such as price |
| | | |level. Hope that more preferable conditions are give|
| | | |in loan interest, and with increased national |
| | | |finances to support the project. |
| | | |⑤ forest farmers do not know what are low-toxicity, |
| | | |low-residue pesticides, biological technology for |
| | | |prevention and control. Therefore, related |
| | | |technology is to be offered in project construction |
| | | |by giving use instructions and pesticide directory. |
| | | |At the same time, technology support and training |
| | | |work will be conducted. |
| | | |⑥ The proportion of tree species with better |
| | | |economic benefit be added to add income for local |
| | | |farmers. |
| Zhejiang |Oct-Dec, 2008 |The province in project areas adopts |① Be willing to participate in the project. Hope |
| | |project propaganda materials, villager|that more funds, and technology/ policy support are |
| | |meetings, collective visit |given; |
| | |discussions, informal discussion |② For other forests with proper conditions in the |
| | |meetings, individual consultation and |province, if conditions comply, the project scale |
| | |internet to publicize the project. |cane be enlarged to cover them; |
| | | |③ Hope the project implementation starts as soon as |
| | | |possible. |
8.4 Public consultation
Table 8-7: Public consultation discussion analysis
|Province |Positive factors |Negative worries |Conclusion |
|Liaoning |①Hope that the project could be launched to |Some people do not know about the |Tree species with better market |
| |add forest vegetation acreage, and improve |project and have certain worries about|potentials will be selected for |
| |local environment. |the future market of forest products |afforestation. |
| |② the project can improve people’s life and | | |
| |local environmental and economic conditions. | | |
| |③ The citizens of project areas hope to get | | |
| |technology training and employment opportunity| | |
| |from the project | | |
|Shanxi |①hope the project can kick off soon to add |① Local project design aims mainly at |Project design will give full |
| |Shanxi forest vegetation cover and improve the|ecological tree species, from which |consideration to the concerns of |
| |environment. |farmers benefit little so their |the public. The tree species with|
| |② The project can improve local people’s |participation enthusiasm of project |economic benefits will be |
| |living environment and the economic |will be affected; |selected as far as possible for |
| |conditions, and that the negative impacts from|② Local ecological-economic tree |the ecological economic forest. |
| |the construction period can be addressed. |species arrangement may affect the |The stands by proper space layout|
| |③ Technology training and employment |play of soil and water conservation |will be in different arrangements|
| |opportunity |function of the forest. |of strip, patches, mixed species |
| | | |to have the ecological economic |
| | | |forest species produce soil and |
| | | |water conservation benefit. |
|Hebei |① Add forest resources |① Protection forest ecological tree |① The ecological benefit and |
| |② Improve living environment and local |species has low economic benefit, so |importance from the project |
| |economy. |the farmers activity is low. |forestation are explained to |
| |③ Get employment opportunity |②Farmers are not capable of well |farmers who appreciated and |
| | |managing economic tree species, so the|approved; |
| | |worry exist for fully achieving the |② Technology training let farmers|
| | |expected benefit |grasp improved technology for |
| | | |production operations of economic|
| | | |tree crops. |
|Anhui |The public thinks that this project is helpful|Some people expressed worries about |The ecological benefit and |
| |for optimizing forest stands quality and |species selection and the scale of the|importance are explained to |
| |improving local ecological environment, |project. Some think that the local |farmers, and increase farmers’ |
| |raising forest water retention capability, |project design will adopt ecological |income and enthusiasm by |
| |promoting farmer income and local economy. If |tree species mainly, so the economic |different ways. |
| |related environmental protection measures are |benefits to farmers are not obvious, | |
| |made available, the unfavorable impacts from |which will affect participation | |
| |the construction could be put up with. |enthusiasm of the project. | |
| Zhejiang |①The project will start execution soon to |None |None |
| |improve ecological condition and forest | | |
| |multiple benefits | | |
| |②project areas people can get technology | | |
| |training and employment opportunities. | | |
9 Conclusions
(1) The "National Ecological Construction Program”, divides China into eight ecological construction regions according to the district ecological types. IFDP has selected three of the above regions in five provinces, to carry out forest ecological construction through two main measures: establishment of new multifunction forest plantations and improving existing plantation forests. The wind and sandification prone areas of Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi will establish wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest; the soil and water erosion prone areas in Shanxi, Liaoning and Anhui will establish soil and water conservation forest; the Hebei plain farmland area will build up farmland protection forest; Anhui will at its world natural and cultural heritage periphery construct ecological landscape forests; and Anhui and Zhejiang will conduct degraded forest improvement to resist natural disasters. The site and location selection of the project complies with the national ecological construction direction, and the local provincial overall land use plan. Therefore project location selection is reasonable.
(2) The main purpose of project is to raise the forest capability against calamities/disasters, fully utilizing the forest comprehensive benefits especially ecological benefits, to ensure regional territory ecological safety, promotes steady high grain production, and add local people income. These are in strict compliance with strategic targets of "CPC and State Council Decision on Quickening Forestry Development", "National Ecological Construction Program", "the 11th 5-year Plan of National Economy and Social Development Program Outlines", "the 11th 5-year and Intermediate, Long Term Forestry Development Plan" etc. as well as national policies about ecological construction.
(3) IFDP implementation is helpful to the play of the various functions and benefits of forest, especially by obviously adding project area forested acreage, improving forest structure and forest quality, and improving regional ecological condition. The project will meanwhile add project area biodiversity; restrain land degradation, soil and water erosion; restore wetland ecosystem function at degraded forest area, so playing significant positive impact. The implementation of IFDP can generate income to local people.
(4) Part of the project activities may produce certain negative impacts on the environment, and these include site slashing, planting, young forest tending, pesticide/fertilizer use, timber felling, transportation. However, with various mitigation measures incorporated during project design for execution in implementation during project construction and operation stages, and with measures to guard against risks according to project features, the above negative impacts the project produces to environment can be effectively controlled. At the same time, the project has drawn up detailed "Environmental Protection Guidelines", "IMP Plan" and "Environmental Monitoring Plan”which will combine to minimize the potential negative impacts of the project on environment.
(5) On basis of related policies of World Bank and the requirement of "Environmental Impact Assessment Law, P.R. China", the public consultation have been carried out by posters, publishing in local newspapers, convening villager meetings, collective interview, workshops，filling in survey forms, individual interviews. The statistical analysis of the consultation/survey results indicates that the great majority of local residents support IFDP project construction and show very high expectation for it.
Annexes:
1. Environmental Protection Guidelines
2. Integrated Pest Management Plan
3. Public Survey Tables and Records
|Province |Number of Tables and Records |
|Liaoning |Questionary Table |312 |
| |Records of meeting |55 |
|Shanxi |Questionary Table |63 |
| |Records of meeting |6 |
|Hebei |Questionary Table |139 |
| |Records of meeting |5 |
|Anhui |Questionary Table |206 |
| |Records of meeting |10 |
|Zhejiang |Questionary Table |213 |
| |Records of meeting |10 |
4. List of Organizations and Persons of EIA Report Contributors
|Organization |Name of Participant |
|National Level |Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental |Su De |
| |Sciences | |
| |Research Institute of Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental |Yang Wei |
| |Sciences | |
| |World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Academy of Forestry |Lan Zaiping |
| |World Bank Loan Project Office of Chinese Academy of Forestry |Hu Haizi |
|Liaoning |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Xu Wude |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Yu Hui |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Liu Sujun |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Guo Zhiquan |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Chen Yanli |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Feng Shanshan |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Liaoning Investigation and Design Institute of Water Resources and |Zhao Wenping |
| |Hydropower | |
| |Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Provincial Forestry Department|Li Guozhong |
| |Foreign Investment Project Office of Liaoning Provincial Forestry Department|Dong Tieshi |
|Shanxi |EIA Center of Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment and |Li Yu |
| |Protection of Chinese Academy of Forestry | |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Sun Tuohuan |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Liang Shoulun |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Liu Suicun |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Gao Jie |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Yang Jing |
| |Forestry Academy of Shanxi Province |Zheng Zhili |
|Hebei |Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of |Hua Wenwu |
| |Geography Science | |
| |Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of |Zhao Wenhuan |
| |Geography Science | |
| |Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of |Zhao Shenghuan |
| |Geological Science | |
| |Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province |Ma Rongze |
| |Foreign Investment Management Center of Hebei Province |Song Xilong |
|Anhui |Academy of Environmental Sciences of Anhui Province |Wang Xiaohui |
| |Academy of Environmental Sciences of Anhui Province |He Xiangliang |
| |Academy of Forest Inventory and planning of Anhui Province |Xu Kebiao |
| |Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Province |Qian Teng |
| |Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Province |Zhang Jun |
| |Foreign Investment Project Office of Anhui Province |Zhang Ming |
|Zhejiang |Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province |Jiang Bo |
| |Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province |Yuan Weigao |
| |Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province |Zhu Jinru |
| |Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province |Shen Aihua |
| |Forestry Academy of Zhejiang Province |Zhang Jun |
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L:\PMC Integrated Forestry Project\PAD Safeguard reveiw\Package send to Peter for Reveiw Meeitng\Final received documents\WB-IFDP-final EIA Report-053009--final.doc
06/03/2009 11:12:00 AM
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