GLOBALIES CIT - Loughborough University

[Pages:1]GLOBAL CITIES

IN HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT

Global developments have had an increasing impact on contemporary cities, regions and territories from the societal, economical and geographical points of view. Since 1998 the impact of word cities into globalization has been extensively studied by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network.1

GaWC provides a geographic and economic-based overview of the world and its evolving configuration. Particularly relevant in this discourse is its categorization of world cities into , and tiers2, based upon their international connectedness.3

If the world is observed from the point of view of the connectivity of the world cities, a new image emerges, where each city is virtually oriented to other cities of the same level of inter-connectivity. National or continental maps give way to a new world configuration intended as an archipelago, where each city appears utterly separated from its geographical surrounding and closer to other cities of same level. The leading parameters for the new configuration are based on mutual connections, primarily in the global economic system.

The atlas shows the world cities according to the GaWC categorization of 2010. From this, a new configuration emerges, where expected national and local boundaries are presented in their real disposition based upon their international connectedness.

The world of cities

The world of cities

The world of cities

1. GaWC is a research network based in the Geography Department at Loughborough University (UK), founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998 . GaWC studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. . 2. The classification is based upon the office networks of 100 advanced producer service firms in 315 cities. Cf. GaWC Research Bulletin 43. http:// lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000.html. 3. Definition is from: Taylor, Peter J. (2004). World city network: a global urban analysis. Routledge.

Sources: - Clasification of cities: Classification of GaWC 2010. Geography

Department, Loughborough University. world2010t.html - Global network connectivity scores 2010: Geography Department, Loughborough University. - City codes: GaWC Research Bulletin 355. rb/rb355.html

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++ city

+ city

city - city connection with group city + city

city - city connection with group city + city city - city

Shape of connectivity amongst world cities of same tier and Proportional Global Network Connectivity (GNC) Scores 2010, according to GaWC

++ cities cities

MEXICO CITY MX_52.50

BUENOS AIRES BA_50.15

S. FRANCISCO SF_48.76 LOS ANGELES LA_55.11

TORONTO TR_58.26

WASHINGTON WC_47.51

SAO PAULO SP_55.73

MADRID MD_55.23 MILAN MI_58.86

BRUSSELS BR_49.74

AMSTERDAM AM_51.85

FRANKFURT FR_52.61

MOSCOW MS_54.29

NEW YORK NY_94.35

LONDON LN_100

+ cities -cities

?

2012

Map of Global Cities 2010. The map clearly shows areas of the world rather dense and others almost irrelevant in terms of world city connectivity

+ cities + cities

MUMBAI MB_55.16

JAKARTA JK_48.87

KUALA L. KL_49.88

BEIJING BJ_58.37

SEOUL SU_49.78

SANTIAGO SA_41.41

DALLAS

DA_42.96

MIAMI MI_46.20

PHILADELPHIA PH_40.42

ATLANTA BOSTON AT_42.45 BS_43.35

CHICAGO CH_61.60

LISBON

DUBLIN

LB_40.59

BARCELONA BC_42.31

DB_45.39 MUNICH

MU_43.70 VIENNA

ZURICH

VI_42.51

ZU_44.54

WARSAW

JOHANNESB. JB_40.41

WS_43.00 ISTAMBUL IS_43.40

PARIS PA_68.28

DUBAI DU_61.36

BANGKOK BK_41.71

NEW DELHI ND_44.38

TAIPEI TP_41.65

MELBOURNE ME_45.33

SAN JOSE 23.03

PORTLAND 23.26

SAN JOSE 23.14

CHARLOTTE 24.33

CINCINATTI 24.50

BALTIMORE 23.64

BRISTOL

24.62 TUNIS

GLASGOW 24.94 EDINBURGH

23.05 ZAGREB

23.56 ANTWERP

23.40

23.76

BELGRADE

RIGA

23.24 NAIROBI

AMMAN 23.00

24.66 JEDDAH

23.48

23.58

KUWAIT

DOHA 23.28

23.67

LAHORE

HYDERABAD

23.67

23.43

HANOI 24.57

ADELAIDE 23.32

GUADALAJARA 22.55

PHOENIX 22.77

EDMONTON 20.00

SAN SALVADOR

21.41

QUITO

22.46 SANTO DOMINGO 22.33

TAMPA 20.85

KANSAS CITY 22.79 INDIANAPOLIS 20.28 COLUMBUS 20.38 PITTSBURGH

20.25

LEEDS

VALENCIA

22.36

22.92

ROTTERDAM

LYON 20.91

22.55

ST. PETERSB.

22.45

VILNIUS

21.13

ALMATY 22.56

AUSTIN

TEGUCIGALPA

18.47

18.88

MILWAUKEE

GUAYAQUIL

18.41

ORLANDO

18.29 OTTAWA 19.16

19.51

RICHMOND

CURITIBA

18.85

18.16

PORTO ALEGRE

19.77

PORTO 19.78 ACCRA 18.10 MARSEILLE 19.41 TURIN

BELFAST 18.44

SOUTHAMP. 18.33

GOTHEN. 19.45

DURBAN 18.52

18.37

TALLIN

LJUBLJANA

19.97

18.92

MUSCAT

PUNE

18.56

19.84

ISLAMABAD

COLOMBO

18.85

19.06

WELLINGTON 18.29

NAGOYA 18.40

SINGAPORE SG_67.46

SYDNEY SY_61,06

HOUSTON HS_37.17

HONG KONG HK_72,96

SHANGAI SH_62.70 TOKIO TK_63.75

VANCOUVER VN_35.61

BOGOTA BG_35.62

MONTREAL MT_38.13

DUSSELDORF

BERLIN

BL_36.83 ROME

DS_38.91 HAMBURG

HB_37.30

RM_38.10

COPENHAGEN

ATHENS

CP_36.57

CCAAAI_RS3O6_.3462.77TELPPRRAA_V3GI8VU.E50

STOCKHOLM SK_38.53

TA_36.59

BANGALORE BN_36.58

MANILA MN_37.20

SEATTLE SE_34.01

LIMA LM_31.05

MINNEAPOLIS MP_30.34

CARACAS CR_33.97

MONTEVIDEO MV_30.45

MANCHESTER

MC_31.43

CAPE TOWN CT_30.69

LUXEMBOURG LX_34.56

BUCHAREST

BU_32.38

OSLO OS_33.51

BUDAPEST BD_34.91

KIEV

RIYADH RY_30.51

BEIRUT KV_33.38 BT_34.74

CHENNAI CN_32.81

KARACHI KR_31.21

HO CHI MINH HC_33.86

GUANGZHOU GZ_34.12

AUCKLAND AK_33.53

SAN DIEGO SD_26.07

CALGARY CG_25.36

MONTERREY

DENVER

MY_27.81 GUATEMALA

GT_25.30

DV_27.90 ST. LOUIS SL_26.74

PANAMA

DETROIT

PN_26.14 SAN JUAN SN_25.45

RIO JANEIRO RJ_29.48 CASABLANCA

DT_28.43 CLEVELAND CV_25.74 BIRMINGHAM BM_29.51

CS_27.44

COLOGNE

LAGOS LG_25.88 GENEVA

GN_28.59

CO_26.82

STUTTGART ST_27.10

BRATISLAVA

HELSINKI

BV_27.55 SOFIA HL_26.73

NICOSIA

SO_26.91

NC_29.58 MANAMA

PORT LOUIS PL_27.44

MM_27.11

ABU DHABI AB_29.84

PERTH PE_25.82

CALCUTTA CC_28.47

SHENZHEN SZ_25.80

BRISBANE BB_28.98

OSAKA OK_25.20

cities cities

- cities - cities

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