Vocabulary/Key Terms: You should be able to define or ...
Prehistory:
□ Artifacts
□ Primary Sources
□ Secondary Sources
□ Anthropology
□ Historians
Early Peoples:
Migration
Out of Africa theory
Hunters and gatherers- nomadic groups vs. agrarian
□ Traditional economies
□ Neolithic Revolution
□ Gender roles
□ Requirements of civilization
Geography: It’s role in the development of civilizations….
River Valley Civilizations (4000 – 1000 BCE):
□ Mesopotamia- “land between two rivers”- Herodotus- Tigris and Euphrates- the fertile crescent
□ Egypt- Nile
□ India- Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa along the Indus Valley
□ China- Yellow River- “river of sorrows”
□ The role of geography in the development of early civilizations.
□ Centralized government- irrigation systems
Migrations- what they are and why they occur
China:
□ Yellow River (AKA Huang He), Yangtze River (AKA Chang Jiang)
□ Plateau of Tibet,
□ “Middle Kingdom”- surrounded by mountains/desert:
o Himalayan, Tian Shan, Altai, Kunlun Mtns
o Gobi and Taklimakan Deserts
Greece:
□ Peloponnesian Peninsula
□ Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea- many ports
□ Mountainous (Mt. Olympus), Islands, Isthmus’
□ The role of geography in the formation of city-states.
Rome:
□ Mediterranean Sea, Italian Peninsula, Apennine Mountains, Alps
India:
□ Monsoons, Subcontinent, Indian Ocean, Deccan Plateau
□ Indus and Ganges Rivers
□ Himalayan Mountains, Hindu Kush Mountains, Khyber Pass
Middle East
□ Mesopotamia:
• Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – harsh flooding (silt)
□ Egypt:
• Nile River, Yearly floods, silt, Delta
• Upper and Lower Egypt, “Bread Basket”
• Deserts (Sahara)
□ Arabia:
• Arabian Peninsula, Desert, Oasis, Persian Gulf
□ Russia/E. Europe/Asia Minor:
• Asia Minor: Centralized location between Asia, Europe and the Middle East, Bosporus Strait- links Black and Mediterranean Seas
• Russia/E. Europe:
Early Civilizations
Mesopotamia (3500-400 BCE)
□ City-states: eg Babylonia, Sumer, Akkad
□ Cuneiform
□ Gilgamesh
□ Hammurabi’s Code
Phoenicia (1550 BCE - 300 BCE)
□ “carriers of civilization”, Seafarers, Phonetic alphabet.
Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1650 BCE – 256 BCE)
□ Shang:
• Ancestor worship
• Oracle bones- early writing with characters
□ Zhou
• Mandate of Heaven
• Dynastic Cycles
• Feudalism
Early India:
• Indus River Valley (2500-1700 BCE)
o Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
□ Large, well organized cities.
□ Polytheistic
Egypt:
□ Old (2700 BCE-2200 BCE): Pyramids
□ Middle (2050-1800 BCE): Hyksos
□ New Kingdoms (1550-1100 BCE): Ramses II, Hatsepshut, Akhentaten, Hitiites
□ Pharaoh- unified empire
□ Polytheistic
Belief systems: How do they unite/divide? How can we compare them.
□ Polytheism v. Monotheism
□ Animism
□ Judaism: Torah (Old Testament )
• 10 commandments
• Monotheistic, believe in the coming of theMessiah
□ Christianity: Bible (Old and New Testaments)
• Bible: Old and New Testaments
• Jesus, Paul, Disciples, Missionaries
• Messiah
• Persecution and salvation
• Why it appealed- the message
• Schism : Catholicism/ Eastern Orthodox
□ Hinduism: (Vedas, Upanishads)
• One god, many forms
• Dharma, Karma, Moksha, reincarnation
• Reinforces the caste system
□ Buddhism
• Siddhartha Guatama- Buddha
• 8 fold path, 4 Noble Truths
• Reincarnation, Nirvana, Ahimsa, equality
• Theravada v. Mahayana
□ Islam: (Koran)
• 5 Pillars, Jihad, Sharia, Ka’aba, People of the Book”
• Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem
• Muhammad
• Shiite v Sunni
• Rapid Spread
□ Confucianism – (Analects)
• 5 Basic Relationships
• Impact on Chinese SPE
□ Legalism
• Founder (Han-Fei)
• Leader to adopt it under Shi Huangdi- Qin Dynasty
□ Daoism (Taoism)- Tao Te Ching (Dao-De Ching)
• Lao Tze
• Harmony, Yin Yang
Classical Civilizations:
Greece: City States
□ Athens:
• Direct Democracy, but has slavery
• Pericles during its “Golden Age” – a time of great art, culture and science
• Famous philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Strong Navy, Fights Peloponnesian War with Sparta.
• Delian League
□ Sparta:
• Oligarchy with many serfs (helots) who were not citizens
• Very militarist – all citizens received military training
□ Alexander the Great – unites Greece, conquers Persia and Egypt; Hellenistic Age – sharing of many cultures
Rome:
□ Republic (approx 500 BCE – 0):
• Senate, Tribune, Consuls, Dictator
• Plebeians, Patricians,
• Gracchus Brothers, Julius Caesar
□ Empire (approx 0-500 CE)
• First Emperor: Augustus
• “Pax Romana” – Roman peace – time of prosperity, peace, trade throughout Empire
• Road system, Bread and Circuses
□ Body of laws: The Twelve Tables
• Applied to all citizens
• Innocent until proven guilty; right to face accuser
• Compare with other ancient bodies of law: Hammurabi’s Code, 10 Commandments, Justinian’s Code
□ Diocletian
□ Internal and external causes of the decline of the Roman Empire.
India (300 BCE- 500 CE)
□ Maurya Empire (300-100 BCE)
• Greatest Emperor was Ashoka – spread Buddhism
□ Gupta Empire (300-500 CE)
• a “Golden Age” of culture and science
• invented “zero”
China (200 BCE – 200 CE)
□ Qin Dynasty unites China under ideas of Legalism
□ Han Dynasty
□ Confucian “Merit System” to choose government officials, civil service exam
□ Invention of paper, monopoly on silk
Similarities between Han China and Roman Empire
□ Both empires are a time of prosperity, trade networks
□ Both fall because of barbarian invasions
□ Interaction between cultures – cultural diffusion
□ Silk Road – gunpowder, paper, trade goods
□ Indian Ocean trade network connects China to India to Europe (after Vasco da Gama)
□ Chinese ideas diffuse to Korea, Japan, SE Asia
Golden Age of Islam (600 – 1200)
□ Begun by Muhammad, founder of Islam
□ Expansion by conquest (esp. during Umayyad Dynasty, 650-800); then by conversion
□ Baghdad was capital of Abbasid Dynasty (800 – 1200) and great trading city
□ Ibn Battuta travels throughout Islamic lands – from Africa to Spain to China
□ Great advances in mathematics, medicine, astronomy
□ What’s a “Golden Age?”
African Trading Kingdoms
□ Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
□ Mansa Musa, Spread of Islam
□ Timbuktu, Slave Trade, Salt, Gold..
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