Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins 1861-1862”



Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins 1861-1862”

Section 1 “War Erupts”

Main Idea: The secession of the Southern states quickly led to armed conflict between the North and the South.

Terms and Names:

1. Fort Sumter

2. Robert E. Lee

3. border states

4. King Cotton

5. Anaconda Plan

6. blockade

7. First Battle of Bull Run

Notes

I. Who fired the first shots at Fort Sumter, why and who got the advantage?

A. At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in order to prevent the Union from maintaining its hold on this military installation.

1. The North surrenders the fort with no casualties.

2. This action officially begins the Civil War

II. Why did Lincoln call out the militia and what was the result?

A. Lincoln calls for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days

B. In response, men, including Robert E. Lee, rush to join the Confederacy and the northern militia

III. What were the sides and how did they choose?

A. Both sides knew that the Border States (DE, MD, KY and MO) would play a key role in the outcome of the war because of their locations and resources.

All Border States eventually chose the Union.

B. In the end, 24 states made up the Union and 11 joined the Confederacy.

IV. What were the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South?

A. The North

1. 22 million people

2. 85% of nation’s factories

3. twice as much railroad mileage as the South

4. almost all of the naval power and shipyards

5. President Abraham Lincoln

B. The South

1. 9 million people (3.5 mil of them were slaves)

2. General Robert E. Lee

3. defensive war

4. more will to fight

V. What was the Confederate’s strategy?

A. Goal- to gain independence from the United States

1. Defensive-they did not want to conquer the North they just wanted to be left alone.

2. South withholds cotton from foreign markets hoping to force other countries to support them in the war.

3. Offensive-attack the North in order to break their spirit

VI. What was the Union’s strategy?

A. Goal-get the southern states back into the Union

1. Offensive strategy-Anaconda Plan

a. naval blockade of the coastline

b. control the Mississippi River

2. Attack the Confederate capital, Richmond, VA

VII. What was the Battle of Bull Run and who won?

A. July 21, 1861 Union forces attack Confederate soldiers in Manassas, VA and lose.

B. The Confederates won.

C. Realizing that he had underestimated the South, Lincoln recalled the militiamen and replaced them with 500,000 real Union soldiers for three years.

Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins 1861-1862”

Section 2 “Life in the Army”

Main Idea: Both Union and Confederate soldiers endured many hardships serving in the army during the Civil War.

Terms and Names:

1. hygiene

2. rifle

3. minie ball

4. ironclad

Notes

I. Who were those who fought?

A. They could be categorized as:

• between 18 and 30 years old

• majority were farmers

• 2 million Americans served the Union and 1 million served the Confederacy

• most volunteered

II. How did they turn civilians into soldiers?

A. Soon after enlisting, volunteers began being trained as soldiers. They

• lived in camps, 20 men to a tent

• training and drilling repeatedly

• woke to a bugle or drum at dawn

• had to do same chores: guard duty, dig ditches and chop wood

• Union soldiers wore blue uniforms.

• Confederate soldiers wore gray or yellowish brown

III. What were the hardships of Army life?

A. Life in the Army was unlike what the volunteers imagined.

• Soldiers were often wet, muddy or cold.

• The camps were unsanitary and smelled.

• Poor hygiene resulted in widespread sickness.

IV. What were the changes in military technologies?

A. Although camp life was crude, military technology advanced.

• Rifles replaced muskets

• Minie ball bullets improved distance and accuracy

• Ironclad ships

Chapter 16 “The Civil War Begins 1861-1862”

Section 3 “No End in Sight”

Main Idea: In the first two years of the war, neither side gained a decisive victory over the other.

Terms and Names:

1. Ulysses S. Grant

2. Battle of Shiloh

3. cavalry

4. Seven Days’ Battles

5. Battle of Antietam

Notes

I. What were the Union’s victories in the West?

A. General Ulysses S. Grant captures two Confederate forts- Fort Henry and Fort Donalson. This allows the Union to capture Nashville, TN.

II. Who won the Battle of Shiloh?

A. Where and when did this battle take place?

• Near the Shiloh Church, in TN on April 6, 1862

B. Who were the generals in this battle?

• Grant and Sherman -Union, Johnston and Beauregard-Confederate

C. What was the outcome of this battle?

• the Union won after massive casualties on both sides.

III. How did New Orleans fall?

A. On April 25, 1862, the Union fleet, led by David Farragut, captures New Orleans the largest city in the South. This allowed the Union to control much of the Mississippi River and the South’s supplies.

IV. What victories did Lee claim in the East?

A. Seven Days’ Battles- Lee, attacks Union troops, led by George McClellan, just miles outside of Richmond. Confederates win, forcing Union troops to retreat north.

B. Second Battle of Bull Run- Lee forces Union troops to withdraw north out of VA into Washington, DC.

V. When and why did Lee invade the North?

A. In September 1862 Lee invades MD

B. He believed if he won:

1. he could force Lincoln to talk peace

2. give VA farmers a rest during harvest season

3. get food and supplies from Northern farms

4. show that the Confederacy could win the war so other countries would support them

VI. What was “Bloody Antietam” and who won?

A. “Bloody Antietam” was a battle that took place on September 17, 1862 in Sharpsburg, MD. It was the “[t]he bloodiest day in all of American history.” 25,000 men were killed or wounded.

B. The South lost, retreating into VA. General McClellan missed a chance to finish off the Confederates and possibly end the war, so he was fired by Lincoln.

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