S - Subject



S - Subject

O - Occasion

A- Audience

P - Purpose

S - Speaker

T

o

n

e

|[pic] |O – Overview

P – Parts

T – Title

I – Interrelationship

C- Conclusion

D – Diction

I – Imagery

D – Details

L – Language

S – Syntax

| |

|Logos – appeal to logic | |S – Sender/Receiver Relationship |

|Pathos – appeal to emotion |Classical Argument- Introduction, Statement of Background, Proposition, Proof, Refutation, |M – Message |

|Ethos – appeal to character/ethics |Conclusion |E – Effect |

|Bathos – ridiculously pathetic | |L – Logic |

| |Rogerian Argument - Introduction, Summary of Opposing Views, Statement of Understanding, Statement |L - Language |

| |of Your Position, Statement of Context, Statement of Benefits | |

| | | |

|Toulmin Model | |Inductive reasoning - A logical presentation of |

|Claim: The mushroom is poisonous. |Much deductive reasoning follows a pattern called a syllogism. This is a three part argument in |information in which specific examples and details |

|Data (Reason): Eating poisonous things is dangerous. (Since) |which a major premise and minor premise help lead to a conclusion. |lead up to the main concluding idea (Writer’s Inc.). |

|Warrant: So don’t eat it! (So) |All human beings are mortal. (Major Premise) | |

| |Socrates is a human being. (Minor Premise) |Deductive reasoning – A logical presentation of |

| |Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion) |information in which a main idea is stated early in a|

| | |piece of writing and supporting details follow |

| | |(Writer’s Inc.). Look at the Declaration of |

| |An enthymeme is a rhetorical syllogism that is common in everyday speech. It is nothing more than a|Independence. |

| |claim and a reason joined together. For example, “We should cancel our plans because it will rain | |

| |today.” | |

Political Cartoon Strategy:

(from the Library of Congress’s “It’s No Laughing Matter” Initiative) Students are often presented political cartoons for analysis and interpretation. In particular, students are asked to look for five distinctive traits used often by political cartoonists: symbolism, exaggeration, labeling, analogy, and irony.

Rhetorical Terms:

Tone, Attitude, Diction, Language, Figurative language, Figures of speech, Detail, Imagery, Point of view, Perspective, Organization, Narrative structure, Form, Syntax, Sentence structure, Phrasing, Colloquial, Polysyllabic, Euphonious, Cacophonous, Declarative, Imperative, Juxtaposition, Rhetorical question, Simile, Alliteration, Metaphor, Consonance, Onomatopoeia, Hyperbole, Understatement, Paradox, Oxymoron, Pun, Irony, Sarcasm, Antithesis, Apostrophe, Allusion, Synecdoche, Metonymy, Conceit, Personification, Epistle Stage directions, Attitude, Symbolism, Foreshadowing, Wordplay, Irony, Hyperbole, Antecedent, Comic relief, Anticlimax, Syllepsis, Parallelism, Euphemism, Analogy, Pronouncements, Absolutes, Rhetorical questions, Aphorisms, Imperatives, Contractions, Imply/infer, Invective, Subjunctive, Satire, Litotes, Chiasmus, Synesthesia, Anaphora, Ellipsis, Post hoc ergo propter, Ad hominem, Reduction as absurdiam, begging the quaetion, ad populum, ad verecundiam, either/or fallacy, hasty generalization, non sequitur, oversimplification, post hoc, red herring, APPEALS in Informed Argument (prestige, force, personal ridicule, masses, individualism, transference, hopostization, Rogerian Argument, Classical Argument, Toulmin argument, Enthymene, Ethos, Logos, Pathos, Bathos, Syllogism, Deductive reasoning, Inductive Reasoning, analogy, antithesis, challenger, defend, qualify, rebuttal, Citation, MLA documentation, primary resources, secondary resources, citations, quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, parenthetical documentation, embedded quotes, polysyndeton, allegory, asyndeton, connotation, denotation, didactic,

For the synthesis essay:

1. Read the prompt and all of the documents,

2. Analyze and annotate what arguments the documents are making looking for their claims, data, and warrants ,

3. Generalize your own particular view of the issue and come up with a viewpoint you can argue and converse with others about,

4. Converse and debate with the other authors of the sources,

5. Refine your argument and create a thesis statement and make sure that it is in the first paragraph,

6. Argue your side effectively, citing the needed sources and sticking to your thesis throughout

Incorporation of quotes: Avoid letting them stand alone as this is weak.

• Make it a part of the sentence - Egan “seemed peeved that the student hurled insults” at him (Egan 219).

• With an introduction – He looked at the dog saying, “If you don’t go outside at this moment, I will be forced to put you in the crate” (Egan 219).

• With a colon (standard with longer quotes) – Egan’s book portrays life as a teacher as fun: “Dang! This is fun” (Egan (219).

|Rhetorical Analysis |Argumentative |Synthesis |

| |Defend, challenge, or Qualify – sometimes you do present both sides and |Argumentative in nature |

| |offer a compromise (Rogerian) | |

|You must address the entire prompt | |Sources |

| | | |

|DIDLS |Must have a position and argue it!! |Conversation with those sources |

| | | |

|SOAPS |Argue to inform |Your argument should be central – sources used as support only |

| |Argue to assert | |

|Rhetorical Triangle |Argue to negotiate - Rogerian |Don’t summarize sources – refer to them |

| |Argue to dominate – don’t do this on an AP Exam – your tone will not be | |

|Toulmin Argument – Claim, Data, Warrant (Topic Sentence, Evidence, |received well |Could my paper survive without the use of sources? |

|explanation of how evidence backs up your topic sentence) | | |

| |Types of Appeals you make – Logos, Ethos, and Pathos | |

|“Rattler” | |Synthesis – sample with advertising’s effects |

|Hawthorne Tone | |Penny synthesis prompt |

|“Letter to Christoph” |Controversy prompt |NASA Synthesis paper |

|Scarlet Letter prompt |English Language voting |Practice exam prompt |

|Didion prompt outline |Argumentative independent reading critique | |

|Welty prompt |Argument #1 – other side | |

|The Onion prompt - Magnasoles |Argument – your side | |

|Kelley prompt |Plagarism prompt | |

|Patrick Henry Prompt |Exam essay | |

|Lincoln address |Henrietta Lacks | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

Items you have read:

• UnSpun

• Picking Cotton

• Clarence Darrow Selection

• Advertisements

• Political cartoons

• Warren Buffett – Tax the Rich

• Rick Perry - the Texas Unmiracle

• Queen Elizabeth Speech

• Declaration of Independence

• Video of 5 GOP candidates at Tea Party caucus in SC

• GOP debate – first for Perry

• Tampa GOP Debate

• Hawthorne passage

• “Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”

• Gherig speech

• Gettysburg Address

• “We Overvalue College”

• Orlando GOP Debate

• Iranian President speech

• Political commercials

• SNL parodies

• Commercials / Appeals

• Scarlet Letter

• Palin article

• SAT Cheating article

• Patrick Henry

• The Onion

• The Crucible

• Commercials of the Week

• Art/Music Tone exercise of the week

• SNL parodies

• Cain political ad

• Edictorials

• COCA-COLA prompt

• GOP Debates!!! Highlights of 1-15

• Independent Read #1

• Herman Cain press conference

• Letter From Birmingham Jail

• Susan B. Anthony passage

•

• Obama speech on Afghanistan

• Bush speech on Iraq

• Huck Finn

• WXII report

• Modest Proposal

• Grades – Malkin, Lawyer and Teacher

• More GOP highlights

• Independent Read #2

• Rick Santorum logical fallacies

• Girl Scout article

• SNL parodies

• Planned Parenthood editorial

• Berkmar student newspaper editorial

• Set of Essays: Huck Finn, Sports Taboo, Meaning of a word, Case For Torture, Dumpster Diving

• Best gaffes of the year

• Of Mice and Men

• Steinem, Fonda, and Morgan on Limbaugh

• The Great Gatsby

• The Onion on Of Mice and Men

• Limbaugh

• The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

• Practice AP passages

•

•

How to attack Multiple Choice Questions – suggestions only:

• Remember that the questions do not go from easiest to hardest – they follow the chronology of the passage. ANSWER THE ONES YOU CAN! Skip the ones that take too much time to answer and be sure to get to the ones you can answer. Come back to the tough ones when time allows.

• Read the ENTIRE QUESTION. Read ALL ANSWERS!

• If the question refers to a specific word, phrase, or sentence, then go back at least one sentence beforehand in the passage to start rereading. This helps you comprehend the context of the question better.

• You have 60 minutes to complete the section. You can go back to previous passages if you want to answer questions that you initially passed over.

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