Classical and Rogerian Arguments
Classical and Rogerian Arguments
| |Classical | | |Rogerian |
|Introduction |Capture the audience’s attention. Introduce the issue and | |Introduction |State the problem you hope to resolve. By presenting your |
|(Exordium) |create exigence for your claim. | | |issue as a problem you raise the possibility of positive |
| |Why is this an issue? Why do we need to pay attention? | | |change. Often opponents will want to solve the same problem. |
|Statement of |Supply the context needed to understand the case you present. | |Summary of Opposing |As accurately and neutrally as possible, state the views of the|
|Background |What circumstances, occurrences, or conditions do we need to be| |Views |people with whom you disagree. By doing this you show that you|
|(Narratio) |made aware of? | | |are capable of listening without judging and have given a fair |
| | | | |hearing to people who think differently from you. |
|Proposition |State your position (claim/thesis), based on the information | |Statement of |Also called the statement of validity. Show that you |
|(Partitio) |you have presented, and outline the major points that will | |Understand-ing |understand that there are situations in which these views are |
| |follow. The partitio divides the background information from | | |valid. Which parts of the opposing argument s do you concede? |
| |the reasoning. | | |Under which conditions might you share these views? |
|Proof |Present your reasons, subclaims, and evidence. Establish | |Statement of Your |Now that readers have seen that you’ve given full consideration|
|(Confirmatio) |inferences between claim and support. Provide additional | |Position |to views other than your own, they should be prepared to listen|
| |evidence for subclaims and evidence, where necessary. Explain | | |fairly to your views. State your position. |
| |and justify assumptions. | | | |
|Refutation |Anticipate and refute opposing arguments. In this section you | |Statement of Contexts|Describe situations in which you hope your views will be |
|(Refutatio) |demonstrate that you have already considered the issue | | |honored. By showing that your position has merit in specific |
| |thoroughly and have reached the only reasonable conclusion. | | |contexts, you recognize that people won’t agree with you all of|
| | | | |the time. However, opponents are allowed to agree in part and |
| | | | |share common ground. |
|Conclusion |Summarize the most important points. Make a final appeal to | |Statement of Benefits|Appeal to the self-interest of your opponents by showing how |
|(Peroratio) |values, motivations, and feelings that are likely to encourage | | |they would benefit from accepting your position; this concludes|
| |the audience to identify with your argument | | |your essay on a hopeful, positive note. |
| | | | | |
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