Educational Psychology 294



Ed. 294 Quiz I, Human Development

ANSWERS

1. Which principle is not a part of all theories of human development that we have studied?

B. Development is balanced.

C. Development is gradual.

D. Development occurs at variable stages.

E. Development occurs in an orderly way.

6. With which one of the following statements would Piaget agree?

G. Adult thought is about the same as children’s thought.

H. Environmental influences are the most important element in development.

I. Some skills are more easily learned at age 16 than at age 9.

J. There is no limit on the kinds of things a person can learn.

11. Based on his work in biology, Piaget theorized that all species inherit basic tendencies toward

L. adaptation and social transmission.

M. organization and adaptation.

N. readiness and thinking.

O. social transmission and activity.

16. Which one of the following is the clearest example of assimilation?

Q. Learning that a green light means “go” and a red light means, “stop.”

R. Learning to paint with a new type of brush.

S. Looking at teachers as they lecture.

T. Looking at a worm and thinking that it is a snake.

21. The two processes involved in adaptation are

V. assimilation and accommodation.

W. assimilation and equalization.

X. equalization and organization.

Y. social transmission and schema.

26. Which one of the following behaviors best illustrates the process of accommodation?

AA. Learning to shake with the right hand instead of the left hand.

AB. Shooting a basket from the free-throw line.

AC. Singing a song that one was taught as a child.

AD. Thinking that a donkey is a horse.

31. The process of searching for a balance between cognitive schemes and environmental information is called

AF. accommodation.

AG. adaptation.

AH. assimilation.

AI. equilibration.

36. Which one of the following behaviors best describes Piaget’s notion of equilibration?

AK. What you expect to happen actually does happen.

AL. You do something and you feel uncomfortable about it.

AM. You need to respond but cannot think of what to do.

AN. You know what to do, but your response does not work.

41. Jeannie observed rocks sinking in water and said, “I already knew that. All rocks sink.” Then she saw a piece of pumice floating on water and was told that pumice is rock. Several days later, she was asked again if rocks sink in water. She replied, “Well, most do.” In Piaget’s terms, what process did Jeannie use to draw this conclusion?

AP. Accommodation

AQ. Assimilation

AR. Classification

AS. Conservation

46. When we try a particular strategy and it does not work, the discomfort we experience is called

AU. adaptation.

AV. assimilation.

AW. centration.

AX. disequalibration.

51. What saying best conveys a child’s thinking before the notion of object permanence is acquired?

AZ. “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.”

BA. “A penny saved is a penny earned.”

BB. “A stitch in time saves nine.”

BC. “Out of sight, out of mind.”

56. A preoperational child’s belief that a tall, narrow glass contains more liquid than a short, wide glass is probably due to difficulties in

BE. serration.

BF. egocentrism.

BG. object permanence.

BH. decentering.

61. Ms. Brown entered her classroom to find all the children chattering, but no one seemed to be talking to or interacting with anyone else. What was Ms. Brown observing in her classroom?

BJ. Holophrastic monologue

BK. Collective monologue

BL. Metalinguistic dissonance

BM. Telegraphic speech

66. A 10th grade student refuses to attend the prom saying, “Everyone will be watching how badly I dance.” His fears are probably based on

BO. adolescent disequilibration.

BP. adolescent idealization.

BQ. adolescent egocentrism.

BR. pubescent projection.

71. Vygotsky’s view of cognitive development differs from Piaget’s in the importance placed on

BT. disequilibration.

BU. experience.

BV. genetic factors.

BW. interpersonal interactions.

76. According to Vygotsky scaffolding represents

BY. a barrier or a block to solving a problem.

BZ. a plateau that children reach before they are ready to progress on.

CA. artificial support, such as cliff notes, on which children rely while learning.

CB. external support that teachers should provide to help children solve problems just beyond their reach.

81. Applications of Vygotsky’s proximal zone concept would include

CD. assigning new tasks slightly beyond the student’s current level of ability.

CE. not introducing new tasks until prerequisite tasks are satisfactorily mastered.

CF. requiring the student to work completely independently, regardless of success or failure.

CG. using highly structured materials to introduce new content rather than semi-structured tasks.

18. The zone of proximal development is the area where a child may solve a problem

S. alone.

T. with no disequilibration.

U. with support.

V. without frustration.

23. The period considered most sensitive for language development occurs

X. after puberty.

Y. about the time of puberty.

Z. during the first year of life.

AA. during the preschool years.

28. Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

AC. Psychosocial

AD. Psychosexual

AE. Socialpsychic

AF. Sociocultural

33. What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson’s theory?

AH. A developmental cognition

AI. A crisis of conscience

AJ. A conflict of interest

AK. A developmental crisis

38. According to Erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to

AM. encounter problems with resolutions of later crises.

AN. forget the crisis and progress normally.

AO. remain at the unresolved stage until the crisis is resolved.

AP. resolve the crisis at a later stage.

43. Erikson’s notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

AR. concern with parental control and self-determination.

AS. conflict between a positive and a negative alternative.

AT. conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.

AU. puzzle that may assist a person’s cognitive development.

48. Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

AW. Concrete Operations

AX. Formal Operations

AY. Sensorimotor

AZ. Preoperational

53. Like that of most of the developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis

BB. does not depend on resolution of previous conflicts.

BC. is generally completed during a brief time period.

BD. maybe an extended process.

BE. requires little conscious effort.

58. Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well. He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an “A-” to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an “A.” By Erikson’s theories, Martin is most likely in what stage of development?

Autonomy vs. Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Identity vs. Role Confusion

1 Industry vs. Inferiority

27. Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity

AB. foreclosure

AC. diffusion

AD. achievement

AE. moratorium

32. If “integrity” is NOT achieved in coming to terms with the inevitability of death and one’s own identity, the likely result in Erikson’s terms is

AG. isolation.

AH. despair.

AI. stagnation.

AJ. self-absorption.

37. A major difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-esteem is

AL. reflective.

AM. emotional.

AN. cognitive.

AO. valuable.

42. What does research suggest about the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement?

AQ. Causal relationship

AR. Moderately negative relationship

AS. Moderately positive relationship

AT. No relation

47. During the stage of preconventional moral realism, a child is likely to believe that

AV. a person’s intentions are really what matters rather than the results.

AW. circumstances determine the seriousness of breaking a rule.

AX. hitting two children deserves a stronger punishment than hitting one child.

AY. punishment is rarely justified even though the behavior was undesirable.

52. Bobby sees Jennifer copy an answer from another student on a test. Bobby reasons, “Well, it’s okay for her to do that because she got away with it - the teacher wasn’t looking.” The moral reasoning stage reflected is

BA. conventional.

BB. nonconventional.

BC. postconventional.

BD. preconventional.

57. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has been criticized as showing

BF. an overly complicated view of morality.

BG. cultural and sexual bias.

BH. failure to consider empathy.

BI. inappropriate understanding of moral reasoning.

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