Ram's Environmental Science



APESCHAPTER 17 – AIR POLLUTIONATMOSPHERE AS A RESOURCEComposition:Nitrogen ( %), Oxygen ( %), Argon ( %), Carbon Dioxide ( %), Other GassesEcosystem Services:TYPES AND SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTIONAir Pollution = _______________,____________, or _____________ present in the atmosphere in high enough levels to harm _____________ other organisms or ___________________.Natural Pollution vs. Human-Induced Pollution (____________________________)-Natural:-Human-Induced: PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS Primary: Harmful chemicals that enter directly into the atmosphereEx)Secondary: Harmful chemicals that form from other substances that have been released into the atmos.Ex)FOLDABLE: 7 Major Classes of Air Pollutants: Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Oxides, Carbon Oxides, Hydrocarbons, Ozone, Air ToxicsEffects of Air Pollution…brainstorm various effects of air pollution by looking at the pictures on the screen…QUESTION: Why is it that people who live and work in the country’s most polluted cities are 15-17% more likely to die prematurely that those living in US cities with the cleanest air?ANSWER: ChemicalCharacteristics…What Happens…Health/Ecological EffectsSulfurDioxides__________ CombustionTravels ______________SO2 reacts with H2O to form ______________Sulfates combine with nitrogen oxides & form _________________________Respiratory tract___________________Decrease lungs ability to exchange ________Airway ________________Leach nutrients from _____________Nitrogen OxidesBurning of _____________Decrease in NOx due to use of ____________________Interact with sunlight and other molecules to produce ____________________________________________ among childrenAirway ____________________Acid _____________Atmospheric Haze ( __________________)CarbonDioxideBurning of ____________________________ gasCO binds irreversibly with ________ in the blood eliminating its ability to transport ____Increased ___________________diseaseHeadaches, Fatigue, drowsiness & _______Greatest risk to _______________________Ecosystem Problems:Ozone& VOC’s- Protects Earth from UVrays in the stratosphere- Tropospheric Ozone is apollutant!Produced when _______ react with ________ in the presence of sunlightIrritants ___________________________Asthma attacks, immune system suppressionPregnant women are _______ more likely togive birth to infants with serious heart probs.Plant damage at ________ concentrations. PollutantsBusinesses, Motor Vehicles, Industry pollutantsEnter the atmosphere and are taken into organism lungs.Long term exposure is linked to __________CHILDREN & AIR POLLUTIONSMOKINGMETHODS OF MONITORING AIR POLLUTIONPMNOx SOx COxAir ToxicsO3 HCsAcid DepositionSmoking Fact Sheet:Cigarette smoking causes almost 86% of the 140,000 lung cancer deaths in the US annuallyCigarette smoke contains: hydrocarbons, CO2, CO, particulates, cyanide, and radioactive materials (from the fertilizers)Infants of parents who smoke have 2X the chance of pneumonia or bronchitis in their 1st year of life.3 million people die annually of smoking-related causes worldwideMore than 1 million US children & teens take up smoking annuallySMOGWhat is it? Air pollution that is _________________ in _____________ areas where it reduces ______________Types of Smog:1._____________________________ - Smoke pollution; principal pollutants are sulfur oxides and particulate matter. - Worse in the winter months because of heating needs.2. _____________________________ - Sunlight initiates chemical reactions that collectively form photochemical smog - Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons - Sources: - Harmful because it: Winter vs. Summer Smog- What’s the difference?Topography and Air PollutionUnder normal conditions, air circulation patterns _______________t toxic pollutants from increasing to _______________ levels near the _________________.Temperature Inversions (Thermal Inversions): Air near the ground is ___________ than the air at higher levels and the polluting gases/particulate matter remain _____________ in high concentrations near the ___________________What is going on in LA… (DRAW your picture)URBAN HEAT ISLANDS Dust DomesRead pages 446-447 in Raven & Berg and write a paragraph about how scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators remove pollutants from factory exhaust. HOMEWORK/CLASSWORK (due next class)…..Key points to KNOW for next class include:- Clean Air Act 1970- Changes to the Clean Air Act (1997)- Ways to improve air quality- CASE IN POINT: Los Angeles- Meeting the challenge: clean cars, clean fuels- Pollution in developing Countries- CASE IN POINT: Mexico City…Homework will be checked in one way or another….Global Distillation EffectVolatile chemicals _______________ from land as far away as the ______________________ and are transported by _______________ to higher latitudes where they __________________ and fall tothe _________________Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)International Joint Commission’s~Canada & USA governments~Air Quality Agreement of 1991Order Up: Indoor air pollution & Noise Pollution (453-457)#QUESTIONANSWER ACID DEPOSITION.Acid deposition (rain, sleet, snow and fog) is a type of ___________________? 2 Types of acid:CHEMISTRY pH REMINDERSThe pH scale measures the amount of H+ ions present in the solution.A pH of 6 is 10x more acidic than a pH of 7.Normal rain = pH of ~ 5-6Acid rain = 3-4-Sulfuric Acid: From ________ mixing with ___________ in the air-Nitric Acid: From ________ mixing with ___________ in the air- Estimated cost to the US is $10 Billion/yr? ______________Deposition: - Sulfuric and nitric acids in precipitation? ______________ Deposition: - Sulfuric acid and nitric acid containing particles that settle out of the air.Acid Deposition occurs when SOx and NOx are released into the atmosphere. - Sources: - Effects: - Examples: Acid Deposition & Soil Chemistry….Links to Global Warming, Ozone Depletion & Acid Deposition READ PAGES 483-484!! ................
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