Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
Chapter 18
Death, Dying, and
Bereavement
Phases of Dying
Agonal phase
Suffering in first moments body can no longer support life
Clinical death
Hear, breathing, brain stopped,
but still can resuscitate
Mortality
Permanent death
Defining Death
Brain death
All activity in brain and brain stem stopped
Irreversible
Persistent vegetative state
Activity in cerebral cortex stopped
Brain stem still active
Death with Dignity
Communication and care of dying person:
Assurance of support and care
Esteem and respect
Candid about certainty
of death
Information to make
end-of-life choices
Children’s
Understanding of Death
Most develop realistic concept of death by middle childhood
Permanence
Universality
Nonfunctionality
Factors that affect understanding
Experience with death
Religious teachings
Candid and sensitive discussion with adults
Adolescents’
Understanding of Death
Logically understand death, but problems applying idea to their real lives
High-risk activities
Talks with parents help understanding
Adulthood and
Understanding of Death
Age, Gender
and Death Anxiety
Kübler-Ross’s Theory
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Factors than Influence Thoughts About Dying
Cause of Death
Nature of disease
Personality
Coping Style
Family Members
Health Professionals
Spirituality and Religion
Culture
Places of Death
Home
Most preferred
Only 20–25%
Hospital
Emergency room
Intensive care unit
Cancer care unit
Hospice
Hospice Approach
Comprehensive support for dying and their families
Family and patient as a unit
Team care
Palliative (comfort) care
Home or homelike
Bereavement help
Forms of Euthanasia
Advance Medical Directives
Living Will
Specify unwanted treatments
Durable Power of Attorney for health care
Appoint someone to make health care decisions
International Public Opinion on
Voluntary Active Euthanasia
Grief Process
Avoidance
“Emotional anesthesia”
Confrontation
Most intense grief
Restoration
Dual-process model of coping with loss
Alternate between dealing with emotions and with life changes
Grieving
Sudden or Prolonged Deaths
Sudden, Unexpected
Avoidance from shock and disbelief
May not understand reasons
Suicide especially hard
Prolonged, Expected
Anticipatory grieving
Allows emotional preparation
Reasons usually known
Difficult Grief Situations
Parents losing a child
Children or adolescents losing a parent
Adult losing an intimate partner
Bereavement overload
Death Education
Courses in death and dying
Offered at many educational levels
Lecture format
Increases discomfort
Experiential format
Role playing, discussions, guests, field trips
Can reduce death anxiety
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