Westminster AS – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams



Bellarmine DR – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS 3

Bellarmine DR – Negative 7

Berkley Prep SS – Affirmative – Landmines 12

Bishop Guertin CP – Affirmative – Pneumonia 14

Bishop Guertin CP – Affirmative – GHS 16

Bishop Guertin CP – Negative 21

Bronx (All Teams) – Affirmative – E-Waste (Fear/Borg Adv’s) 34

Bronx (All Teams) – Affirmative – E-Waste (Neoliberalism Adv) 40

Bronx (All Teams) – Negative 44

Calhoun HJ – Affirmative – Band Aids 59

Calhoun HJ – Affirmative – Family Planning 62

Carrollton HS – Affirmative – USAID Coordinator 66

Carrollton HS – Negative 70

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Condom Social Marketing 73

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Evangelicals 1AC 76

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Science 1AC 79

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – DHAPP 82

Cathedral Prep CH – Negative 86

Centerville CY – Affirmative – Refugees 96

Centerville CY – Negative 98

Chattahoochee (All Teams) – Affirmative – Water 100

Chattahoochee (All Teams) – Negative 103

College Prep CH – Affirmative – Liberia DDT/Malaria 107

College Prep KV – Affirmative – Liberia DDT/Malaria 110

College Prep CH – Negative 116

College Prep KV – Negative 119

Colleyville DH – Affirmative – CDC Surveillance 123

Colleyville DH – Affirmative – Biotech 125

Colleyville MN – Affirmative – Global Health Corp 133

Colleyville MN – Affirmative – Water 139

Colleyville (All Teams) – Negative 141

Coppell BK – Affirmative – Palliative Care 151

Coppell BK – Affirmative – Reparations 154

Coppell BK – Affirmative – PEPFAR Rapid Impact Packages 156

Coppell BK – Negative – All Teams 160

Dallas Jesuit OG – Affirmative – Abstinence Only 167

Dallas Jesuit OG – Affirmative – Food Aid 170

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – Brain Drain 174

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – Brain Drain (Original) 177

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – AIDS Policy 180

Dallas Jesuit (All Teams) – Negative 182

Damien (All Teams) – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams 190

Damien (All Teams) – Affirmative – El-Shifa 195

Damien (All Teams) – Negative 202

Fullerton Union GS – Affirmative – Water 206

Fullerton Union GS – Negative 213

GBN OZ – Affirmative – Family Planning 223

GBN OZ – Negative 231

GBS LP – Affirmative – Congo Nuclear Energy 235

GBS LP – Affirmative – Vaccines 239

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Congo 244

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Family Planning 248

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Gag Rule 250

GBS (All Teams) – Negative 253

Greenhill RR – Affirmative – Kenyan Biosafety 258

Greenhill RR – Affirmative – Somalia Medical Teams 265

Greenhill RR – Negative 269

Greenhill HS – Affirmative – Disabilities 275

Greenhill HS – Negative 277

Greenhill BL – Affirmative – Kenyan Biosafety 281

Greenhill BL – Negative 287

Groves BG – Affirmative – Air Force 291

Groves BG – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance 298

Groves BG – Negative 306

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 1 310

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 2 315

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 3 319

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 4 324

Gulliver Prep MM – Negative 338

Head Royce SZ – Affirmative – “The Cure” 350

Head Royce SZ – Negative 358

Highland Park GO – Affirmative – Nietzsche/Carnivals of Atrocity 366

Highland Park GO – Affirmative – Generics/ARV’s 368

Highland Park GO – Negative 371

Hutchinson AC – Affirmative – Sex Workers/Biopower 377

Hutchinson AC - Negative 379

Jenks SK – Affirmative – Condom Bidding 380

Jenks SK – Negative 384

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Patents 388

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Landmines 391

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Sex Workers/PLO 393

Kinkaid KS – Negative 395

Lakeland RW – Affirmative – HIV/AIDS 397

Lakeland RW – Negative 406

Lexington TZ – Affirmative – South Africa ARV’s 408

Little Rock LS – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance 415

Little Rock LS – Negative 422

MBA AS – Affirmative – Djibouti 426

MBA AS – Negative 433

Meadows BS – Affirmative – Genocide Prevention 439

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K (Mutations Version) 442

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K – Regional Instability Version 447

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance 454

Meadows (All Teams) – Negative 461

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Air Force 475

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Djibouti 478

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Namibia Biodiversity 480

Mercer Island CK – Negative 485

Milton BL – Affirmative – Water 496

Milton BL – Affirmative – Methodology 502

Milton BL - Negative 505

New Trier (All Teams) – Affirmative – Kenya Family Planning 512

New Trier (All Teams) – Affirmative – Kenyan Muslim Family Planning 521

New Trier GH – Affirmative – Sierra Leone Health Workers 526

New Trier (All Teams) – Negative 530

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Global Health Service 544

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Africa Bridge 550

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Negative 553

Oak Park River Forest LS – Affirmative – AIDS Theater 554

Pace AL – Affirmative – Tanzania Aid 557

Pace AL – Negative 561

Portage Northern GS – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance 569

Portage Northern GS – Negative 576

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – Spivak/Debate Bad 582

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS 584

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Negative 588

Sacramento Jesuit MS – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS 591

Sacramento Jesuit MS – Negative 595

Shawnee Mission East MP – Negative 598

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Navy Medical Ships 602

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Djibouti 605

St Marks BK – Negative 609

Stephen F. Austin RB – Affirmative – Niger River Delta Energy Companies 617

Stephen F. Austin RB – Negative 621

Stratford CK – Affirmative – RFID’s 624

Stratford CK – Negative 633

Valley HR – Affirmative – IPR 636

Valley HR – Affirmative – Refugees 639

Valley HR – Negative 641

Walter Payton RT – Affirmative – Generic ARV’s 642

Walter Payton RT – Negative 646

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams 655

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS 659

Westminster (All Teams) – Negative 666

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance 679

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Somalia 686

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Children’s Health Care 690

Woodward MN – Negative 693

***At-Large Teams*** 700

Brophy MM – Affirmative – South Africa Human Trafficking – At-Large Team 701

Brophy MM – Affirmative – Marines in Equitorial Guinea – At-Large Team 705

Grapevine BP – Affirmative – Debt Relief 708

Grapevine BP – Negative 711

Groves GM – Affirmative – Generic ARV’s – At-Large Team 712

Groves GM – Affirmative – Zimbabwe – At-Large Team 716

Highland Park PY – Affirmative – ARV’s – At-Large Team 720

Highland Park PY – Negative – At-Large Team 722

Head Royce BZ – Affirmative – Water – At Large Team 724

Head Royce BZ – Negative – At Large Team 730

Lexington LS – Affirmative – LGBT – At-Large Team 735

Lexington LS – Negative – At-Large Team 739

Millard South LH – Affirmative – Informed Consent – At-Large Team 742

Millard South LH – Affirmative – Landmines – At-Large Team 745

Millard South LH – Negative – At-Large Team 749

NFA BP – Affirmative – Landmines – At-Large Team 752

Sheboygan North KM – Affirmative – Nigeria – At-Large Team 756

Sheboygan North KM – Negative – At-Large Team 766

Bellarmine DR – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

Contention 1 – the Status Quo

A MEDFLAG was recently deployed to Nigeria

Melancon 2006 [Dave, Special to American Forces Press Service, “Medflag ’06 clinics see 2,000 beninese patients,” September 19]

Medical Task Force...Ghana and Senegal.

However a lack of long-term commitment and follow-up procedures prevents efficacy

Pruden 2006 [Paul W., Lieutenant Commander, Medical Service Corps, United States Navy, “Should Medical Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Activities Focus on Building Public Health Capacity in Africa to Better Influence Theater Security Cooperation Objectives?” 2/13]

DSCA was able...have minimal impact.”

Thus the Plan:

The United States Department of Defense should establish a prolonged Medical Conflagration exercise with follow-up protocol in the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

Contention 2 – Hegemony

First, A US military presence in Africa is inevitable

Berrigan 10/6 [Frida, “The New Military Frontier: Africa,” 2007]

Most Americans have...human rights abuses.

Scenario 1 is Nigerian instability – The country is on the verge of collapse

Pham 2007 [J. Peter Ph.D., World Defense Review columnist, “Decision Time in Nigeria,” Strategic Interest, April 19]

Professor John Paden...and the Potomac.

And this would force the hand of America, necessitating large-scale military intervention

Kern 2006 [Soren, Senior Analyst, the US and Transatlantic Dialogue, Elcano Royal Insitutute, “How the Demand for Oil Drivers American Foreign Policy,” June 23]

West Africa has...to protect it.

And humanitarian interventions devastate military readiness

Spencer 2K [Jack, Policy Analyst – Heritage Foundation, “The Facts About Military Readiness”, 9-15]

In spite of...a major war.

Scenario 2 is basing – Nigeria is moving to block a US lily pad in the Gulf of Guinea – suspicions of American motives abound

Taiwo 9/14 [Juliana, “Nigeria Moves to Halt US Military,” This Day Online, 2007]

The Federal Government...in the gulf.

And lily pads are crucial to power projection, overall hegemony, and regional stability

Halvorsen 2005 [Lieutenant Peter, US Naval Institute Proceedings, “Making a Case for Naval Lily Pads,” Vol. 131, Issue 3, March 20, p. 84-86, Proquest]

Ongoing U.S. military...in the region.

And hegemony is the gateway for all positive externalities – a world of primacy is comparatively a world of stability

Thayer 2006 [Bradley, professor of security studies at Missouri State, The National Interest, “In Defense of Primacy”, December, p. 32-37]

A grand strategy...of a blitzkrieg.

Contention 3 – Bird Flu

First, a global avian pandemic is inevitable and imminent

Chicago Daily Herald 2006 [August 21, “Expert: Massive Flu Pandemic Is Imminent”]

Sometime in the...kind of transmission.

And Nigeria is the new hot spot – mutations are on the brink

CNN 2006 [“Nigeria fights bird flu with blunt knives, bare hands,’ February 17]

Bird Flu has ...virus to thrive.

We’ll isolate 2 impacts – First, an avian pandemic would kill half the world in days

Barnes 2005 [Ethne, Research Assistant in Paleopathology, Wichita State, 2005, Disease and human evolution, p 427-8]

Human history is...days or weeks.

Second, an avian pandemic collapses the global economy

Branswell 2005 [Helen Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, ]

A major Canadian...on the safe side.

And that causes extinction

Beardon 2K (TE, Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 'The Unnecessary Energy Crisis", 6-24)

History bears out...for many decades.

Contention 4 – Solvency

A MEDFLAG operation would stabilize Nigerian public health capacity, reducing the probability of otherwise inevitable larger U.S. interventions

Fox 1998 [C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter]

The absence of...to such challenges.

And MEDFLAGs resonate with African governments and generate goodwill that spills over

Henk 1998 (Dan, member of USAF Institute for National Security Studies and professor of African Affairs at USMA/Army War College, March, “Uncharted Paths, Uncertain Vision: US Military Involvements in sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of the Cold War,” March]

In 1987, the...its regional involvements.

And military training operations are key to invigorating US-Nigerian cooperation

Sisk 1996 [Timothy, Brookings Institute Program Officer, “Future U.S. Engagement in Africa. Opportunities and Obstacles for Conflict Management,” July]

Several participants suggested...internationally acceptable behavior.

And a MEDFLAG would provide crucial health assistance for preventing a bird flu outbreak in Nigeria

Campbell 2006 (John, US AMB Nigeria, )

MEDFLAG 2006 is...influenza, and malaria.

And an expanded MEDFLAG is a uniquely effective way to spur coordinated approaches to public health

Fox 1998 [C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter, ]

Addressing the root...involving entire subregions.

Politics Link Turns

MEDFLAGs cost political capital – partisanship and bureaucracy needs to be pushed to consider “out of area” operations

Center for Democracy and Development 1999 [“Conference Report: COLLECTIVE REGIONAL SECURITY IN WEST AFRICA”]

In her contribution... among policy makers.

Country focus – selecting the host country triggers political battles

Carroll 2001 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

More basically, the...our African investment

MEDFLAGs cost political capital

Carroll 2001 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

We’ve seen... the world’s children.

Military medical funding is empirically popular in congress

Quigley 2005 (Samantha , "Military Surgeons General Applaud Congress for Helping Advance Care", May 11, )

Military surgeons general.. document that personally."

Aid to Nigeria is popular – perceived as stabilizing and contributing to democracy

House Committee on Foreign Affairs 2007 (“Lantos, Key Members of Foreign Affairs Committee Urge Nigerian Government to Conduct Free, Fair and Peaceful Elections.”)

Chairman Tom Lantos...for all Nigerians.”

Bird flu prevention is bipartisan

International Herald Tribune 2005 [June 7]

At the moment... ability to act.

Bellarmine DR – Negative

Pakistan Tradeoff DA

Uniqueness – Current US aid to Pakistan which ensures stability is on the chopping block

APP 1/30 (Associated Press of Pakistan, “Top official defends US assistance for Pakistan”, ) 

And, Musharaff’s recent shenanigans make Pakistan first on the list for budget cuts

Ferziger 11/4 (Staff Reporter at Bloomberg “Rice says US will review Pakistan financial aid” Bloomberg) 

B. Link – earmarked aid to Africa crowds out South East Asian Aid programs.

Morrison and Weiner 2k (Research analyst: Senior fellow and director of US policy program, Overseas Development Council, “Declining Aid; Spending Harms US interests” ODC Policy Paper) 

C. Internal Link – US aid to Pakistan is needed RIGHT NOW to combat brewing instability and terrorism 

CURTIS, Senior Research Fellow in the Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation,.12/28/07

[Lisa, “Pakistan: Bhutto Assassination Underscores Need for Political Reconciliation, ] 

D. Impact - Instability in Pakistan ensures nuclear Armageddon

Greenberg 1/2  [Paul, “The World in Which We Live,” ] 

SKFTA Politics

The South Korea Free Trade Agreement won’t pass now because of political opposition

Field 1/7 [Alan, “Politics trumps trade; Multilateral and bilateral trade agreements will continue to languish,” Journal of Commerce, 2008] 

[specific link] 

And concessions to Democrats are crucial to KORUS passage 

Yonhap 2007 [“Rocky road ahead: US Congressional opposition might scuttle FTA with Korea, 7/1] 

 

China would perceive the KORUS FTA as a US effort at containment 

Dominguez 2007 [Kenneth, Bachelor Suma Cum Laude in International Studies at the Central University of Venezuela, Ph.D. candidate in Political Science at the University of Madrid, “The geopolitical meaning of the free trade agreement between Washington and Seoul,” 4/3] 

Perception of containment ensures Asian, proliferation, arms races, conflict 

Perry 1995 [William, Former Secretary of Defense, “U.S. Strategy: Engage China, Not Contain It,” 10/30] 

Extinction 

Landy 2K [Jonathon, National Security and International Correspondent, Knight Ridder, 3/10] 

Cap K

A.  THE 1AC’S DESIRE TO INTERVENE INTO THE PROBLEMS OF AFRICA ARE PART OF THE EMERGING LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC ETHIC OF HUMANITARIAN AID, AN OPIATE THAT CONCEALS THE DESIRE TO PREY ON AFRICA TO BOLSTER OUR CAPITALIST SYSTEM. THIS MASKS OUR COMPLICITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE THROUGH CAPITALISM – THEIR PLAN IS A SHORT-TERM BAND-AID SOLUTION AT BEST

ZIZEK, Prof. Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, 2006 [Slavoj, “Nobody has to be vile,” April 6 zizvile.htm] 

B.  THIS TURNS AND OUTWEIGHS THE CASE – THE INHERENTLY CALCULATIVE LOGIC OF CAPITALISM DOOMS AFRICA TO PERPETUAL DISEASE AND POVERTY WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY MAKING HUMAN EXTINCTION INEVITABLE 

COOK, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor, 2006

[Deborah, “Staying Alive: Adorno and Habermas on Self-Preservation under Late Capitalism,” Rethinking Marxism 18(3)] 

C.  OUR ALTERNATIVE IS TO ABANDON OUR BELIEF IN AND WITHDRAW FROM CAPITALISM – THE SYSTEM ONLY EXISTS SO LONG AS WE PROMOTE IT. EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE IS AS SIMPLE AS A REFUSAL TO PARTICIPATE 

HEROD, James, Faculty at the University of Massachusetts at Boston, 2004  

China CP

Text: The People’s Republic of China should… 

China has a longstanding history of successful health diplomacy with Africa

Van De Looy 06

African Studies Centre in Leiden- 2006 (July-Sep, Judith “Africa and China: A strategic partnership?” ) 

Exclude Zimbabwe CP

Text: … 

The US should withhold aid to Zimbabwe – its efficacy is coopted by the Mugabe regime

Schaefer 2007 [Brett D., Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, The Heritage Foundation, “The Crisis in Zimbabwe: How the US Should Respond,” March 23] 

Berkley Prep SS – Affirmative – Landmines

Plan - The United States Federal Government should substantially increase public health assistance in the areas designated by the resolution, by appropriating funds for de-mining.

Contention One: Landmines are whack

Landmines are a major healthcare liability. This healthcare crisis creates physical and mental trauma for the victims, but it also forces the hospitals and governments to divert sources away from battling starvation and providing vaccinations.

Oppong and Kappelini 03 (professor in department of geography at UNT and the later associate professor of geography and African studies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)

LANDMINES ARE AN IMMENSE PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA

Taylor, 02 (Sarah, Upsetting Lives: The Public Health Impact of Landmines in Africa, Journal of Mine Action, December)



Landmines have killed more people than nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons combined

Willerman – Landmines survivors network (GOING TO FIX) – 2004 (Raquel, Landmines and Human Security: International Politics and War’s Hidden Legacy, ed. by R. Matthew, B. McDonald, K. Rutherford, p. 103)

We must reject mines at every instance- they are purposefully placed in civilian locations that fuel an ethic of war that leads to death.

Cahill 95 (Publication Information: Book Title: Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Land Mines Crisis. Contributors: Kevin M. Cahill - editor. Publisher: Basic Books. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1995. Ch 7. )

OUR IMPACT OUTWEIGHS—THE RUTHLESS NATURE OF MINES MAKE THEM AN OBLIGATION TO REMOVE

Maslen et al. 2k

(Stuart Maslen, a human rights and humanitarian lawyer who has specialized in the use of conventional weapons in armed conflict, a doctorate from the University of Tilburg, and Louis Maresca , ICRC legal advisor, The Banning of Anti-Personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 257-8. )

LANDMIENS RESULT In A LOGIC OF TECHNO-STRATEGIC GAZE THAT POSITS NATIONS AS UNDERDEVELOPED IN NEED TO EXTERMINIATION- ULITMATLEY THIS LOGIC ALLOWS FORMS OF VIOLENCE ON THE INHABITANTS OF THE “FOURTH WORLD” THAT CAUSES THEIR SYSTEMATIC EXTERMINATION.

KATO 1993 (Masahide [ ] Alternatives 18, “Nuclear Globalism: Traversing Rockets, Satellites, and Nuclear War via the Strategic Gaze.”)

Evaluate our impacts before their disadvantages – conceiving war solely as an event neglects the reasons by violence persists in the everyday – crisis based politics distract from on-going violence by hegemonic institutions – their scenarios are merely over-determined escalations of pre-existing problems

Cuomo ’96 [Chris; “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence”; Hypatia; 11.4]

Landmines have killed over a million people which is more then the so called nuclear and biological weapons – every 22 minutes a new victim dies from landmines- 95 percent are civilians. Landmines are an equal opportunity killer- they don’t care who you are or what side your on.

Huffington 2002 [ “Lights Camera, Landmines ]

Political predictions are inaccurate and lead to paralysis – systemic harms are the only justification for political action.

Menand, Professor of English and American Literature at Harvard, 2005

(Louis, “Everyone’s an Expert,” NEW YORKER /critics/books/articles /051205crbo_books1)

Policymakers cannot take into account improbable worst case scenarios like the disads - worst case scenarios do not prove the undesirability of the plan

Nicholas Rescher, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh, Risk: A Philosophical Introduction to the Theory of Risk Evaluation and Management, 1983, p. 50

Major war is obsolete – multiple factors prevent escalation and global conflict

Michael Mandelbaum, American Foreign Policy Professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins, February 25, 1999, Council on Foreign Relations Great Debate Series, “Is Major War Obsolete?”

Nuclear winter theory is wrong – the impacts of nuclear war are overstated

J.R. Nyquist, WorldNetDaily contributing editor and author of ‘Origins of the Fourth World War,’ May 20, 1999, Antipas, “Is Nuclear War Survivable?”

Contention 2- solvency

U.S. training creates “expert” deminers in 15 hours

Spice, April 14, ’03 (Byron, Carnegie Mellon Psychologist Helps Build a Better Mine Sweeper, Post-

[]

"It sounds like something that would be really simple, but it's not," said Davison, who met Staszewski in 1999. "Jim is incredibly good. He gets into their hearts and minds and learns what makes them tick."

Staszewski spent six months analyzing his interviews and tapes of Rockwell, who died two years ago in auto accident.

The HSTAMIDS is 6 times more effective than other methods of demining

Doheny, 2K6, (Robert C., Principal Deputy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, U.S. Department of Defense, on behalf of the U.S. Humanitarian Mine Action, New HSTAMIDS Landmine Detector Pinpoints the "Hidden Killers" in Humanitarian Demining Operations, August)

The United States controls access to HSTAMIDS (AN/PSS-14) and the requisite training

Doheny, 2K6, (Robert C., Principal Deputy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict, U.S. Department of Defense, on behalf of the U.S. Humanitarian Mine Action, New HSTAMIDS Landmine Detector Pinpoints the "Hidden Killers" in Humanitarian Demining Operations, August)

Advanced AN/PSS-14 will add QR detector

Olive- ’07 [[]

The US holds exclusive rights to the only successful demining technology – quadruple resonance is key.

Turner and Williams 06 (Dr. Peter and Caroleen L, Senior Engineer and Director, Government Relations, GE Security

Finally we must act now, the fate of 140 million people in Africa rests in the hands of U.S. efforts.

ARCHI 2006

(African Red Cross & Red Crescent Health Initiative 2010,"Landmines in Africa" 3-30-06, )

Bishop Guertin CP – Affirmative – Pneumonia

CHAPTER ONE

HUMANITY IS DESTROYING THE PLANT – ALL ATROCITIES HAVE MATERIALIZED FROM A LACK OF ETHICAL RELATIONSHIP. THE BEST STARTING POINT FOR A NEW ETHICS IS TO AID NEGLECTED CHILDREN

Hamblet 2003 (Wendy C., California State University, Hegeler Institute, available at ; 7/1, The geography of goodness: proximity's dilemma and the difficulties of moral response to the distant sufferer.(Moral Distance)

MOREOVER, THE ANTIBIOTICS WHICH CURE PNEUMONIA WERE INTRODUCED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1930s – DESPITE THIS, PNEUMONIA IS STILL THE LARGEST KILLER OF CHILDREN IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Mulholland 2007 [Prof Kim MD, Childhood pneumonia mortality—a permanent global emergency, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Available online 19 July]

YOU MIGHT FIND YOURSELF WONDERING – WHY ARE THESE CHILDREN DYING – THE SIMPLE ANSWER IS THAT PNEUMONIA WAS CURED IN THE UNITED STATES 80s YEARS AGO – THE MEANINGLESS DEATHS OF ELEVEN MILLION CHILDREN DON’T EVEN CONSTITUTE A BLIP ON THE RADAR BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN RENDERED DISPOSABLE

Stapp 2003 [By Katherine, HEALTH: Preventable Diseases Claim 11 Million Children Each Year, ]

THUS CHRIS AND I ADVOCATE THE FOLLOWING PLAN –

RESOLVED: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE BY DISTRIBUTING PNEUMOCOCAL VACCINATION AND HIB VACCINATION TO THE AREAS DESIGNATED BY THE RESOLUTION

CHAPTER TWO

EXPLICIT COMMITMENT TO MATERIAL TRANSFER OF PUBLIC HEALTH RESOURCES TO AFRICA’S CRUCIAL TO REVERSE THE MOST EXTREME FORM OF WESTERN SACRIFICE – THE WITHHOLDING OF RESOURCES INFLICTS SYSTEMIC AMERICAN-SPONSORED SACRIFICE ON AFRICA

GANDY 2K5 [PF GEOGRAPHY – UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON,

[MATTHEW, PLoS Medicine, vol 2, no 1, “Deadly Alliances: Death, Disease, and the Global Politics of Public Health, January]

THE CONSIDERATION OF SOME POPULATIONS AS DISPOSABLE AND IRRELEVANT TO THE NEOLIBERAL MACHINE IS THE BASIS FOR GENOCIDE AND WAR, CULMINATING IN EXTINCTION

Santos 2003 [Boaventura, Professor at the University of Cambria, “Collective Suicide?” Bad Subjects #73]

WE HAVE THE VACCINES; ALL WE NEED IS TO FOSTER THE POLITICAL WILL IN WESTERN COUNTRIES TO EFFECTIVELY DISTRIBUTE THEM

Levine & Hajjeh 2007 [Orin, Rana, Executive Director of GAVI's PneumoADIP, Director of GAVI's HibInitiative Africa News, Africa; Preventing Pneumonia: The Number One Killer of Africa's Children, GAVI's PneumoADIP & HibInitiative, lexis]

WE HAVE THE VACCINES TO CURE PNEUOMINA – WE ONLY MUST DISTRIBUTE THEM MORE EFFECTIVELY

Africa News 2007 [Kenya; The World Must Fight Pneumonia And Meningitis, East African Standard, lexis, The writer is Nigeria's Minister for Health and president of the International Paediatric Association]

IN ADDITION, WE MUST RECONFIGURE ETHICS AS LIMITLESS RESPONSIBILITY TO OTHERS – NO GOVERNMENT WILL REALIZE UNCONDITIONAL HOSPITALITY, WE MUST HOLD THE DREAM OF DEMOCRACY TO COME AS OUR POLITICAL OBJECTIVE TO CREATE AN UNENDING CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE AND PREVENTS ANY POLITICAL SYSTEM FROM DELVING INTO GENOCIDAL SOLUTIONS

Corey 2k4, Paul, professor at McMaster University, “Totality and Ambivalence: Postmodern Responses to Globalization and the American Empire,” from the 20th Annual Meeting of the Eric Voegelin Society,

MOREOVER, A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY BASED ONLY UPON WHAT WE CAN GRASP AS AN OBJECT OF KNOWLEDGE GUARANTEES OUR POLITICAL LOGIC WILL EXCLUDE THOSE OUTSIDE OUR UNDERSTANDING, ALLOWING US TO ELIMINATE THEM WITHOUT REPERCUSSIONS – WE MUST COMMIT TO AN ETHICS OF RESPONSIBILITY THAT TRANSCENDS INTELLIGIBILITY

Campbell 1994, David, senior lecturer, Australian National University, “The Deterritorializaiton of Responsibility: Levinas, Derrida, and Ethics After the End of Philosophy,” 19 Alternatives 455-484

Bishop Guertin CP – Affirmative – GHS

The United States federal government should establish a Global Health Service to expand the capacity of community health workers in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief focus countries in the area designated by the resolution. 

Contention 1 is Diseases 

Assistance is being increased but will be ineffective without a more robust health care workforce

The Joint Learning Initiative, 4 (The Joint Learning Initiative is a consortium of over 100 global health leaders, “Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis,” The Lancet Vol 364 Iss 9449, pages 1984-1990, November 27- December 3, Science Direct database) 

In particular, Africa’s poor health infrastructure cripples efforts to prevent disease spread

Garret, 7 (Laurie, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Prepared Statement Before the Senate Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs,” 4-18-2007, publication/13130/) 

In the short term, there will be millions of preventable death EACH YEAR

States News Service, 7 (“Bipartisan Group of Senators Introduce African Health Capacity Investment of 2007”, March 7, Lexis-Nexis Universe)  

The impact outweighs any disadvantage – AIDS kills hundreds of millions of people, causes genocide, ethnic cleansing and economic collapse – this both makes war more likely and magnifies its impact

Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) 

The cycle of AIDS transmission and war will allow the virus to mutate, become airborne and spread worldwide

Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) 

The impact is extinction

Muchiri, 2000 (Michael Kibaara; Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi; “Will Annan finally put out Africa’s fires?” Jakarta Post; March 6; Lexis-Nexis Universe) 

A Global Health Service will mobilize thousands of health workers – federal leadership is key

Mullan, 7 (Fitzhugh, MD, Department of Health Policy, George Washington University, JAMA, “Responding to the Global HIV/AIDS Crisis: A Peace Corps for Health,” 2-21-2007, 297:744-746, American Medical Association Journals database)

The Global Health Service will quickly serve as a catalyst to build new healthcare capacity

Davis , 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, ) 

The plan will create a sustainable health system that is not susceptible to brain drain

Davis , 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, )

Community health workers provide a long-term solution to Africa’s healthcare worker shortage – they won’t migrate from the country

Dovio, 5 (Dr. Delanyo Dovlo, Chief of Party @ Population Council, Accra, Ghana and Former District Director of Medical Services, Former Regional Director in the Western Region, and the Former National Director of Human Resource Development. “Filling the gaps: Introducing substitute health workers in Africa.”  id21 Insights Health, Vol 7, August 2005, insights/insights-h07/insights-issh07-art05.html)

Contention 2 is Public Health Diplomacy

 

U.S. credibility is at an all time low – a commitment to public health is necessary to repair America’s image

Fortin, 7 (Fred, worked in health care delivery for over 35 years and his experience ranges from mental health crisis intervention, child abuse prevention, studying AIDS in Africa, to university teaching and corporate health care strategic policy development, World Health Care Blog, “Soft Power and U.S. Health Care Revisited,” 6-12-2007, 2007/06/12/soft-power-and-us-health-care-revisited/)

Building upon the PEPFAR will help the U.S. rekindle international partnerships and create a sustainable foundation for benevolent hegemony

The Lancet, 5 (Editorial, “America at home and abroad,”  Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest) 

In particular, the Global Health Service will uniquely foster relationships and multicultural understanding to overwhelm anti-American abroad

Mullan, et al, 5 (Fitzhugh Mullan, Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc) 

This positive image of America promoted by the GHS will persist over time

Mullan, et al, 5 (Fitzhugh Mullan, Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc) 

A commitment to improving public health abroad is essential to reverse negative perceptions of the U.S. and sustain soft power leadership

Benatar & Fox, 5 (Solomon R. Benatar – Professor of Medicine and Bioethics at the University of Capetown, and Renée C. Fox – Professor of Sociology and Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, “Meeting Threats to Global Health: A call for American leadership,” 48.3 (2005) 344-361, Project Muse, JMP)  

Soft power is key to hard power – its decline will cause domestic isolationism

Nye, 4 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, Summer, ebsco) 

The collapse of U.S. soft power will shatter global cooperation – making nuclear proliferation, environmental destruction, failed states and diseases inevitable

Reiffel, 5 (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution,  The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf) 

 

Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars

Thayer, 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) 

Contention 3 is Terrorism 

Failed states in Sub-Saharan Africa will are becoming hubs for terrorists – allowing for an attack against the U.S.

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, ) 

There is an immediate and significant risk that these terrorist hubs will obtain nuclear weapons – risking an attack on the U.S. homeland

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, )

U.S. lashout will kill hundreds of millions

Easterbrook, 1 (Greg, Fellow at the Brookings Institute, CNN, “America's New War: Nuclear Threats,” 11-1-2001, ) 

Nuclear terrorism will cause extinction

Sid-Ahmed, 4 (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, ) 

In addition, the lack of US involvement in African affairs has decreased US credibility within the continent – reversal of this trend is crucial to prevent African instability, a collapse of free trade and hegemony, and environmental catastrophes 

Sisk, 96 (Timothy, “Future U.S. Engagement in Africa Opportunities and Obstacles for Conflict Management” – United States Institute of Peace, July 1996, Special Report No. 17, )

The plan will build international cooperation to successful carry out the war on terror

Senator Frist, 6 (Senator Bill Frist, Senate Majority Leader, National Review Online, “Corps Diplomacy: A Healthy Approach,” 2-7-2006, ment/frist200602070749.asp, JMP) 

 

Targeted public health assistance will improve the image of the U.S. in Africa and prevent terrorism from failed states

Tsang, 6 (Steve, PhD Philosophy University of Oxford, Intelligence and Human Rights in the Are of Global Terrorism, Praeger Security International, Westport Connecticut, London, Pg. 162-163.) 

The result is trust and dialogue with countries will pave the way for the resolution of conflicts

Indianapolis Star – quoting Former Senate Major Leader Bill Frist – 2007 (Bill Theobald, “Frist targets global health: Former Senate majority leader sees health care as the 'currency of peace'” 6-3-2007, apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070603/NATIONWORLD/706030435/-1/LOCAL17) 

Politics Link Turns

Turn – plan is bipartisan

African Business News 2006 ("US Senators introduce African Health

Capacity Investment Act of 2006," African Business News, August 4,

)

And, bipartisanship is key to the agenda

MARKET WATCH  11 – 8 - 6

And bipartisanship uniquely low now

Washington Post 8/3/07

Hill, White House Draw Battle Lines

wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/02/AR2007080202258.html?hpid=topnews

Turn – public support

A)  There is tremendous public support for combating AIDS.

Zietz et al. 03- (Dr. Paul Zietz, staff writer and researcher for

PEPFAR, Global AIDS Alliance "2003 Annual Report- Section D",

docs/2003annualreport.doc)

Engaging Africa in the war on terror is extremely popular with the public

World Public Opinions Online 2003 ("Americans on Africa" Program on

International Policy Attitudes, University of Maryland

)

B) Passing Popular policies insures victories in congress – studies prove

SPITZER  93   Prof of Poli Sci, State University of New York

[Robert J., President and Congress:  Executive Hegemony at the

Crossroads of American Government]

C) Public Approval for Bush is at an all time low

Dobbs 07 Lou, daily commentator on CNN, 7/11/, Dobbs: Lame ducks in a

row, .

[Nikki Nabulsi].

Turn – base

Aid to AIDS victims is uniquely popular with Bush's base

The Washington Post 2006 (Michael A. Fletcher, Staff Writer, "Bush Has

Quietly Tripled Aid

to Africa," December 31,

)

b. Base support key to agenda

Light 1999 [Paulette Goddard Professor of Public Service, New York University; Founding Director, Brookings Center for Public Service; Senior Adviser, National Commission on the Public Service; Senior Adviser, Brookings Presidential Appointee Initiative –(Paul, The President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Clinton, p. 27-28)]

c. Bush has no support from his base.

Linda Feldman, 6/13/07, Christian Science Monitor.



Bishop Guertin CP – Negative

China Disadvantage (usu. run w/ china counterplan…no 1nc shell)

1NC

first is the uniqueness:

US-Sino relations are high now due to recent concessions on both sides, but the brink is thin.

Roberts and Shanley – 7 (Kristin and Mia, Reuters, “U.S. Eases Tone on China; Beijing Agrees to Hotline”, June 2,

And, Up to now, any status quo US engagement/aid to Africa has not yet penetrated China’s sphere of influence

Bates Gill et. al, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, January, 2007, p.

next is the link:

Increasing US influence in Africa crushes US-Sino relations.

McLeary – 7 (Paul, Foreign Policy, “A Different Kind of Game”, March,

and, more US foreign aid to sub-Saharan Africa will be perceived as an  overreaching effort to contain China

Bates Gill et. al, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, January, 2007, p.

last is the impact:

US-Sino relations key to solve multiple nuclear wars.

Adhariri – 99 (Eschan, Armed Forces Staff College national security professor, Jane’s Intelligence Review, Aug 1, online)

moreover, Encroaching on China’s sphere of influence leads nuclear conflagration

Ivan Eland - Director of the Center on Peace & Liberty at The Independent Institute, Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute - 4/11/05 (“Coexisting with a Rising China,” )

 

2nc links/impact arguments

The principle way that China gains market access is by providing unconditional aid—the plan breaks with the U.S. policy of conditioning assistance and undercuts China’s main advantage

Moorcraft, 07  (Paul, director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Analysis, Washington Times, 1/8, “Why Beijing succeeds in Africa” )

China has replaced the U.S. as the main influence in Africa

Willy Lam - 2/8/07 (Senior Fellow at The Jamestown Foundation, Asia Media, “Beijing’s Great Leap Outward: Power Projection with Chinese Characteristics,” ) 

Increased US engagement of Africa likely to cause a clash with China

Bates Gill et. al, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, January, 2007, p.

China is competing with the U.S. to be the superpower that provides assistance to Africa

Abanti Bhattacharya 11/7/06 (Associate Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, “China’s Power Projection in Africa,” Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis, )

Chinese view US intervention in Africa as a direct threat to their “peaceful rise”

Drew Thompson 04 (Director of China Studies and Starr Senior Fellow at The Nixon Center. “Economic Growth and Soft Power: China’s Africa Strategy” China Brief Vol. 4 Issue 24)

Economic factors will not prevent China from starting a war with the US

John Mearsheimer - Professor of Political Science and the co-director of the Program on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago - 2/05 (Foreign Policy, ) 

Debt Counterplan

text: the united States federal government should cancel all debt currently owed throughout Africa as a means to stop all public health assistance to africa.

debt servicing in africa has caused more violence and death than ever in the history of humanity.

Derrida, director of studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1994 [jacques, Specters of Marx, p. 84-86]

Debt cancellation the most explosive political action that ruptures neoliberalism.

Caffentzis, Department of Philosophy at Southern Maine Portland, 2002 (George, “Neoliberalism in Africa, Apocalyptic Failures and Business as Usual Practices,” Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, No. 3, Fall 2002)

debt cancellation is the most politicizing measure around which status quo movements can rally – our demand can transform resistance to debt into a global grassroots movement against economic exploitation in all its forms

Bond, 2006, Professor of Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Director of the Centre for Civil Society [Patrick, “Global Governance Campaigning and MDGs: from top-down to bottom-up anti-poverty work,” Third World Quarterly 27(2), 346-352]

Latin America Tradeoff Disad

first, The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending

Sessions, 06 - analyst at the Centre for Global Development (Myra, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, )

moreover, Latin America is the lowest priority – it is funded now but will be cut to make up for the plan

Sanchez, 06 (Marcela, “Linking foreign aid and security”, San Diego Tribune, 1/28,



additionally, withdrawal of american aid destroys latin american biodiversity and collapses the environment.

Eichenberger 2000 (Federal News Service, Prepared Testimony of Joseph Eichenberger Treasury Director of Multilateral Development Banks before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics, and Terrorism, July 25)

B. impact – biodiversity loss threatens extinction

Diner 94 (Judge Advocate General’s Corps of US Army, David N., Military Law Review, Winter, 143 Mil. L. Rev. 161, LN)

Nietzsche

The affirmative plan engages in the modernist disavowal of tragedy. The Triumph of Socratic reason manifests itself in our attempt to order life and renounce suffering. The plan labors to mold the world to make it fit a perfect world of order in opposition to the real world of violence and death.

Saurette 1996 [paul, prof of political theory at John Hopkins University]

The perfect world envisioned by the affirmative is a pathetic religious utopia free of shit - in a sad attempt at de-shitting the world the affirmative holds annihilating everything perceived to be unacceptable

White 1990 [ Alan, From within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth ]

The end result of the affirmative’s attempt to heal the wound of existence is the life denying Grand March, in which individuals are only valuable insofar as they help the cause

White 1990 [ Alan, From Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth ]

The affirmative perpetuates the illusion that we exist merely to correct existence through their depiction of the plan as necessary to solve the world - life becomes worth living only because we have an obligation to make it perfect

White 1990 [ Alan, From within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth ]

The shit the affirmative seeks to eradicate is depicted through the alien others that only exist to destroy us - the aff’s desire to create an idealized world necessitate the security imperative which only serve to create a universal fear of liFe: the is the root of all discrimination as we learn to hate, fear, and kill everything other to us

Der derian 1998 [ James, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, Baudrillard. On Security. ]

The alternative is to do nothing – this act of complete nihilism is the only possible transgressive action - recognizing the our world does not correspond to the purpose or truth presumed by the affirmative. Completing nihilism means accepting our world, as it is and refusing our right to a better one

White 1990 [ Alan, From within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth ]

A complete nihilist is one who has moved beyond nihilism – the aff is still trapped within nihilism, trying endless to do away with the shit the is an inevitable component of life. Only the alternative seeks joy in life, shitty as it is, and accepts it without reservation

White 1990 [ Alan, From Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth ]

Additionally, the affirmative depiction of the shit in the world through the illustration of the violent other that merely exists to destroy us is the root cause of war.

Nietzsche 1878 [ The Anti-Christ, All Too Human ]

Heidegger

The affirmative embraces technological thought- approaches to crises which rely on managerial approach to the world re-entrench the will to control and power. This forecloses the possibility of thinking otherwise

McWhorter 92 [Ladelle, Prof of Philosophy @ Northeast Missouri State University, Heidegger and the Earth, ed. Ladelle McWhorter 1992, p9-10]

The aff follows this mode of technological rationality- the environment becomes mere standing reserve to exploit for human utility. This logic makes the mass violence and extermination inevitable as even humanity is reduced to only an object of manipulation and control. Vote negative to resist the forced choice of action and remain open to new ways of thinking about being

Beistegui 98 [Miguel de (Bey-stee-gwee), Heidegger and the Political, p 69-71]

Let it Be – Our desire for constant action, desperate measures to seize control of a world patently out of control, is the very trait we must abandon if we are to progress as a people. Thus, we do not present an alternative. Our thought need not be the precursor to action – it itself is action, demystifying the cycle of destruction hidden by the 1AC

McWhorter 92 [Ladelle, Prof of Philosophy @ Northeast Missouri State University, Heidegger and the Earth, ed. Ladelle McWhorter 1992, p9-10]

Aid Restructuring Counterplan

contention one:

increasing foreign aid to africa is like throwing gasoline on a fire. instead, we should withdraw from these quick-fix solutions and develop sustainable aid structures including corruption controls, cutting aid, and focusing on several key countries.

Calderisi 2006 (Robert, Rhodes Scholar and 30-year career in International Development principally at the World Bank, “The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working”, p.208-210)

furthermore, foreign aid is channeled through corrupt governments which funds embezzlement or luxury and prevents development for the poor. it props up oppressive dictatorships and encourages continuation of poverty so governments can continue getting loans.

Blanchette 2003 (Jude Daniel, studies economics at Loyola College, 4/23, “Foreign Aid, Foreign Disaster”, )

Japan Counterplan

(solvency cards as per the aff)

Malthus

A) Uniqueness - Africa is already overpopulated

The Guardian 06

August 25, Population Explosion Threatens to Trap Africa in Cycle of Poverty, Xan Rice, Staff Writer, guardian.co.uk/international/story/o,,1857730,00.html

B) Link - Improvements in public health explode the population in Africa

Goliber 1997- (Thomas, UC Davis, “Population and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa” )

C) Impact:

1. Turns Case: Each person saved now costs 10 in the crunch

Ehrlich, 74 –Professor of Biology at Stanford University-1974 (Paul June 16th The New York Times)

2. Population growth is the cause of African war, poverty, and all instability

Caldwell, 02 – 2002 (Joseph George Caldwell PhD, “Population Moderation” )

Pivotal States

the u.s. is adopting a policy of selective engagement now – but the public hates foreign aid – the plan engages a pivotal state that would make the public isolationist.

Chase 1996 (Robert S., PhD Candidate in Economics at Yale, Pivotal States and U.S. Strategy, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb, Vol 75 Issue 1, in conjunction with Emily B. Hill [PhD Candidate in history at Yale] and Paul Kennedy [Prof. of History at Yale])

Khalilzad

LOST Politics

Uniqueness

Increasing aid costs political capital

INSTITUE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS  05

[THE POLITICS OF U.S. FOREIGN AID, 2005, ]

only bush’s political capital can push the controversial deal through a divided congress – our evidence is comparative.

Energy & Environment Daily, 5-16, 7

LOST provides a comprehensive solution to ocean environmental protection

David B. Sandalow, 2004, Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy, Brookings, August 2004,

Declining ocean health risks the end of all life within the next decade St. Petersburg Times 4-25-04

Heg Bad

Engagement draws the u.s. into great power wars which go nuclear

Gholz, press, sapolsky 97

(Eugene, Daryl, and Harvey, doctoral candidates and professors of public policy at mit, come home, america, international security, vol. 21, no. 4, p.5-48)

Hegemony provokes nuclear terrorism – even the dod admits

Eland 1998 (Ivan, Director of Defense Policy Studies at CATO, Foreign Policy Briefing No. 50, Does U.S. Intervention Overseas Breed Terrorism, December 17)

Hegemony kills the economy – prefer our comparative evidence that on balance hegemony is the worst option

Layne 97 (christopher, visiting associate professor at naval postgraduate school, international security, from preponderance to offshore balancing, summer)

Hegemony necessitates a growing area of nuclear commitment which makes confrontation and crisis instability inevitable – the result is nuclear war and the collapse of leadership

May 2000 (Michael, us enlargement strategy and nuclear weapons, ciaonet, march, senior fellow at institute of social studies and professor at sanford university, )

HEGEMONY AND EXTENDED DETERRENCE COMMITMENTS IN EAST ASIA WILL INEVITABLY FAIL, CHAIN-GANGING THE US INTO A NUCLEAR WAR.  MUST WITHDRAW AND ALLOW RENUCLEARIZATION TO STRIKE A STABLE BALANCE AND PREVENT A LARGER WAR BETWEEN THE US AND ASIA**

 

LAYNE (CATO Visiting Fellow) 1996

[Christopher, “Less is More”, National Interest, Spring, p. 72-73]

 

Nigeria PIC

Militants in Nigeria have given president Yar’Adua a window of opportunity to maintain credibility and end their conflict. Failure will cause more terrorism and oil companies to pull out.

Vanguard 7-24-07 (Africa News (Nigeria), “Nigeria; Economy Realises N536.47bn From Crude Oil in June,” Lexis)

Aid policies destroy government credibility – they’re seen as unable to protect their own people or negotiate effectively with donors.

Herfkens, 6-22-07 (Eveline, executive coordinator of the Millennium Campaign of the UN, Sabina Zaccaro: staff writer/interviewer for IPS, Q&A: "Too Few African Governments Have Had the Guts to Say 'No'" Interview with Eveline Herfkens, )

Loss of legitimacy in Nigeria would destroy standards throughout west Africa and cause massive state failure.

J. Peter Pham, director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison, quoting Paden, Prof. of Int’l Studies at George Mason and dean of Social and Management Sciences, at Bayero University, Nigeria; 4-24-07 (The National Interest Online, “Nigeria: Crisis of Legitimacy,” )

And, African instability risks great power draw-in and global nuclear war

Jeffrey Deutsch, PhD & Founder, Rabid Tiger Project, RABID TIGER NEWSLETTER v. 2 n. 9, November 18, 2002. Available from the World Wide Web at: rtn/newsletterv2n9.html)

Bronx (All Teams) – Affirmative – E-Waste (Fear/Borg Adv’s)

Contention One – e-Waste  

 

The rules we establish for e-Waste will determine the role of consumption in society.  

Amos Batto, Indiana Peace and Justice Network & Grad Student History – U Indiana, ‘6 

(“A Better Upgrade, Not a Faster Throw-Away,” ) 

 

Our current rules mean we will increasingly dump e-Waste in Africa. 

Jerome Douglas, November 29, ‘6 

(“E-waste from advanced nations creating toxic dumping grounds in Asia, Africa”,  

) 

 

Hence the PLAN: 

 

The United States federal government should provide sufficient and proportionate taxes for technical and financial assistance to topically designated areas for safe management and disposal of United States’ electronic waste exports to topically designated areas. 

 

Advantage One – Value to Life  

 

First, fear of death saturates society. The problem is that people cope with that fear through endless consumption.  

John DEGRAAF ET AL Seattle television producer 5/22/99 (and Duke University economist Thomas H. Naylor, and Colorado environmentalist David Wann. “Affluenza”) 

 

This coping mechanism reduces life to mere survival without experience.  

WINHAM, MACALESTER COLLEGE, ‘1 

(“DEMOCRATIC ONE DIMENSIONALITY”, FALL,  

] 

 

This makes life meaningless. You should affirm life through its interconnectedness beyond physical death. 

James P. Carse, Professor of Religious Studies – NYU, ‘80 

(Death and Existence, p. 5-6) 

 

The plan shifts the coping mechanism to interconnectedness, shattering the consumptive paradigm’s grip on our minds. 

R. P. Hill, Business - U South Florida, and K. K. Dhanda, Business U Portland, ‘4 

(Organization & Environment, 17.2) 

 

Advantage Two – Miscalculation  

 

Coping with fear of death through endless technology causes miscalculation. Risk calculation itself becomes a form of consumption. 

 

First, we consume apocalyptic journalism. Fascination with sudden breakdowns and market crashes saturates policymaking and skews accurate risk assessment. 

Kathleen Stewart, Anthropology – UT Austin, & Susan Harding, Anthropology – UCSC, ‘99 

(Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 28: 285-310, “BAD ENDINGS: American Apocalypsis”) 

 

Second, we consume wars like candy. The focus on war as an event disconnects it from the larger social structures that make it possible. 

Chris J. Cuomo, Philosophy – University of Cincinnati, ’92  

(Hypatia 11.4, “War Is Not Just An Event”) 

 

Risk calculation independently shapes society. Waste is an example of dumping industrial risks on those with the least power so that ivory tower academics can obsess over superpower scenarios. This way of thinking obliterates the periphery. 

Masahide Kato, Department of Political Science – University of Hawaii, ‘93 

(Alternatives 18, p. 346-350, “Nuclear Globalism”) 

 

This traffic in risk results in extinction. 

Nicholas Low, Lecturer – U Melbourne, & Brendan Gleeson, Fellow - Australian Nat’l U, ‘98 

(University, Justice, Society, and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology, p. 103-104) 

 

The plan shifts the risk calculus – it changes how we decide and analyze risk. 

Ulrich Beck, Professor for Sociology at the University of Munich, British Journal of Sociology Professor at the London School of Economics and Sciences, ‘92 

(“Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”, p. 76-77) 

 

Advantage Three – The Borg  

 

Living in order to consume makes technology the new religion. This religion demands we constantly discard anything less than perfect. In other words, we become the Borg. 

Mike Artnfield, Master’s Student Information and Media Studies - U Western Ontario, ‘7 

(Bulletin of Science Technology Society, 27.37, “The Aesthetic Calculus”) 

 

This identification with technology makes extinction inevitable. The eradication of our mortal imperfections can never end. The Borg will kill us all because we can’t be perfectly assimilated. 

Dr. Harold F. Searles, MD, ’72 (Countertransference & Related Subjects, “Unconscious Processes & Environmental Crisis,” p. 236-242)  

 

The plan reorients our relationship to technology. 

Peter L. Daniels, Professor of Geography - University of Birmingham, ‘3 

(International Journal of Social Economics 30.1/2, “Buddhist economics and the environment”) 

 

The plan’s assistance is key—we must take responsibility for the ongoing impact of our past consumption 

Alastair Iles, Energy and Resources Group—UC, ‘4 

(Global Environmental Politics 4.4, 76-107) 

Environmental justice analyses, however, have become more…compare consumption between countries.” 

 

2AC: 

Claim to not destroy fear of death. 

 

 

 

 

A2: T Public health = comm. Disease

1. We meet—we are the e-waste vaccine for diseases 

Afriquenligne News, 2k7 

(10/27, “Nokia moves to curb electonic waste dumping in Africa,” 

) 

“A source close to Nokia Eastern…Communication Manger, East Africa.” 

 

2. Counterinterpretation Public Health must be communicable disease and environmental hazard 

American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2002 

“The science and practice of protecting…environmental hazards” 

 

3. Counter standards 

A. Limits- we sole all their limits arguments we just allow for one more case. At best communitcable disease unlimits there are 43 permutations of different communicable disease the threshold has been crossed 

B. Education—Our interpretation integrates ideals of academic programs with decision making—allows for the best form of education on environmental issues 

Frenk, National Institute of Publich Health, 1993 

C. No intent to define—their evidence is in the context of immigrants like not a predictable definition 

D. Excludes core cases 

Angyal—89 (Andrew, Lewis Thomas, p 89) 

“The time is short and much needs to be done…advent of modern medicine.” 

E. Underlimiting good 

Frenk, 93 

F. Ground—we increase it 

G. Contextual ev 

4. Counter interp only we’re topical 

5. Reasonability 

6. Pot abuse not voter 

 

A2: Politics

Turn- Bipart 

Environmental assistance programs are bipartisan 

Nigel Purvis, The Brookings Institute, Greening U.S. Foreign Aid through the Millenium CHallenge Acount, June 2003 

"Giving some priority to environmental aid...this tradition of leadership." 

 

Plan is bipartisan-- recent legislation and house group proves 

Benjamin H. Wu, Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy United States Department of Commerce, August 17, 2005 

speeches/p+BHW+050817.htm) 

"I can't speak for Congress and even...Slaughter of New York" 

 

Plan is bipartisan-- recent legislation and recycling approaches prove. 

Lesley McCullough, august 01, 2005 (US Congress crafts national tech recycling plan,  

"A few states, like California, Maine, and maryland...to deal with electronic waste." 

 

Zero risk of the impact—they can’t beat this card 

Peter R. Orszag, Ph.D in Economis & director of the CBO ‘7 

“Macroeconomic volatility has been significantly…terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001” 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A2: Coercion

1. We control uniqueness- taxes inec and impossible to reject 

2. The plan stops coercive control of technology 

3. Taxes key. Only 1ac’s use of environmetal taxes can solve in the long term 

David Luckin, 2k 

“Environmental Taxation and Red-Green politics” 

“Having elaborated the weakness of the cominant…in a number of European countries.” 

 

4. case o/w 

5. grounding ptx withing elthical framework leads to totalitarianism ethics shapes humanity into a pre-determined moral imperative, expunghing difference and plurality 

Dean Richard Villa, 96 

“Arendt appropriates Heidegger’s genealogy…not a political community at all.” 

 

Ethical discourse reproduces the causes of violence and dehumanizes people by turning them into abstract victims 

David Chandler, ‘1 

(Human Rights Quarerly23, “The Road to Military Humanitarianism” 

“The search for victims has dominated media coverage…” 

Bronx (All Teams) – Affirmative – E-Waste (Neoliberalism Adv)

Contention One – the status quo 

the united states currently exports its growing heaps of electronic waste in order to avoid strict domestic regulations.

Betsy M. Billinghurst, JD Candidate – U Colorado School of Law, ‘5

(Spring, 16 COLO. J. INT'L ENVTL. L. & POL'Y 399) 

“Electronic waste (“e-waste”) is… the imported electronic waste.” 

 

e-waste is increasingly dumped in africa.

Jerome Douglas, November 29, 2006

(“E-waste from advanced nations creating toxic dumping grounds in Asia, Africa”,

) 

“In recent times… in other words, e-waste." 

Contention two – risk 

NEOLIBERAL MARKET MODELS DEMAND THAT COUNTRIES WITH THE WEAKEST REGULATION TAKE OUR WASTE IN THE NAME OF EFFICIENCY. THIS SUBJECTS THE MOST VULNERABLE TO THE MOST HAZARD WHILE PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES DENY RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR POLLUTION.

Alastair Iles, research fellow at Energy and Resources group and University of California, ‘4

(Global Environmental Politics - Volume 4, Number 4, pp. 76-107, Project Muse) 

“Environmental justice refers to the idea… to create vulnerable populations” 

 

THE NEOLIBERAL DIVISION OF LABOR FORCES OTHERS TO DEAL WITH THE ONGOING RISKS OF OUR WASTE SO WE CAN FANTASIZE ABOUT THE RISKS OF NUCLEAR EXCHANGE. THIS MODE OF RISK CALCULATION IS ITSELF A FORM OF EXTERMINATION.

Masahide Kato, Department of Political Science – University of Hawaii, ‘93

(Alternatives 18, p. 346-350, “Nuclear Globalism”) 

“The pseudo-universalistic rhetoric… the formation of discourse.” 

 

WORST-CASE APOCALYPTIC THREATS JUSTIFY DUMPING SYSTEMIC RISKS ON OTHERS IN ORDER TO SAVE OUR CURRENT CONSUMPTION PATTERNS.

Kathleen Stewart, Anthropology – UT Austin, & Susan Harding, Anthropology – UCSC, ‘99

(Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 28: 285-310, “BAD ENDINGS: American Apocalypsis”) 

“Modernity is both a...  miraculous new beginnings.” 

 

 

OUR WILLINGNESS TO SACRIFICE OTHERS IN ORDER TO PROTECT OUR MARKET MODELS ENABLES EVER-ESCALATING VIOLENCE.

Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Professor of Sociology - University of Coimbra, 03

(Bad Subjects, Issue #63, April, bad.issues/2003/63/santos.html) 

“According to Franz Hinkelammert, the West…  of horror and destruction.” 

 

 

THIS TRAFFIC IN RISK CALCULATION THREATENS ALL LIFE.

Nicholas Low, Lecturer – U Melbourne, & Brendan Gleeson, Fellow - Australian Nat’l U, ‘98

(University, Justice, Society, and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology, p. 103-104) 

Of course, as Ulrich Beck… global uneven development.” 

 

HENCE, THE PLAN: 

The United States federal government should provide sufficient and proportionate taxes for technical and financial assistance to the topically designated area for safe management and disposal of United States’ electronic waste exports to the topically designated area. 

 

CONTENTION THREE – SOLVENCY 

THE ROLE OF THE BALLOT. OUR CURRENT CONSTRUCTION OF RISK SERVES AS AN A PRIORI FRAME FOR ALL POLITICAL CALCULATION. ACADEMIC DEBATE IS A KEY SPACE TO CHALLENGE AND ENABLE MORE EFFECTIVE FORMS OF RESISTANCE.

Roger Tooze, Former Professor – London School of Economics, ‘2K

(Strange Power, Ed. Thomas Lawton, James Rosenau, and Amy Verdun, p. 191-2) 

“From this critical conception… IPE, she is right.” 

 

THIS RESISTANCE MUST COMBINE TRANSFORMATION OF INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES WITH A TRANSFORMATION OF RISK CALCULATIONS. WE SHOULD HARNESS ASSISTANCE TO YIELD FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES IN OUR SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS.

A. Claire Cutler, Political Science – Victoria, ‘2K

(Strange Power, Ed. Thomas Lawton, James Rosenau, and Amy Verdun, p. 161-2) 

“We might begin with… constraints on human autonomy’ (Linklater 1986: 308).3” 

 

 

 

EFFECTIVE POLICY CHANGE MUST INCLUDE A CHANGE IN OUR THOUGHT PATTERNS OF RISK CALCULATION – OUR OPPOSITION TO TECHNOLOGY MUST GO BEYOND CURRENT TECHNOCRATIC DEBATES.

Ulrich Beck, Professor of Sociology – Munich, ‘95

(Ecological Enlightenment, Trans. Mark Ritter, p. 38-9) 

“Undoubtedly, there are many… Germany are only too familiar?” 

 

SIMILARLY, CHANGES IN OUR RISK CALCULATION MUST ALSO INCLUDE STRONG INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR REGULATION.

William Graf, Professor of Geography at the University of South Carolina, ‘95

() 

“It is important, finally… start from the state.” 

 

RESHAPING THE AGENDA THIS WAY CREATES A HOT POTATO THAT POLITICIZES THE ENTIRE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORDER.

Ulrich Beck, Professor for Sociology at the University of Munich, British Journal of Sociology Professor at the London School of Economics and Sciences, ‘92

(“Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”, p. 76-77) 

Where modernization risks… partially expressly altering them.” 

 

OUR CHOICES FOR COMPUTER DISPOSAL WILL SET THE RULES FOR THE FUTURE DIGITAL ECONOMY.

Amos Batto, Indiana Peace and Justice Network & Grad Student History – U Indiana, ‘6

(“A Better Upgrade, Not a Faster Throw-Away,” ) 

“Computer consumption in… collective efforts for reform.” 

 

THE PLAN’S ASSISTANCE IS KEY TO RECOGNIZE THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY OUR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY.

Alastair Iles, Energy and Resources Group – UC, ‘4

(Global Environmental Politics 4.4, 76-107) 

LEAD EXPOSURE IS THE CORE OF PUBLIC HEALTH PREDICTABILITY AND EDUATION.

Richard W. Clapp and David Ozonoff, Professors at Boston University School of Public Health ‘4 (30 Am. J. L. and Med. 189) 

Bronx (All Teams) – Negative

China DA 

 

Africom put US-China relations on the brink-the plan's health 

assistance will confirm suspicions of a broad anti-China strategy. 

 

Schaefer and Eaglen (Heritage 9/27/07) 

 

"The President made clear that he sees the new command as having more 

than simply military responsibilities…" 

 

 

 

Only a slowed down pace of US aid in Africa can prevent Chinese 

lashout in other areas. Careful diplomatic management is key to 

prevent an angry response. 

 

Gill, Huang and Morrison 06. 

() 

 

"Up to now the United States and China have each been largely absorbed 

in their separate…" 

 

 

 

China will respond by rattling swords with dollar purchases, crushing 

the economy. 

 

Telegraph 07.  () 

 

            "Two officials at leading Communist Party bodies have 

given interviews…" 

 

 

 

Economic Collapse causes extinction 

 

Bearden 00.  (The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How can we solve it) 

 

"Prior to the final economic collapse, the stress on nations…"

These are the cites for the links that we read in that round.

2. Scope Link—

John T Bennett, economist and president of the Korea Economic Institute of America, 10/1 /07

()

U.S. officials have been... and the United States."

3. We're on the brink

Wenran Jiang, Director of the China Institute at the University of Alberta, '7

( , 2/23)

Regarding the prospects...power projection capabilities.

4. bad diplomacy link—

Daniel Gordon, BBC World Service's Analysis Programme, 10/3/07

( )

Africa analyst Brett...Africa," he says.

 

Death Cult 

A. The 1AC’s introduction of death impacts into debate is bad.  

1. Trivialization. Death debating causes an aesthetic fascination with the spectacle of death. This turns debate into a death cult and denies the choice to avoid death impacts.

Jean Baudrillard, Dartmouth BM Hack, ‘93

(Symbolic Exchange and Death trans Iain Grant, p. 185-7) 

 

Pursued and censured everywhere, death…. an end to political economy. 

      2. Body Counts. Death debating reduces peoples’ lives to mere numbers for debaters to consume in their game.

Jean Baudrillard, Dartmouth BM Hack, ‘93

(Symbolic Exchange and Death trans Iain Grant, 162-3, 173-5, “manpower” is left deliberately in)

2. More importantly, that everyone should….. consumption in social input and output? 

 

B. Vote neg because the aff introduced death impacts into the debate.

Austin Kutscher, President of the Foundation of Thanatology and Professor – Columbia University, ‘80

(Death & Existence, p. Foreward) 

Within the educational setting …. collectively and individually.

C. This is a gateway argument about how we should be allowed to debate. 

If they win that we can use death impacts, then the rest of the 1NC applies.  

We will not make cross-applications from other flows to prove the link.

Ethics Kritik

A. The aff’s discourse of ethics imposes a universal reading of what it means to be human.

Mark Franke, Prof. International Studies – U. of North British Columbia, 2K

(European Journal of International Relations 6.3: 307-333) 

Campbell and the others…… remains insufficiently tested.

B. Grounding politics within an ethical framework creates totalitarianism. Ethics shapes humanity into a pre-determined moral imperative, expunging difference and plurality.

Dean Richard Villa, Political Theory – UC Santa Barbara, ‘96

(Arendt and Heidegger: The Fate of the Political, p. 246-7) 

Arendt  appropriates Heidegger’s…………. that is not a political community at all. 

C. Ethical discourse reproduces the causes of violence and dehumanizes people by turning them into abstract victims.

David Chandler, Policy Research Institute - Leeds Metropolitan University, ‘1

(Human Rights Quarterly 23, “The Road to Military Humanitarianism”)

The search for victims has dominated media coverage of humanitarian crises…………. only passive victims and evil or dangerous abusers.

D. Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s prior framing of the debate through ethics.

Mark Franke, Prof. International Studies – U. of North British Columbia, 2K

(European Journal of International Relations 6.3: 307-333) 

With the exhaustion of such methods, it then appears that the fundamental challenge……… the inescapable need to respond and relate.

Soft Power K – 1NC

A. Launching Pad

1. The aff uses health for soft power. This securitizes health and destroys effective care.

Alan Ingram, Professor of Geography – University College London, ‘5

(Geopolitics 10, “The New Geopolitics of Disease”) 

A number of think-tank reports have linked health issues directly with US national interests,……………………. based on moral criteria rather than scientific evidence.69

2. Securitizing health leads to permanent war.

Melinda Cooper, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the University of East Anglia, UK, ‘6

(Theory, Culture & Society, “Pre-empting Emergence: The Biological Turn in the War on Terror”) 

For a while, venture capital continued to invest in the life sciences,………….. according to Dick Cheney (quoted in Woodward, 2001).

B. World Order Mindset

Leadership discourse is saturated with securitized assumptions that guarantee failure. 

You should vote negative to reject the aff’s prior commitment to securitization.

Christopher Layne, Senior Fellow – CATO, and Ben Schwarz, RAND, ’93 (Foreign Policy 92, Autumn) 

Whether an empire of free trade……. sustaining its preeminence undermine its economic strength and thereby its geostrategic capabilities. …………. is to avoid the path of folly in the Balkans and beyond.

African Stability 1NC

A. The affirmative securitizes Africa. The 1AC framing of Africa on the verge of chaos filters policy options into artificial choices of threat containment or elimination.

Rita Abrahamsen, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, ‘5

(Alternatives 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) 

It is this process of securitization that can be seen in key elements of New Labour's policies toward Africa…………… eliminate—the perceived threat.20

B. Securitized policymaking expands fear of Otherness and perpetuates underlying causes of instability and conflict.

Rita Abrahamsen, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, ‘5

(Alternatives 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) 

The process of securitization does not necessarily or immediately give rise………….. to radically underlying causes of "state failure," rather than contribute to their solution.  

C. This need to secure against dangerous Others guarantees perpetual destruction in the name of threat management.

Peter Coviello, Asst Prof of English – Bowdoin, ‘1

(Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author’s italics) 

Perhaps. But to claim that American culture is at present decisively postnuclear is not to say that the world we inhabit is in any way post-apocalypti…… initiative that can scarcely be done without. 

D. Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s security framing.

Rita Abrahamsen, Department of International Politics - University of Wales, ‘5

(Alternatives 30, “Blair’s Africa: The Politics of Securitization and Fear”) 

Importantly though, such policies are not to be understood exclusively……. social and economic troubles.

C. The Alternative –  

Vote negative to criticize the security logic of the 1AC. Effective criticism requires suspending the aff’s agenda for action.

Roland Bleiker, Associate Professor – University of Queensland, ‘1

(The Zen of International Relations, “Forget IR Theory,” p. 37-9) 

Stories, so we are told by prevailing social science wisdom, are not part of international relations…………. and less violence-prone practice of world politics.

Somaliland CP

 

CP Text: The United States Federal Government should officially Recognize the territory of Somaliland as a sovereign Country  

Recognition of Somaliland is crucial to curb Radical ideologies and terrorism

Professor Schraeder 06, professor in the Department of Political Science at Loyola University Chicago.  He writes on African politics and U.S. Africa policy (Peter J. “Why the United States Should Recognize Somaliland’s Independence” CSIS: African Policy Forumn. , December 19th.)

Zimbabwe CP

 

Text: The United States federal government should excluding the Republic of Zimbabwe. 

 

THE COUNTEPRLAN SOLVES --

WE SHOULD SUSPEND ALL AID TO ZIMBABWE—IT DOESN’T GET TO THE PEOPLE – THIS ALSO GIVES US UNIQUENESS TO OUR NET-BENEFITS

Schaefer 07 [Brett D., Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, The Heritage Foundation, “The Crisis in Zimbabwe: How the US Should Respond,” March 23, 2007 ] 

A.  Mugabe is on the verge of losing control of Zimbabwe – coup attempts and economic downturn prove the brink.

Laurence 6/29. [Patrick, staff writer of Zimbabwe Independent, 2007, “Zimbabwe: Mugabe Risks More than Displacement in a Coup”] / 

B.  THE PLAN’S ASSISTANCE WILL BE HIJACKED BY MUGABE TO INCREASE HIS POLITICAL SUPPORT AND STRANGLEHOLD OVER THE ZIMBABWE PEOPLE

Williams and Sinnerton 2007 [Evan, staff reporter, and Siobhan, Director of UK Channel 4, May 18, “Zimbabwe: Mugabe’s Reign of Terror” +of+terror/516247] 

The impact is genocide—any increase in Mugabe’s power means a campaign of mass murder that is 10 times greater than Darfur, and will kill millions

Kirchick 07 [James, The New Republic, “Killing them softly: The Other African Genocide, March 12, ]

European Union CP

 

The European Union should do the plan

Development K

 

DISCOURSE OF DEVELOPMENT IS CENTRAL TO DISCUSSIONS OF AFRICA – WESTERN EXPERTS FIND PROBLEMS LIKE POVERTY AND BACKWARDNESS WHICH LOCK IN THE CONTINUAL NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT 

Arturo Escobar, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill, ‘95

(“Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World”, p. 5-7) 

Until the late 1970s, the central stake in discussions on Asia…… and imaginatively during the postEnlightenment period. (1979, 3)

Development multiplies underdevelopment to infinity – it leaves Third World populations subject to multiple interventions and systems of control, impoverishment, ecological degradation and killing indigenous populations to the threat of extinction.

Arturo Escobar, Kenan Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, UNC-Chapel Hill, ‘95

(“Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World”, p. 52-54) 

The crucial threshold and transformation that took place in the early post– World War II period discussed in this chapter were the result not of a radical epistemological or political breakthrough but of the reorganization of a number of factors that allowed…………. To them I dedicate the coming chapter. 

Colombia Free Trade Politics

 

A. Colombia won’t pass—only perception of capital means Bush will force it on the agenda.

Inside U.S. Trade 2-1-2008. [House, Senate Leadership Cool To FTAs After State Of The Union, p. lexis]

C. Political capital is key to Colombia FTA.

National Journal 8-11-2007. [Uphill Climb on Trade Deals, p. factiva]

Passsage of the FTA causes Colombian civil war.  

José María Rodríguez González, foreign policy analyst, 3-29-2007. [Colombia FTA: Monkey Business for U.S., p. ] 

The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) appears to offer a fair deal…… against its interests in the whole of Latin America. 

Colombia FTA kills US human rights credibility.  

Representative Phil Hare, D-Ill. (17th CD), 1-17-2008. [US Fed News, BUSH TRADE AGENDA WOULD COMPOUND ECONOMIC PAIN OF WORKING AMERICANS, p. lexis] 

"Despite a slight decrease……. end human rights abuses worldwide……. 

 

Human rights credibility is the only way to the war on terror.  

Tom Malinowski, Advocacy Director for Human Rights Watch, 7-7-2004. [Human Rights News, “Promoting Human Rights and Democracy,” p. ] 

Having an effective and principled….. When America is seen to be compromising the values it has long preached, its credibility and influence are diminished.   

Victory or extinction.  

Yonah Alexander, Ph.D., professor and director of Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the US, 8-28-2003. [Washington Times, Terrorism myths and realities, p. lexis] 

Human rights credibility is key to democracy promotion.  

Tom Malinowski, Advocacy Director, Human Rights Watch, 3-10-2004. [FDCH Congressional Testimony, State Department Human Rights Report, p. lexis] 

Democratization is key to global peace and stability.  

Joshua Muravchik, Ph.D., Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, Adjunct Prof., Institute of World Politics, Member, State Dept.’s Advisory Committee on Democracy Promotion, 7-14-2001. [Paper Presented at the NPEC/IGCC Summer Faculty Seminar, “Democracy and Nuclear Peace, p. ]

Democracy solves extinction.  

Larry Diamond, Ph.D., Professor of Poli. Sci. and Sociology, Stanford U., Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Co-Editor Journal of Democracy, Dec. 1995. [A Report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives,” p. ] 

Civil war in Colombia destroys US hegemony.  

R. Evan Ellis, Ph.D., Latin America consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Feb. 2004. [Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE 23(1), The Impact of Instability in Latin America, p. 187-93] 

 

Colombia’s key to Latin America stability.  

Kevin J. Fandl, J.D., Ph.D., Candidate, George Mason U., Fulbright Fellow (Colombia), 2007. [10 Yale H.R. & Dev. L.J. 64, Bilateral Agreements and Fair Trade Practices: A Policy Analysis of the Colombia-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (2006), p. lexis] 

Regional instability kills to the US economy.  

Boris Saavedra, professor, Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies , National Defense University, April 2003. [NDU Working Paper, Confronting Terrorism in Latin America, p.

] 

Latin American instability causes terrorism.  

R. Evan Ellis, Ph.D., Latin America consultant with Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Feb. 2004. [Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE 23(1), The Impact of Instability in Latin America, p. 187-93] 

Civil war in Colombia threatens Brazilian security and nationalism.  

Richard L. Millett, Ph.D., Senior Fellow at the North-South Center, Oppenheimer Chair of Modern Warfighting Strategy at the U.S. Marine Corps University, Professor Emeritus of History at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, Oct. 2002. [Strategic Studies Institute, Colombia’s Conflicts: The Spillover Effects of a Wider War]  

That causes nuclearization targeted at the US.  

Donald E. Schulz, Ph.D., Chair of Political Science at Cleveland State U., fmr. Research Professor of National Security at the Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army College, March 2k. [Strategic Studies Institute, The United States and Latin America: Shaping an Elusive Future, ] 

Colombia FTA would destroy the Amazon.  

Tom Loudon, Coordinator, ART, March 2007. [Alliance for Responsible Trade, The “Contaminated” Environmental Chapter of the Free Trade Agreement,  

The Amazon is key to planetary survival. 

Greenwatch 9-29-2006. [Bush Free Trade Plan Puts Amazon up for Grabs, p.

]

Security K

Discourse of Danger. The 1AC's discourse of danger constitutes identity. Their representation of threats naturalizes securitization.

Cambell, International Politics, New Caste, 98, Writing security no page listed

"in this context of...difference as otherness"

These security discourses guarantee perpetual apocalypse in the name of survival.

Peter Coviello, Asst Prof of English – Bowdoin, '1

(Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone, author's italics)

Perhaps. But to... be done without.

Vote negative to criticize the security logic of the 1AC. Effective criticism requires suspending the aff's agenda for action.

Roland Bleiker, Associate Professor – University of Queensland, '1

(The Zen of International Relations, "Forget IR Theory," p. 37-9)

Stories, so we are told..practice of world politics.

Calhoun HJ – Affirmative – Band Aids

QUESTION ONE: YOU MEAN THERE ARE PROBLEMS IN AFRICA?

 

THIRTY THOUSAND CHILDREN DIE EVERY DAY OF PREVENTABLE CAUSES

ActionAid Report, 2006

We live in an age of unprecedented prosperity … all deflate the value of aid.

 

 

HIV/AIDS worse than war and famine

Nelson Mandela, 2005 XIIIth International AIDS Conference

Let us not equivocate:… diseases as malaria." 

 

STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE IS WORSE THAN WAR

James Gilligan, Dept Psychiatry Harvard Med School, VIOLENCE REFLECTIONS ON OUR DEADLIEST EPIDEMIC 2000 p 195-196

The 14 to 18 million deaths a year…every decade, throughout the world.

 

So what can we do to solve the death and destruction, the wars and the genocide? 

Plan: The United States federal government shall substantially increase health assistance by sending 100 million band-aids to the topic–defined area. Financing and enforcement guaranteed.  

Question two: Why band-aids?

 

When politicians believe Africa is hopeless, we use band-aids instead of solutions

Mark Ford of East Fallowfield, PA 1996

In his later years, when asked…addressed with some permanency?

  

Social activitist and musicial Bob Geldoff named his project “Live aid” as recognition of a political wound to Africa – that band-aids won’t mend Africa, only political solutions will

Bob Geldof, The Rolling Stone, 2004

Live Aid was a key moment … band-aids won't mend it. But politics will. 

 

For any number of problems, Africa needs cures, not band-aids –

Haimanot, Washington, DC BBC News, 2005 15 June, 2005,

What Africa needs is a cure… globe will be flocking back to better Africa.

 

When Africa accepts band-aids, leaders only look to external solutions

Avittey, 2006 George B.N., Ph.D. President, The Free Africa Foundation,  Distinguished Economist, American University, April

While external factors have played a role…allies looked only one way -- at the external factors.

 

Band-aids won’t stop genocide – need political will 

Nicholas Kristoff, November 2006 “Bandages and Bayonetts”

After more than three years of such brutality… this first genocide of the 21st century to drag on and on.

  

Sarcasm is powerful debate– remembered by audience better than other rhetoric

Kelly Power, 2000

Some people like to say that sarcasm …blended with the comments before and after it. 

 

Swift’s “A Modest Proposal” is a valuable took of commenting on social or political issues and is a valuable tool of debate

Kelly Power, 2000

After all, one would have to admit …anyone’s storehouse of debating skills.

 

Today, Satire is still the most powerful tool against the powerful

Korantang, April 16, 2005 On The Importance of Biting Satire



Politicians understand very well the power of ridicule …something that is best done with writing.

 

Only forcing  public stands will actually heal Africa

Radley Balko 2003 President Bush's $15 Billion Package to Fight AIDS in Africa (June 23, )

Africa needs access to western markets, not western welfare… Start there, then we'll talk about courage.

Calhoun HJ – Affirmative – Family Planning

PLAN: The United States federal government should unconditionally assist topical countries in the area of family planning.  We reserve the right to clarify. 

ADVANTAGE ONE: Domination and Destruction 

(1) Patriarchy 

Restrictive family planning policies reinforce male-domination of women.  This form of cultural imperialism denies women control of their bodies.

Gathii 06 (“Symposium: Family Planning and AIDS Policy in the International Community: Exporting Culture Wars,” lexis, The Regents of the University of California U.C. Davis Journal of International Law & Policy)

      “The state “participates in the sexual politics…..increases women’s access to equal opportunities with men.” 

Lack of family planning is yet another burden on African women who suffer many harms at the hands of a male-centered culture.

Gathii 06 (Professor of International commercial Law, Albany Law School, James, UC Davis Journal of International Law & Policy, Fall page lexis)

      “The New Right’s ideologies, as imposed by…..that reinforce and compound the patriarchy.” 

Patriarchy is the root of violence and helps to maintain the war system.  A world with patriarchy at its center makes war inevitable.

Warren and Cady 94 (Karen J and Duane L, Philosophy Dept- @ Manchester and Prof of Philosophy @Elamiine U, “Feminism and Peace: Seeing Connections,” Hypatta, Spring 94, v9 n2, Pro-quest)

      “To say that patriarchy is a dysfunctional system…woman-nature-peace connections in regional, national, and global contexts.” 

The subordination of women makes slaughter of millions possible.

Hooks 04 (Professor of English and city College, Bell, The Will to Change: Men, masculinity, and Love, pg 26-27)

      “Citizens in this nation fear challenging…. millions of people on the planet.” 

(2) Racism 

The moral focus on Abstinence in Africa is based on a stereotyped vision of the oversexualized African body.

Robinson 07 (Mark, Divinity School, University of Chicago, cas.uchicago.edu/workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc)

      “Graham’s statement references a specific ontology…..bring modernity and thus morality to Africa.” 

Promoting Abstinence instead of other family planning methods entrenches this racist image of the sexualized African

Bhana 07 (Deevia, prof of English, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, “Sexuality in Africa,” resources/publications/sia/jan07/feature.htm)

      “African sexuality has historically been…..questions the ability of sexual rights within marriage.” 

Racism must be rejected

Barndt 91 (Joseph, co-director of Crossroads, a ministry to dismantle racism, “Dismantling Racism: The Continuing Challenge to White America,” pg 155-156)

      “To study racism is to study walls….we dare not allow it to continue.” 

(3) Bush’s Moral Crusade 

The Bush Administration is on a moral crusade to eliminate sex in Africa.  This approach to public health creates the conditions for apocalyptic termination.

Puar and Rai 02 (Jasbir K, assistant professor of women’s studies and geography at Rutgers University, Amit S, teaches cultural and literary studies at the New School University in New York City, “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots,” Social Text, 20.3, pg 117-148)

      “Clearly, a hegemonic struggle is being….narratives of modernity, patriotism, and nationalism?” 

Repealing policies like the prostitution pledge restores justice and reshapes the debate about sex.

Rubin 93 (Gayle S, assistant professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, editors Abelove, Barale, and Halperin, pg 3-9)

      “The time has come to think about sex….develop radical perspectives on sexuality.” 

Attacking the right-wing nuts that are running this country restores US stature in the world which is key to solving.

Kinney 06 (Edi, JD/PhD candidate @ UC Berkeley, 21 Berkeley J. Gender L. & Just. 158)

      “The United States’ scheme to advance…..voices and concerns of migrants themselves.” 

ADVANTAGE TWO: Reproductive Health 

Current US failure to fund family planning has caused a massive wave of clinic closures throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.

Jones 04 (Allegra A, editor, Boston College Third World Law Journal 24)

      “Another practical effect of the Mexico…..clinics were the true victims of the Mexico City Policy.” 

The impact is 700 deaths a day

Sai 04 (Frederick t, advisor to the president of Ghana on HIV/AIDS, Sept/ Oct, system/files/EP175G.pdf)

      “Pregnancy and unsafe abortion are the…..longterm debilities from their pregnancies and deliveries.” 

The deaths are not inevitable—family planning can nearly eliminate pregnancy-related deaths

PAI 06 (Population Action International, May, 216.146.213.75/Publications/Fact_Sheets/FS2/Summary.shtml)

      “Saving Children’s Lives By preventing closely-spaced…..while the abortion rate declined by 61 percent.” 

The plan galvanizes a regional and global collaborative effort to coordinate HIV prevention and family planning—stabilizes Africa’s demographic transition

Cincotta and Haddock 06 (Richard, senior research associate at PAI, Sarah, former population analyst for USAID and research assistant at PAI, 2/1, Publications/Research_commentaries/Family_Planning_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa/Summary.shtml)

      “There is no time like the present to step…..are desperately in need of success.” 

Every major 21st century threat is rooted in an unwillingness to integrate the South in a global commitment to equitable resources. Failure to confront these inequities head on makes destruction inevitable.

Aginam 03 (Obijiofor, Okafor, Obiora Chinedu, “Humanizing Our Global Order: Essay in Honor of Ivan Head,” University of Toronto press)

      “This grave charge and the accompanying challenge…..developing world’s scholars and intellectuals.” 

UNDERVIEW: Solvency 

Access to family planning is critical to curb population growth- when women are educated about contraceptive methods they choose to have smaller families

Prata 06 (Ndola, professor of Public Health at the university of California-Berkeley, 10 years of clinical practice in Angola, “Population Growth and its Impact on maternal Health,” appg-.uk/Publications/Population%20Hearings/Evidence/Uni%20of%20Cal%20evidence.doc)

      “Most countries where maternal mortality is the highest….these results in the death of the woman.” 

Family planning solves- the evidence is overwhelming

Hollingsworth 96 (William G, professor of law at Tulsa University, Ending the Explosion: Population Policies and Ethics for a Humane Future, pg 57-58)

      “Though only part of the answer, family planning…..funding must be called just what it is, evil madness.” 

The US is a critical family planning model for the rest of the world- the existence of US restrictions on funding deters other countries from implementing family planning

Blanc and Tsui 05 (Ann and Amy, president of Blancroft Research International and Professor, Population and Family Health Sciences Dept @ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, “The Dilemma of Past Success: Insiders’ Views on the Future of the International Family Planning Movement,” Studies in Family Planning, December)

      “Moreover, the reinstatement of the…….The sources of money change as politics change.” 

USAID is the only actor with the technical capability and field presence to ensure successful family planning programs- decades of experience prove

PAI 98 (Population Action International, 3/8, “Paying their Fair Share- Donor Countries and International Population Assistance,” Publications/Reports/Paying_their_Fair_Share/UNITED_STATES.shtml)

      “The technical capacity of the U.S. international…..helping to broaden USAID’s technical capacity.” 

Carrollton HS – Affirmative – USAID Coordinator

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase public health assistance to topically designated areas, administered through a permanent USAID representative to U.S. Africa Command.

Observation One: Inherency

The DOD’s attempts to achieve interagency cooperation in its African commands is failing

Esquire, 6-27-07,

But CJTF-HOA, whose area of responsibility stretched from Sudan down to Kenya, soon evolved into something so much more:… you can say "Black Hawk down."

AFRICOM is failing to effectively incorporate USAID personnel

J. Stephen Morrison, Director, Africa Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 8-7-07,

Within the State Department and USAID, there is widespread apprehension that AFRICOM will overwhelm…. ranks have been ambivalent and desultory.

. USAID will not provide any funding through AFRICOM

Michael Hess, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance USAID 8-1-2007, Senate Testimony,

We do not envision transferring any funds to the Department of Defense for the conduct of its civilian… overlap or mutually exclusive activities.

AFRICOM will not include health personnel

Ryan Henry, Principle Defense Undersecretary for Policy, 11-14-07, “HEARING OF THE HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE; SUBJECT: U.S. AFRICA COMMAND,” Federal News Service

REP. DAVIS: And health officials to be part of this mission? Where do you see those… the profile, the probably the more effective you'll be," and that has a lot to do with what our approach is.

USAID’s incorporation into AFRICOM is key to interagency collaboration

Major Patrick N. Kelleher, USMC, is operations officer with 2dForce Service Support Group and formerly was the Commandant of the Marine Corps National Fellow in the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance at the U.S. Agency for International Development, Autumn 2002, “Crossing Boundaries Interagency Cooperation and the Military,” Joint Forces Quarterly, p. 107

Though combatant commands develop their theater plans to structure engagement, regional and functional bureaus within USAID… capitalize on comparative advantages, does not make the best use of resources, and could fail to reach strategic objectives.

Incorporation of USAID personnel with the authority to dispense funding is essential for AFRICOM to achieve interagency cooperation

Chad Piacenti, LCDR US Navy, 5-10-2007, “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” , p. 9

Improved interagency planning and decision-making ability. Research clearly shows that interagency… and directing all means toward unity of effort.

The ability to disperse funding is the linchpin key to effective interagency coordination

Lisa Schirch, Associate Professor of Peacebuilding at Eastern Mennonite University and Aaron Kishbaugh, graduate student in the department, 11-15-2006,

The disparity in resources and size make it challenging for the State Department, USAID, and the many NGOs to act…3D approach should keep development and defense firmly apart from each other in combat operations.

USAID’s resources within AFRICOM are essential to preventing civilian agencies from assuming a junior partnership role

Akwe Amosu, Senior Policy Analyst for Africa at the Washington Office of the Open Society Policy Center, 11-14-07,

The Pentagon offers reassurance by insisting that AFRICOM will pursue an integrated policy toward… policy as a result. (See comment by Stewart Patrick at the Center for Global Development.)

Public health assistance is key to selling the military on cooperation: it has a unique capacity to link up with national security perspectives

David Fidler, Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law, 2003, George Washington International Law Review

Section III.B argued that the concept of public health security in the United States reflects the realpolitik perspective on… suggests that public health's best hope rests in liberalism and not more radical theories of human emancipation. This conclusion is basically the one Price-Smith reached in his analysis.

Public health assistance is key to integrating economic, political and security approaches

David P. Fidler, Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law, 2004, McGeorge Law Review

The policy area of public health has experienced a revolution in the past decade. The revolution has not… space within which global health action is conducted.

Increasing public health assistance uniquely creates broad cooperative relationships with other stakeholders

Lawrence O. Gostin et al, Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center; Professor of Law and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, January 1999, Columbia Law Review

Effective public health policymaking does not exist in a vacuum, nor is it purely a scientific pursuit. It is necessarily influenced not only by biomedical and social science, but also by fiscal concerns, culture, and… stakeholders, and any interaction with legislators is an occasion to get their attention and educate them about public health needs and methods.

Effective interagency coordination in AFRICOM sets precedent for all federal government operations

Chad Piacenti, LCDR US Navy, 5-10-2007, “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” , p. 11-12

3. Capture today’s lessons for tomorrow’s doctrine. If AFRICOM is successful in creating and… and the development of a unified, national doctrine for interagency operations.

An effective AFRICOM structure creates a model for effective U.S. policy

William Whitsitt, Lieutenant Commander, US Navy, 5-10-2007, “U.S. Africa Command: An Opportunity for Effective Interagency Cooperation, , p. 1

The tribulations Africa faces provide a unique opportunity for the United States to apply a plethora of… and national- strategic success in Africa and globally…. necessarily bring an extra dollar's worth of security.

Interagency cooperation is key to integrated application of U.S. power:

Clark Murdock, et al, a senior adviser in the Center for Strategic and International Studies International Security Program July 2005, “Beyond Goldwater-Nichols: U.S. Government and Defense Reform for a New Strategic Era,” , p. 44

At the end of the day, unity of effort across the U.S. government is not just about being more efficient or even more… execution will be critical to reducing both the risks of failure and the costs of success.

Effective interagency cooperation is the linchpin to effective U.S. foreign policy

Donald Hurley, Lieutenant Commander USN, is a naval intelligence officer assigned to the joint intelligence staff at the Defense Intelligence Agency and Scott Moore, Major USAF, Air Force special operator assigned to the Future Concepts Branch of the US Special Operations Command, Winter 1998, Parameters,

America's National Security Strategy requires civil and military agencies to work together to accomplish… internally or empowered regionally to coordinate interagency activities within US combatant commands in peacetime or in a crisis.

Ineffective U.S. leadership would leave behind a power vacuum, spurring terrorism, economic turmoil and multiple nuclear wars.

Niall Ferguson, July/August 2004 “A World Without Power,” FOREIGN POLICY Issue 143

B. Terrorism

We are losing the war on terror—the risk will increase in 2008

Ian Bremmer, president of Eurasia Group, January, 18-2008,

Beyond developments in the United States and the Middle East, terrorism is a more serious macro risk this year. That's true… This makes the broader terrorist threat merit higher concern worldwide.

Terrorists have the means and motive to use WMD

Jill Dekker-Bellamy, Biodefence consultant with the New Defense Agenda, July 2005, Topics in Terrorism: Toward a Transatlantic Consensus on the Nature of the Threat, p. 37, accessed via

Some factors arguing for a more “serious” risk assessment include: • The stated intent of terrorists to use…– does not appear likely to go into sudden decline.

Interagency cooperation is the only way to win the war on terror

Bruce Hoffman, Senior Scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Professor at School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, 2-16-2006,

The “Long War” posited by the recent Quadrennial Defense Review argues that the U.S. is likely to still be fighting the war on terrorism,… indigenous capabilities in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency will be absolutely fundamental to the success of such a strategy.

WMD terrorism against the U.S. ends the world: It collapses the economy and US heg, and triggers nuclear war with Russia, China and North Korea

Jerome Corsi, PhD from Harvard, 2005, Atomic Iran, 176-178

In the span of less than one hour, the nation’s largest city will have been virtually wiped off the map. Removal of debris will take… paid while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.

C. Iraq

Security gains in Iraq are unsustainable, absent deeper political and development gains

Andrew J. Bacevich, professor of history and international relations at Boston University, 1-20-08, The Washington Post,

Presumably Kagan and his comrades would have us believe that recent events vindicate the prophets who in 2002-03 were promoting… The U.S. dilemma remains unchanged: continue to pour lives and money into Iraq with no end in sight, or cut our losses and deal with the consequences of failure.

An effective model for inter-agency cooperation is key to stabilizing Iraq

Austin Long, adjunct researcher at the RAND Corporation, 1-24-07,

Teamwork and coordination are vital for success in all sorts of activities — on the athletic field, in business, in government and in war. Yet… get this aspect right will undermine all other efforts, while successful organization will provide benefits at little cost.

Continued Iraqi instability leads to regional war that draws in Russia and China

Douglas Macgregor, retired Army colonel, with the Straus Military Reform Project at the Center for Defense Information, December-12-2007,

This brings us to the big concern: The unresolved (if not heightened) instability within Iraq could lead to unforeseen… finds itself stuck in the middle of a regional war, with the potential for chaos in Iraq on the rise and Iran's influence in Iraq growing.

D. AFRICOM Effectiveness

Effective interagency coop will be key to AFRICOM’s success

Chad Piacenti, LCDR US Navy, 5-10-2007, “Africa Command: Building a Foundation of Operational Interagency Cooperation,” , p. 11

In the end, the ability of AFRICOM to leverage expertise both from within and without the U.S…. force multiplier in effectively executing national policy on the continent.

AFRICOM is key to African maritime security

Theresa Whelan, Deputy Assistance Director of Defense for African Affairs, 10-24-07,

The other thing I think that you will see, which has already begun, is an increased focus on maritime security, which… So that's something I think that is somewhat new in some ways that AFRICOM will be focusing on and that we think is important.

Maritime security is key to the global economy

Geoffrey Till, professor of maritime studies in the Defence Studies Department, King's College London, Autumn 2007, Naval War College Review

Globalization prospers when trade is mutually beneficial and takes place in conditions of order, both on… world ocean. An emerging issue is whether it will eventually monitor naval activity too.

Economic decline leads to nuclear war

Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research,

Carrollton HS – Negative

EU CP

EU is best

Health Insurance and Law weekly, December 12,2004

" The WHO……public health challenges"

The EU experience and foreign assistance objectives make it uniquely suited to solve public health problems in SSA

EUDPK 2006

" This assertion is…….make this happen"

 

AFRICOM DA 1NC

AFRICOM stand-up will be low profile now, due to poor U.S. relations with Africa

Inside the Army, November 19, 2007

In a bid to counter perceptions …….not to have too high of a profile."

 

The plan serves as a Trojan horse that allows the DOD to implement a high-profile AFRICOM

The Herald, 1-8-2008, reported by Africa News

News is that one of the …..it becomes Africa's policeman.

 

High profile AFRICOM sets a model that collapses African civil-military relations, and collapses democratization

Herman Cohen, former Assistant Secretary of State for Africa, July-August 2007, Journal of International Peace Operations,

There is a potential downside, however, that  …..and developmental policies. 

 

Democratic backsliding causes conflict, economic collapse and the failure of development, turning the case

Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and co-editor of the Journal of Democracy, 1998, Hoover Digest,

THE PROBLEM 
The common root cause ….means a democratic political system, to one degree or another.

 

Politics – Law of the Sea

LOST has widespread support and is expected to pass

Scott Hoffman 1-4-08 UNCLOS

" As the Bush Administration…….support than opposition"

 

US Senate panel supports LOST bill and will pass to ensure ocean navigation, oil resources etc

Kevin Drawbaugh, 1-3-08, Reuters

" A senate panel voted…..general of the navy"

 

Cap will be key

Phyllis Schlaffly , , 9-26-07

"with all the……Law of the Sea treaty"

Passage prevents wars, ec collapse and ocean destruction

Hamilton, 8-27-07 , 8-27-07

" Next month, the Senate……ratify this treaty"

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Condom Social Marketing

Observation One – Bush’s Failed Policy Vision

Prior to the Bush Administration, Uganda had an effective prevention strategy to tackle AIDS – But since the inception of the PEPFAR program there has been a reliance on Abstinence Only programs instead of overall prevention causing massive increases in AIDS cases throughout Uganda and the freezing of Condoms programs through the country

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

By the end of the twentieth century…and behavior change.” (Kastaye, 2005)

PEPFAR has hijacked condom social marketing programs in Uganda.

Feuer, April 2004

Cindra, "Can PEPFAR Save the Most Vulnerable?" amfAR AIDS Research, /iowa/td/feature/record.html ?record=119

Before PEPFAR…said Jacobson.

Finally, scientific data proves that PEPFAR’s abstinence programs are less effective than condom programs

Nolen 2006

STEPHANIE NOLEN in August 19, 2006 graduate of the University of King's College and the London School of Economics, in Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association with support from CIDA, "Deadly Disease and Human Suffering “U.S. gets this war right;”

As one leading U.S. activist … most evidence.

Uganda shows that U.S. abstinence-only programs have doubled youth HIV infections

Kalinaki May 15, 2007

Daniel Kalinaki in May 15, 2007, Tuesday, “THE CONDOM DEBATE”, is a Ugandan journalist with The Monitor newspaper, accessed 6.27.2007 LN,

Uganda's government … Uganda Aids Commission.

Uganda’s abstinence only approach is one example of increase AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa

Ireland, 2006

Doug, , Veteran Political Analyst, December 1, 2006, ( /articles/2006/12/01/bushs _other_losing_war_aids.php)

The world …a killing field.

Without effective intervention, the AIDS pandemic will increase at even greater rates, creating more than 36 million new infections in the next few years

LaFraniere, June 6, 2007

Writer for the New York Times, June 6, 2007. LN.

If current trends … Gates Foundation.

AIDS kills more ever year than the two world wars combined

Hunter 2003

Susan Hunter, an independent consultant to certain agencies of the United Nations (WHO, UNAIDS, UNICEF), has already published Black Death: AIDS in Africa[1], considered to be one of the best books to have been written about HIV/AIDS, BLACK DEATH: AIDS IN AFRICA, 2003, p. 7

Even if a cure … spreading like wildfire.

The combined lethality and subtly of AIDS makes it the most devastating disease in world history; it kills 6,000 Africans daily, and 2.8 million annually.

Mathiu 2K

Mutuma, AFRICA NEWS, July 15, �36�cache:6tm_9OIp4c8J:www .mbeki/Kommenta re.rtf+Every+age+has+its +killer.+But+Aids+is+without +precedent.+It+is+comparable +only+to+the+Black+Death+of +the+Middle+Ages+in+the+terror +it+evokes+and+the+graves+it +fills.+But+unlike+the+plague, +Aids+does+not+come+at+a+time +of+scientific&hl�37�en&ct=clnk &cd=1&gl=us

Every age has its killer…hopelessly in jeopardy.

Uganda is the global model for AIDS prevention policies – if it fails, the world fails.

Cohen and Tate, March 2k5

Jonathan Cohen, researcher in the HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Program & Tony Tate, researcher in the Children’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, “The Less They Know, the Better Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda”, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4

Uganda is unique … AIDS pandemic.

Advantage 2 – Structural Violence

First, US assistance policy is implemented based on the notion that AIDS causes economic problems and entrenches people into lives of poverty.

Useche and Cabezas 2005

(Bernardo Useche and Amalia Cabezas | December 1, 2005, Americas Program, Center for International Policy (CIP), “The Vicious Cycle of AIDS, Poverty, and Neoliberalism”, /am/2965)

World Bank Director … a better future.”

This is extremely true of US policy in Uganda where AIDS is a disease of poverty – Abstinence Only approaches only help fuel this trend and deny existence of entire populations

Human Rights Watch 2005

(The Less They Know, the Better:Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4, /uganda0305/uganda0305.pdf)

Abstinence-only programs … to hear about them.”

AIDS exacerbates the conditions that sustain poverty and erodes civil society. This results in government abuse of power, political instability, and conflict.

US Institute of Peace – 1 (10/15, web)

Finally, in highly affected regions, …infection curves ."

And, Poverty is the equivalent of an ongoing nuclear war and is the root cause of war; more people have died from poverty than all wars combined.

Gilligan 96

(James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, p. 191-196)

The deadliest form …cause to effect.

The United States federal government should fund condom social marketing programs in the Republic of Uganda

Observation Two – Solvency

Past successes in Uganda prove Condom Social Marketing programs are the best way to combat HIV/AIDS

African Population Studies, April 2003,

( /journal18v1/risk.pdf)

Uganda is one … about AIDS (Finger, 1998).

Furthermore, USAID Condom Social Marketing programs led to the massive reduction of HIV/AIDS infections in Uganda before the Bush Administration took over

World Health Organization, 2000

(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp:who.int /inf-new/aids2.htm)

Uganda's success … between 1989 and 1995.

And, Condoms are seven times safer than not using them.

Reproductive Health Matters, 2006, 14(28):6–16

Condoms … long time coming.

The 2008 Foreign Aid Spending Bill allows the President to waive PEPFAR abstinence spending requirements

Medical News Today, June 26 2007

.com/articles/75049.php

The House on Thursday …(Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, 6/6).

United States Policy Key – Uganda demonstrates that internal policy in countries shifts toward the moral economy of abstinence only because of US influence

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

Uganda’s moral economy … and economic interests.

The existence of the restrictions on U.S. aid guts the effectiveness of aid from other countries

AVERT 7-5-07

(AVERT is an intl AID’s charity)

In pursuit of rapid results, … address them at all."

Observation Three – Decision Calculus

The negative will try to convince you that preventing large-scale war should be the foremost concern in our decision calculus---this framing distorts ethics into a crisis-driven politics of war---distorting genuine ethics and creating a sphere where the constant threat of war becomes inevitable in order to sustain the militaristic nature of the status quo.

Cuomo 96

activist, artist, and Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of The Philosopher Queen: Feminist Essays on War, Love, and Knowledge-- (Chris, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence!” hypatia, 1996, Proquest,)

Ethical approaches …war and militarism.

Political predictions are inaccurate and lead to paralysis – systemic harms are the only justification for political action.

Menand, Professor of English and American Literature at Harvard, 2005

(Louis, “Everyone’s an Expert,” NEW YORKER /critics/books/articles /051205crbo_books1)

Tetlock also has an … draw: Think for yourself.

Major war is obsolete – multiple factors prevent escalation and conflict.

Mandelbaum, American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1999

(Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, /cfr10/)

My argument says, tacitly, … increasingly, like that.

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Evangelicals 1AC

Observation One – The Moral Economy

Initially note, Bush’s foreign policy is driven not by what is best for the world but by his self-proclaimed “God’s will”, resulting in apocalyptic scenarios for contemporary problems.

John B. Judis, 2005, Visiting Scholar, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, THE CHOSEN NATION: THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGION IN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY, .org/files/PB37.judis.FINAL.pdf

President George W. Bush’s second inaugural address … very specific areas of foreign policy.

This especially true in the case of Uganda – Bush’s abstinence-only approach to foreign policy has resulted in an absolute rejection of condoms and evangelical control of government policy.

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

By the end of the twentieth century, Uganda achieved a formidable feat… behavior change.” (Kastaye, 2005)

The Ugandan AIDS crisis is resulting in fundamentalist intervention, mirroring European colonialism that seeks to evangelize the “sexually deviant” Africans and bring modernity to the continent.

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

“Evangelical churches are enjoying the crisis…thus morality to Africa.

This results in every impact imaginable – Bush and the Neocons will go to any lengths to see their twisted agenda realized.

Yoginder Sikand, The Faith of George W. Bush: Christian Supremacy, American Imperialism and Global DisasteR, 2006, .org/tam.php/features/articles /the_faith_of_george_w_bush _christian_supremacy_american _imperialism_and_glo/

George Bush’s personal commitment to and sympathy … allowed to remain unchallenged.

Uganda is a space currently controlled by the medical community and evangelicals. Social binaries of normality and abnormality are established based upon religious ideals of what it is to be “moral” and “pure”.

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

The abstractness of deviance, stigma and meaning…in narratives about HIV/AIDS.

The AIDS crisis in Uganda allows for those in high political positions have ultimate power over morality – this manifests itself in the will to sacrifice in the name of moral victory against AIDS.

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

Although not fully fleshed out…Georgio Agamben’s work with Homo Sacer (1998).

This drive to purify the social body is the root of biopolitics – it is the ultimate power over life and death, inclusion and exclusion.

Edkins – 2k (Jeremy, prof. of international politics at the University of Wales, Alternatives 25:1, p. 3)

According to Agamben’s…West possible.

This regulation of life results in endless cycles of violence – the desire purify the social body means that everyone is eventually seen as a threat to perfection, ending in nuclear annihilation.

Foucault – 78 (Michel, philosopher and chair at the College de France, “The History of Sexuality”, p. 135-37)

For a long time, one of the characteristic privileges…and the large-scale phenomena of population.

The United States federal government should fund condom social marketing programs in the Republic of Uganda.

Observation Two – Solvency

Past successes in Uganda prove Condom Social Marketing programs are the best way to combat HIV.

African Population Studies, April 2003,

( /journal18v1/risk.pdf)

Uganda is one of the countries most hit by HIV/AIDS….Social marketing campaigns have played a vital role in this together with the increased awareness about AIDS (Finger, 1998).

Furthermore, USAID Condom Social Marketing programs led to the massive reduction of HIV/AIDS infections in Uganda before the Bush Administration took over

World Health Organization, 2000

(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp:who.int /inf-new/aids2.htm)

Uganda's success in reducing high HIV infection rates…from about 20% to 50% between 1989 and 1995.

Uganda is the global model for AIDS prevention policies – the plan would spill over to the rest of Africa.

Cohen and Tate, March 2k5

Jonathan Cohen, researcher in the HIV/AIDS and Human Rights Program & Tony Tate, researcher in the Children’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, “The Less They Know, the Better Abstinence-Only HIV/AIDS Programs in Uganda”, March 2005 Vol. 17, No. 4

Uganda is unique among African nations…the global AIDS pandemic.

United States Policy Key – internal policy in countries shifts toward the moral economy of abstinence only because of US influence

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007 /workshops/rrtpm/markr.doc

Uganda’s moral economy rests upon a material economy…political and economic interests.

Only a return to condoms can halt fundamentalism – abstinence-only must be rejected.

GREEN LEFT WEEKLY, June 30, 2004, /2004/587/32289

Prevention interventions aimed at gay men…needle-exchange programmes, both in the United States and globally.

There is no benefit to fundamentalism – foreign aid fails unless it is removed and it will never achieve its end goals anyway.

Douglas A Feldman, applied medical anthropologist, has been active in AIDS research and policy since 1982. His latest book is The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History (1998), PROBLEMS WITH THE UGANDA MODEL FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION, 2003, /infocus/hivaids/0310_feldmanai ds.htm

With $15 billion available …elements of American Christianity.

We must rhetorically interrogate the Bush administration’s use of fundamentalism in foreign policy.

DESERT MORNING NEWS, February 13, 2003, /articles/mi_qn4188/is_20030215 /ai_n11377964

Princeton religion scholar…political and civil discourse," Pagels said.

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – Science 1AC

Observation One – Bush’s Failed Policy Vision

Prior to the Bush Administration, Uganda had an effective prevention strategy to tackle AIDS – But since the inception of the PEPFAR program there has been a reliance on Abstinence Only programs instead of overall prevention causing massive increases in AIDS cases throughout Uganda and the freezing of Condoms programs through the country

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007

By the end of the twentieth century, Uganda achieved a formidable feat…abstinence and behavior change.” (Kastaye, 2005)

PEPFAR has hijacked condom social marketing programs in Uganda.

Feuer, April 2004

Cindra, "Can PEPFAR Save the Most Vulnerable?" amfAR AIDS Research,

Before PEPFAR, most AIDS funding from the US … factors in their increased risk of infection,” said Jacobson.

PEPFAR is currently slashing science-based programs that were successful and replacing them with morality-based abstinence programs.

Nolen 2006

STEPHANIE NOLEN in August 19, 2006 graduate of the University of King's College and the London School of Economics, in Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association with support from CIDA, "Deadly Disease and Human Suffering “U.S. gets this war right;”

As one leading U.S. activist said, "You can't say that PEPFAR works, or has done good things… pointedly about condom failure, contrary to most evidence.

Observation Two – The Struggle

PEPFAR abstinence-only rules are resulting in an ideological shift away from science and towards religion in politics. On top of this, it’s a complete failure.

Fillinger – 6 (Tamera, former foreign service Legal Advisor with USAID, “SYMPOSIUM: THE GLOBAL ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN: BARRIERS AND BEST PRACTICES: ENHANCING HUMAN SECURITY: U.S. POLICIES AND THEIR HEALTH IMPACT ON WOMEN IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA”, University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class, 6 RRGC 337, lexis)

PEPFAR represents a dramatic shift in U.S. HIV/AIDS policy - away from prevention and toward treatment, and away from science-based approaches and toward ideologically-motivated programs….a shorthand for promoting Abstinence, Being faithful and using Condoms, and focus only, for example, on abstinence training.

Abstinence policies in Africa, and specifically Uganda, are shifting focus away from science-based programs to religious and morality based programs – Africa has become a killing field.

Ireland, 2006

Doug, , Veteran Political Analyst, December 1, 2006, ()

The world has failed miserably to meet the goals for AIDS…—where two-thirds of the world's AIDS cases occur—a killing field.

This is allowing for an evangelical takeover of Uganda and Africa – our abstinence policies are resulting in the global spread of radical evangelicalism.

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007

“Evangelical churches are enjoying the crisis we are going through and taking advantage of it to promote abstinence-only programs.” …poses to bring modernity and thus morality to Africa.

Abstinence-only policies are resulting in the reorientation of Uganda’s moral economy to redefine HIV/AIDS as a social and religious stigma instead of a disease rooted in science; government morality and religion is trumping science.

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007

The abstractness of deviance, stigma and meaning becomes suddenly concrete however when considering the impact of HIV related stigma on rates of HIV testing, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa … place in narratives about HIV/AIDS.

AIDS is now becoming an unholy evil that Ugandans must wage perpetual war against – discourse surrounding it is reminiscent of a crusade.

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007

In 1992, several years prior to the disappearance of condoms in Uganda, Janet … within what I will call a ‘moral economy.’

Uganda is the global model for religious-based politics – it is the keystone to the global effort.

Douglas A Feldman, applied medical anthropologist, has been active in AIDS research and policy since 1982. His latest book is The AIDS Crisis: A Documentary History (1998), PROBLEMS WITH THE UGANDA MODEL FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION, 2003,

With $15 billion available over the next five years from the US for HIV/AIDS prevention,…conservative elements of American Christianity.

Religion and science are zero-sum – the worldwide embrace of religion means that science is going to be pushed aside.

Sam Harris, graduate in philosophy from Stanford University and author of the New York Times bestseller The End of

Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason and Letter to a Christian Nation, 2006

[“Science Must Destroy Religion,” The Huffington Post, January 2nd, Available Online at , Accessed 02-08-2007]

Most people believe that the Creator of the universe … deepest and most dangerous fractures in our world.

This makes extinction inevitable – embracing science over ideology is key to realizing a more perfect world order and necessary to come closer to global happiness. The alternative is Hell on Earth.

Raymond Tallis, Professor of Geriatric Medicine at the University of Manchester, 1997

[Enemies of Hope: A Critique of Contemporary Pessimism, Published by Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0312173261, p. 407-409 BATMAN]

If we deny or rubbish the progress that mankind has already made…will not have the last word.

Thus the plan:

United States federal government should fund condom social marketing programs in the Republic of Uganda.

Observation Three – Solvency

Past successes in Uganda prove Condom Social Marketing programs are the best way to combat HIV/AIDS

African Population Studies, April 2003,

()

Uganda is one of the countries most hit by…played a vital role in this together with the increased awareness about AIDS (Finger, 1998).

Furthermore, USAID Condom Social Marketing programs led to the massive reduction of HIV/AIDS infections in Uganda before the Bush Administration took over

World Health Organization, 2000

(Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countrieshttp:who.int/inf-new/aids2.htm)

Uganda's success in reducing high … sex rose from about 20% to 50% between 1989 and 1995.

And, Condoms are seven times safer than not using them.

Reproductive Health Matters, 2006, 14(28):6–16

Condoms do not equal safe sex, because sex … But they are the best there is and the best there will be for a long time coming.

The 2008 Foreign Aid Spending Bill allows the President to waive PEPFAR abstinence spending requirements

Medical News Today, June 26 2007



The House on Thursday voted … waive it (Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, 6/6).

United States Policy Key – Uganda demonstrates that internal policy in countries shifts toward the moral economy of abstinence only because of US influence

Robinson 2007

Mark Robinson, M.A. in Medical Anthropology from University of Chicago and B.A. in linguistics from Northwestern University and is presently a graduate student in the Divinity School at the University of ChicagoDivinity School, University of Chicago 2007

Uganda’s moral economy rests upon a material economy… U.S political and economic interests.

The existence of the restrictions on U.S. aid guts the effectiveness of aid from other countries

AVERT 7-5-07

(AVERT is an intl AID’s charity)

In pursuit of rapid results, PEPFAR is in some cases taking … don't address them at all.

Cathedral Prep CH – Affirmative – DHAPP

DHAPP 1AC

Observation One – The Cape of No Hope

South Africa currently has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world.

Avert – 7 (Avert is an International AIDS Charity, 6-21, )

South Africa is currently experiencing one of the most severe AIDS epidemics in the…than had been to a wedding.

And, despite high HIV casualty rates in the South African military, the joint response to the epidemic with the US has been far too sluggish and ineffective.

USA Today – 5 (“U.S. works with South Africa to fight military AIDS”, 9/19, )

South Africa's military has been at the forefront…the defense official. South Africa has some 1,250 troops in Burundi and 1,350 in Congo alone.

DHAPP is getting cut now.

APO (African Press Organization) 10-1-07 ()

GENERAL WARD: AFRICOM will continue to build … Continued Congressional support will ensure DHAPP’s continuity and program success

Thus the plan:

The United States federal government should provide necessary resources for a Department of Defense Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Prevention Program in the Republic of South Africa.

Advantage One – AIDS

AIDS is hollowing out the South African military which is undermining its ability to maintain its peacekeeping missions – this guarantees widespread conflict.

Brower and Chalk – 3 (Jennifer and Peter, Policy Analysts – RAND, “The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases”, )

Beyond human, economic, and social considerations …quickly emerge, to the general detriment of stability in South Africa’s immediate neighborhood.

AIDS will crush South African economic growth

Brower and Chalk ‘03

(Jennifer and Peter, Policy Analysts – RAND, “The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases”, )

In addition to the huge toll in human lives, HIV/AIDS will significantly …but in so doing, also providing the conditions necessary for its continued spread and proliferation.51

South African decline triggers escalating conflict and economic collapse that goes global

Chase ‘96

(Robert S., PhD Candidate – Economics Yale U., Et Al., Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, Lexis)

There are indications, however, that South Africa …Indonesia, would cast a large shadow over confidence in emerging markets.

Global economic collapse causes nuclear war

Mead ‘92

(Walter Russell, Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 30)

The failure to develop an international system … Germany and Japan did in the 1930's.

And, a stable South African peacekeeping force is critical to preventing terrorists from establishing strongholds in Africa – empirically proven.

Africa News – 4 (US Department of State, 3-9, Lexis)

Africa is making progress in the war on…from the standpoint of intellectual capital, training and discussion" of problems like AIDS.

African terrorism represents the greatest risk of nuclear terrorism.

Col. Dempsey, Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College, 2K6 (Thomas A., “Counterterrorism In African Failed States: Challenges And Potential Solutions,” Strategic Studies Institute, April 1, )

Failed states offer attractive …American national interests.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and WWIII

Patrick F. Speice, Jr., J.D. Candidate at the Marshall-Wythe School of Law at the College of William and Mary and B.A. 2003 from Wake Forest University and former Cathedral Prep debater, 2006

[“Note: Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs,” William & Mary Law Review (47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427), February, Available Online via Lexis-Nexis]

The potential consequences of … United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons.

We outweigh – failure to solve now not only makes our impacts worse but also guarantees emergency intervention later making their DAs inevitable.

Metz, Research Professor of National Security Affairs in the Strategic Studies Institute, ’00 (Steven, February, “Refining American Strategy in Africa” Strategic Studies Institute)

Any short-term gains … economic resources makes sense.

Advantage Two – Russia

Russia is nearing an epidemic now.

Washington Post 2K5 (“HIV/AIDS in Russia May Be Triple Official Rate, Report Warns,” Washington Post Foreign Service, January 12, Pg. A15, )

The number of Russians with …Sverdlovsk, "approximately 130 newly conscripted men tested positive for HIV and were, therefore, turned away by the draft commission."

And, the US is using DHAPP to try and prevent a Russian epidemic from escalating.

Col. Holachek, US Army War College Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, ’06 (Jeff, September, “Russia’s Shrinking Population and the Russian Military’s HIV/AIDS Problem” Atlantic Council of the United States, )

Active US-Russian military cooperation…has been spent by the US military in support of this cooperation.

Working on African AIDS is critical for US specialists learn best practices that are necessary to be prepared to successfully prevent a Russian epidemic.

Council on Foreign Relations, ’06 (“More than Humanitarianism: A Strategic US Approach Toward Africa” Report of an Independent Task Force)

Disease. Africa is more important today …as it spreads across Asia and into Russia.

A Russian AIDS epidemic will cause economic and governmental collapse.

Schneider and Moodie, CSIS Correspondents and Senior African Officials, ’02 (Mark and Michael, “The Destabilizing Impacts of HIV/AIDS” Center for Strategic and International Studies, )

Five years from now, the Federal Center for HIV/AIDS Treatment in … and with them political stability, are affected.

Global nuclear war

David, Professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins, 99 (Steven, “Saving America From the Coming Civil Wars,” Foreign Affairs, January / February, Volume 78, Number 1)

If internal war does strike Russia, economic deterioration…that would increase this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war

Advantage Three – Hegemony

South Africa has had a uniquely adverse reaction to AFRICOM – this is prompting them to preemptively block US diplomacy in the region.

Stratfor – 7 (Stratfor is the world’s leading private intelligence company delivering in-depth analysis, assessments and forecasts on global geopolitical, economic, security and public policy issues. A variety of subscription-based access, free intelligence reports and confidential consulting are available for individuals and corporations, IntelliBriefs, “South Africa, U.S.: Dueling for Hegemony in Africa”, )

South Africa recently expressed opposition to … Mozambique and Zimbabwe were also in this sphere of influence.

Military humanitarianism can successfully build bilateral relations and trust necessary to mobilize support for US engagement.

James J. Leech, colonel in the U.S. army and M.A. candidate in strategic studies at the U.S. army war college, 2004. []

The Armed Forces of the United States…tensions, and growth in trust.

South Africa is critical to AFRICOM’s success overall.

Brett D. Schaefer is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, and Mackenzie M. Eaglen is Senior Policy Analyst for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, at The Heritage Foundation 9-27-07 ()

Chairman Payne makes a fair point that the …a vacuum, now filled by critics.

A successful, continent-wide AFRICOM is essential to maintaining our economic and military hegemony.

Paul P. Cale, Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and Master’s Candidate in Strategic Studies at the United States Army War College 2005 []

If the United States does not … for the Continent of Africa.

A collapse of hegemony results in wars all over the globe that go nuclear – only US primacy can prevent escalation and defuse conflict.

Kagan – 7 (Robert, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, web)

This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a primary goal of American foreign policy to … into the future, no one should imagine that a reduction of American power or a retraction of American influence and global involvement will provide an easier path.

Observation Two – Solvency

DHAPP was recently cut by bush, however reinvigorating it will successfully combat AIDS in both the military and civilian sectors.

Singer, Olin Post-Doctoral Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, ’02 (Peter W., “AIDS and International Security,” Survival, April 1, Vol. 44, No. 1)

Military aid programmes should … enlightened self interest.

DHAPP’s unique focus on grassroots prevention methods makes it key to achieving stability within African states.

Ryan, Bureai of Medicine and Surgery Public Affairs, ’04 (Doris, March 12, “Review Highlights Success of HIV/AIDS Prevention in African Militaries” Navy Newsstand, )

WASHINGTON (NNS) -- Naval Health Research Center San Diego hosted …positioned to launch greater efforts to stop AIDS from spreading around the world," said Shaffer.

Alternate China ADV –substituted in at certain times

China is currently dominating the political war in Africa because they control major ties.

Chau – 7 (Donovan, Missouri State Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, “Political Warfare in sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa are … technical and scientific fields.

Influence is zero sum – the plan would diminish Chinese influence.

Lovelace – 7 (Douglas, director of strategic studies institute, “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

Africa today has emerged as a continent of … country that understands political warfare and uses it seriously.

That is key to prevent Chinese acquisition of global power.

Chau – 7 (Donovan, Missouri State Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, “Political Warfare in sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

PRC political warfare operations followed a similar pattern in all four …warfare was crucial to Beijing’s achievement of this position of prominence.

History proves such a transition guarantees massive wars and Taiwan invasion.

Mearsheimer – 5 (John, prof. of polisci at the U of Chicago, November 18, The Australian, “The Rise of China Will Not Be Peaceful at All”, lexis)

THE question at hand is simple and profound: will China rise peacefully? My answer is … competition between Beijing and Washington.

That war engulfs the world and ends in extinction.

Straits Times – 2k

THE high-intensity scenario postulates a …, we would see the destruction of civilisation.

Cathedral Prep CH – Negative

Politics – Law of the Sea

C. The Impact – Hegemony

LOST is critical to hegemony – it ensures global power projection of all US armed services through over-flight and navigation rights

Patrick Walsh, Vice Chief Naval Operations, Testimony, 9-27, 7,

The Law of the Sea … to and from our shores.

Ferguson – Heg solves all the bad stuff

Transformational Diplomacy DA

A. Transformational diplomacy is at the top of the agenda

Fore, 07 administer of USAID (Henrietta, Federal News Service, 6/12, “EFFICACY OF THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE REFORM”, lexis)

Since assuming these roles four weeks///unified approach.

B. Cuts in existing health assistance are vital to the effectiveness of transformational diplomacy – increased spending will trade off with the efficiency of current programs and disrupt existing prioritization

Tobias 3/28/07 US Director of Foreign Assistance and Administrator of USAID [Randall L. ]

Based on the new country-driven process,…choices that they did.

C. Transformational Diplomacy is key to effective global democracy promotion

Rummel 06 professor of political science at the University of Hawaii [R.J. “The New Transformational Diplomacy,” Paraphrase of speech by Condoleeza Rice, ]

I want to follow up my "Why foster Global Freedom" with Secretary Rice's…terror as a weapon.

D. Democracy promotion prevents war and extinction

Diamond, 95 (Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, )

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts…prosperity can be both.

China Politics DA

Chinese leaders are insecure about their rival political parties, but the situation remains stable.

Asia Media News Daily – 5/1/07 (web)

Susan L. Shirk goes a long way to overcoming…there could be serious implications.

China uses its African ties to preserve its global positioning.

Hills – 7 (Carla, former trade negotiator on the Council on Foreign Relations, “U.S.-China Relations: An Affirmative Agenda, A Responsible Course”, April, web)

At the same time…growth and security.

US’s and China’s African ties are zero-sum; the plan decreases China’s influence.

McLeary – 7 (Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, web)

In such a fight…the United States is promising.

Foreign policy losses threaten Chinese politicians.

Shirk – 7 (Susan, former deputy assistant secretary for China at the U.S. State Department, “China: Fragile Superower”, p. 66)

Today's leaders have learned from history that…for overthrowing them.

Increased pressure on China from US policy splinters the factions within the Chinese government, crushing any hope for successful collective decisionmaking.

Li – 5 (Cheng, William R. Kenan prof. of government and chair of the Asian Studies Program at Hamilton College, Summer, Orbis, p. 387-400)

Because bipartisanship is…checks and balances.

Collapse of the current bipartisanship model would cause a political landslide and major leadership crisis.

Dittmer – 4 (Lowell, prof. of polisci at Berkeley, The China Quarterly)

The major political contribution of the Jiang administration…issue of succession.

This collapses the regime.

Dittmer – 90 (Lowell, The China Quarterly, No. 123, p. 405-430)

Elite strife is the Achilles’ heel of the Chinese political system,…handled “correctly”.

Nuclear war

The Epoch Times – 5 (8/3, web)

Since the Party’s life is “above all else,”…gamble with their lives.

Europe Counterplan

Yea………..

Consult Japan

Text: Prior to the adoption of the plan, the United States federal government should initiate a process of binding genuine consultation with Japan and should propose as its mandates. During consultation, the United States federal government should advocate the adoption of the plan, but should allow Japan to either accept or veto the plan. The United States federal government should implement the proposal as per the results of consultation.

Observation One – Competition

First, the counterplan competes through net benefits and the nature of FIAT because the counterplan can be vetoed while FIAT guarantees that the plan can’t – this means any permutation is severance out of the nature of FIAT making the affirmative a moving target which is a voting issue for fairness.

Observation Two – The Alliance

The alliance will inevitably collapse in the status quo.

Mochizkui – 97 (Mike, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, “Relations With the Great Powers”, March 22, )

The time has come to strike a new strategic bargain between Japan…a crisis occurs.

Prior and genuine consultation is key to strengthen and restructure the alliance.

Mochizkui – 97 (Mike, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, “Relations With the Great Powers”, March 22, )

As the U.S.-Japan alliance becomes more reciprocal…west European allies.

The security alliance is key to East Asian stability.

Mochizuki – 96 (Michael, senior fellow in foreign policy studies at Brookings, Japan Quarterly, p. 21)

In the context of East Asia, how closely Japan is in step with the United States…Japan stand together.

Asian instability triggers nuclear war.

Landay – 2k (Jonathan, national security and intelligence correspondent, Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, “Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asia conflicts”, lexis)

Few if any experts…the Commerce Department.

Kenya PIC

A. Uniqueness - The US must continue diplomatic efforts to solve Kenyan crisis – Oversight is critical and finding middle ground is necessary

The Grand Rapids Press, 1-10-08



 

The United States...letting talks breakdown

B. Link - The plan would be seen as favoritism toward the Kibaki government, alienating the opposition and destroying talks

Chicago Tribune 1-5-2007



 

Still, Washington's embrace ...U.S. as hostile towards us."

C. Impact –

 

1. Resolution of the post election dispute is necessary to avoid full-scale civil war and genocide – they are on the brink now

Kansas City Star, 1-3, 8



 

The post-election unrest ...come to a compromise.

AZT PIC (vs. ARVs)

Counterplan gives ARVs with the exception of Zidovudine (AZT).

Observation 2: Yes, you use AZT and it sucks

Glaxo dumps AZT in Africa which is linked to varying side effects

Guardian ‘97

SA Mail and Guardian, August 22, 1997 (“GLAXO DUMPING AZT IN AFRICA,” )

Glaxo has begun dumping its useless and highly toxic AIDS drug AZT (Retrovir®) in Africa….other options.

Observation 3: Net-Benefit

As time goes on Zidovudine actually increases the death rates of people with AIDS

Lenderking ‘94

Lenderking WR et al. Evaluation of the quality of life associated with zidovudine treatment in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 17;330(11):738-43

“When considering patients treated with zidovudine[AZT],…never taken Zidovudine.

Using Zidovudine actually results in a net increase in the death rate, it’s all in the math

Concar ‘91

David Concar, writer for the New Scientist, March 30, 1991 (“Drug 'speeds the spread' of HIV,” )

Widespread use of drugs that postpone…increase in the death rate.

Coercion K

The affirmative’s use of tax dollars for public programs represents another instance of the government legislating morality and social engineering regardless of the moral or utilitarian consequences

Machan, Tibor R., 2004, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy @ Auburn University, Research Fellow at Hoover Institution Stanford University, Putting Humans First pg.

Thinkers of all stripes tend to understand the problem with unlimited usage of land…means of a common treasury?

The affirmative plan treats people as a means to an end – individual freedoms no longer exist when the government forces individuals to be responsible for so called “public goals.” The government’s only purpose should be in ensuring individual rights are never abridged

Machan, Tibor R., 1995, Professor Emeritus Department of Philosophy @ Auburn University, Research Fellow at Hoover Institution Stanford University, Private Rights, Public Illusions

If the proper political goal is the equal progress of all individuals…attain some worthy goal.

Disregard of human dignity removes all worth to life. It reduces people to passive subjects creating a negative life, one that could have been but was not.

Raz, Joseph, Phd Philosophy, THE MORALITY OF FREEDOM, 1991, p. 359.

One way to test the thesis of the primacy of action reasons is…not being alive can be better than that life.

Biopower K

Power is fluid and omnipresent – it is implicit with every human interaction. The affirmative’s top-down approach to politics allows for biopolitics to spread and forecloses the possibility of resistance.

Fraser – 85 (Nancy, prof. of polisci, Ethics, Vol. 96, Issue 1, p. 174, JSTOR)

This reading gives great weight to the argument of Discipline and Punish…the “Age of Man”.

The concept of public health changes the focus from the individual to the population – this focus is what allows for biopolitics to spread.

Duffield – 5 (Marle, prof. of politics and IR at Lancaster U, “Human Security”)

According to Foucault…benefit and pensions.

Enhancing the protection of well being of populations becomes an instrument through which the life of populations can be controlled by the sovereign.

Constable – 91 (Marianne, JD, PhD in Jurisprudence and Social Policy and prof. at Berkeley, “Foucault & Walzer: Sovereignty, Strategy & the State”, Polity vol. 23, No. 2, winter, p. 281-2, JSTOR)

As the focus of political concern shifted to the population…and spreading government.

Biopolitics necessitates endless cycles of violence and slaughter in the name of preserving the health of the body politic – this makes genocide and extinction inevitable.

Foucault – 78 (Michel, philosopher and chair at the College de France, “The History of Sexuality”, p. 135-37)

For a long time, one of the characteristic privileges of sovereign power…phenomena of population.

Our alternative is to vote negative. The specific intellectual has an obligation to struggle for the detachment of truth and knowledge from power. Isolating each point of resistance of every power relations is the only method by which “truth” can be found.

Foucault – 80 (Michel, “Power/Knowledge: selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977”, Truth and Power)

It seems to me that what must now be taken into account…the importance of Nietzsche.

Centerville CY – Affirmative – Refugees

Contention one is the status quo

Initially note that the refugee is the damned figure in international politics, contemporary discourse creates them as outsiders and allows them to be placed in a zone of indistinction

Diken sociology at Lancaster U 2k4 (Burlent, "from refugee camps to grated communities: biopolitics and the end of the city" Citizenship

studies vol 8 no 1)

Current policies dictate that health services are offered only to refugees with ID-cards; this reinforces the idea that refugees are

less than acknowledged citizens

Regt 07 (Marina de Regt, PhD Amsterdam School for Social Science Research, "Refugee, Woman, and Domestic Worker: The Multiple Tensions Faced by Somali Women in Yemen," July 2007)

The nation state must be the primary actor in our attempt to denaturalize the exclusions of sovereignty. Integrating currently

excluded refugees throws the concept of national identity into doubt- the boundary between the insides and outsides of sovereignty becomes indeterminate and porous. Such a move is necessary to human survival and the possibility of politics.

Agamben prof phil @ U Verona 1994 (Giorgio, "We Refugees,"

/agamben/agamben-we-refugees .thml )

The figure of the refugee should be used to initiate political resistance against sovereignty. Criticizing the denial of healthcare

rights to refugees exposes the less-than-human status given to non-citizens. This subhuman positioning of life is a prelude to the

worst atrocities in human history.

Agamben prof phil @ U Verona 1994 (Giorgio, "We Refugees,"

/agamben/agamben-we-refugees .thml)

Next, maintaining sovereignty through borders allows for violence and the perpetuation of wars, only through integration of refugees into local communities can we reject this notion of defining identity based on borders.

Tuathail 98 (Gearóid Ó, Professor of Government and International Affairs and Director of the Masters of Public and International

Affairs program, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Rethinking Geopolitics) (Questia)

Finally, reinforcing the boundaries of the African nation state is particularly dangerous, these artificial products of colonialism lack

legitimacy and culminate in extinction

Mutua 95 (Makau wa, Visiting Professor, Harvard Law School, Director of the Human Rights Center, and Chair o f the Kenya Human Rights Commission, "WHY REDRAW THE MAP OF AFRICA: A Moral and Legal Inquiry," Michigan Journal of International Law, Summer, accessed through Lexis)

The United States federal government should support the integration and strenghtening of health services between displaced persons and local communities in areas designated by the resolution. we shall clarify :)

Contention II is solvency

Local integration is a comparatively better solution for refugees, it allows for the strengthening of overall services for everyone, not

just those who are citizens of a particular country. This notion that all people should be recognized as equal regardless of citizenship is capable of creating political change.

Feldman 2k7 (Sarah, works for Migration and Refugee Services at the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Development Assisted Integration: A Viable Alternative to Long Term Residence in Refugee Camps?" The Fletcher Journal of Human Security, Vol XXII)

Moreover, development assisted integration is distinct from the curret camp system, refugees are no longer separated from the rest of the population; integration allows flexibility for both refugees and locals by strengthening existing services.

Feldman 2k7 (Sarah, works for Migration and Refugee Services at the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, "Development Assisted Integration: A Viable Alternative to Long Term Residence in Refugee Camps?" The Fletcher Journal of Human Security, Vol XXII)

Next, the US is key, it contributes the most money to refugee programs and refugees themselves look to the US

Ogata 2k (Sadako, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Ten Years of Refugee Work: Lessons from the Past, Directions for the Future, 11-15-2000,

.org/events/index.cfm?fa �2�eventDetail&id�3�233&)

Moreover, endorsing an ethic of care for refugees that recognizes and accepts people and their needs as important is essential to finding a true solution, only then is global social justice is possible

Robinson 2k6 (Fiona, Department of Political Science at Carleton University, "Care, Gender and Global Social Justice: Rethinking

'Ethical Globalization,'" Journal of Global Ethics Vol. 2 No. 1 June 2006, pp. 5-25)

Finally, the ethic of care produces contextual sensitivity and reveals the interdependence of humyn beings, only through changing policies through the ethic of care can we successfully address inequality

Hankivsky 2k6 (Olena, Professor of Political Science at Simon Fraser University, "Imagining Ethical Globalization: The Contributions of a Care Ethic," Journal of Global Ethics Vol. 2 No. 1 June 2006, pp. 91-110)

Centerville CY – Negative

Capitalism K

specific link

impact - extinction

santos 2k3 ("collective suicive" )

alt - do nothing

zizek 2k3 (Iraq the borrowed kettle. pp 69-74)

south korea - politics

uniqueness - deal isnt pass, card changes every tournament

link - specific to plan

interal - increases in PC cause passage

National Journal August 11 2k7 "Uphill Climb on Trade Deals" ln

impact - that collapses the south korean economy

Chris Kerr. International News, Green Left Weekly. "SOUTH KOREA: Social movements fight free trade agreement" 2006 .au/2006/667/6694

nuclear war

Corey Richardson, a Washington-based analyst who covered East Asian security issues as a presidential management fellow with the US Department of Defense, and is a co-founder of The Korea Liberator. "South Korea must choose sides" Asia Times 2006

atimes/Korea/HI09Dg02.html

Russia would be drawn in

Dr. Bruce G. Blair, CDI President. "The Folly of Nuclear War-Gaming for Korea and South Asia" 2003 blair/nuclear-folly.cfm

Disease K

link - images of an apocolyptic disease outbreak constructs africans as a diseased other to be destroyed

schell 1997 "Outburst! A Chilling True Story about Emerging-Virus Narratives and Pandemic Social Change" configurations 5.1 Muse

impact - this exclusion causes extinction

santos 2k3 ("collective suicive" )

alt - reject hte affirmative and create a new metaphor to view disease

schell 1997 "Outburst! A Chilling True Story about Emerging-Virus Narratives and Pandemic Social Change" configurations 5.1 Muse

SSA K

the term 'sub-saharan africa is racist'

Shahadah PhD Student, Author, and Filmmaker 2k5 ("Linguistics for a New African Reality" )

Barndt, racism is bad

useing the term 'resolutionally designated areas' is just a euphemism that masks the underlying ideaology of the topic

Scott prof pol sci @ Yale 1989 (James, "Prestige as the Public Discourse of Domination" Cultural Critique, No. 12, Spring. Jstor)

The topic hails them and they respond, by advocating an aff plan and claim that they fit in the topic they respond to the idea and fit themselves under the ideaology of the topic

Louis Althusser, Prof. of Philosophy @ École Normale Supérieure, "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses," Jan-April 1969,

It is possible to resist the topical hail, only by resistance to interpellation is a break with the topical ideology possible

Jennifer B. Gray, Univ. of Kentucky, "Althusser, Ideology, and Theoretical Foundations: Theory and Communication," The Journal of New Media and Culture, 3:1, 2k2

Rejecting the term is a critical first step toward racial and cultural emancipation

Shahahdah PhD Student, Author, and Filmmaker 2k5 (Owen 'Alik, , "Linguistics for a New African Reality", December, )

Chattahoochee (All Teams) – Affirmative – Water

contention 1 - the status quo

 

congress just passed a bill with 300 million for water assistance abroad.

watertech 12-20

the $555 billion omnibus spending bill passed this week by the House and Senate......Simon act appropriation in the bill.

 

however, funding is just a small problem with the Water for the poor Act - prioritizing and coordinating for Africa South of the Sahara is key.

lochery 07

The US Response to the African Water Crisis Tackling the constraints to the expansion of water.........a sector that has been sidelined for far too long.

 

 

thus the plan - The United States federal government should increase access to improved water sources in topically designated areas.

 

 

(we read terrorism/democracy + water wars as advantages)

 

 

advantage 1 - terrorism

 

america's current military approach in the War on Terror is bound to fail - increased emphasis on foreign aid is crucial to transform American strategy and prevent terrorism.

bremmer 05

Like the cold war, the war on terror can't be won by military means alone........will be worthy of George Kennan's considerable legacy.

 

failure to change u.s. strategy makes an attack on American soil inevitable.

riedel 07 "Al Qaeda Strikes Back" brookings institution

Al Qaeda is a more dangerous enemy today than it has ever been before.........before al Qaeda strikes the U.S. homeland again.

 

water assistance is a crucial form of foreign assistance that can help revitalize America's image and fight terrorism.

albright and carlucci 07 "A 21st Century Vision of U.S. Global Leadership: Building a Better, Safer World"

The extraordinary global challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.........humanitarian tradition and helps strengthen America's image abroad.

 

independently, water assistance is key to prevent terrorism.

morris 07 Testimony for the Committee on House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, lexis

Think of a baseball diamond. First base is life..............opportunities are primed for recruitment into terrorist cells.

 

africa is a unique front in the war on terror - failure there ensures possession of wmds by extremist groups.

dempsey 06

Failed states offer attractive venues for terrorist groups........to threaten vital American national interests.

 

this will take the form of a bioterror attack - the u.s. is vulnerable and bioweapons are easy to manufacture.

stern 03 "Dreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons" project muse

Experts have been warning for some time that weapons...............easily identifiable signatures for BW production.

 

biological weapons use will cause extinction.

ochs 02

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the geneticall engineered...........then patriotism is the highest of all crimes.

 

any terror attack will cause a u.s. lashout that escalates to global nuclear conflict.

corsi 05 "Atomic Iran" p176-178

The United States retaliates: 'End of the world' scenarios The combination...........while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.

 

 

advantage 1 - democracy

 

democracy is spreading - africa is a vital spot for the support of democratic reforms -they are making changes already - u.s. support in the form of unconditioned unattached assistance is vital to success globally.

lyman 7-17 "Prepared Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs"

Mr. Chairman, members of the Committee, thank you for asking me to testify......a more vigorous preventive effort.

 

providing water assistance is vital to establishing democracy - water management creates sustainability of governments, transparency in resource management, and regional and national coordination - all are vital to sustaining inevitable moves towards democratic norms.

simon 06

Competition for scarce water resources....more stable, prosperous, and democratic societies....SIMON CONTINUES in Section 5 of the article......5. The USG Strategy for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Developing.....the Nile, the Okavango, and the Amu and Syr Darya.

 

failure to move towards democracy sacrifices billions of lives. authoritarian regimes are history's number one killer - this outweighs every impact in the round.

rummel 06

Today, billions of human beings.........absolute power kills absolutely.

 

sustainable democratization of the world solves every impact. allowing states to backslide results in global nuclear war. all the haters are wrong.

muravchik 01 syllabi/muravchik.htm

The greatest impetus for world peace...........may be still more remote.

 

 

advantage 2 - water wars/hegemony

 

water wars are the most likely form of conflict today - scarcity makes them inevitable.

csis 05

Taken together, all of these factors........Senegal, Tumen and Zambezi.

 

working together on water creates frameworks for conflict resolution in other areas, decreasing the likelihood of wars.

dabelko 05 news/docs/testimonyHR1973.doc

Most of United States' water development aid is given to a handful.........program in the Middle East.

 

u.s. action in africa south of the sahara is vital to a successful and sustainable u.s. foreign policy - it allows us to remain involved in a key issue and improve our image.

peterson 07 "Below the Surface: U.S. International Water Policy"

As we scan the more distant time horizons..........political will to put a far-sighted strategy into place.

 

u.s. action on water is crucial – it is the only nation that can effectively coordinate action and expertise. Focus on water issues is crucial to the effectiveness of U.S. foreign policy – all other efforts will fail absent water leadership.

csis 05 "Addressing our Global Water Future"

Water can be a powerful and effective foreign policy.............campaign to elevate water as a foreign policy priority.

 

improving the u.s. image solves all of the reasons leadership would be bad - and sustains all forms of power - failure to do so risks collapse.

nye 04 Political Science Quarterly, Summer, ebsco

Soft power is the ability to get what you want through attraction.............more effectively to explain our common interests.

 

sustainable u.s. foreign policy prevents multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict - prefer it to all other alternatives.

kagan 07 "End of Dreams, Return of History"

This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a primary goal.............and global involvement will provide an easier path.

 

creating effective foreign policy solves balancing and interventionism.

ikenberry 07 "The Case for Restraint: Comments and Respones"

Second, in conflating these alternatives, Posen misses.............This requires activism, of a certain sort.

 

water shortages in africa will spark a global nuclear escalation and human extinction.

nasca 06

Water is one of the prime essentials for life as we know....................which there will be no obvious answer.

 

 

contention 3 - solvency

 

u.s. action is vital - we are the only ones who can lead on the issue of water. the Water for the Poor act was a first step - but funding and implementing are vital to eliminating the water crisis.

keating 06

It is only fitting that on this thirteenth World Water Day...........a clear set of policy guidelines.

 

a commitment to public health assistance through a water policy to africa south of the sahara is vital to ending water scarcity. only u.s. action can solve for global prioritization, transparency, equity, coordination, capacity building, and sustainability.

lochery 07 /articles/2007/05/lochery_water_testimony.pdf

Access to safe water and sanitation is as fundamental to life...............has been sidelined for far too long.

 

inability to access safe drinking water kills 5 million a year.

hyde 05 "The Global Water Crisis: Evaluating U.S. Strategies to Enhance Access to Safe Water and Sanitation"

Water-related illnesses claim the life of one child...........development or long-term security without it.

Chattahoochee (All Teams) – Negative

Canada CP-

Canada has unique advantages in Africa the make aid effective

CCA 04 Canadian Council on Africa

(Brief #1, "Canada & Africa Matching Reputation With Action in the

21st Century", Canadian Council on Africa, September)

Since the 1960s African independence era, …  resources is certainly a

model that many African states wish to replicate.

Heidegger-

A.  The Aff's desire to control the world by acting upon it creates a managerial utopia that transforms the world into a stockpile of resources robbed of value.

McWhorter 92 Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Northeast Missouri

State University (Ladelle, Heidegger and the Earth, p. 5-7)

"Every academic discipline, whether it be biology or history …

subjective existence in our age."

B. Devaluation of life through loss of being is a fate worse than nuclear war

Zimmerman 94 Professor of Philosophy at Tulane University (Michael,

Contesting Earth's Future, p. 119-120)

"Heidegger asserted that human self-assertion, combined with …

lessened because they were never "disclosed" by humanity."

C.  Vote neg to reject our will to mastery and refuse the technological drive to act as the world's savior.  Only when we allo things to disclose themselves can we free ourselves from the totalizing grasp of technology and reconnect with our being.

Sikorski 93 Independent Scholar of Technology and former Assistant

Professor at New Mexico State University (Wade, Modernity and

Technology:  Harnessing the Earth to the Slavery of Man)

"But the fact that we are imprisoned in the world reason … an

archytecture that commands them forth in a totality as man's utility."

Nietzsche-

Attempts to eradicate suffering are pointless due to its inevitable nature.  By focusing on suffering as a negative aspect of life, the aff creates a hatred for life that makes it no longer worth living while demeaning the sufferer turning the case.

Kain 07 professor of philosophy at University of Santa Clara

(Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of Existence, the Journal of Nietzsche Studies, muse)

"We have seen that in Nietzsche's opinion we cannot … in opposition to the meaning he has succeeded in imposing on it."

Politics-

we usually read specific links.  we've mostly been reading law of the sea.

College Prep CH – Affirmative – Liberia DDT/Malaria

CONTENTION ONE: INHERENCY 

Malaria funding has been cut and relief agencies are leaving Liberia resulting in millions of deaths and pushing the country towards a meltdown and resumption of the civil war

Doyle 07 (Leonard-, The Independent of London, January 3, p.22, lexis) 

“Beyond the veneer of civil society … we will do everything to get [the decision] reversed." 

The failure of the United States to embrace DDT spraying has made it virtually unavailable in sub-Saharan Africa 

Behreandt 06 (Dennis-, The New American, 9/4, proquest/e-library)

“Fortunately, the means of stopping malaria … suggests its use ought to be limited.” 

Agencies Opposed To DDT Spraying Are Quietly Blocking It’s Use

Bate 07 (Dr. Roger-, Resident Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, Wall Street Journal, November 5, p. A19)

“Meanwhile, vast swathes … spraying in general shouldn’t be used.” 

CONTENTION TWO: MALARIA 

Liberia is in the midst of a horrifying malaria hyperendemic and they don’t have the resources to confront the massive scale of the problem

Kinder 07 (Molly-, MA/ID pending at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, June 22,accessed 11/12/07,  )

“Above all, just one … Yet success is possible.” 

Malaria kills millions and infects hundreds of millions every year – lack of DDT spraying is allowing malaria to destroy whole African communities

Wilson Quarterly 04 (7/1, proquest/e-library)

“DDT is the single best weapon … which cripples African economies.” 

Malaria kills millions of people every year but we are doing nothing to stop it – using DDT would be a massive step in the right direction

The Economist 03 (5/13, proquest/e-library)

“If seven Boeing 747s… and prompts others to stay away.” 

Malaria kills millions every year in Liberia

Barber 07 (Kari-, Voice of America, April 25, downloaded 11/07, )

“Liberia was one of many … our main challenge in Liberia.” 

DDT is harmless – Failing to spray it causes millions of deaths

Gourevitch 03 (Alexander-, Washington Monthly, 3/1, proquest/e-library)

“In much of the world … millions of needless deaths.” 

Liberia lacks the DDT necessary to stop the spread of malaria

Somah 06 (Syrulwa-, PhD and Professor of of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health at NC A&T State University, Speech given in Monrovia, Liberia entitled “The Galvanizing Role of Liberian Women In National Reconstruction,” September 9th, downloaded 11/07, )

“The main concern … any malaria regions in Africa.”

We would never tolerate the level of death and suffering occurring from malaria in Africa if it were happening in the United States – are you really all right with what’s happening in your name?

Spencer 06 (Roy, Human Events, 08-14, proquest/e-library) 

“The United States and much of the rest … would be used to combat it.” 

THUS THE PLAN: 

The United States federal government should establish public health infrastructure and programs in the Republic of Liberia that facilitate and conduct the indoor spraying of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane. 

CONTENTION THREE: SOLVENCY 

Only DDT can both kill and repel mosquitoes – no other pesticide is effective

Roberts 07 (Dr. Donald-, emeritus professor of tropical medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Maryland, International Herald Tribune, 8/22, proquest/e-library)

“DDT, the miracle insecticide … malaria fighter we have.” 

U.S. action carries with it a unique multiplier effect which turbo charges our solvency

Bate 05 (Roger, US Director – Africa Fighting Malaria, Congressional Testimony, 5/12, proquest/e-library)

“Before examining how USAID … than its Congressional earmark.” 

Expertise and resources make the United States the most important nation to support the fight against malaria – We must provide more support

Campbell 05 (Carlos-, Program Director – MACEPA, Congressional Testimony, 5/12, proquest/e-library) ncp

“The US Government and institutions … bilateral assistance program.”

Only USAID has the transparency and planning to effectively implement the plan – Other organizations just throw money at the problem without changing anything.

Tren and Urbach 07 (Richard and Jasson, Promises Promises and Donor Aid Money, Africa Fighting Malaria, , Directors of AFM)

“The reality is that … poorer taxpayers in rich countries.” 

Within this framework there is an ethical obligation to improve the health conditions of those living in developing countries

Van Niekerk 05 (Anton-, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Applied Ethics at University of Stellenbosch, Ethics & AIDS In Africa: The Challenge To Our Thinking, edited by Van Niekerk and Loretta Kopelman, p. 91-93) ncp

“Not only is there no comparison … makes both moral and strategic sense.”   

The failure to act ethically and the prioritization of individual desires at the cost of the Other shape politics in action in a way that ensure all violence. Violence is inevitable within the current framework – only moving beyond it can result in peace.

Alford 04 (Fred, Levinas And Political Theory, Political Theory v32 n2 April 2004, Prof of Gov at the University of Maryland)

“Second, the image of the state of nature… beyond both state and nature.”

College Prep KV – Affirmative – Liberia DDT/Malaria

Plan:

The United States federal government should establish public health infrastructure and programs in the Republic of Liberia that facilitate and conduct the indoor spraying of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane. 

INHERENCY 

The Failure Of The United States To Embrace DDT Spraying Has Functioned To Make It Virtually Unavailable Throughout Sub-Saharan Africa

 

Washington Times 2007

(5/19, proquest/e-library) ncp

We’re talking about..in the public mind 

 

Agencies opposed to DDT spraying are quietly block its use.

Bate November 2k7

(Dr. Roger-, Resident fellow at AEI, Wall Street Journal November 5 pg A19)ncp

Meanwhile, vast swathes…shouldn’t be used 

USAID is not getting behind DDT—as a result, it si not presently being used

Bate November 2k7

(Dr. Roger-, Resident fellow at AEI, “The rise, Fall, Rise, and imminent fall of DDT,” November 5, Health Policy Outlook) ncp

The voices arguing against DDT…on the ground 

LIBERIAN MALARIA 

Liberia Is In The Midst Of A Horrifying Malaria Hyperendemic – It Simply Does Not Have The Resources To Confront The Massive Scale Of The Problem 

Kinder  2007

(Molly-, MA/ID pending at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, June 22,accessed 11/12/07,  ) ncp

Above all, just one disease…..success if possible. 

 

Malaria Funding Has Been Cut And Relief Agencies Are Leaving Liberia, Pushing The Country Toward A Meltdown .

Doyle 2007

(Leonard-, The Independent of London, January 3, p.22, lexis) ncp 

Beyond the veneer….under the Gleneagles deal. 

Failure to Utilize DDt is the moral equivalent of allowing the worst disasters we have ever witnessed to happen unfettered—failure ot act would be a profound act of racism which would doom Liberia’s post-civil war recovery

Somah  2006

(Syrulwa-, PhD and Professor of of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health at NC A&T State University, January 7th, ) ncp

I have argued that…have peace in such a place? 

Western eco-imperialism which denies Liberians necessary preventive measures such as DDT should be evaluated as the equivalent of Genocide, Apartheid, 9/11, the Asian tsunami, slavery, and holocaust.

Somah 2k6

(Syrulwa-, PhD and Professor of of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health at NC A&T State University, speech given in Monrovia, “The Galvanizing Role of Liberian Women in National Reconstruction,   ) ncp

The main concern here…malaria regions in Africa 

We would never tolerate the level of death and suffering occurring form malaria in Africa if it were happening in the United States—are you really all right with what’s happening in your name?

Spencer k26

(Roy, Huamn Events, 08-14, proquest/elibrary) ncp

The united states…DDT would be used to combat it. 

SOLVENCY 

DDT use in Liberia would result in a 90% reduction in malaria deaths

Somah  2005

(Syrulwa-, PhD and Professor of of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health at NC A&T State University,  “Combating Malaria in the Next Liberian Republic,” The Perspective, January 24, ) ncp 

Reversing US Opposition to DDT spraying is essential to saving thousands  of lives, reversing poverty, and achieving peace in Liberia.

Liberian Observer 2k5

(“Symposium aims to bring malaria to the forefront” thru elibrary)ncp

Malaria is a preventable disease…capable of reducing malaria 

The US has a unique obligation to assist Liberia in a time of humanitarian crisis

Woods and Burrowes 2k3

(Emira co-director of FPIF and Carl Patrick-chairperson of communications department at Morgan State University, FPIF Policy Report, )

The nation’s eagerness…dramatic and militaristic 

U.S. Action Has A Unique Multiplier Effect Which Uniquely Turbocharges The Effects Of It’s Foreign Aid 

Bate 2005

(Roger-, US Director – Africa Fighting Malaria, Congressional Testimony, 5/12, proquest/e-library) ncp

Before examining…Congressional earmark 

United States Aid Is Necessary To Facilitate Liberia’s Recovery And Attract Vital International Donors 

Pierson 2006

(Lloyd-, Assistant Administrator – USAID, Congressional Testimony, February 8, e-library) ncp

With the commitment….critical juncture 

Expertise And Resources Make The United States The Most Important Nation To Support Liberia’s Fight Against Malaria – We Must Provide More Support 

Campbell 2005

(Carlos-, Program Director – MACEPA, Congressional Testimony, 5/12, proquest/e-library) ncp

The US government….bilateral assistance program 

Only DDT can both kill and repel mosquitoes-no other pesticide has a fraction of the effectiveness. 

Roberts 2007

(Dr. Donald-, emeritus professor of tropical medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Maryland, International Herald Tribune, 8/22, proquest/e-library) ncp

But DDt has other mechanisms….fighter we have 

Millions of lives depend upon supporting the spraying of DDT

Dreissen 2k4

(Paul, director of economic human rights project, congressional testimony 2/4, proquest/elibrary) ncp

Hundres of thousands…lives are at stake 

Partnering with Africa on a DDT based public health infrastructure is essential to effectively fighting malaria

Zaramba 2k7

(sam, director general of health services for Uganda, National Post 6/23 proquest/elibrary) ncp

Though Africa’s sad experience…means of fighting malaria 

 

ADD ON—CIVIL WAR 

Liberia Is Starting Down The Road Back From Civil War, Which Is Great News For Them And For Regional Stability 

Frazer 2006

(Jendayi-, Testimony on behalf of State Department before House International Relations Subcommittee On Africa, February 8, accessed from via e-library) ncp

We are living in a period….their neighbors 

Malaria Is Obstructing Liberia’s Attempts At Post Civil War Reconstruction

 

Somah  2005

(Syrulwa-, PhD and Professor of of Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health at NC A&T State University,  “Combating Malaria in the Next Liberian Republic,” The Perspective, January 24, ) ncp

In addition to these….due to bad publicity 

Liberian Stability Is Essential To Regional Stability

 

Frazer 2006

(Jendayi-, Testimony on behalf of State Department before House International Relations Subcommittee On Africa, February 8, accessed from via proquest/e-library) ncp

The president understands…..regional stability 

Liberian Instability Risks Disaster For All Of West Africa 

AllAfrica 2004

(e-library, December 9) ncp 

“institutions are focused…..president Lansana Conte 

The Regional Destabilization Resulting From State Failure And Civil Wars Could Ripple Dangerously Throughout Africa

Singer  2005

P.W. Singer, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution. 2005. Children at War. Pg. 95-96.

It is important that…..and strategic minerals 

Civil Wars Are Really, Really Bad

Kalyvas 2006

(Dr. Stathis-, Professor of Political Science – Yale University, The Logic Of Violence In Civil War, p.54) ncp

Civil wars vary….grassroots level 

African Regional Conflicts Risk Going Nuclear 

Deutsch 2002

(Dr. Jeffrey Deutsch, founder of the Rabid Tiger Project, a political risk consulting and related research firm, 11-18-02, )

The rabid tiger project….love to go fishing

College Prep CH – Negative

NIETZSCHE K – 1NC

 

The affirmative will always be able to locate some external threat to world order. It is not a coincidence that Breaking News occurs every fifteen minutes because international politics are unpredictable. The insecurities cited by the affirmative are not unique; international terrorism is in our neighborhoods and there might just be poison in our children's Halloween candy. The uncomfortable truth is that uncertainty and risk are part and parcel of human life. Rather than coming to terms with this, the affirmative encourages us to stay glued to the television screen, stocking up on duct tape and water. At issue here is not just life itself but what makes life valuable. We encourage indifference and carelessness in a world inherently characterized by insecurity in an attempt to reclaim joy from the affirmative's world of paranoid tiptoeing.

James Der Derian is a Watson Institute research professor of international studies (Brown University), 1993 , The Political Subject of Violence, ([ k/lipschutz/lipschutz12.ht ml ] k/lipschutz/lipschutz12.ht ml ),

Nietzsche transvalues...new advantages and new strength 

Next, the 1AC's invocation of the "good" of humanity as the basis for action is not an ahistorical notion, it is rooted in a civilizational process of valuating different types of being. This logic internally necessitates the creation of an "evil" inhuman enemy- endless wars and genocides have been carried out under the banner of humanism

Rasch 2003 (William, Prof of Germanic Studies @ Indiana University, "Human Rights as Geopolitics: Carl Schmitt and the Legal Form of American Supremacy", Cultured Critique 54) Tyler

To preach and announce...its enemy twin 

Thus, our alternative is to vote negative in order to not implement the affirmative's plan. As opposed to the 1AC 's idea that political action which attempts to alleviate the suffering of past injustice is worthwhile, the Negative's call to forget the suffering associated with _ opens up the only space possible to allow action freed from the specter of constant anxiety.

Zupancic 2003 (Alenka, Researcher at the Institute of philosophy @ U of Ljubljana, The Shortest Shadow: Nietzsche's Philosophy of the Two, p. 56-60)

There is also an important difference...has to be registered somewhere. 

The affirmative's idea that we must continually sacrifice ourselves and work towards a higher order to be achieved is an illusory moral construction that both denies the uniqueness of each moment in life as well as functions as a vehicle by which we as individuals are forced to redirect our creative forces towards resentment of ourselves and the world around us. In light of this, eternal recurrence teaches us that each moment is a new and infinite process of becoming- rather than living our lives in the shadow-like deferral of the New World Order promised by the plan, we must understand that all we have is this world, and that the choices we make will follow us for eternity.. Vote negative to affirm joy and freedom from resentment in the moment.

Dolan 2003 (Frederick M, Prof Emeritus @ Berkeley, "NIETZSCHE AND LEGAL THEORY (PART I): NIETZSCHE'S GNOSIS OF LAW", 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 757) Tyler

The thought of eternal recurrence says ...ego-substance on to all things... 

The notion that the goal of life is life devalues life in the world. The negative states that there are things worth dying for in order to make a value to life.

Zizek 2003 (Slavoj, Senior Researcher @ the University of Ljubljana, “Homo Sacer as the Object of the Discourse of the University”

In the University discourse, is not the upper level…obfuscating the unfreedom on which it relies. 

We must separate hope from solvency and calculations, or the sitation makes hope impossible. We are asking you to seek hope in an uncertain present rather than deterring a future disaster

Brian Massumi, Assosiate Professor of Communications at the Universite de Montreal, and Mary Zournazi, Philiosopher and PhD in Cultural Theory 2002, Hope: New hiliosophies for Change, New York: Routledge p211-212. 

 

NIETZSCHE K – Links

 

The war on terror is the worst reactionary assertion, it resentfully identifies the US as good out of pure negation of the evil other – the terrorist.

Alt-f4 – Case Western Blog 2006

War on Terror through Nietzsche’s eyes, april 18

Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda poses a dire threat to American lives in the world… to either react or allow us to move humanity forward. 

Hegemony is predicated on a violent will to order that seeks to elevate security to a transcendental idea. This moral framework for violence is not only a genocidal elimination of difference but also a ahatred of life, of the apparent world as it is.

James Der Derian is a Watson Institute research professor of international studies (Brown University), 1993

From president Bush’s opening lines of… balance of power is global suzerainty, and war is peace. 

 

 

 

OTHER 

There is nothing else. We read T/Theory. I’m not sure we’ve ever gone for a disad or CP. 

College Prep KV – Negative

Canada Counterplan

Text:  

The Government of Canada should  

Canada solves—NEPAD is tailored to address specific issues in a regional context.

CIDA October 2k7

“Canada Fund for Africa,”  

Net Benefit 

A.  Uniqueness and Link—Canada’s soft power is low but can be restored by a renewed focus on aid to Africa.

Canada Newswire, 2007 (“Canada must reduce trade and ownership barriers, integrate economy with U.S., say Manning and Harris”, May 7, pg. lexis) 

B.  Global proliferation is increasing and only Canadian soft power can combat its spread.

Toronto Star, 2007 (07/07, “Canada can help rid world of nuclear arms”, Lexis) 

C.  Nuclear proliferation causes escalatory nuclear wars, seriously endangering the human race.

Quester and Utgoff The Washington Quarterly 1994 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trade Off 

A. US assistance to Latin America is high but remains a low priority

Denver Post 07 (March 9, "EDITORIAL Timely trip to Latin America," lexis) 

B. Aid to Africa trades off with funding for latin america

Menendez 2000 (Robert, US Senator, Testimony before HOUSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, Federal News Serice, 6/28, lexis) 

USAID in Latin America is crucial to prevent deforestation

Franco 04 (Adolfo, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Latin America and teh Caribbean, USAID"Foreign Assistance Priorities for the Western Hemisphere," 3/2, ) 

DEFORESTATION RESULTS IN GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY LOSS, and WATAR SCARCITY, KILLING 2 BILLION

ROPER AND ROBERTS 1999 - FOREST CONSERVATION CONSULTANT AND SENIOR ADVISOR, FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION, CANADIAN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY,  

 

Foucault 

A. Link

The affirmatives invocation of public health as the basis for action is a neocolonial intervention that seeks to regulate and manage different spaces of varying degrees of health - this form of governmentality diffesed by the 1ac can only be understood as an imperial hygiene that seeks to heal in order to rule. These lines of health become the basis for racial and eugenic orders of knowing

Bashford 2004 (Alion, Assoc Prof History of Sci @ U of Sydney, Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism and Public Health, p. 1-2) 

B. Impact

Normalizing regimes of biopolitics ensure the management and hierarchization of life -- authorizing genocidal and imperial violence

Elden 2002 (Prof of Politics @ Warwick boundary 2 29.1, p. 148-9) 

C. Vote Negative

Reject the affirmative for its complicity with _______

Rather than engage in the process of imagining another world that transcends oppression which only plays into systemic narratives, we should speak truth to power and take power by revealing its functions when it is most insidious. This form of specific intellectualism is the best approach to biopolitics.

Haber 94 (Honi Ferm, Asst Prof of Phil @ U of Colorado Denver, Beyond Postmodern Politics: Lyotard, Rorty, Foucault p. 92-95) 

 

 

Heg Bad Modules in the 1NC 

Prolif

A. US aggression causes nuclear counterbalancing, gauranteeing arms races and proliferation

Chomsky 2k6 Professor of Lunguistics and Philosophy @ MIT, Noam, Failed States, pg 69 

Proliferation causes massively destructive nuclear wars

Utgoff, survival v. 44 no 1 summer 2002, pg. 90 

 

Terror-Russia Module

A. US Power forces Rusia to protect itself by frequently relocating nuclear weapons, giving the Cheechen rebels the chance to seize nuclear materials - many of which come "ready to launch" speling instant doom for the world

Chomsky 2k6 Professor of Lunguistics and Philosophy @ MIT, Noam, Failed States, pg 15-16 

B. The impact is extinction - nuclear terrorism is a catastrophe beyond all calculaion which outweighs any other policy concern

Chesney 97 (Robert, Law Clerk to the Hon. Lewis A Kaplan; JD Harvard Law School, Nov 97, 20  

Iran

A. US power forces IRa to stock up on nukes as a deterrent

Chomsky 2k6 Professor of Lunguistics and Philosophy @ MIT, Noam, Failed States, pg 73-74 

B. Iran prolif causes nuclear war

The Daily Texan, 2004 (Sept 8, )

Colleyville DH – Affirmative – CDC Surveillance

Plan: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should substantially increase avian flu health assistance to topically designated areas.

Advantage 1: Avian Influenza

Asian efforts to contain Bird Flu have been successful, but efforts in Africa fail due to inadequate surveillance.

Davis 7 [The Guardian (London) February 7th, Mike Davis is professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, and the author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu, “The west has failed to back up its rhetoric by helping countries that will be on the front line of any human pandemic”, google]

Africa’s the hotspot for mutation

Ababa 6 [Addis, Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture of the African Union, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Intiative in Africa” ]

A mild flu outbreak collapses the global economy

Canadian Press Newswire 5, 8/16/2005

Impact’s extinction

Bearden 2K T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

Leadership on avian flu is key curb terrorism

Frist 6, M.D., 6 (William H. Frist, M.D., Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate, “Creating a U.S. Global Health Corps,” published in The American Interest, Winter 2006, vol. 1, no. 2, , was originally a letter to Senate on 12-6-2005, JMP)

Impact’s extinction

Sid-Ahmed 4, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, “Extinction!” Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, /2004/705/op5.htm)

Contention 2: The BWC

The BWC could easily unravel now---.

Tucker 4 [Jonathan B. Tucker is a Senior Fellow in the Washington, D.C. office of Center of Nonproliferation Studies, where he specializes in chemical and biological weapons issues. – – Spring ]

US action through disease surveillance boosts it’s support for the BWC.

Borrie & Loye 5 (John Borrie leads a project on ‘Disarmament as Humanitarian Action’ at the UN Institute for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva. Previously he worked in the Mines-Arms Unit of the ICRC, and before that he was New Zealand ’s deputy head of mission for disarmament in Geneva and working on biological disarmament issues. Dominique Loye Deputy Head of the Mines-Arms Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. His current work covers issues related to weapons and international humanitarian law. African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, )

US criticism and weak efforts to support the BWC are sparking member state opposition and causing massive delays which derail convention efforts.

Ruppe 2— Global Security Newswire—(David, “BWC: Conference Approves BW Nonproliferation Work Plan”, November 15, 2002 issue, )

United States compliance with the BWC via singular protocols---“becomes focus for other efforts” and mitigates unilateral perceptions within the BWC---

Koplow 3 (David A. Koplow -- Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. Maryland Law

Genetic Weapons are a realistic threat, and a strong BWC is vital to check them

Anbarasan 99 (Ethirajan Anbarasan of the BBC World Service – quoting multiple genetics experts -- UNESCO COURIER – a publication of the United Nations -- March )

Genetic Weapons are genocide, and outweigh all other security threats; the mere research process creates errors that risk extinction through vaccine invulnerability

Krug 1—(Wayne, “The Threat of Genobiological Weapons”, Last Updated 2001, )

Contention Three- The CDC

First, Credibility

Poor disease response has eroded credibility---new effort’s key

Yee 2k3 [June 28th, Gerberding seen as new face of public health, while polishing CDC's tarnished image, The Associated Press State and Local Wire, Writer for the associated press, cites directors from the CDC, and several doctors to substantiate claims, ln]

Internal unrest is eroding credibility---leadership on emerging deadly outbreaks like bird flu creates an opportunity to display agency public health credibility

Young 6 [Allison, writer for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, frequently writes about CDC—investigative analyzer. “Prominent leaders are leaving the agency in droves, restructuring has morale on the decline, and federal funds have been shifted. Current and former staff say someone needs to stop the bleeding”, Atlanta-Journal Constitution]

Lack of confidence erodes the CDC’s scientific base and program effectiveness---key to responding to natural disasters.

Young 6 [Allison, writer for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, frequently writes about CDC—investigative analyzer. “Prominent leaders are leaving the agency in droves, restructuring has morale on the decline, and federal funds have been shifted. Current and former staff say someone needs to stop the bleeding”, Atlanta-Journal Constitution]

Second, CDC independence

Undue government influence promotes a confidence crisis---causing agenda failure.

Stein 5—Washington Post Staff Writer—(Rob, “Internal Dissension Grows as CDC Faces Big Threats to Public Health”, March 6, 2005; Page A09, )

Executive interference is hampering CDC independence---causing empirical program through an inability to operate as a public health

Stein 5—Washington Post Staff Writer—(Rob, “Internal Dissension Grows as CDC Faces Big Threats to Public Health”, March 6, 2005; Page A09, )

Third, CDC Health programs are good

CDC Disaster relief’s the most effective US method

DHHS 5[United States Department of Health and Human Services, (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinician Outreach and Communication Activity Clinician Briefing (January 25, 2005) )]

Disaster Relief Impact—which I don’t have on my computer—it’s Sid-Ahmed though.

Colleyville DH – Affirmative – Biotech

Text- United States Federal Government should grant to topically designated areas the ability to use staple crop agricultural biotechnology that is patented in the United States. 

Contention One- Public Health Assistance 

Short-term food aid’s inevitable ensuring poverty---only long-term, sustainable support can break the cycle. 

One News 6 [“Famine in Africa getting worse”, July 24th, Source: Reuters via google search ]

Food emergencies in… safety nets, Oxfam said. 

 

Undernourishment’s the number of public health issue 

Times of India 7 [Feb 8th, “Tropic of Hunger”, famine+sub-saharan&num=20&sa=N&cid=8620158276875528] 

Since the geography… a deeper malaise 

Contention Two- Biotech Competitiveness 

US competitiveness is rising and zero sum with other nations. US patents legitimized through the TRIPS agreement will ensure other countries can’t overtake US competitiveness as long as the US sustains market monopolies through patents. 

Dunn and Reifer 2, Christopher Chase-Project Director of Institute for Research on World-Systems, Thomas Reifer Research Associate, University of San Diego—(“ US Hegemony and Biotechnology: The geopolitics of new lead technology”, Institute for Research on World-Systems, Working Paper # 9, 2002,  

Firms producing these…behind the U.S. 

Giving agricultural biotech for use by farmers in Africa would decrease US competitiveness  

Dunn 4--- Christopher Chase-Dunn: director Institute for Research on World-Systems; Armando Lara-Millan and Richard Niemeyer: Research Associates Institute for Research on World-Systems—(“Biotechnology in the global political economy”, Institute for Research on World-Systems, 3-15-04, ) 

And the United 

 

 

Even though China’s public biotech sector’s growing---Intellectual property concerns are implicating Chinese private sector competitiveness---leaving its industry struggling behind the US. 

Chen 7 -- PhD Agricultural Washington University—(Zhangliang “Chinese Agricultural Biotechnology in the Field”, Updated 20-Mar-2007, ) 

The Chinese government … number-two position 

 

China’s private agricultural sector’s key to its economy----sustaining public sector efforts. Current methods are unsustainable and ensure poverty.  

Hautea and Escaler 4--Randy A. Hautea: PHD & Director South-East Asia Center and Margarita Escaler: Manager Global Knowledge Center on Crop Biotechnology—(“Plant Biotechnology in Asia”, AgBioForum, 7(1&2), 2-8.) 

The importance of … to achieve this. 

Current Chinese biotech efforts are focused domestically  

Huang and Wang 2, Jikun Huang: Director, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinfang Wang: Associate Professor, Biotechnology Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences —(“ Agricultural Biotechnology Development and Policy in China”, Volume 5, Number 4, Article 1, Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management and Economics, 2002, ) 

Chinese policymakers… the domestic market. 

 

Increased agricultural trade’s key to the economy 

Huang and Wang 2, Jikun Huang: Director, Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Qinfang Wang: Associate Professor, Biotechnology Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences —(“ Agricultural Biotechnology Development and Policy in China”, Volume 5, Number 4, Article 1, Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management and Economics, 2002, ) 

However, arguing for… economy and trade. 

 

Chinese technological economic power’s key to it’s economy and the economies in the rest of the world. 

Ikenberry 12/27/07— Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University and the author of After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars—(John, The Rise of China & the Future of the West, December 27, 2007, ) 

The incentives these… the more powerful.   

 

And, Chinese key to the global economy. 

ABEYSINGHE 3, Department of Economics at the National University of Singapore, 03 (Tilak, China Economic Review, Volume 14, Issue 2, Pages 164-185) 

In this paper, we… the world economy. 

 

Impact’s extinction 

Bearden 2K T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

History bears out that… at least for many decades. 

 

 

Contention Three- US Corporations 

Scenario one’s African Water Shortages. 

There are massive water shortages in Africa now—GMO’s invented by US institutions can substantially decrease water usage and solve environmental stress. 

Counsel for Biotech Information 7 [“Researchers Are Making Progress on Drought-tolerant Crops”, ] 

New varieties of… need it most." 

 

African shortages spark nuclear war 

NASCA 6 National Association for Scientific & Cultural Appreciation “Water Shortages – Only A Matter Of Time.” ) 

Water is one… obvious answer 

 

Monsanto recently shed its pharmaceutical counter-part and is now totally dependent on its biotech sector.  Empirically when the US failed protect Monsanto’s patents—Monsanto experienced negative growth-- Plan would kill Monsanto.   

Wall Street Journal 2 [August 21st, “Monsanto Faces Pure-Play Biotech Future”, Positioning Itself as Independent After Pharmacia Spinoff, Monsanto Company Must Tackle Some Difficult Issues, reported the Wall Street Journal, Google] 

Monsanto is getting… include Monsanto technology. 

 

Monsanto recently required the rights to Terminator technology which sterilizes farmer’s fields and forces farmers to continually buy Monsanto seeds. Despite international hostility, Monsanto will ensure strict compliance with their technology— dooming the world food supply resulting in extinction.  

Olsen 2k2  [Mary Jo, -- Terminator Unleashed, Patenting Life—Patenting Death-- “Terminator Trends: The Silent Spring of Farmers’ Rights: Seed Saving, the Public Sector, and Terminator Transnationals”, , RAFI Paper series]  

On March 3, 1998 … 1.4 billion people 

Contention Three- Solvency 

The government can override restrictions of patented biotechnology to give Ag-Biotech to sub-Saharan Africa 

Trudell 5, Robert H., JD Candidate @ Syracuse Law, Fall 2005, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277 

Two weeks after… Saharan African diet. 

Plan elicits patents from corporations---giving right to use to sub-Saharan Africa----This is the only way to raise awareness of the severity of hunger. 

Trudell 5, Robert H., JD Candidate @ Syracuse Law, Fall 2005, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277 

The balance of… continued security of us all. 

 

U.S. patents currently chill research and development in sub-Saharan Africa – public research facilities will latch onto the plan 

Trudell 5, Robert H., JD Candidate @ Syracuse Law, Fall 2005, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277 

Today, agricultural productivity… threatens global security. 

U.S. patents currently chill research and development in sub-Saharan Africa  

Trudell 5, Robert H., JD Candidate @ Syracuse Law, Fall 2005, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277 

Today, agricultural productivity… threatens global security. 

 

2AC Commonly Read Cards 

Their dis-ad ignores the destitute and vulnerable. It shapes policies from a paternal, top- down approach that dooms them to fail. Bottom-up approaches are critical to reinforcing an effective approach to hunger.

Onora O'Neill, Principal of Newman College @ Cambridge University, 1993, Ending World Hunger, World Hunger and Moral Obligation, 2nd edition, 19%, pg. 105-106, Murrell

The Scope of… and local action. 

 

 

Historically—biotech has been the only way to get impoverished countries out of poverty—1970’s Asia proves. 

ADB 1 [“Agricultural Biotechnology, Poverty Reduction, and Food Security”, , Introduction] 

Science and technology… Asia since 1970. 

Poverty is the root cause of population growth 

Rosset and Gershman 95 [“Myths and Root Causes: Hunger, Population, and Development, March, Shea Cunningham and Marilyn Borchadt, Food First]

The world population… foregone income. 

 

Overpopulation is the single greatest threat to human survival---the Earth is reaching its ecological limit and we must act now 

Smail 4, Ken, Anthropology at Kenyon College, Sept/Oct 2004 () 

Obviously, a demographic… the early 1980s. 

 

 

 

Plan’s key to build cooperation around continental problems and forge a renewed relationship. 

Haley et al 5, Akukwe and Jammeh—Haley: former United States ambassador to Gambia. Akukwe: member of the board of directors of the Constituency for Africa/former vice chairman of the National Council for International Health, Jammeh: chair-emeritus of the Africa Society, comprised of African professionals working in the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund--(George, Chinua, Sidi, “Re-Energizing United States-Africa Relations”, March 21, 2005, ) 

3. Accelerate macroeconomic … solve continental problems.  

 

That solves terrorism 

Haley et al 5, Akukwe and Jammeh—Haley: former United States ambassador to Gambia. Akukwe: member of the board of directors of the Constituency for Africa/former vice chairman of the National Council for International Health, Jammeh: chair-emeritus of the Africa Society, comprised of African professionals working in the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund--(George, Chinua, Sidi, “Re-Energizing United States-Africa Relations”, March 21, 2005, ) 

As President George W… United States and Africa. 

 

Terrorism sparks extinction  

Sid-Ahmed 4, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, “Extinction!” Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, /2004/705/op5.htm) 

We have reached… all be losers. 

 

 

Politics Link Turns

Dems love plan and key to the agenda 

IHT 7, 1-3-7 "drug makers face tougher scrutiny" 

 

Public loves the plan

Prakash 7 [Professor, College of Agriculture Tuskegee University, “Benefits of Biotechnology for Developing Countries, ] 

B. That’s Key to agenda

Edwards and Wayne 99. [George C. III, Distinguished Professor of Apolitical Science at Texas A&M University and Stephen J, Professor of Government at Georgetown University.  Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making. Pg.342 ]

Colleyville MN – Affirmative – Global Health Corp

Plan: The United States Congress should implement S.850 of the 109th Congress, specifically to topically designated countries containing cases of the H5N1 virus.

Contention One - Pandemics

Poor health infrastructure and low resistance from HIV and malnutrition in Africa is making a pandemic strain of avian flu inevitable - the US must increase aid to avert a mutation

Feldman 7, Associate Dean in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences and professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts, 2007 (Robert. “Avian Influenza: Potential Impact on Sub-Saharan Military Populations with High Rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.” Military Magazine. July. )

 “To date, H5N1 appears to have… but they are also in our own best interests.”

And, action must be taken NOW – mutations are occurring in Africa and we’re not far from a pandemic strain

Reuters 10/5 2007 (“Bird Flu mutating into human-unfriendly form.” )

“The H5N1 bird flu virus… they are the ones that are closer to human-like flu," Kawaoka said.”

Measures exist to stop the spread of the avian flu but will be ineffective without more concerted support – building health infrastructure is the only sustainable way to prevent a pandemic or respond if a pandemic should break out

Breiman 7, head of the Global Disease Detection Division and Director of the International Emerging Infections Program at CDC’s offices at the Kenya Medical Research Institute, 2007 (Dr. Laura Breiman. ) 

“For IDSR to effectively function… vaccination strategies (and strategies that use both approaches) would be helpful.”

And, a Global Health Corps is crucial to solve – its superior mobilization and infrastructure capacities are critical for handling a pandemic

United Press International 5 (Laura Gilcrest. UPI Health Business Editor. “Med SWAT teams proposed by Frist.” November 18. ) 

“Globe-trotting "medical SWAT teams" and medicine's role… services around the world, he said.” 

 

Establishing a Global Health Corps creates long term sustainability of health systems and prevents health workers from migrating from the country

Davis, 2005 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, ) 

“E. Use volunteers and imported health workers as emergency steps… integrating them into the local health system.” 

Even a mild bird flu pandemic would collapse the global economy

Canadian Press Newswire 5, 8/16/2005 

“A major Canadian brokerage firm has added its voice… over a period of only 18 to 24 months.”

The impact is extinction

Bearden 2K T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

“History bears out that desperate nations… biosphere, at least for many decades.”

The immediate effect of an avian outbreak is a billion deaths

Barnes 5, Research Assistant in Paleopathology, Wichita State, 2005, (Ethne. Diseases and human evolution, p. 427-8) 

“Human history is riddled with accounts… to 90 percent fatalities within days or weeks.” 

Contention Two – Failed States

Current aid to Africa lacks a focus on infrastructure and public diplomacy – this is generating failed states and resentment

Tsang, 6 (Steve, PhD Philosophy University of Oxford, Intelligence and Human Rights in the Are of Global Terrorism, Praeger Security International, Westport Connecticut, London, Pg. 162-163.) 

“Intelligence on biorisk… mind might find a material connection.” 

And, establishing a Global Health Corps centered on containing the Avian Flu is perfect to remedy this – it can foster understanding and enhance our capacity to promote democracy

Frist, M.D., 6 (William H. Frist, M.D., Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate, “Creating a U.S. Global Health Corps,” published in The American Interest, Winter 2006, vol. 1, no. 2, , was originally a letter to Senate on 12-6-2005, JMP) 

“The United States needs to broaden the way… That's why we should create a Global Health Corps.” 

And, the impact of public diplomacy is particularly acute in Africa – actions like the plan pave the way for the resolution of conflict and extremism

Indianapolis Star, 2007 (Bill Theobald, “Frist targets global health: Former Senate majority leader sees health care as the 'currency of peace'” 6-3-2007, apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070603/NATIONWORLD/706030435/-1/LOCAL17) 

“WASHINGTON -- Former Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist… and hopelessness breeds extremism.” 

 

Preventing these failed states in sub-Saharan Africa is crucial to preventing a major attack on the US homeland

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, ) 

“Failed states offer attractive venues… to threaten vital American national interests.” 

Such an attack would cause extinction

Sid-Ahmed 4, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, “Extinction!” Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, /2004/705/op5.htm) 

We have reached a point in human history… we will all be losers.” 

Independently, African democracy solves war and instability

Carson, 04 (Johnnie, Senior Vice President at the National Defense University and formerly served as U.S.

Ambassador to Kenya, “Shaping U.S. Policy on Africa: Pillars of a New Strategy,” September, Strategic Forum, ) 

“Africa’s democratic track record… other American interests and concerns.” 

And instability goes nuclear

Deutsch 02 [Dr. Jeffrey, PhD in Economics and Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project (political risk consulting firm), “Rabid Tiger Newsletter”, December 18th, ] 

“The Rabid Tiger Project… and some people love to go fishing.” 

 

ADDONS

Bioterrorism

The Global Health Corps will allow the CDC and NIH to maintain expertise in diseases that are potential bioterrorist agents

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ]

Improving the global capacity… microbial threats workforce). 

This expertise solves bioterrorism

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ]

REBUILDING DOMESTIC PUBLIC HEALTH…. And laboratory capability. 

Extinction

Ochs – MA in Natural Resource Management at Rutgers – 2002 (Richard, “Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately,” 6-9-2002, ) 

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED… the center of national debate. 

 

 

 

 

 

Middle East Democracy Add On

US leadership on avian flu enhances US credibility in current promotion of Middle East democracy

Anderson, 2006 (Jamie. BA in international studies at Boston College. The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security. ) 

Bush’s avian flu strategy… strategic American diplomacy. 

Fostering democracy on the Mideast is key to preventing war

Natan Sharansky, deputy prime minister of Israel, 10/10/2001, The Wall Street Journal

The democratic world… the last option for democratic states.

Colleyville MN – Affirmative – Water

Plan: The United States federal government should provide any necessary funding for implementing the topical measures of The Water for the Poor Act of 2005.

Contention One: Water Wars

The Water for the Poor Act is being ignored – resulting in cuts to at need areas in Africa

Blumenauer 07 Representative – House Ways & Means Committee – leading congressional Water Expert May 16th [Earl, “Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa and global health of the house committee on foreign affairs” Federal News Service]

Tensions are rising in Africa due to climate change and millions are dying each year – conflict is guaranteed

Japan Times June 9, 2007, “Climate change raises threat of water wars” Mikhail Gorbachev, chairman of the Board of Green Cross International, Jean-Michel Severino, CEO of the French Development Agency, l/n

Water shortages in Africa escalate to global nuclear war

NASCA 06 National Association for Scientific & Cultural Appreciation “Water Shortages – Only A Matter Of Time.” /Strange_relics_/water/water .html)

Finally, water is a catalyst for conflict and Africa is a critical hotspot – US leadership over water is vital to deter conflict

Bierwirth 02 Colonel, US Army War College Roy C., “U.S. International Fresh Water Policy – Need, Analysis, and Recommendation,” USAWC Strategy Research Project

Contention Two: Leadership

United States action on water can coordinate and create global action to combat water scarcity – focusing on Africa will create global awareness which will sustain US leadership, promote democracy, and prevent failed states – all other actors will fail

C.S.I.S. 05 Center for Strategic Int’l Studies – Sandia National Laboratory “Global Water Futures: Addressing Our Global Water Future,” 9/30/05, White Paper, /docs/CSIS-SNL_OGWF_9-28-05.PDF

Water scarcity causes terrorism due to failed states

Morris 07 Chair, Millennium Water Alliance, Malcolm S., “Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa and global health of the house committee on foreign affairs” Federal News Service

Terrorism in Africa is uniquely dangerous because it allows groups to access nuclear weapons

Dempsey 06 Director of African Studies in the Dept of National Security and Strategy @ US Army War College, Thomas, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, itute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649 .pdf

The impact is extinction

Sid Ahmed 04 Al-Ahram, Political Analyst, Mohamed, “Extinction!,” /2004/705/op5.htm

The plan is vital to increase our international image and sustain soft power leadership

Peterson 07 the Senior Vice President of CSIS, June 21st [Erik, “Below the Surface: U.S. international Water Policy,” /option,com_csis_progj/task ,view/id,969/

Soft power is key to hard power and the war on terrorism – its decline will cause domestic isolationism

Nye – Dean of Government at Harvard – 2004 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, Summer, ebsco)

We control the direction of every impact – A collapse of hegemony would result in great power wars and extinction

Thayer 2006 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis]

Contention Three: Solvency

Funding the Water for the Poor act is vital to eliminate the water crisis – US action is key

Keating 06 March 22nd, Research Associate, Global Strategy Institute, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Laura, “Water Makes Sense” Global Strategy Institute of CSIS, /option,com_csis_progj/task ,viewid,573

A commitment to public health assistance through a water policy to Africa is critical to ending water scarcity. Only US action can solve core causes of scarcity

Lochery 07 May 16th, Water Team Director for CARE, Peter, “Beyond the Status Quo: Bringing Down Barriers to Water and Sanitation Provision in Africa through Implementation of the Senator Paul Simon: Water for the Poor Act Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health,” /articles/2007/05/lochery _water_testimony.pdf

Only the US can coordinate agencies and enable other governments and NGOs to ensure sustainable success

CSIS 05 Center for Strategic International Studies – Sandia National Laboratory, “Global Water Futures: Addressing Our Global Water Future,” 9/30, White Paper, /docs/CSIS-SNL_OGWF_9-28-05.PDF

State action is the best way to achieve social change, and endorsing a specific state policy is not a blind endorsement of the state

Krause 97 Keith, professor of political science at Graduate institute in Geneva, Critical Security Studies

Colleyville (All Teams) – Negative

Farm Bill Elections DA

Unique internal link – Bush is going to veto the current farm bill in a push for reform

US Ag Net, 1/21/2008 ()

Political capital is key to a farm bill veto

East Valley Tribune, 11/8/2007 ()

Bush veto is crucial to a Democrat victory in the coming elections

High Plains Journal, 1/17/2008 (“Should the President veto the farm bill?” )

Impact – CTBT

Times of India 10-20-07,

Solves Prolif, Indo Pak war, Iranian escalation and locks in US leadership

Choubey 7, Deepti Deputy Director of the Nonproliferation Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, WP 11-7-07

Bush Good – Farm Bill

A. Bush will veto any version of the Farm bill that includes subsidies

SPI 1/18, (SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER EDITORIAL BOARD, “Farm Bill: A cry for reform”, )

Political capital is key to a farm bill veto

East Valley Tribune, 11/8/2007 ()

Farm subsidies will derail Doha

AFP 12/14, (US Senate passes massive farm bill, Associated Free Press, )

Doha success prevents a complete collapse of trade and global war---empirically proven

Reuters 7, “WTO head Lamy says trade deal within reach”, Thomas Atkins, Reuters September 08, 2007, National Post,

Impact’s nuke war

Spicer 96 (The Challenge from the East and the Rebirth of the West, 1996, p. 121)

Bipart Good – Farm Bill

Bipartisan efforts ensure an override of Bush’s farm bill veto.

Allbritton 12/17 (Jay, “Senate Passes Huge Farm Bill”,

Bipartisanship’s key to override the veto and dissolve deadlock AND issues spill over

Newsday 7 (If Democrats bend a little, they'll gain a lot, 10/07/2007,

)

D. Farm bill’s essential to offset economic devastation and the global food supply

Impact’s Extinction

Bearden 2K T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

Bush Bad – ANWR

A. Democratic opposition’s the sole factor blocking ANWR passage

OGN 1/6, ("US Congress has big appetite for energy issues", Oil and Gasoline News Worldwide, Volume: 24, No. 50, December 31, January 6, 2008, )

C. Concessions on popular democratic programs like the plan’s key to ANWR

Hulse 3, (CARL HULSE, Republicans Set to Spell Out Plan for Oil Drilling in Refuge, Sept 22, 2003, ()

Exploration in ANWR leads to massive levels of methane hydrates release

New Scientist, May 30, 1998

ANWR Methane release empirically risk extinction and runaway warming

Baltimore Sun 4 ("Methane Burps: Ticking Time Bomb" 15 Dec 2004 by Baltimore Sun John Atcheson, )

Overpopulation DA

Foreign aid empirically creates rising expectations of prosperity in Africa that fuels overpopulation

Abernethy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1993

() 

Between the end… of an emigration option. 

 

Overpopulation is the key access point to every major impact in Sub-Saharan Africa

Bryjak, Sociology at University of San Diego, 1997

() 

The 46 nations…6,931 years, respectively. 

 

Ignoring population signals authorizes violence---gives a false appearance of international responsibility that actually causes net suffering

Abernethy, Psychiatry at Vanderbilt University, 1997

(27 Envtl. L. 1097) 

In sum, interventions… will swiftly fall. 

 

China DA

US and China have been avoiding confrontation but it is likely over Africa

Gill 6, Bates, et al, Chair of China studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 06 “China’s Expanding  Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations,

Up to now… that commitment. 

 

Growing Chinese oil dependence sparks fear of US congressional unilateral intervention

Zweig and Bi 5, David, , Director of the Center on China’s Transnational Relations at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Bi Jianhai, post-doc at the Center, 05, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, proquest 

Because China's extraordinary… exacerbate them needlessly. 

 

Perception of African energy insecurity erodes public support and CCP legitimacy 

Alden 5, Chris, lectures in International Relations at the London School of Economics and is a Research

Associate with the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretori 2005, 'China in Africa', Survival, 47:3, 147 – 164 

A������er Tiananmen Square… of economic fortune. 

 

CCP prioritizes it’s sovereignty---it will react to threats to its strength by lashing out and killing billions---killing humyn-kind

Sen 5, Renxing, Staff writer, Epoch Times, 05 The Epoch Times, August 3, 2005, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death”  

In a show… with their lives.

 

WHO CP

Implementing the Counterplan’s key for the WHO to catalyze international health cooperation---boosting credibility 

Taylor 4——(Allyn L., University of Maryland School of Law, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, Published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, v. 32, no. 3, Fall 2004, ) 

WHO can catalyze… negotiation sessions. 

 

 

 

Reps/Images K

The american relationship to africa is defined by images.  Saturated by representations of conflict, disease, and the permanent afliction of catastrophe and chaos, policymakers can’t help but solidify the dehumanizing frame for intervention these images demand 

Wallace 5, phd student – anthropology – oxford, 5

[jamie, “american perceptions of africa based on media representations”, ] 

When we think…… in the world (ebo 1992:17). 

 

 

The attachment to images of african catastrophe castigates africans to a permanent global underclass.  Defined as harbingers of their ever-present demise, africans become the objects of a genocidal process of dehumanization that’s grounded history’s most extreme atrocities.  

Sankore 5, editor – international federation of journalists – africa and coordinator – freedom of expression and associated rights in africa, 5

[rotimi, “the pitfalls and consequences of development 'pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions… define their future. 

 

Rejecting the affirmatives negative representations disconnects American policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism. 

Oguibe 3-- Associate Professor African American Studies and Associate Director of the Institute for African American Studies at the University of Connecticut, Storrs; senior fellow of the Vera List Center for Art and Politics at the New School, graduated from the University of Nigeria, received a Ph.D. in Art history from the University of London, taught at several universities in Europe and America where he served in an endowed chair in the Arts of Africa and the African Diaspora—(Olu, “The West and the idea of Africa”, African Societies, Issue 4, March 2003) 

The point, instead… an own discourse.

 

Abortion DA

You have a moral obligation to reject advocacies of Abortion—no matter how noble the intention of their affirmative may be  

 

Lugosi 2004 [Charles I. Respecting Human Life in 21st Century Amerca: A Moral Perspective to Extend Civil Rights to the Unborn From Creation to Natural Death]

The legal distinction… in its immorality. 

 

The abortion right legitimizes all atrocity as it prioritizes economic calculus and material prosperity over the love of another. 

Fox-Genovese 2007 [Dr. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese is Eléonore Raoul Professor of the Humanities at Emory University, Crisis Magazine]

Abortion begets and… hard to imagine 

 

 

Farm Bill Politics

Bush will veto any version of the Farm bill that includes subsidies

SPI 1/18, (SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER EDITORIAL BOARD, “Farm Bill: A cry for reform”, ) 

When the Senate…so far escaped congress. 

Pol Cap’s key to veto threat and reform power

Lee 5, The Rose Institute of State & Local Government – Claremont McKenna College – Presented at the Georgia Political Science Association Conference [Andrew, “Invest or Spend?:Political capital and Statements of Administration Policy in the First Term of the George W. Bush Presidency,” berg/2005%20Proceedings%20Lee .pdf] 

With these words…veto more credible. 

Reform proposals are crucial to fighting global poverty---the AFF sacrifices the livelihood of 2.5 billion people, 10 million in Africa---turning case

New Hampshire 7, 11/6/2007 ( tary/U.s- Farm.Bill.Promotes. Global.Poverty-3080136-page2.shtml) 

How do you … seize the moment. 

 

Bipartisan efforts ensure an override of Bush’s farm bill veto. 

Allbritton 12/17 (Jay, “Senate Passes Huge Farm Bill”,

Bipartisanship’s key to override the veto and dissolve deadlock AND issues spill over

Newsday 7 (If Democrats bend a little, they'll gain a lot, 10/07/2007,

) 

D. Farm bill’s essential to offset economic devastation and the global food supply

 

Impact’s Extinction 

Bearden 2K T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

Coppell BK – Affirmative – Palliative Care

Stage 1 is Depression

Initially note, current aid focuses on prolonging life rather than listening to the African’s wishes of dying a peaceful death at home.

Gerald Onyewuchi Onukwugha, professor at St. Mary’s Seminary and University, 10/7/07, “Death and Dying in the African Context.”

Even though statistics show many people prefer a quick and painless death, ideally while one is asleep, it is different in Africa…

recognize the values of the African patient, who values highly the sanctity of life.

Palliative care is a crucial part of quality HIV/AIDS care

Richard Harding, Research Fellow, Department of Palliative Care and Policy, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School, King's College, London, 4/7/04, “News Report on Palliative Care.”

Palliative care is increasingly recognised as a required component for quality HIV…

and spiritual wellbeing (2).

And, palliative care is a key part of preventing HIV/AIDS

Kathleen M. Foley, Attending Neurologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 12/07/02, “How Much Palliative Care Do We Need?” < >

Yet in these discussions, little attention has been focused on the critical role of palliative care …

AIDS and tuberculosis.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its assistance of palliative care programs to patients afflicted by Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome to so-called sub-Saharan Africa.

Stage 2 is Anger

Palliative care is key to empowerment of the victims of HIV/AIDS by focusing on the patient instead of their disease

Robert G. Twycross, MD Oxford University, 11 July 2006, “End of Life Care: Unmet Needs and Worldwide Challenge” < >

An essential feature of palliative care is a patient-[centered] approach …

demoralized patients, both speed and time is of the essence. As one patient is reported as saying:

Stage 3 is Depression

The ultimate tragedy of life is not death, but life without a value

Robert G. Twycross, MD Oxford University, 11 July 2006, “End of Life Care: Unmet Needs and Worldwide Challenge”.

A promise we can keep and a hope we can give is the certainty that no man or …

and of suffering.

Stage 4 is Bargaining

The U.S. has to do the plan. 3 reasons.

A. Innovation

Marconi K, prof at Columbia Univ, 2002, “Innovations in Models of Palliative Care”

An initiative by the HIV/AIDS Bureau, Health Resources and Services Admin ...

with an appreciation of the life circumstances of the affected population.

B. Training

Kathryn McConnell, Washington File Staff Writer, 31 October 2006, “U.S. Philanthropy Boosting Training in Palliative Care”

U.S. philanthropy is supporting efforts to help health care providers in Jordan …

they begin to treat people who are nearing the end of their lives, Wheeler said.

C. Modeling

Health Gap, January 1 2006, “Urgent Call on US Initiative on Health Workforce on AIDS-Impacted Countries”

Urgent Call for U.S. Initiative on Health Workforce in AIDS-Impacted Countries …

NigeriaEmpowerment Network, Nigeria HIV/AIDS Alliance (YOHA), Nigeria

Stage 5 is Acceptance

American culture treats death as a taboo. We must realize death is an inevitable process of living and that finding a meaning for our lives is much more crucial. Palliative care is critical to discovering a new meaning of our lives and increasing the quality of our lives – even when the end is approaching. We must move past our fear of death.

Jimmie Holland, Chief of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, and a professor of psychiatry at Cornell University Medical College, 2004, “The Last Taboo”

Talking about the deeper meaning of life and death is still a taboo …

soon, exploring the meaning of life and death will no longer be taboo.

And, society has become suppressed by its inherent fear of dying. Americans are fighting a new war on the western front, one against death itself.

Steven I. Friedland, Professor of Law at Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad Law Center, Cleveland State University Journal of Law and Health, 10 J.L. & Health 95, 1995/1996

The demise of the belief in the good death has prompted the adoption of a new form of heroism …

death, in turn, has spurred its avoidance.

Humans use political ideology in order to preserve their lives. They demand that the slaughter of their enemies is as part of an impossible quest to destroy death itself. War itself is not the issue but rather the drive behind it.

Louis Rene Beres, Professor of International Law at Purdue, International Journal on World Peace, No. 3, Volume 16, September 1st, 1999

Behind the play of nations and their wars lies the wish of individual citizens …

is spawned by the primal terror of individuals, but it is their fate to create necropolis.

While it may be impossible to eliminate fear of death – we must reorient ourselves to accept death.

Randall Horton, physician specialized in treating HIV/AIDS, May 23 2007, “Becoming Familiar with Death”

Although every human is ultimately successful at achieving death …

face death head on and in close proximity.

And, Err on the side of probable impacts - their so called experts don’t understand the future of political affairs and cannot accurately predict events.

Menand 2005 (Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, )

Prediction is one of the pleasures of life. Conversation would wither without it. “It won’t last. She’ll dump him in a month …

reluctant to draw: Think for yourself.

And, major war is obsolete – multiple factors prevent escalation and conflict.

Mandelbaum, American foreign policy professor at the Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, 1999 (Michael, “Is Major War Obsolete?”, )

My argument says, tacitly, that while this point of view, which was widely believed 100 years ago, was not true then, there are reasons to think that it is true …

haltingly but increasingly, like that.

And, don’t buy the negative’s politically-based arguments – it is empirically a manipulation of the public’s fear of death to achieve certain political goals.

John B. Judis, staffwriter for The New Republic, 08.17.07 “HOW POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPLAINS BUSH'S GHASTLY SUCCESS.”

The latest issue of the New Republic has a fascinating article, which discusses …

wide-ranging multidimensional mortality salience induction.”

And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning.

John Agnew, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (2004) pp. 619–640.

The question inevitably arises as to whether using an old word …

but with his failure to note its novelty.

Furthermore, health assistance is inevitable – people want assistance – the question should not be whether but how to give aid

Richard Peet, BSc (economics from the London School of Economic, 1999, “Theories of Development”)

In the case of development, however, the ethical problems …

depending on circumstance.

And, the status quo’s conception of death emphasizes the management and control of the body – the plan’s reorientation of death solves the biopolitics of control

David Wendell Moller, Professor of sociology at School of Liberal Arts, 2000 “Fear and Denial of Death”.

The fear of dying is intensified because dying persons are defiled, …

and kept under control.

Shred your disads – public health assistance was just increased.

Racism Add – On

A. End of life care is key to breaking down racial disparities in health care

Duke Institute on Care at the End of Life. “Initiative to Improve Palliative Care for African Americans (IIPCA)” 2004, >

Major challenges face African American individuals and communities …

B. Continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization

Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond Tutu 5 September 2001

Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism .)

Racism dehumanizes, disempowers, marginalizes and impoverishes human beings. ... of resources, and the decimation of communities and nations.

Coppell BK – Affirmative – Reparations

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its public health assistance to so-called sub-Saharan Africa.

Chapter 1: The Apartheid Past

The public health failures in Africa are a result of ongoing US colonialism. The US must address the question of reparations to recognize and reconcile centuries of apartheid.

Africa Action "Reparations" 2007 ()

“Today’s massive global inequalities. ….. …. consequences of centuries of global apartheid.”

And, the on-going colonial effects on Africa's public health demands assistance as reparations.

Steve Miller, The Washington Times, September 11, 2001.

“"We can document, to this day,….. to rebuilding public health systems in Africa.”

Public Health assistance development is necessary for autonomy from the politico-economic hegemony the counterplan re-entrenches.

M. Shamsul Haque, PhD in Public Administration from University of Souther Californa, 1999 (“Restructuring Development Theories and Policies”)

“Following such a theoretical restructuring…”

And, this continued colonialism contributes to immeasurable dehumanization and death

Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Archbishop Desmond Tutu 5 September 2001

Ecumenical caucus statement at World Conference Against Racism .)

“Racism dehumanizes, disempowers, marginalizes….. the victims of racism, past and present.”

Chapter 2: We must confront our privilege

Representation shapes the way policies towards Africa are created – representations of Africa as the "Other" justifies cultural domination – we must question our framing and representations in the context of Africa.

Lucy Jarosz, University of Washington Department of Geography, 1992, Geografiska Annaler Series B Human Geography, Vol. 74, No. 2., p. 105-115, JSTOR

“Writing and representations are at the heart of…”

We must not make excuses, Putting ourselves first continues colonialism, these excuses are the cause of violence in Africa.

Riat Abrahamsen, Department of Internatino Politics – University of Wales, 2005, Alternatives 30, Blair's Africa: "The Polics of Securitization of Fear"

“The process of securitization does not necessarily…”

Even if we didn’t commit the racist acts we still must hold the government responsible because of the economic benefits of colonialism

Human right watch, 2001 (An Approach to Reparations,

“Once the appropriate beneficiaries of reparations…. since they, too, presumably have benefited from the advanced economy they joined.”

All of the reasons why reparations could be impractical just describe the necessity for reparations.

Martha Biondi, member of the Department of African American Studies, 2003 “The Rise of the Reparations Movement”,

And, many arguments against action should be considered as nothing more than excuses for racism. The response is to confront racism by acting and taking steps to avoid the excuses.

Nicholas Soucy © 2004. 

Historical Lies & Excuses: An Examination of the Illogical Justification for Bigotry



“As decades pass and as critical evaluation of historical documents is done…. responsibility for choosing immorality, and working to deny this choice in the future.”

And, Err of the side of probable impacts - their so called experts don’t understand the future of political affairs and cannot accurately predict events. They are as accurate as monkey’s throwing dart.

Menand 2005 (Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, )

Prediction is one of the pleasures of life. Conversation would wither without it… Think for yourself.”

And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning – terms like ‘so-called’ are key to acknowledge the arbitrariness of colonially constructed boundaries.

John Agnew, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (2004) pp. 619–640.

“The question inevitably arises as to…. but with his failure to note its novelty.”

Finally, a discourse of reparations is necessary to breakdown the colonial relationship with Africa, responses should not be to fear spending we can not increase taxes or interest rates not reject reparations, rather realize voting aff is to reject all colonialism.

Salih Booker, executive director of Africa Action. June 19, 2003 (Who owes whom? AIDS and reparations Christian Science Monitor, ).

“The movement for reparations in the US… that the AIDS pandemic requires.”

Health assistance is inevitable – people want assistance – the question should not be whether but how to give aid

Richard Peet, BSc (economics from the London School of Economic, 1999, “Theories of Development”)

“In the case of development, however…. it emerges in quit different forms depending on circumstance.”

Major war is obsolete – there’s no risk of war between powerful members of the international system due to the high costs of war and the steep decline in the rewards from winning

Mandelbaum 99 (Michael Mandelbaum, Prof. American Foreign Policy John Hopkins University, Spring 1999, “Is major war obsolete?” Survival Vol: 48)

“It is major war, not war in general…. of fighting a major war: and a steep decline in the rewards of winning one.”

Coppell BK – Affirmative – PEPFAR Rapid Impact Packages

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase the number of Rapid Impact Packages it sends through the President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief to so-called sub-Saharan Africa. 

Contention 1: The Forgotten Epidemic

 

The status quo focus on HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB has led to the disregard of some of the most devastating diseases in Africa

Peter J. Hotez, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute, No Date Given, “Neglected Tropical Diseases Initiative.”  

The World Health Organization …geographic isolation and intense poverty. 

The impact is half a million deaths annually 

Public Library of Science, January 31, 2006, “Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria”

The burden of disease resulting … behind lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, and diarrheal diseases (Table 

Rapid Impact Packages are the only effective way to lessen the devastating effects of NTD’s in sub-Saharan Africa – low price, effective medicine, and coordination.

The New England Journal of Medicine, September 6, 2007, Volume 357:1018-1027, 

“Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases”  

Populations in such regions …. treated for $400 million or less annually.  

And, forming a coherent policy to help treat NTD’s is key to US global health leadership

Peter J. Hotez, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Winter/Spring 2006, “The Biblical Diseases and U.S. Vaccine Diplomacy,” Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume XII, Issue 2.

Former secretary of state Henry Kissinger …. important area of international diplomacy. 

The US is uniquely situated to take the leading role in the worldwide goal to eradicate major diseases

Scojo Vision, LLC and Co-Founder and Chairman, Scojo Foundation, Council on Foreign Relations, May 2001, “Why Health is Important to U.S. Foreign Policy.”

The United States is in … infrastructure in the developing world.  

 

And, suppressing phrase like “sub-Saharan” because it is offensive preserves its injurious meaning – only by using the language can space be opened to reconstruct a more humane meaning – terms like ‘so-called’ are key to acknowledge the arbitrariness of colonially constructed boundaries.

John Agnew, professor at University of California, Los Angeles, “Progress in Human Geography,” 28,5 (2004) pp. 619–640. 

Contention 2: The Great Power War

Initially note, realism is inevitable due to the nature of international relations

John J. Mearsheimer, professor of political science at the University of Chicago.  “The False Promise of International Institutions.”  International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3., Winter 94/95. [Bhattacharjee] 

Scenario 1: Public Health Diplomacy 

Due to the prevalence of NTD’s throughout the world, United States focus on treating them is a great way to increase US soft power and hegemony

Peter J. Hotez, Professor of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, and of International Affairs at George Washington University and the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Winter/Spring 2006, “The Biblical Diseases and U.S. Vaccine Diplomacy,” Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume XII, Issue 2.  

Former national security …. and Latin America are at risk for NTDs. 

Building upon the PEPFAR will help the U.S. rekindle international partnerships and create a sustainable foundation for benevolent hegemony

The Lancet – 2005 (Editorial, “America at home and abroad,”  Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest) 

And, a new American global health commitment is critical to rebuilding our image abroad – prefer our evidence, it takes the negative’s so-called alternate causalities into account 

Joshua Kurlantzick, visiting scholar for Carnegie Mellon University, “Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World,” 2007,

What’s sad about Kurlantzick’s account is the sorry story …. is to leverage our skills in combating disease.

The impact to soft power is nuclear proliferation, environmental destruction, failed states and diseases 

Reiffel, 5 (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution, The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, brookings.edu/views/papers /20051207rieffel.pdf) 

 

Additionally – soft power is key to US hegemony

Nye, dean of the Kennedy school of government at Harvard, 2003 (Joseph, “U.S. power and strategy after Iraq” Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug) 

And, US hegemony is critical to preventing global warming, nuclear proliferation, and terrorism – the alternative to unipolarity really is apolarity 

Owen Harries, visiting fellow at the Lowy Institute in Sydney, 10/19/07, “Bush not the only problem” < >

But perhaps the most dangerous ….problem of global terrorism, which is real enough even if it is sometimes grossly exaggerated.

Scenario 2: Put Away Your Impact Turns

It is no longer a question of hegemony being good or bad. US hegemony is literally on the brink of collapse – we must begin acting now in matters of public health diplomacy and foreign aid because the alternative to unipolarity is truly apolarity – prefer our evidence – it’s the most recent and qualified and empirically proves why hegemony is good 

New York Times, 1/28/08, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony” < > 

Turn on the TV today, ….. Let’s hope whoever is sworn in as the next American president understands this.  

 

And, withdrawal is not an option – it will only lead to more instability

Thayer 2006 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis] 

And, US power projection is inevitable – it’s only a question of effectiveness 

Philip Gordon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, July/August 2006, Foreign Affairs, “The End of the Bush Revolution,” p. lexis  

The more likely course is ….. considerably worse.

 

Contention 3: Put Away Your Kritiks

Our interpretation is that the negative must defend a competitive policy option or the status quo versus a topical affirmative to be evaluated on the basis of the consequences of adoption. It is critical that the negative initiates a framework debate in the 1NC. Leaving questions of fiat for the block encourages sandbagging which kills education because the best arguments would be left for the last speeches. Additionally there is unique 1AR time skew which is a unique voting issue for fairness. 

Our framework is best for a few reasons.  

First is ground – the negative will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation.

[Michael, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 Lesser Evils p. 18-19]

Michael Ignatieff, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 “Lesser Evils” Pages 20-21.

As for moral perfectionism, ….to betray another. 

Second is Limits – the fairness of the negative’s advocacy must precede consideration of its merits or else all contestation is meaningless

Shively 2K

[Ruth Lessl, Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2]

To sum up the argument thus far, …. these judgements.  

Third is Topical Education – By manipulating the topic to access their criticism they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform. Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism

Coppell BK – Negative – All Teams

Topicality:

ASPEC

A. Violation: the affirmative must specify their agent.

Rotunda ‘1 (Richard, professor of law at the University of Illinois, 18 Const. Commentary 319, “THE COMMERCE CLAUSE, THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE, AND MORRISON”, lexis)

The Framers sought to protect liberty by creating a central government of enumerated powers. They divided power between the state and federal governments, and they further divided power within the federal government by splitting it among the three branches of government, and they further divided the legislative power (the power that the Framers most feared) by splitting it between two Houses of Congress. n12

B. Vote Negative:

1. Ground– the agent affects every argument from disads to counterplans generic ground is critical on a broad topic.

Elmore, Professor of public affairs at the University of Washington, 1980. (Political science quarterly, pg. 605)

Analysis of policy choices matters very little if the mechanism for implementing … remaining 90 percent in the realm of implementation.

2. Damage is done – the 1AC is the focus, allowing them to change their advocacy in the 2AC turns them into a moving target.

Public Health Assistance

A. Interpretation – public health assistance is direct disease treatment or prevention.

White House National Security Strategy, 2k (“A NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY FOR A GLOBAL AGE”, )

Efforts by the United States to foster sustainable development include: • Promoting sound ...

and OECD to raise environmental standards for export credit agencies and international financial institutions.

B. Violation – the affirmative does not directly treat or prevent a disease.

C. Prefer our interpretation: the topic is huge and an expansive notion of public health would mean anything the US does to reduce death in Africa would be topical. Multiply this by 48 countries and the only way the negative even has a fighting chance is to limit the affirmative to a stable plan mechanism that can create good generic ground.

Government to Government

A. Interpretation: the affirmative can only give government-to-government assistance.

Rothstein ‘2 (Mark, Chair in Health Law and Policy, at Bradeis University School of Law and School of Medicine, Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, Summer, “Rethinking the Meaning of Public Health”, ebsco)

Government intervention as public health. The third conception of public health, and the one I …

such as epidemiology, disease surveillance, and environmental regulation.

B. Violation – the affirmative does not give directly to African governments.

C. Vote negative – under their interpretation they could give to any one person in Africa – this would destroy limits which is the key internal link to predicatable ground and education.

There are over 10,000 NGO’s in Tanzania alone

Janet Reuben (Sociologist, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Presentation at the Panel on 
Re-thinking African Development
CODESRIA General Assembly Meeting
Nile Hotel, Kampala, Uganda. 
December 2002)

For the records, the number of NGOs in Tanzania is increasing rapidly. According to FES (2000) Between 1961 and 1980, there were only 25 registered NGOs. By 1990 this rose to 41. Between 1990 and 1993 the number rose to 224, and from 1996 there has been more than 6000 registered NGOs. According to the Registrar of Societies, Tanzania had 8499 NGOs as of September 1998. By December 2000, there were more than 10000 registered NGOs (V.P. Office, NGO Calendar).

Sub-Saharan Africa is All

A. Public health requires addressing all members of a population that are affected by a public health threat—it can’t target individual groups that suffer

Dawson and Verweij, 07 (Angus, Centre for Professional Ethics, Keele University, and Marcel, Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, “The Meaning of ‘Public’ in ‘Public Health’”, Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health, )

This last dimension of 'public health' has …

health of each member of the public.

The resolution designates the population in question as “Sub Saharan Africa”

Oxford English Dictionary, 1989 (online)

to, prep., conj., adv.

9. Indicating destination, or an appointed or expected end or event. (After ready, prepared, etc., for is now substituted.)

Sub Saharan Africa refers to the region

Princeton University WordNet. 2006 (

sub-saharan Africa noun the region of Africa to the south of the Sahara Desert

And, substantially is without material qualifications.

Black’s Law Dictionary 1991

[p. 1024]

Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification.

B. VIOLATION – The aff targets an individual country, not the entire population. The only topical affirmative is that which makes assistance available to all members of Sub Saharan Africa who are threatened by a public health problem.

C. VOTE NEG

1. Limits – their interpretation massively increases our research burden – if they can target specific areas within Sub-Saharan Africa, we have to research 48 times as many affs – one for every single country.

2. Ground – it’s impossible for the negative to get generics that link to tiny countries – all the core negative ground like politics and international aid CPs assume generic assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa in general. They don’t have to fiat all 48 countries, but the assistance they provide has to be available to everyone in Sub-Sahara.

3. Potential abuse is a voting issue, their interpretation opens the floodgates and overstretches our research limits

Prevention Not Treatment

A. Public health is governmental efforts to prevent disease, rather that treatment of individuals.

Fidler 3 (David P, Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, “ARTICLE: PUBLIC HEALTH AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE GLOBAL AGE: INFECTIOUS DISEASES, BIOTERRORISM, AND REALPOLITIK” George Washington International Law Review, 35 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 787 Lexis)

Identifying the scope and substance of public health security depends …

protecting populations from health threats.

B. Violation—The plan provides individual medical care.

C. This is a voting issue

1. Limits—Focusing on treatment of individuals explodes the topic—prevention is already extremely broad, involving a wide range of mechanisms, including environmental protection, infrastructure, sanitation, and disease prevention. Adding treatment means we have to also research health care disads, the pharmaceutical industry, or specific disease treatments for every one of a hundred diseases in 48 countries.

2. Ground—prevention cases force the affirmative to take a broad approach to a problem which means bigger disad links—their interpretation allows too many small, single sector or single disease focused cases which mean our links will be overwhelmed by existing aid to Africa

Billion

A. Interpretation – the affirmative must mandate an increase in public health by allocating at least one billion dollars.

United States Congreence of Catholic Bishops and Catholic Relief Services, 2003, “Testimony on 2003 Foreign Assistance”, .

The Administration has proposed an increase …

including HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;

B. Violation – neither their plan text nor their solvency advocate says they allocate 1 billion dollars to public health.

C. Standards:

1. Bright line—our interpretation provides the clearest delineation between topical and not topical cases—That’s necessary to know the bounds of the resolution and helps debate.

2. Limits—our interpretation limits the topic to cases, which provide a lot of financial support—that limits out small squirrelly affirmatives, which we wouldn’t have, any links to.

3. Predictable ground—our interpretation ensures negative links to core of the topic disads and counterplans like spending and NGOs—that ensures fairness and education.

D. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness and education and should be evaluated in a competing interpretations framework, becuase they are least arbritary

Counterplans:

European Union

The EU's ability to use human rights, democracy, and good goverance, makes it uniquely key for solving public health problems in Sub – Saharan Africa

Louis Michel, European Union Development Policy, 2006.

The question of development is more pressing…

we can, and will, make this happen.

Public Health PIC

Expansive visions of public health imbue large amounts of permanent authority upon public health officials justifying massive campaigns targeted against any number of social factors. Health care law prevents public health radicalization

Hall 3, Fred D. and Elizabeth L. Turnage Professor of Law, Wake Forest University.

(Mark A. “The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46.3 Supplement (2003) S199-S2090;,plo9ki)

Abstract: Public health law needs to differentiate more clearly between …

additional powers to deal with the threat.

Expansive views of public health justify sweeping measures to install biopolitical leadership and prevents an effective response to traditional health problems.

Hall 3, Fred D. and Elizabeth L. Turnage Professor of Law, Wake Forest University.

(Mark A. “The Scope and Limits of Public Health Law”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 46.3 Supplement (2003) S199-S2090;,plo9ki)

What Is Public Health? The nub of the issue is that the scientific boundaries …

measures to remedy causes of poor health.

This management of life culminates in nuclear omnicide.

Foucault 78 (Michel, History of Systems of Thought chair at University of Paris, “The History of Sexuality”, p 136-137)

Since the classical age the West has undergone a very profound …

the race, and the large-scale phenomena of population.

Consult Egypt

TEXT: The United States Federal Government should enter into prior, binding consultation with the government of Egypt over the following proposal: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

The United States Federal Government will continuously advocate the proposal but will allow the government of Egypt to propose changes to implementation. All of the Egyptian proposals will be accepted.

Our counterplan is competitive – our net benefits prove the distinction between the counterplan and any permutation and our solvency evidence makes a clear distinction between unilateral implementation and consultation. Any permutation severs out of the immediacy and the nature of fiat, because the counterplan can be altered or vetoed. We have resolutional support – resolved means to make a firm decision about – that’s 7.

Our CP solves – Egypt wants to enhance ties towards the rest of Africa and wants involvement in third party public health and infrastructure initiatives

ESIS ‘5 [Egyptian State Information Service. “Foreign Policy. ]

As regards bilateral relations, Egypt is always keen …

companies in African countries.

Genuine bilateral consultation with Egypt boosts US-Egyptian relations which are key to Middle East stability

Satloff 97 (US Policy Toward Egypt, April 10, )

What is missing in …

stability and economic prosperity are right and should be pursued.

Relations are key to promoting stability and preventing Egyptian conflict

State Department 3 (Feb 6, Lexis)

Assistance Secretary of State William J. Burns says …

meet the aspirations of its people, and help create a stable, prosperous Egypt for the 21st century.”

Egyptian instability causes nuclear war

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 92

When fundamentalist Muslims in Egypt …

all the help it can get from other countries.

Disadvantages:

LOST

A. LOST pass now –

American Daily 12/21

The Law of the Sea Treaty …

to unnecessary diplomatic endeavors.

B. Foreign aid drains capital.

Robert Nolan, Foreign Policy Association, Aiding Africa, June 9, 2005.

If some level of consensus …

something most are loath to do.

C. Political capital is key to ratification of LOST

William Norman Grigg, author of Liberty In Eclipse: The Rise of the Homeland Security State, 3/5/07. “Sink the Law of the Sea Treaty!”

It’s impossible to believe that a liberal Democrat ...

political capital to enact his legislative agenda.

D. Naval Mobility:

1. It’s collapsing now --- LOST accession key to prevent this. US ratification of LOST is also key to other countries following suit and following the treaty’s mandates.

Oxman '07 (Bernard H., Professor of Law University of Miami School of Law, CQ Testimony, 10-4, Lexis)

The Convention provides the legal framework … costly to respect and costly to resist.

2. Naval mobility prevents global WMD conflicts

Peele '97 (Reynolds B., Lieutenant, USMC, The Importance of Maritime Chokepoints, Parameters, Summer)

Sir Walter Raleigh once observed … US security and economic interests can be protected.

Latin American Tradeoff

A. The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending

Sessions, 06 - analyst at the Centre for Global Development (Myra, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, )

Evaluators should also …

reality should be a part of the conversation about the successes and opportunities of the initiatives.

B. Latin America is the lowest priority – it is funded now but will be cut to make up for the plan

Sanchez 6 (Marcela, “Linking foreign aid and security”, San Diego Tribune, 1/28,



Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice … “a national security imperative.”

C. USAID is preventing deforestation in the Amazon

Franco 4 - Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, USAID (Adolfo, "Foreign Assistance Priorities for the Western Hemisphere," 3/2, )

Overall, USAID is programming its development assistance …

several South American protected reserves.

D. Amazon collapse risks extinction

Takacs 96- teaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State (David, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise,” 1996, pg. 200-201)

So biodiversity keeps the world running…

not with a bang but a whimper.14

Kritiks:

Capitalism Kritik

A. Altruistic foreign aid destroys individualism. This collective drive is based on the idea that individuals must sacrifice themselves for the needs of other – destroying value to life.

Condottiero 7 (Reference Librarian at the Ludwig von Mises Library, )

“There is no question that too much aid has … Altruism says: Yes.

B. The politics of self-sacrifice are the driving force behind totalitarian violence—those who do not willingly can be arbitrarily eliminated by the state. Our alternative is to vote negative to reject the politics of the collective and prefer an individualistic approach to foreign aid. Gendered language under erasure.

Rand 60 (Ayn, NOT ZIZEK, Philosopher, )

The socialists had a certain kind of logic … to the antithesis of the altruist morality.

Developmental Pornography

Developmental pornography is the negative representations of Africa that the affirmative defines as truths. This affliction of catastrophe and chaos transcends image to fact – a frame that perpetuates that 1AC harms.

Wallace 5 [Jamie, Oxford, “American Perception of Africa Based on Media Representations”]

When we think of Africa, images … distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).

Through a process of developmental pornography Africa becomes the object of a genocidal process of dehumanization that is grounded in history’s most extreme atrocities.

Sankore 5 [ROTIMI, Editor – International Federation of Journalists, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions … to freely define their future.

Sign your ballot negative to reject this cycle of developmental pornography. Rejecting negative representations is a precondition to opening up space for a mode of thinking that is crucial to disconnect American policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism.

Mezzana 5 [Daniele, Sociologist and Researcher – CERFE Group African Research, “A Cancerous Image”]

The literature reported in this field has … information on the African reality.

Ethics Kritik

A. Ethical obligations construct the idea that there is one correct mode of thought. This idea culminates in crisis between populations with different ideals, and perpetuating wars to colonize and teach the “correct” ethic.

Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k.

The grounds that propel International … all humans commonly partake.

B. Ethic must rely on the sovereign for moral order – this reliance on the state homogenizes the citizenry, expanding into tyrannical control, and concludes in the distortion of ethics.

Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k.

The world of humans is therefore anarchical… for the correction of citizens.

C. Sign your ballot negative to reject their discourse of ethical absolutism. Complete rejection is key – their ethical project can only bring us back to the failing system and perpetuate the problem. Ethics are always politically situated – the affirmative is no different.

Mark F. N. Franke, University of Northern British Columbia, European Journal of International Relations, 6(3): 307–333, SAGE Publications, “Refusing an Ethical Approach to World Politics in Favour of Political Ethics”, 2k.

I therefore reject the project of rethinking … thinkable from the start.

Dallas Jesuit OG – Affirmative – Abstinence Only

Contention One:  The US promotes a bad AIDS cocktail 

The United States policies on AIDS prevention under the Bush administration have shifted from a comprehensive approach to AIDS prevention to one focused exclusively on abstinence only prevention programs.  This shift reflect the savior mentality embraced by  the Bush administration in its dealings with Africa.

Gill Body Count:  Fixing the Blame for the Global AIDS Catastrophe 2006  pg.  31-34 

Additionally, this shift to abstinence only programs resulted in billions of dollars sent to Africa.  Despite the vast sums of money spent allegedly to prevent AIDS, by every measure abstinence only programs fail.   

Additionally, by shifting to abstinence only programs the US embarked on an international moral crusade that only has added more death to the AIDS body count. 

Epstein The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the fight against AIDS  2007

Pg  186-87 

Specifically we identify several ways US abstinence only policies lead to more HIV infections.

First, governments and in-country groups receiving US aid are forced to make budget decisions that cut condom programs in favor of abstinence programs.  These cuts have led to condom shortages in Africa

Patterson The Politics of AIDS of Africa  2006 pg. 154-55 

Even if condom shortages can be addressed, US abstinence policies send a mixed message to Africans about the utility of condoms to prevent HIV infections.  This mixed message undercuts other effective prevention programs.

Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda”  

“the recent shift toward abstinence was reversing…” 

Second, abstinence only programs withhold comprehensive prevention information from people while telling them that they have been given complete information.  Lack of information puts more people in Africa at risk of infection

Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda”  

“us officials systematically ignore..” 

Third, US backed abstinence only projects focuses on abstinence before marriage and only provides condoms to what the US deems as ‘high risk populations’.  This focus excludes married women despite the reality that married women as a group are more at risk of HIV infection than other population groups the Bush administration calls high risk. 

Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy:  an evidence-based analysis”   

“in emphasizing”

Fourth, US backed abstinence only policies promote so-called moral values that stigmatize people living with HIV and AIDS.  This stigmatization leads to lack of treatment and more infections leading to more deaths from AIDS that goes untreated. 

Human Rights Watch 2005 “the less they know, the better: abstinence only hiv/aids programs in Uganda”    

This stigmatization has a separate impact---this categorical exclusion justifies extermination of the other—this is the root of all wars

Fasching 1993 “the internal social dynamic through which its symbolic” 

The continued spread of HIV infection that results from flawed US interventions means other status quo programs to treat AIDS patients will be swamped by new infections.  Continued infections set the stage for the collapse of Africa in all areas. 

Behrman The Invisible People:  how the United States has slept through the global AIDS pandemic, the greatest humanitarian catastrophe of our time  2004  xi-xii 

Additionally, Sub-Saharan Africa is at greatest risk of food insecurity and famine

De Waal AIDS and Power:  Why there is no Political crisis—yet  2006  pg 90-91 

Famine unnecessary must take every step

Abadale 07

“12 billion people in total could be fed…” 

 

Thus we offer the following plan: 

The United States federal government should legislatively enact S.1553.  Funding and enforcement guranteed. 

Contention 2:  Solvency 

S.155s repeals of the sections of the United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria Act will eliminate that require prevention funds be spent on abstinence only programs

S.1553, the actual bill, No date given 

Now is the key time for US policy to change –public policy decisions made now have significant importance on the future of HIV prevention

Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy:  an evidence-based analysis”   

Repeal of abstinence only requirement necessary to allow African countries the flexibility needed to reach their most vulnerable populations and bring down HIV infection rates

De Waal AIDS and Power:  Why there is no Political crisis—yet  2006  pg 120-121 

Repeal of funding cap necessary to increase access and funding for prevention methods that work 

Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy:  an evidence-based analysis”   

Only increasing funding for effective comprehensive prevention strategies will work to draw down infection rates

Center for Health and Gender Equity 2004 “debunking the myths in the US global AIDS strategy:  an evidence-based analysis”   

Policy leads to shortages

COPSON, independent scholar specializing in African affairs and editor African Policy Forum, 2007

(Raymond, The United States in Africa:  Bush Policy and Beyond tm) 

Abstinence only policy bad—need comprehensive approach including abstinence

COPSON, independent scholar specializing in African affairs and editor African Policy Forum, 2007

(Raymond, The United States in Africa:  Bush Policy and Beyond tm) 

Dallas Jesuit OG – Affirmative – Food Aid

Contention 1: Inherency 

The U.S. is the largest provider of food aid to Sub-Saharan Africa

Melito, Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007

(Thomas, foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid  October 2 accessed 1-25)

80% of US food aid goes to Sub-Saharan Africa

Melito, Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007

(Thomas, foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid  October 2 accessed 1-25) 

Current restrictions require the US government to purchase only US grown commodities to fulfill food aid requests.  Donating commodities rather than cash limits effective humanitarian responses to sub-Saharan Africa

Kripke, Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, 2006 

(CQ Congressional Testimony, May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations

Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n)

Contention 2: Advantages 

Advantages 1: Nutrition 

First, the requirement to purchase US commodities creates food aid that is not nutritious nor culturally appropriate resulting in malnutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa

Food and Water Watch, November 2007 (U.S. Food Aid Serves Agribusiness, Not the Hungry, )

US food aid procurement requirements creates impediments to improving the nutritional quality of US food aid

Melito, Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007

(Thomas, foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid  October 2 accessed 1-25)

Malnutrition amounts to 60% of annual deaths, exacerbates poverty, and spreads disease

Narula, 2006

[Smita, 44 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 691, ARTICLE: The Right to Food: Holding Global Actors Accountable Under International Law, lexis] RG

As a judge you have a moral imperative to nutrition

Niada, 2006

[Laura, LL.M. in International Law at University of Westminster, ARTICLE: HUNGER AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE FAR-REACHING SCOPE OF THE HUMAN RIGHT TO FOOD, 22 Conn. J. Int'l L. 131, lexis nexis] RG

Additionally, US policy results in more food insecurity in Africa.  Despite being the largest food donor, inefficiencies from US commodity requirement reduce the overall availability of food in Sub-Saharan Africa particularly during the peak hungry season 

GAO, 2007 (Foreign Assistance:  Variuos Challenges impede the efficiency and effectiveness of us food aid” ) 

Furthermore, this food insecurity compels people to destroy local environments in pursuit food – this guarantees deforestation

Trudell 33 Syracuse J. Int’l L and Com. 277 2005 

And, this Deforestation makes biodiversity loss, disease spread, and extinction inevitable 

Unfortunately, current policies requiring US commodities delay food exacerbating food insecurity—only the flexibility of the plan improves food security during peak hungry seasons

State Department Documents and Publications March 16, 2007  (Administration Seeks To Spend More Food Aid on Non-U.S. Products; Change would increase relief flexibility, USDA's Kennum says, l/n) 

Advantage 2: Small Farms

U.S. Buy America food aid policy crushes local food prices hurting local farmers.  US cash for direct purchase of local and regional food increases access to food while also increases the profit for local farmers. 

Food and Water Watch, November 2007 (U.S. Food Aid Serves Agribusiness, Not the Hungry, ) 

And, the current U.S. Buy America Food aid policy creates subsidies for American farmers—failure to remove the provision results in a decrease in food aid to address hunger.  Additionally, the subsidy hurts African farmers while delaying food to the most hungry.

Leonard Doyle, August 17, 2007 (US Food Aid is ‘Wrecking’ Africa, Claims Charity. the Independent/UK, ) 

And, these subsides destroy millions of African small farms.

Infozine 6/26/07 news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/23736/

 

These small farms are key to genetically diversified food--3 reasons

James K Boyce, Department of Economics & Political Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, July 2004, “A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. Political Economic Research Institute, ideap/wp86.html 

 

Specifically these biodiverse foods grown by small farms is key to prevent extinction. 

James K Boyce, Department of Economics & Political Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, July 2004, “A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. Political Economic Research Institute, ideap/wp86.html 

Without biodiversity in crops, monoculture results in extinction. 

Fowler and Mooney 1990

(Cary and Pat, Authors of numerous books and reports on genetic diversity in agriculture, “Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”, p. ix)

Text: The United States federal government should increase monetary assistance for food and nutrition aid to so called sub-Saharan Africa regardless of United States procurement restrictions.  We’ll clarify.

Contention 3: Solvency 

Giving cash solves current failures in US food aid – speed, price, and flexibility guarantee it is better than the status quo and is an increase in food aid. 

Kripke, Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, 2006 

(CQ Congressional Testimony, May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations

Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n)

And, the U.S. must act because they provide over half the food aid now – reform of current bad American policy is key.

Payne, Chair of Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health, 2007

(US Fed News May 24, 2007 Thursday CHAIRMAN PAYNE ISSUES STATEMENT ON 'INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID PROGRAMS: OPTIONS TO ENHANCE EFFECTIVENES' l/n)

Providing cash resources for the purchase of local food allows for accurately address complexities of food insecurity

Melito, Direct or of International Trade and Affairs at GAO, 2007

(Thomas, foreign assistance—multiple challenges hinder the efficiency and effectiveness of US food aid  October 2 accessed 1-25)

Free Trade Advantage

Advantage two: Fair Trade not Free Trade 

Current US agriculture policies reinforce the global divisions of the world – regulating Africa to the global underclass – these policies benefit only the US – destroying the possibility of fair trade

Marian Tupy and Christopher Preble, policy analyst with the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity and director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, 6/17/05, Reason Magazine, “Trade, Not Aid.”) 

This decrease in free trade has be exasperated by the continued restriction on US food aid – an increase is cash donation is key to reduce concern about the current trade distorting impact of food aid.

Kripke, Senior Policy Advisor Oxfam America, 2006  (CQ Congressional Testimony, May 25, Food Aid, Committee on House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations Statement of Gawain Kripke l/n) 

Current protectionism guarantees nuclear war

Spicer 96 (sorry idk where the full sight is but I think you have this)

And, a transition to truly fair trade prevent any risk of major power wars

(we will email you this cite once sean gets home)

 

And, current aid only creates a cycle of dependency – the plan is key to allows Africa to break away from this cycle facilitating fair trade.

Shikwati, Director of the Inter Region Economic Network, 2K6 (James, “The Economic Progress and Development Aid in East Africa: The Case of Kenya,” The 2nd International Turkish – African Congress, 12/12 – 12/13, )

Finally, the plan is uniquely key to satiated relations with other WTO members – absent increase of cash donations WTO member will continue in-fighting – guaranteeing protectionism

Deutsche Presse-Agentur, December 14, 2005 (Ministers open second day of WTO talks amid transatlantic discord, l/n) 

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – Brain Drain

Contention 1 is Our Failure

Current increases in aid are unable to overcome the lack of doctors in Africa because they fail to focus on doctors

Friedman, is the senior global health policy adviser for the Physicians of Human Rights, 6/11/07

(Eric, “Global Fund: At the Cross Roads” )

“With a handful of expectations…PEPFAR has failed to do so.”

Contention 2 is the Golden age of Individualism

The world we live in today has become obsessed with the individual and we have all forgotten the collective good. Globalization has breed a world wide care only for number one mentality that is making medical care in sub-Saharan Africa impossible to afford and dooming millions to poverty and diseases.

Meier and Mori, 2005

(Benjamin Mason and Larisa M.,International Development and Globalization Fellow, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University. and J.D./M.P.H. Candidate, University of California, Los Angeles; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles. THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD: ADVANCING A COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHT TO PUBLIC HEALTH, Fall, 2005, 37 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 101, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Lexis Nexis)

“Modern processes of globalization impact public health through myriad… for their own health status.”

Creation of the sacred order which closes off otherness solves the root cause of oppression, dehumanization, and violence, otherwise there is no value to life and genocidal extermination and extinction are inevitable

Fasching, Professor of religion at the US Florida, 1993

(Darrell J., The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima, p 155-7)

“The Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima: From”

And, the public health sphere is completely dominated by Trans national corporations that greedily attempt to make a buck off the suffering of those in poorer countries. Only a movement to give healthcare freely can help people stave off this corporate domination and reverse the current trends of globalization and neoliberalism

Meier and Mori, 2005

(Benjamin Mason and Larisa M.,International Development and Globalization Fellow, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University. and J.D./M.P.H. Candidate, University of California, Los Angeles; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles. THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD: ADVANCING A COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHT TO PUBLIC HEALTH, Fall, 2005, 37 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 101, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Lexis Nexis)

“At the societal level, global financial institutions disadvantage public health structures… alleviate the insalubrious burdens of globalization.”

Globalization risks massive inequalities that lead to global wars civil strife that kills millions

Barraclough, 1994

(Solon, Former Director of the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, “The Perils of ‘Free Trade’”, June 10, )

“The warnings of imminent global environmental collapse induced by… pressures on the environment would worsen.”

After considering multiple philosophical perspectives:

The United States federal government should pass and implement the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007. Requisite funding Guaranteed.

Contention 3 – It’s the time for the US to act

Only the passage and implementation African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007 can reverse the effects of brain drain and set up the infrastructure and send the needed medical personnel to overcome the disparities

Durbin, 2007

(The office of Sen. Richard Durbin. “Bipartisan group of senators introduce African health capacity investment act of 2007” March 7, 2007. Lexis)

“A bipartisan group of Senators today introduced the… the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.”

The US stands at a cross roads today, if it is willing to provide care for those in Africa that currently have none if can reaffirm the notion that healthcare is a right challenging the current social norms of globalization

Meier and Mori, 2005

(Benjamin Mason and Larisa M., International Development and Globalization Fellow, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University. and J.D./M.P.H. Candidate, University of California, Los Angeles; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles. THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD: ADVANCING A COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHT TO PUBLIC HEALTH, Fall, 2005, 37 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 101, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Lexis Nexis)

“Every individual positive right includes its underlying determinants… the mantle of a human right to public health.”

The current US approach fails to even the playing field between the west and sub-Saharan Africa. Now is the crucial time for the US and others to fulfill their ethical obligations and destroy these inequalities

Benatar and Fox, 2005

Solomon R Benatar, Dept. of Medicine and Bioethics @ Cape Town U and Renee C. Fox, Dept. of Sociology and Center for Bioethics @ Penn U, 2005 (“Meeting Threats to Global Health: a Call for American Leadership,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48.3, p. 344-361)

“Current and widening disparities in health around the world…1995; Buchanan 2001; Lyons 1994; Ste-vens 2001).”

The act of the 1AC giving doctors and money to Africa to overcome the health crisis allows for healthcare to become a universal right within sub-Saharan Africa overcoming individualism and creating a universal ethic

Meier and Mori, 2005

(Benjamin Mason and Larisa M., International Development and Globalization Fellow, Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University. and J.D./M.P.H. Candidate, University of California, Los Angeles; B.A., University of California, Los Angeles. THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD: ADVANCING A COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHT TO PUBLIC HEALTH, Fall, 2005, 37 Colum. Human Rights L. Rev. 101, Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Lexis Nexis)

“The term "public health' refers generally to the obligations… are available, accessible, and acceptable to all. 87”

Racism Advantage

AIDS has become a black plague, killing parents, destroying infrastructure and food sources and systematically destroying an entire continent all because the US has failed to act because of globalized racism

Fidler, 2003

(David P., Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law, Bloomington, Indiana, "AMERICAN PRESENCE ABROAD: U.S. FOREIGN POLICY & ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR GENDER, RACE & JUSTICE ARTICLE: Racism or Realpolitik? U.S. Foreign Policy and the HIV/AIDS Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa", Spring 2003, 7 J. Gender Race & Just. 97, Lexis Nexis)

"Death Stalks a Continent:" 25 The HIV/AIDS Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa

The US’s failure to provide affordable treatment to is the result of a racist mentatility – people in Africa are sacrificed because it’s not the key to winning elections.

Bradol 2003

(President of Doctors Without Borders – France – 2003 (Jean-Hervé, MD, “Invisible: Do sick people with no money need to become rich before we see that we can keep them alive?,” )

“Outside of armed conflict, victims sacrificed to the creation of the political”

Racism leads to nuclear war and extinction

Joel Kovel, Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, 1970

("White Racism: a Psychohistory", p. 226)

“This change, a rise in white reaction, involves the”

Secondly you have a moral obligation to prevent children from becoming orphans- it’s the worst pain imaginable and destroys their value of life

Kiser 1999

(Roger Dean, an orphan, “Introduction,” )

*gender modified

“It is my intention, through my stories”

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – Brain Drain (Original)

Contention 1: Inherency

Despite recent increases in public health aid, Africa lacks effective public health infrastructure and medical professionals to handle the aid

Friedman 6/11/07

()

Additionally, health care worker shortages are particularly acute in poor rural areas

Physicians for Human Rights 04

()

Advantage 1: Poverty

The current US approach to address African health disparities fail to address the roots of poverty. Now is the crucial time for the US to fulfill its ethical obligations to address these inequalities.

Benatar and Fox 05

(“meeting threats to global health: a call for American leadership,” Perspectives in biology and medicine 48.3, p. 344-361)

Respect for otherness is key to prevent extinction—the sacred order which closes off otherness is the root cause of oppression, dehumanization, and violence- there is no value to life in this framework- justifying genocidal extermination and global conflict.

Fasching 93 (The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima, p. 155-7)

To be free of poverty should be a human right, as it is brutal, locking individuals through a lack of education into a continuous cycle of poverty

Speth 98

(Poverty: a denial of human rights journal of international Affairs. New York: fall 1998. Vol. 52, Iss. 1)

The impacts of poverty outweigh their impacts—the impacts are systemic and it’s the equivalent of an ongoing, unending, thermonuclear war every year.

Abu-Jamal 98

(. az/catchphaze/mumaiaswords.html)

Advantage 2: AIDS-democracy style

The lack of physicians in Africa due to migration allows for the spread of HIV/AIDS

Mullan 05

()

And, all current policies to cure AIDS are irrelevant since there are not enough health case workers to care for the patients—only the affirmative can transform the way that health care is done in Africa

International Herald Tribune 5/24/07

()

Additionally, AIDS hurts Africa’s ability to build a professional class in Africa. This professional class is a prerequisite for effective governance

Neilson 05

(“AIDS economics and Terrorism in Africa” Lexis)

AIDS destroys democratic governance by killing voters and politicians alike and breeks brutal authoritarian regimes—must address AIDS for effective democracy in Africa

De Waal 06

(AIDS and Power: Why there is no political crisis—Yet)

Democratic institution are able to stop corruption

Reuters 07

( news/newsdesk/IRIN/4341f783c64cd96d67ccd82f7bbb4d45.htm)

African democracy solves famine conflict and refugee crisis

Siegle 06

(files/Africa_beyond_aid/African_Democracy_and_AidSiegle.doc)

Refugee crisis create conflicts, instigate civil wars and start genocides

Salehyan and Gleditsch 04

()

Unfortunately, AIDS exacerbates the family risk and makes the consequences of famine far worse. Failure to effectively address AIDS destroys communities creating orphans impoverishing families, Exacerbating food shortages, and setting the foundation for all future wars.

Behrman 04

(The invisible people: How the united states has slept through the global AIDS pandemic, the greates humanitarians catastrophe of our time, xi-xxi)

In addition to AIDS crisis, Africa is the most at risk in the world over 200 million are on the bring of death cause of famine already

Trudell 05

(Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J. Intl L & Com. 277)

After considering multiple philosophical perspectives, we offer the following plan:

The United States federal government should pass and implement the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007. Requisite funding guaranteed.

Contention 4: Solvency

Only the passage and implementation African Health capacity investment Act of 2007 can reverse the effects of brain drain and set up the infrastructure and send the needed medical personnel to overcome the crisis

Senator Durbin, 07

(“Bipartisan group of senators introduce African health capacity investment act of 2007” March 7, 2007. US FEDNEWS Lexis)

The AHCIA solves a lack of health care capacity by setting up the necessary infrastructure to retain, maintain, and pay for doctors in Africa.

Africa News 07

(“US Senate to tackle massive health worker shortage” AllAfrica, Inc. Africa News. March 7, 2007, Lexis)

The US must lead on health issues in Africa. The US is in a unique position to develop a paradigm in public health

Benatar and Fox 05

()

Failure to build effective infrastructure and health care capacity makes all other efforts to address AIDS ineffective

Schrecker and Labonte 04

()

Dallas Jesuit HN – Affirmative – AIDS Policy

The USFG should substantially increase its public health assistance to so-called sub-Saharan Africa. 

Debates about Africa and AIDS must be understood in the history of public health and health care.  Only through a historical look can we understand the comlexitites of the present and the actions required in the future 

FASSIN, professor University of Paris, 2007

(Didier, WHEN BODIES REMEMBER: EXPERIENCES AND POLITICS OF AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA TM)  p xvii-xix 

 

A public health approach and an examination of public health provide the framework for the historical look. 

Gostin 2000 (Lawrence, Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint) p 17 

For the past thirty years the US has watched the AIDS pandemic ravage Africa and they have done nothing all because it was not a direct security threat or because it did not benefit our global image as a superpower.  Four presidents have allowed this image to persist doing nothing until the threat began to overwhelm the west and only then was intervention conducted.  The question we ask is why? 

Fidler 2003 (spring 2003 6 J. Gender Race and Just. 97 lexis)

“as with previous sections, attempting a twenty-year analysis” 

Understanding this history is necessary to overcome the political anesthesia tha has resulted from these singularly focused policies.  Only a historical understanding of AIDS in Africa allows us to understand otherness and implement effective social responses. 

FASSIN, professor University of Paris, 2007

(Didier, WHEN BODIES REMEMBER: EXPERIENCES AND POLITICS OF AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA TM)  xii-xiv 

Specifically sq efforts to increase ARVs and other programs ignores the root causes and conditions surrounding AIDS.  The past limits the future unless we recognize that the history of AIDS and the present.  

FASSIN, professor University of Paris, 2007

(Didier, WHEN BODIES REMEMBER: EXPERIENCES AND POLITICS OF AIDS IN SOUTH AFRICA TM)  172-173 

The United States must reexamine its policies and it must look to the root causes of issues.  Only the examination of history can reverse the global inequalities of health. 

Benatar and Fox  2005  (perspectives in biology and medicine  48.3)

“current and widening disparties in health around the world” 

US must take a stand to address inequality by embracing a respect and ethic to the other.  Failure to do so justifies genocidal extermination and global conflict as well as perpetuates the root causes of oppression, dehumanization and violence  

Fasching 1993 The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima pg 155-157 

The current world politics is centered on the notion of security, that has left billions dead justified genocides and will culminate in the extinction of humanity if left unchecked.   

Der derian 1998 Columbia International Affairs Online, book/lipshutz/lipshutz12.html  “the rapidity of change in the international theory” 

Dallas Jesuit (All Teams) – Negative

LOST Good 

Naval movility collapsing—LOST key to prevent this

Oxman 2007 ( Bernard H., Professor of law university of Miami school of law, CQ Testimony, 10-4-07, lexis)

“If the law of…costly to resist.” 

Naval mobility prevents global WMD conflicts

Peele 1997 (Reynolds B., Lieutenant, USMC, The Importance of Maritime Chokepoints, Parameters, Summer)

“there are presently six significant…interests can be protected” 

RRW Bad 

Russia perceives guidelines of RRW as a return to the cold war and strikes the US

Nelson 2007 (Dr. Robert, Nuclear fact sheet, )

“The RRW program…would look like.” 

This impact is the biggest existential threat

Bostrom, PhD, Faculty of Phiosophy, Oxford university, March 2002

(Nick, “Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards”, Published in the Journal of Evolution and Technology, Vol. 9, March 2002. First version: 2001, accessed August 28, 2007)

“A much greater…in the 21st century.” 

 

Farm Bill Bad 

Farm subsides crush small farmers

Infozine, 6/26/07, news/stories/op/storesView/sid/23736/

“Because American producers…international trade negations.” 

The biodiversity gained form sall farms is key to prevent extinction

James K Boyce, Department of Economics & Poitical Economy Research and Environmental research at the University of Massachusetts, July 2004, “A Future for Small Farms? Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture”. Political Economic Research Institute, ideap/w/86.html

“there is a future…northwestern United States” 

Heg Bad 

Multipolarity emerging—centers of power throughout the world now

UPI, March 26, 2006 [Outside View: Pentagon’s New Strategy, l/n]

“A lot of unforeseen events …choose the tools it needed.”

China views US heg as threatening—in this environment miscalculation, war likely

Lieber, Prof of Gov’t at Georgetown, 2002

[Robert, Eagle Rules: Foreign Policy and American Primacy in the Twenty First Century]

“Why, then, would rulers …a threat to peace.”

Impact is extinction

Strait Times, 6/25/2000, l/n

“THE high-intensity scenario … sovereignty above everything else.”

 

Multipolarity key to solve inevitable disease outbreak—US unable to go-it-alone to stop it

Weber et al, professor of political science and director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, Jan/Fed 2007

[Steven, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, and Ely Ratner, How Globalization Went Bad, Foreign Policy, Jesuit Proquest]

“How would things …can't change that alone.”

Unchecked disease spread threatens human survival

South China Morning Post, 1996

[Jan 4, “Leading the way to a cure for AIDS”, l/n]

“Despite the importance … human race," he said”.

US primacy guarantees terrorist attacks—terrorists feel violence is only means to advance their political objectives

Layne, Associate Professor of International Affairs at the Bush School of Gov’t and Public Service at Texas A&M, 2007 [Christopher, American Empire: A Debate, pg. 69-70]

“Terrorism: When Over There Becomes Over Here… groups like al Qaeda.”

Impact is nuclear war and extinction

Sid-Ahmed, 2004

[Mohamed, Extinction!, , 7/7/07, Stevens]

“We have reached a point … we will all be losers.”

Primacy guarantees discretionary federal spending trading off with domestic programs key to the US economy

Layne, Associate Professor of Int’l Affairs at the Bush School of Gov’t and Public Service at Texas A&M, 2007

[Christopher, American Empire: A Debate, pg. 124]

“Why? Because under the Bush … needs here at home.”

Impact is extinction

Bearden, Lt Col US Army, 2000

[Tom, The Unnecessary Energy Crisis, ]

“History bears out …for many decades.” 

Hegemony leaves no room for rogue states guaranteeing proliferation and oil shocks. Multipolarity cuts off the temptation to go bad by giving them a place to play

Weber et al, professor of political science and director of the Institute of International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, Jan/Fed 2007

[Steven, Naazneen Barma, Matthew Kroenig, and Ely Ratner, How Globalization Went Bad, Foreign Policy, Jesuit Proquest]

“Axiom 3: Without a real chance … constraining American power.”

Proliferation causes nuclear war

Scheffran et al, Research Associate at Darmstadt Univ, 1995

[Carlton, Controlling the International Transfer of Weaponry and Related Technology, pg 26]

“For each country …adverse environmental concerns.” 

CP

EU

Global fund

Conditions (on Kenya)

Canada 

Cap K---rejection alt and African socialism (Saul, the next liberation struggle  2005) 

Security K –

Alt = Its Dillon evidence and Doty, Professor of Political Science at Arizona State University, 2002

[Roxanne Lynn, The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations, pg 170-171]

Other disads

China---relations = war

Dutch Disease

Damien (All Teams) – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams

Observation One: The Status Quo

First, China is racing to increase aid, investment, and influence in Africa.  They view it as a critical national security objective.

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for International Studies, 2K7 (Bates, “Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

China’s emergence as...a global influence.

Second, The U.S. is also massively increasing its aid and influence in Africa

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for International Studies, 2K7 (Bates, “Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

China’s ambitious, new...its oil imports.

Third, The problem is that there is no substantial cooperation between the two.

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the CSIS, 2K7 (Bates, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States,” A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, January, )

Up to now...into that commitment.

Plan 1: The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing funding for Chinese medical teams sent to topically designated areas.

Plan 2: The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing grants for Chinese Provincial Health Bureau Medical Team programs for topically designated areas.

Plan 3: The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing assistance to topically designated areas through the provision of grants for Chinese Provincial Health Bureau Medical Team programs in topically designated areas.

Advantage One: Medical Teams

Lack of U.S. funding collapses China’s ability to send medical teams.

Shinn, former ambassador to Burkina Faso & Ethiopia & Professor at Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, 2K6 (David, “Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation,” Washington Journal of Modern China, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring/Summer)

The time has...medical team obligations.

Second, Medical teams are critical to China’s ability to build good-will in Africa and allow them to open new export markets.  Africa is critical to China’s future.

Gu, Chair of East Asian Politics & Director of the Institute of East Asian Politics at Bochum University in Germany, 2K5 (von Wuewu, “China Returns To Africa,” Trends East Asia Study, Number 9, February, )

The limited influence...the statistical level.

Third, Exports are critical to sustaining Chinese economic growth.  The alternative is collapse.

Stratfor 9-20-2K7 (“Global Market Brief: Major Economies' Recession-Fighting Tools,”

/products/premium/read_article.php?id=295584)

In China, growth...likely would ensue.

That causes World War Three

Plate, Prof at UCLA, 6-28-2K3 (Tom, “Neo-Cons A Bigger Risk to Bush Than China”, Straits Times)

But imagine a...seems to prefer.

That’s the biggest risk of nuclear war

Knight Ridder 3-10-2K (“Top administration officials warn stakes for U.S. are high in Asian conflicts”)

Few if any...for potential disaster.”

Advantage Two: China

Africa is a critical test case for U.S. Sino aid collaboration.  Now is the time to offer China a bigger stake in setting the foreign aid and global health agenda.

Kurlantzick, Visiting Scholar in the China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2K6 (Joshua, “Beijing’s Safari: China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid, Development, and Governance,” Carnegie Endowment Policy Outlook, Number 29, November,

outlook_africa2.pdf)

China’s new safari...responsible as well.

Second, It’s a critical time to reengage China and solidify cooperation

Hills, former U.S. Trade Representative, 4-26-2K7 (Carla, “Engaging the New China,” International Herald Tribune)

The relationship between...accordance international norms.

Scenario One: Cold War

First, The plan is critical to building the healthy development of U.S. – Sino relations

Wenping, Researcher with the Institute of West Asian & African Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 4-10-2K7 (He, “SINO-US COOPERATION CAN BENEFIT AFRICA EVEN MORE,” China Daily)

As China increasingly...the African people.

Second, The plan is critical to building broad-based cooperation with China across the world

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for International Studies, 2K7 (Bates, “Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

Given the rising...a damning confrontation.

Third, Cooperation on health in Africa is a litmus-test for the entire U.S. – Sino relationship.  If we can’t cooperate there, we won’t be able to cooperate anywhere.

Kurlantzick, Visiting Scholar in China Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 11-9-2K6 (Joshua, Continental Shift", The American Prospect, )

Still, though some...anywhere else.

Last, Strong U.S. – Sino relations and cooperation prevents extinction.  Cooperation is the only way to solve economic stability, terrorism, crime, prolif, and disease spread.

Wenzhong, PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2-7-2K4 (Zhou, “Vigorously Pushing Forward the Constructive and Cooperative Relationship Between China and the United States,” )

China's development needs...China-US relations.

Scenario Two: Hot War

First, Increasing health cooperation is critical to avoiding a strategic trap in Africa.  Lack of cooperation ensures that mutual suspicions will cause U.S. – Sino conflict.

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the CSIS, 2K7 (Bates, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States,” A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, January, )

China’s new strategic...civil society spheres.

Second, The focus on securing oil ensures that lack of cooperation escalates to a full geo-strategic conflict between the U.S. and China.

Hatemi, Professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2K7 (Peter, “Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

As China’s petroleum...serious geo-strategic conflict.

Third, The plan is critical to building the overall strategic relationship.  It prevents misunderstandings and miscalculations from escalating.

Garrett, Director of Asia Programs and former consultant to the DOD, 2K4 (Banning, “U.S.-China Cooperation on the Problem of Failing States and Transnational Threats, USIP Special Report, Special Report Number 126, )

The United States...their bilateral relationship.

Fourth, The risk of miscalculation is high.  Even in a world where nobody wants a war, absent better cooperation, increased U.S. assistance will be misperceived.  It will cause a miscalculated conflict between the U.S. and China.

Hatemi, Professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2K7 (Peter, “Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

Because the economies...lead to war.

Conflict escalates and causes nuclear war

Johnson, Journalist, 5-14-2K1 (Chalmers, “Time to Bring the Troops Home,” The Nation, Volume 272, Number 19)

China is another...no deterrent effect.

And, It destroys civilization

Cheong, Journalist, 2K1 (China, Will Taiwan Break Away? The Rise of Taiwanese Nationalism, p. 7)

The US estimates...above everything else.

Observation Two: Solvency

First, the plan increases the number of Chinese Medical Teams solving African health problems and boosts U.S. - Sino relations

Shinn, former ambassador to Burkina Faso & Ethiopia & Professor at Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University, 2K6 (David, “Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation,” Washington Journal of Modern China, Volume 8, Number 1, Spring/Summer)

Although there are...the Gates Foundation.

Second, the plan is necessary to build strategic trust between the U.S. and China – Which is the only way to ensure the success of other strategies of engagement.

Frost, Research Fellow at Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, Visiting Fellow at the Institute for International Economics, former Counselor to the USTR, 2K4 (Dr. Ellen, “Preventing State Failure: Steps Toward Closer Cooperation Between China and the United States,” Presented at The U.S.-China Conference on Areas of Instability and Emerging Threats, )

The second and...of strategic trust.

Third, Arguments about whether Chinese aid is good or bad are irrelevant.  We can’t kick China out even if we wanted to.

Amosu, Senior Policy Analyst for Africa at the Open Society Institute, 3-9-2K7 (Akwe, “China in Africa: It’s (Still) the Governance, Stupid,” FPIF Discussion Paper, )

China is effectively...could do so.

The plan is topical.  It is U.S. public health assistance provided through grant partners to sub-Saharan Africa.  They will not have a better card than this.

US AID (last updated – no publication date) 11-5-2K7 (“Doing Business With USAID, (S

(jvgokw55xspaxr55nt1c3x55))/en/Page.DoingBusiness.aspx)

USAID conducts competition…as “American aid.”

And, This is consistent with how aid actually works.  Most aid is given through third parties.

Engber, Slate Magazine Contributing Columnist, 5-26-2K5 (Daniel, consulted with Steve Radlet of the Center for Global Development & Roslyn Matthews of USAD for the article, “Do Governments Take Checks?: How the United States gives foreign aid,” )

On Thursday, the...often minimally involved.

Last, Our policy of engagement is not a strategy of appeasement.  It is the only way to ensure that China becomes a responsible stakeholder in the international system while protecting our interests

Perry, Former Secretary of Defense, 10-30-95 (William, “U.S. Strategy: Engage China, Not Contain It,” Remarks as delivered by Secretary of Defense William H. Perry to the Washington State China Relations Council, )

China is, of...at any price.

Damien (All Teams) – Affirmative – El-Shifa

PLAN TEXTS

Ghill - The United States federal government should pass H.R. 5290 of the 106th Congress

Ghill 2 – The United States federal government should pass H.R. 5290 of the 106th Congress.

Ghill 3 – The United States federal government should appropriate monies for the rebuilding of the El-Shifa Pharmaceutical factory.

Meadows 1 – The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for the rebuilding of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical factory that was attacked by the United States on August 20, 1998.

Meadows 2 – The United States federal government should substantially increase funding for the rebuilding of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical factory.

Meadows 3 – The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing funding for the rebuilding of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical factory that was attacked by the United States on August 20, 1998.

Meadows 4 - The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing funding for the rebuilding of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical factory.

Meadows 5 – The United States federal government should pass legislation substantially increasing budgetary appropriations and funding for the rebuilding of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical factory.

I think that’s it….or at least I hope so…sorry about all the changes. Basically 4 teams that all changed plan texts in certain rounds based on certain opponents.

GHILL 1AC

Observation One: The Status Quo

First, In response to the bombings of our embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, the U.S. destroyed the Al Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Sudan because we thought it was producing CBWs – Instead of cooperating with Sudan, we took a go-in-alone approach

European Sudanese Public Affairs Council, 98 (September, “Confused, Inconclusive And Contradictory”: An Assessment And Analysis Of The American Government’s “Evidence” For The Cruise Missile Attack On Sudan” )

Second, The U.S. made a mistake – The plant wasn’t making CBWs – Our intelligence was bad

Ahmed, Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, Researcher at the Islamic Human Rights Commission, teaches undergraduate courses in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’01 (Nafeez, October 22, “United States Terrorism in the Sudan: The Bombing of Al-Shifa and its Strategic Role in U.S.-Sudan Relations” )

Third, We destroyed Africa’s single most important facility in the provision of medicine

Becker, of the International Action Center in New York & Members of Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark’s delegation to the El Shifa Pharmaceutical Plant which gathered evidence refuting the claim that the plant made CBWs, 98 (Richard, “Sudan: Diversionary Bombing,” web site of the Institute for Media Analysis, content/view/105/75/)

Specifically, Destroying the plant undermined Africa’s access to malaria medication

Clark, of the Newstatesmen, 3-20-2K (Malcom, “Bad air and rank hypocrisy” Newstatesmen, )

Last, We still haven’t taken responsibility for our mistake by providing compensation for the attack even though Sudan wants us to

BBC News, 8-20-’07 (“Sudan Commemorates Al-Shifa Bombing, Hopes For Better Relations With USA” lexis)

Observation Two: Terrorism Credibility

First, Refusal to take responsibility destroys our international credibility and cooperation needed to fight terrorism and guarantees future terrorist attacks

Mideast Mirror, 1998 (Aug 24th, “Why Washington's Arab allies won't support its missile strikes”)

Second, Taking responsibility and rebuilding the plant is critical to creating the international cooperation needed to solve terrorism

Lewis, twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize, taught at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism and James Madison chair in First Amendment issues, ’99 (Anthony, September 1, “Abroad at Home; Weighing the Price” New York Times, lexis)

And, Terrorism risks complete extinction

Alexander, Professor & Director Inter-University Center for Terrorism, 2K (Yonah, “Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century: Threats and Responses,” Depaul Business Law Journal, Fall 1999 / Spring 2000)

We’ll Isolate Several Scenarios:

Scenario One: Nuclear Terrorism

First, New terrorists are increasingly likely to both acquire and use nuclear weapons

Lippman, Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Illinois-Chicago, 2K3 (Matthew, “The New Terrorism and International Law,” Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law, Volume 10)

Second, That causes escalation and full-scale nuclear retaliation

Speice, JD Candidate Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, ’06 (Patrick, February, “Negligence And Nuclear Nonproliferation: Eliminating The Current Liability Barrier To Bilateral U.S.-Russian Nonproliferation Assistance Programs” 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, William and Mary Law Review, lexis)

Scenario Two: Bioterrorism

First, terrorists are on the verge of acquiring bioweapons – they won’t be deterred

Van Evera, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at MIT, ’06 (Stephen, September, “Confronting The Specter Of Nuclear Terrorism: Special Editor: Graham Allison: Assessing U.S. Strategy In The War On Terror” 607 Annals 10, American Academy of Political and Social Science, lexis)

Second, International cooperation is the only way to prevent catastrophic bioterrorism

Joseph, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, ’06 (Robert, March 29, “U.S. Strategy to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction” Written Statement to the Senate Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, )

Third, Even one bioterror attack would kill millions

Livingstone, chief executive of GlobalOptions, considered one of the nation’s preeminent authorities on terrorism, ’99 (Neil, February 3, “Clinton Anti-Terror Plan Is Correct” Newsday, lexis)

And, Even a small attack would cause nuclear retaliation triggering nuclear World War III

Hymers, Ret. Lt. Colonel in the US Army, published over a hundred articles, summa cum laude Masters Degree in Theology, 2K1 (Robert, “The Roots of Terrorism”, )

And, Our impact is bigger than any impact they will read. Use of a bioweapon causes extinction

Ochs, has published articles in the Baltimore Sun, Baltimore Chronicle, Science magazine and the website: , past president of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Superfund Citizens Coalition, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and a member of the Chemical Weapons Working Group, 6-9-2K2 (Richard, “Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately,” )

Scenario Three: South Asia

First, Terrorists will target South Asia and trigger an Indo-Pak nuclear exchange and uncontrolled nuclear proliferation

Alexander, Senior Fellow at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Director of its International Center for Terrorism Studies, Director of the Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies and Co-Director of the Inter-University Center for Legal Studies, 2K (Yonah, April 11, “South Asian storm clouds” Jerusalem Post)

Second, That nuclear war escalates and causes extinction

Caldicott, Former Prof @ Harvard, Founder of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee, 2K2 (Helen, The New Nuclear Danger, p. xii)

And, Proliferation causes massive nuclear war

Utgoff, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resource Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis, ‘02 (Victor, Survival, “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions”)

Scenario Four: Isolationism

New terrorist attacks will cause isolationism

Juster, Unde Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security, ’02 (Kenneth, August 15, “Corporate Sector Workshop: Senior Corporate Leadership Perspective” )

Nuclear War

Khalilzad, Policy Analyst at the Rand Corporation, 95 (Zalmay, “Losing the Moment?: The United States and the World after the Cold War,” The Washington Quarterly, Spring)

The United States federal government should pass H.R. 5290 of the 106th Congress

Observation 3: We Solve

First, The plan is necessary to restore our global image, our credibility, and international cooperation needed to solve international crises

Lane, Chairman of the Center for Contemporary Diplomacy, 1998 (William, “U.S. Urged to Back U.N. Investigation into Sudan Attack”, US Newswire)

Second, Just apologizing isn’t enough – it’s a hollow gesture – offering compensation is critical

Mideast Mirror, 1998 (Sep 25th, “You can't fight terrorism without consistency and dialogue, U.S. told”)

Third, The consensus is on our side – the plant wasn’t producing weapons – not taking any responsibility because it could have crushes our credibility

Ahmed, Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, Researcher at the Islamic Human Rights Commission, teaches undergraduate courses in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’01 (Nafeez, October 22, “United States Terrorism in the Sudan: The Bombing of Al-Shifa and its Strategic Role in U.S.-Sudan Relations” )

Fourth, The plan is critical to properly compensating the victims and getting the plant rebuilt. Waiting to act only furthers the injustice and does more damage to our global leadership

Bandow, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, 8-10-2K1 (Doug, “Making it right in Sudan; U.S. owes damages for pharmaceutical bombing,” Washington Times)

Observation Four – Pre-Empts

First, Your corruption arguments don’t link

Rohrabacher, Republican Representative from the 46th District in California, 9-25-2K (Dana, “H.R. 5290 [106th]: To provide private relief for Salah Idris of Saudi Arabia and El Shifa Pharmaceuticals Industries Company relating to the bombing and destruction of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum, Sudan, and for other purposes,” )

Second, Your aid trade-off disad doesn’t link

Rohrabacher, Republican Representative from the 46th District in California, 9-25-2K (Dana, “H.R. 5290 [106th]: To provide private relief for Salah Idris of Saudi Arabia and El Shifa Pharmaceuticals Industries Company relating to the bombing and destruction of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum, Sudan, and for other purposes,” )

Third, Providing aid to increase pharmaceutical manufacturing is at the heart of the topic

Garrett, Senior Fellow in Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 4-18-2K7 (Laurie, “Fiscal 2008 Appropriations: State, Foreign Operations,” Statement to Committee on Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, CQ Congressional Testimony)

And, All of your perception disads aren’t unique – We already unfroze the owners bank accounts

The Independent, ‘99 (May 4th, “U.S. Admits Sudan Bombing Mistake”)

And, You can’t win a unique disad – We are the biggest donor to Sudan already

Bureau of African Affairs, 8-15-’07 (State Department Documents and Publications, “Fact Sheet: United States Policy on Sudan” lexis)

And, Bush has quadrupled aid to Africa and Sudan already

Agence France-Presse 2-5-2K7 (“US boosts foreign aid as part of international security drive, P. Lexis)

MEADOWS 1AC(s)

Observation One: The Status Quo

First, In response to the bombings of our embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, the U.S. destroyed the Al Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Sudan because we thought it was producing CBWs – Instead of cooperating with Sudan, we took a go-in-alone approach

European Sudanese Public Affairs Council, 98 (September, “Confused, Inconclusive And Contradictory”: An Assessment And Analysis Of The American Government’s “Evidence” For The Cruise Missile Attack On Sudan” )

Second, The U.S. made a mistake – The plant wasn’t making CBWs – Our intelligence was bad

Ahmed, Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, Researcher at the Islamic Human Rights Commission, teaches undergraduate courses in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’01 (Nafeez, October 22, “United States Terrorism in the Sudan: The Bombing of Al-Shifa and its Strategic Role in U.S.-Sudan Relations” )

Third, We destroyed Africa’s single most important facility in the provision of medicine

Becker, of the International Action Center in New York & Members of Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark’s delegation to the El Shifa Pharmaceutical Plant which gathered evidence refuting the claim that the plant made CBWs, 98 (Richard, “Sudan: Diversionary Bombing,” web site of the Institute for Media Analysis, content/view/105/75/)

Specifically, Destroying the plant undermined Africa’s access to malaria medication

Clark, of the Newstatesmen, 3-20-2K (Malcom, “Bad air and rank hypocrisy” Newstatesmen, )

Last, We still haven’t taken responsibility for our mistake by providing compensation for the attack even though Sudan wants us to

BBC News, 8-20-’07 (“Sudan Commemorates Al-Shifa Bombing, Hopes For Better Relations With USA” lexis)

Observation Two: Terrorism Credibility

First, The bombings not only have destroyed our international credibility but will cause an increase in terrorist recruitment and incentive to acquire WMD capabilities

Close, Arab affairs specialist for the CIA for twenty-six years & an independent consultant on the region, 98 (Raymond, “The Only Effective Defense Against Terrorism is To Rebuild America's Reputation For Fairness,” The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, November)

Second, Taking responsibility and rebuilding the plant is critical to creating the international cooperation needed to solve terrorism

Lewis, twice winner of the Pulitzer Prize, taught at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism and James Madison chair in First Amendment issues, ’99 (Anthony, September 1, “Abroad at Home; Weighing the Price” New York Times, lexis)

And, Don’t bother reading your Iraq takes out the case arguments. Not only was the Al Shifa bombing a necessary precondition for the war but the bombing was the single biggest boost to bin Laden’s power and prestige.

Bovard, Policy Advisor for the Future of Freedom Foundation, 12-6-2K4 (James, “Sudan: Don’t Forget the Past Follies,” Freedom Daily, The Future of Freedom Foundation, )

And, You can’t solve our advantage with a counterplan – The plan is critical to acquiring information needed to break down terrorist networks.

Marks, of the Reveille, 3-8-2K2 (Brian, “An example of how not to fight terrorism,” University Wire)

And, terrorists are on the verge of acquiring bioweapons – they won’t be deterred

Van Evera, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at MIT, ’06 (Stephen, September, “Confronting The Specter Of Nuclear Terrorism: Special Editor: Graham Allison: Assessing U.S. Strategy In The War On Terror” 607 Annals 10, American Academy of Political and Social Science, lexis)

Second, Even one bioterror attack would kill millions

Livingstone, chief executive of GlobalOptions, considered one of the nation’s preeminent authorities on terrorism, ’99 (Neil, February 3, “Clinton Anti-Terror Plan Is Correct” Newsday, lexis)

And, Even a small attack would cause nuclear retaliation triggering nuclear World War III

Hymers, Ret. Lt. Colonel in the US Army, published over a hundred articles, summa cum laude Masters Degree in Theology, 2K1 (Robert, “The Roots of Terrorism”, )

Observation Three – Preemption

First, The attack on Sudan set a dangerous precedent against adhering to international norms against preemptive conflict. Our actions have opened the door for other countries to follow our lead and launch their own preemptive strikes. Adherence to the norms is critical.

Brennan, Louisiana Law Review & Recipient of the Association Henri Caitant award for the best paper on a civil or comparative law topic, 99 (Maureen, “Avoiding Anarchy: Bin Laden Terrorism, the U.S. Response, and the Role of Customary International Law,” Louisiana Law Review, Summer, 59 La. L. Rev. 1195)

Second, The precedent we set with Al Shifa sets the stage for world war as other countries emulate our policy and launch preemptive strikes against their enemies.

Close, Arab affairs specialist for the CIA for twenty-six years & an independent consultant on the region, 98 (Raymond, “The Only Effective Defense Against Terrorism is To Rebuild America's Reputation For Fairness,” The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, November)

Scenario One: India & Pakistan

First, Our doctrine of preemption will give India a green-light to preemptively attack Pakistan

Nischalke, Doctor, 9-27-2K2 (“Acrimonious Exchanges Raise Fear of New Regional Tensions After Gujarat Attack,” Wold Markets Analysis)

Second, These conventional strikes will escalate to nuclear war.

LA Times 6-2-2K2 (“One Misstep Away From Nuclear War”)

That causes extinction

Caldicott, Former Prof @ Harvard, Founder of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute, Nobel Peace Prize Nominee, 2K2 (Helen, The New Nuclear Danger, p. xii)

Scenario Two: China

First, China is ramping up for a pre-emptive strike against Taiwan

AFP 7-13-2K7 (“US military prepared for 'worst' with China”)

Second, China will use our doctrine of preemption as a model and justification – Adhering to international norms against unjustified preemption is critical to avert conflict.

Harris, Convener of the North-East Asia Program at the Australian University in Canberra, 10-10-2K2 (Stuart, “First strike will suit opportunists,” The Australian)

PLAN (SEE THE PLANS PAGE)

Observation 4: We Solve

First, Just apologizing isn’t enough – it’s a hollow gesture – offering compensation is critical

Mideast Mirror, 1998 (Sep 25th, “You can't fight terrorism without consistency and dialogue, U.S. told”)

Second, The consensus is on our side – the plant wasn’t producing weapons – not taking any responsibility because it could have crushes our credibility

Ahmed, Director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development, Researcher at the Islamic Human Rights Commission, teaches undergraduate courses in International Relations at the University of Sussex, ’01 (Nafeez, October 22, “United States Terrorism in the Sudan: The Bombing of Al-Shifa and its Strategic Role in U.S.-Sudan Relations” )

Third, The plan is critical to properly compensating the victims and getting the plant rebuilt. Waiting to act only furthers the injustice and does more damage to our global leadership

Bandow, Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, 8-10-2K1 (Doug, “Making it right in Sudan; U.S. owes damages for pharmaceutical bombing,” Washington Times)

The plan is critical to restoring our global commitment to international leadership

Lane, Chairman of the Center for Contemporary Diplomacy, 1998 (William, “U.S. Urged to Back U.N. Investigation into Sudan Attack”, US Newswire)

And, The plan reverses the international precedent set by the Al Shifa attack

Mideast Mirror 8-25-98 (“The Arabs and the "message of force" delivered by American cruise missiles”)

And, The plan reaffirms our commitment to international norms of justice and fairness.

U.S. Newswire 8-19-2K3 (“Sudan Embassy: Time for the United States to Take Responsibility”)

Observation Five – Pre-Empts

First, Your corruption arguments don’t link

Rohrabacher, Republican Representative from the 46th District in California, 9-25-2K (Dana, “H.R. 5290 [106th]: To provide private relief for Salah Idris of Saudi Arabia and El Shifa Pharmaceuticals Industries Company relating to the bombing and destruction of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum, Sudan, and for other purposes,” )

Second, Your aid trade-off disad doesn’t link

Rohrabacher, Republican Representative from the 46th District in California, 9-25-2K (Dana, “H.R. 5290 [106th]: To provide private relief for Salah Idris of Saudi Arabia and El Shifa Pharmaceuticals Industries Company relating to the bombing and destruction of the El Shifa Pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum, Sudan, and for other purposes,” )

Third, Providing aid to increase pharmaceutical manufacturing is at the heart of the topic

Garrett, Senior Fellow in Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, 4-18-2K7 (Laurie, “Fiscal 2008 Appropriations: State, Foreign Operations,” Statement to Committee on Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, CQ Congressional Testimony)

And, All of your perception disads aren’t unique – We already unfroze the owners bank accounts

The Independent, ‘99 (May 4th, “U.S. Admits Sudan Bombing Mistake”)

And, You can’t win a unique disad – We are the biggest donor to Sudan already

Bureau of African Affairs, 8-15-’07 (State Department Documents and Publications, “Fact Sheet: United States Policy on Sudan” lexis)

And, Bush has quadrupled aid to Africa and Sudan already

Agence France-Presse 2-5-2K7 (“US boosts foreign aid as part of international security drive, P. Lexis)

Damien (All Teams) – Negative

China Disad

A. There is a window of opportunity to build U.S. Sino cooperation and consultation on public health issues in Africa.  By jumping out in front of any consensus building, the plan crushes current collaboration and creates a U.S. Sino conflict.

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the CSIS, 2K7 (Bates, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States,” A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, January, )

B. Absent coordination, the plan will be perceived by China as a means to limit its access to future oil reserves which causes the competition in Africa to escalate to a global conflict.

Hatemi, Professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2K7 (Peter, “Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

C. Conflict between the U.S. and China escalates and causes nuclear war

Johnson, Journalist, 5-14-2K1 (Chalmers, “Time to Bring the Troops Home,” The Nation, Volume 272, Number 19)

 

Subsidies CP

The United States Congress should pass and the President should sign legislation repealing the Agricultural Act of 1949 and the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938.   The United States Congress and the President should sign legislation enacting a “buyout” and elimination of agricultural production subsides, quotas, and tariffs found in the 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act or any future “farm bills”.

And, We solve the case.  It massively increases global income and soft power.  It also prevents the collapse of global trade which is critical to alleviating global poverty.

Prestowitz, President of the Economic Strategy Institute and former trade negotiator for Reagan, 9-19-2K3 (Clyde, “Bold Action Can Still Save Doha Round,” Yale Global, )

Acting alone without regard…global trading system

 

Guilt K

A. Their narrative of guilt facilitates domination. It puts the West at the center of all suffering.

Bruckner, Philospher, author, & Master Lecturer at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, 86 (Pascal, Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt)

A century ago…in the world.

B. The sense of guilt they create absolves us of the need to take any real action – Turns the case

Bruckner, Philospher, author, & Master Lecturer at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris, 86 (Pascal, Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt)

With a remarkable talent… longer responsible.68 

 

 

Other Positions…

The only things besides these generics and a politics disad (which changes every tournament) we only read case specific strategies.

Waterboarding Good

Fullerton Union GS – Affirmative – Water

CONTENTION ONE: THE STATUS QUO 

1. THE OMNIBUS SPENDING BILL ALLOCATED $300 MILLION FOR THE WATER FOR THE POOR ACT.

WATER TECH ONLINE 12/20 2K7  

“WASHINGTON – THE 555 BILLION OMNIBUS SPENDING… SIMON ACT APPROPRIATION BILL”” 

2. UNFORTUNATELY ONLY 14 PERCENT GOES TO AFRICA. 

Hauter 2007 [Wenonah, Executive Director of Food and Water Watch. April 23, 3007, Water For The Poor Act 2005; Accessed online: ] 

“THE WATER FOR…ACCESS ON THE CONTINENT.” 

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD FULLY FUND AND ENFORCE THE TOPICAL SECTIONS OF PL 109-121. 

ADVANTAGE ONE: DISEASE 

1. WATERBORNE DISEASES LIKE SCHISTOMIASIS TYPHOID AND GUINEA WORM HURT SSA – AFFECT MILLIONS

WHF 07

Accesses October 27, 2007 understandingtheproblem.htm  

“UNSAFE DRINKING WATER IS ONE OF THE LEADING… HEALING IS NO GUARANTEE OF IMMUNITY AGAINST URTHER SERIOS SECONDARY INFECTION.” 

2. UNCHECKED WATERBORNE DISEASE RISKS 30-50 MILLION LIVES BY 2020.

CSIS 05 (9-30 Center for Strategic & International Studies, Global Water futures. ) 

“THE CONSEQUENCES OF…BY THE YEAR 2020.” 

3. THEIR ALTERNATE CAUSE ARGUMENTS ARE IRRELEVANT BECAUSE CLEAN WATER IS A PREREQUISITE TO SOLVING DISEASES.

Lantech 3-9-07 – Waterweb – online water database

Waterweb, ( P1) 

“CLEAN WATER IS…ULTRA-VIOLET (UV) RADIATION.” 

4. CLEAN WATER AND AN IMPROVED SANITATION STRUCTURE WOULD SOLVE MILLIONS OF DISEASE DEATHS.

WHO, November 2004 online,  

“DIARRHOEA 1.8 MILLION PEOPLE…AND HOOKWORM BY 4%.”

ADVANTAGE TWO: STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE 

1. IN THE STATUS QUO THERE IS A RUSH TO ALLOW PRIVATE COMPANIES TO FILL IN FOR THE LACK OF A COMPREHENSIVE WATER STRATEGY- THIS SYSTEM FAILS TO DECONTAMINATE WATER AND CREATES INEQUITY IN TERMS OF THE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER.

Van Overbeke 2004 (Dustin, Water Privatization Conflicts, ) 

“CURRENTLY THERE IS…CONTAMINATED AS WELL.” 

2. LACK OF ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER CAUSES POVERTY.

Jesse N.K. Mugambi, Professor of Philosophy and Religious Stidies at the Iniversity of Nairobi in Kenya, and Gaim Kebreab, Water and Sanitation Engineer (M. Sc.) and works in the Department for Politics o Development in the Norwegian Church, FRESH WATER TO ERADICATE POVERTY) 

“A GENERAL SURVEY…CAN BE OVERCOME.” 

3. POVERTY IS THE DEADLIEST FORM OF VIOLENCE. STRUCTURAL INEQUITY IS THE ROOT CAUSE OF OTHER VIOLENCE. THE TERMINAL IMPACT IS THE EQUIVALENT TO ONGOIMG THERMO NUCLEAR WAR.

Gilligan 96 (James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes” p 191-196) 

“THE DEADLIEST FORM…AS CAUSE TO EFFECT”  

4. PRIVATIZATION OF THE WATER SUPPLY CAUSES STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AND EXTINCTION.

FISHBONE 07

(Fishbone, Consultant International Debate Association, 2—7.) (Aaron, The Struggle for water: Increasing demands on a vital resource, pg 5-183 m. trouville.) 

“THIS MOVEMENT ORIGINATES…IN REASOURCE EXPLOITATION.”  

5.  ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER SHATTERS THE CYCLE OF POVERTY.

CSIS 2005, ( Global Water futures Center for Strategic and International Studies, Sandia National Laboratiries, September 30, ) 

“ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER…COMPELLING IN THE FUTURE.” 

ADVANTAGE THREE: DEMOCRACY 

1. US ENGAGEMENT IN AFRICA IS INEVITABLE – PEACEFUL ACTS OF DEMOCRACY PROMOTION LIKE THE PLAN ARE KEY TO PREVENT CONFLICT

Berring and Hartung October 5, 2007 (Frida Berring is a senior program associate with the Arms and Security Initiative at the News America Foundation. Her email is berrigan@. William D. Hartung directs the initiative. Don’t millitirize US-Africa ties )  

“THE WARS IN IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN…THAT WILL ONLY MAKE IT EASIER FOR TERRORISTS TO GAIN FOLLOWERS IN THE DECADES TO COME.” 

2. YOUR TRANSITIONS TURNS ARE NON UNIQUE – MANY SUB SAHARAN NATIONS ARE TRANSITIONING TO DEMOCRACY NOW.

PIERSON November 17, 2005 (Lloyd Pierson – USAID assistant Administration for Africa )  

“AS YOU ARE AWARE, SUB SAHARAN AFRICA IS THE WORLDS…MEANING THAT MUCH WORK REMAINS.” 

3. THESE TRANSITIONS ARE FRAGILE BECAUSE OF THE GOVERNMENTS INABILITY TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO ADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE.

MENGISTEAB AND CYRIL

(“State building and Democratization in Africa” 2006. Mengisteab – a professor and chair of development of poitical science and geography at the old Dominion university.) 

“ANOTHER FACTOR RGAR NECESSITATES…DISINTEGRATION OF THE STATE.” 

4. WATER in particular is an important utility – increase government management stabilizes democracy and increase citizen participation.

Simon 06,  Senator & Author of the Water for The Poor Act of 2005

      [ Paul, “Executive Summary,” ] 

“STRENGTHEN REGIONAL STABILITY…” “… AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES.” 

 

5. EVEN IF WATER DOES NOT ECOURAGE OTHER REFORMS, GOVERNMENT RESPONSIVENESS CREATES STABLE DEMOCRACIES.

NDULA 06

(“Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Life in Africa. 2004 Department of Political Science.) 

“IN AGREEMENT WITH PROFESSOR SEN… THE THIRD PROPOSITION IS THEREFORE THAT DEMOCRATIC REFORM IS AN ESSENTIAL TOOL TO ATTAINING ECONOMIC PROGRESS” 

6. DEMOCRATIC INSTABILITY RISKS EXTINCTION.

Diamond 95 [Larry diamond, Senior Research Fellow at the Hoover Institute, Promting democracy in the 1990’s 1995 p 6-7] 

“THIS HARDLY EXHAUST…CAN BE BUILT.” 

7. THE DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY IS SUPPORTED BY THE BEST STUDIES – DEMOCRACY PREVENTS GENOCIDE AND INTERNATIONAL WAR.

Rummel 97, (RJ, political science at the University of Hawaii, 1997, ) 

“WERE WAR AND OTHER INTERNATIONALVIOLENCE…DEMOCRACY VIRTUALLY ELLIMINATES THIS SOURCE OF DEATHS.” 

8. DEMOCRACY OUTWEIGHS AND TURNS ALL OF THEIR IMPACTS, IT IS CRITICAL TO SOLVE EVERY KIND OF INTERNATIONAL CRISIS.

Rummel 06, (RJ, political science at the University of Hawaii, “Why foster global freedom?” ) 

9. THE DEMOCRATIC NORMS ENCOURAGED BY THE PLAN OVERCOME CORRUPTION.

CSIS 05, (9-30 Center for Strategic & International Studies Global water futures. – Sandia National Laboratory

      [ Global ater Futures “Addressing our Global Water utures 9/30/05, White Paper   ]  

“BUILDING UP ALLIANCES…MORE RESPONSIVE GOVERNMENT”  

CONTENTION TWO: SOLVENCY 

1. OUR PLAN PROMOTES HUMAN HEALTH, GENDER EQUITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ECOLOGICAL BALANCE, AND COOPERATION IN AFRICA.

Committee of International Relations 2006, online:  

“FOR OVER 40 YEARS…SHARED WATER RESOURCES.”  

2. THE US HAS THE BEST TECHNICAL CAPACITY, KNOWLEDGE BASE, AND BUDGET TO TARGET WATER SCARCITY. A COMPREHENSIVE US WATER POLICY IS KEY TO SOLVE.

CSIS 2005, ( Global Water futures Center for Strategic and International Studies, Sandia National Laboratiries, September 30, ) 

“AN INTEGRATED, COMPREHENSIVE…” “…FOREIGN POLICY GOALS.”  

3. DECISIVE US ACTION IS KEY TO ENCOURAGE OTHERS TO ACT ON THE ISSUE OF WATER SCARCITY, AND DEMOCRACY.

Keating 2006, (Laura, Water Makes Sense, CSIS Global Strategy Institute, media/cis/pubs/060322_worldwater.pdf March 22) 

“IT IS ONLY…JUST 3 PERCENT.”  

4. US LOGISTICS AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE ARE SECOND TO NONE.

Simon 06, Senator & Author of the Water for The Poor Act of 2005

      [ Paul, “Executive Summary,” ] 

“SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY…” “…FOR NATURAL HAZARDS”  

5. OUR PLAN SOLVES ACCESS AND CONTAMINATION.

State Department, “Senator Paul Simon, Water for the Poor Act of 2005, 2005, Senator Paul Simon: ) 

“TO ACHIEVE THESE OBJECTIVES… ADAPTING TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY.”

Politics Link Turns

BUSH GOOD 

plan is a win – saves millions of lives, WINNERS WIN

Ornstein, American Enterprise Institute 9/10/01 (Norman, Roll Call “Congress Inside Out”) 

“The compromise accomplished two ends. First, it changed the agenda base… thought he would lose on CAFE standards for SUVs.” 

foreign aid is a concession for bush. concessions key.

Dugger, 2-2-07 (Celia W. Dugger, staff writer, New York Times. “Bush Gets Aid of Democrats in Fighting Pandemics.” ) 

“At a time of intensifying…Bush will need the Democrats to sustain the growth.” 

a. Water is universally popular – all sides agree – the ability to stop water related problems is

Kyriakou, 05

(Niko Kyriakou, reporter, , progressive news organization. “U.S. Congress Pledges to Double Funds to Fight World's #1 Killer: Unsafe Water.” 11-29-05. ) 

“A widely unnoticed… on November 16.”s 

B. Popular acts don’t cost political capital – they boost it

ROBERTS 11/9/04 Political Science BA, University of New Mexico [Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire] 

“Rivers and Rose thus show us that Bond and Fleischer’s are… too limited in scope to be relied upon in this context.” 

A. plan is bipartisan

Keating, 06 (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Laura Keating, Global Strategy Institute, March 22, 2006) 

“In late 2005, Congress highlighted the importance …State Department and USAID.” 

B. bipart = key

Thompson, 07 (Fred Thompson, U.S. Senator, Presidential Candidate, “First Blogger?”, on PajamasMedia blogsite, May 23 2007, ) 

“I believe this direct communication and …continue this conversation.”

 

BUSH BAD 

the plan is a win, we save millions of people and eliminate poverty and diseases, both parties agree that foreign aid is necessary. and Winners lose – bush’s past victories prove

Jeremy Weidenhof, writer for the Lone Star Times, 2007   

“The economy is probably one of the President’s …the House Foreign Relations Committee.” 

A. Fiscal restraints and lack of political will make the “water for the poor” act unpopular

CSIS  2005 ( Global Water Futures Center for Strategic and International Studies, Sandia National Laboratories, September 30, ) 

“More money could be devoted to official development …the House Foreign Relations Committee.” 

B.Unpopular plans bad for the agenda – bills fail when popularity drops – but it doesn’t increase when it rises

LIGHT  99  Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service

[Paul C., the President’s Agenda:  Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Clinton, 3rd Edition] p. 28LIGHT  99  Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service 

“As with virtually every other development program… however, that the lower the margin, the less the opportunity for coattails.” 

A. The plan is a flip-flop – Bush has resisted expansion of African water programs

AP, 5-16-07 (“U.N. official tells U.S. Congress about worldwide water deficit.”

)

“Rep. Donald Payne, a Democrat… State Department of ignoring the spirit of the legislation” 

“As with virtually every other development program… however, that the lower the margin, the less the opportunity for coattails.” 

B. Flip flops jack Bush’s agenda

Fitts ‘96

(Michael A., Professor of Law @ University of Pennsylvania Law School, Penn LR, Jan)  

“Centralized and visible power… and ultimate weakness.”

Fullerton Union GS – Negative

Elections 

Uniqueness – Democrats will win the white house in 2008

      Moulitsas 11/26/07 (Newsweek) 

Bush’s Popularity is key to republicans retaining the white house in 2008

      Sorg 5/2/07 (The Independent Weekly) 

Giving aid is popular – any reason it’s unpopular is based on misinformation

      Evans 5/07 (The Soapbox) 

 

India Deal 

Link – Aid to Africa jacks Bush’s political capital –funding health assistance trades off with Bush’s ability to pass 123.

Institute for International Economics 05

[THE POLITICS OF U.S. FOREIGN AID, 2005, ] 

And Unique Internal Link, Political capital is key to passage of the deal.

Financial Times, 7/22

(Jo Johnson, Asia-Pacific, India, “US-India talks leave N-deal unclear,” ) 

Impact – the 123 agreement is key to sustaining good US-India relations.

Schaffer, 7/12, Director for the South Asia Program with the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Former US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia & Former Ambassador to Sri Lanka

(Teresita, "Nuclear friends in need: Increasing business and education ties between India and the US lead to shared foreign-policy interests," Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, ) 

And, US-India relations prevent Indo-Pak conflict.

Rashid, 7/23, Former Bangladesh Ambassador to the UN, Geneva

(Harun ur, The Daily Star, Vol. 5, Num. 1118, “Growing US-India relationship,” ) 

Finally, Indo-Pak war is the most likely chance of extinction.

Fai, 2001, Executive Director of the Washington-based Kashmiri American Council

(Dr. Ghulam Nabi, “India Pakistan Summit and the Issue of Kashmir,” 7/8, Washington Times, ) 

 

African Inflation 

A. INFLATION IN AFRICA HAS REMAINED LOW   

Polya Lesova, Market Watch, Jun 21, 2006, online:  

 

B. AID TO AFRICAN ECONOMIES CAUSES RAPID INFLATION, SPILLING OVER INTO OTHER SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY. 

Steele et al., 06-- environmental economist in Sri Lanka – 2006 (Paul,  Sisira Jayasuriya, Director Asian Economics Center, Dr. Dushni Weerakoon, Deputy Director and Fellow at the UNDP Office in Colombo, "Aid, Cost Inflation and 'Dutch Disease': Effects and Implications," Asian Development Bank institute, research paper no. 71, June 6, ) 

 

C. IMPACT 

1. AFRICAN INFLATION RISKS HYPERINFLATION- BIGGEST ECONOMIC IMPACT SHORT OF NUCLEAR WAR

Akpor Enaye and Accra Mail (Ghana’s leading private newspaper), November 20, 2000, Ghana; Agenda

Doomsayers or Prophets, LexisNexis 

2.  ECONOMIC DECLINE CAUSES EXTINCTION.

BEARDEN- 2000 (T.E  former LTC U.S. Army, Director of the Assoc. of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus @ Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, 6/24/,[ ]

 

Capitalism Kritik

A. Link

The Foreign aid that the aff provides serves as a mask for imperialist intentions in Sub-Saharan Africa, dictated by  corporate interests, that has rapidly deteriorated the healthcare infrastructure of the region killing any ability for them to solve any of their harms that simply serves as an avenue for American private economic interests to penetrate into the region.

TORRANT 02

Torrant 02 (Julie Torrant, Ph.D. Candidate in English at State University of New York at Albany, “Global AIDS and the Imperialist State: The Ends of Bourgeois Moralism”, The Red Critique, May/June 2002, )

Sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of capitalistic exploitation which exaggerates all harms isolated in the 1AC. 

Agyeman-Duah 06

(Frederick, Executive Director of Africa Today Associates, “State Power, Capitalism and Development” International Affairs Journal at UC Davis. 6/6, < >)

B. Impact

Capitalist modes of productions make humans expendable and justify every atrocity. As capitalism enters new dimensions, the prospects of genocide and extinction are inevitable if we do not reject these capitalistic fronts.

Harman 97

Harman. Editor of the Socialst Worker 1997 (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 90-1)

Sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of capitalistic exploitation which exaggerates all harms isolated in the 1AC. 

Agyeman-Duah 06

(Frederick, Executive Director of Africa Today Associates, “State Power, Capitalism and Development” International Affairs Journal at UC Davis. 6/6, < >)

B. Impact

Capitalist modes of productions make humans expendable and justify every atrocity. As capitalism enters new dimensions, the prospects of genocide and extinction are inevitable if we do not reject these capitalistic fronts.

Harman 97

Harman. Editor of the Socialst Worker 1997 (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 90-1)

C. The Alternative

The Alternative is to vote negative.

Capitalism is the root cause of all problems and thus only voting negative would allow us to solve the system.

Agyeman-Duah 06

(Frederick, Executive Director of Africa Today Associates, “State Power, Capitalism and Development” International Affairs Journal at UC Davis. 6/6, < >)

 

Representations/Bruckner/Guilt Kritik 

A. The depictions of catastrophes in the 1AC are not reality - they are sensationalized reports from media sources that objectify the targets of their charity.

      Bruckner 1986 (Pascal, Writer Activist, The Tears of the White Man: (as Contempt)

B. The disaster imagery of the 1AC is inevitably corrupted into oversimplified generalizations that relegate Africans to subhuman status – these stereotypes foster institutionalized discrimination that culminates in real violence

      Sankore 05,

C. Appealing to guilt absolves us from doing anything that actually changes the world. They present suffering to us, but keep it at arm’s length which numbs us and makes us passive to suffering

      Bruckner 1986 (Pascal, Writer Activist, The Tears of the White Man: (as Contempt)

D. The alternative is to vote negative. Our kritik is a prerequisite to discussions of the outcome of the plan. Evaluate our kritik as a gateway issue – before you can decide the question of the efficacy of the plan you must decide the validity of their representations

      Dauber 01 ()

 

NATO CP 

Text: The United States federal government should engage in prior binding consultation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization over the mandates of the affirmative plan. The United States will follow, implement, and fully enforce the outcome of the consultation. Funding and enforcement guaranteed. 

Competition

1. The counterplan tests resolved

2. competitive via net benefits

Solvency

1. We solve 100% of your case

      Chernoff, After Bipolarity: The Vanishing Threat, Theories of Cooperation, the Future of the Atlantic Alliance, 1995

2. Consultation with NATO over Africa is key

      Ames Associated Press 12/17/2005

3. Non Consultation creates friction- Only genuine consultation can maintain the alliance Christian science monitor 97

4. US engagement with Europe through Nato is key to US hegemony- NATO increases influence contains European power and allows for power projection Ruhle Parameters 03 Khalizad

5. NATO is key to democracy foreign affairs Wallander 02

6. Democraxy solves multiple scenerios for massive death Rummel 03 Freedom, democracy, peace, power, democide, and war introduction

 

Topicality – All of SSA 

A. DEFINITIONS- PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE DEALS WITH HEALTH AT THE POPULATION LEVEL- THIS EXCLUDES SUBSETS.

COMMISSION ON BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION 1997 (Enhancing Organizational Performance. http:// books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5128&page=151) 

2. THE RESOLUTION DESIGNATES THE POPULATION IN QUESTION AS “SUB SAHARAN AFRICA”

OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY, 1989 (online) 

3. SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IS THE ENTIRETY OF THE REGION SOUTH OF THE SAHARA.

WORDNET 06 ["Sub-Saharan africa." WordNet® 3.0. Princeton University. 01 Jul. 2007. .] 

B. VIOLATION- THE AFF DOES NOT INCREASE PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE TO SUB SAHARAN AFRICA, THEY ONLY INCREASE IT TO_____________.

C. STANDARDS-

1. PREDICTABLE LIMITS

2. GROUND

D. T IS A VOTER BECAUSE IT KEEPS DEBATES FAIR AND EDUCATIONAL. 

 

Topicality – Government to Government 

A. DEFINITION- PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE IS GOVERNMENT-TO-GOVERNMENT.

MONTAGU & PRATA 05 (Dominic & Ndola, UC-San Fran, /IHCourses.aspx) 

B. VIOLATION- THE AFF INTERACTS WITH NON GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS. 

C. STANDARDS-

1. PREDICTABLE LIMITS

2. GROUND

D. T IS A VOTER BECAUSE IT KEEPS DEBATES FAIR AND EDUCATIONAL. 

 

Topicality – Assistance must be money 

 

A. DEFINITION- ASSISTANCE MEANS THE TRANSFER OF FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL AID.

Merriam-Webster's Dictionary. 2006. ("Assistance."  .)

B. VIOLATION- THE AFFIRMATIVE DOES NOT SEND MONEY TO SUB SAHARAN AFRICA.

C. STANDARDS-

1. PREDICTABLE LIMITS

2. GROUND

D. T IS A VOTER BECAUSE IT KEEPS DEBATES FAIR AND EDUCATIONAL. 

 

ASPEC 

 

A. THE AFFIRMATIVE MUST SPECIFY THE AGENT THAT ENACTS THE PLAN.

 

B. THE PLAN ONLY SAYS USFG. EVALUATE THE PLAN IN A VACCUM.

 

C. THIS IS A VOTER.

 

1. GROUND-

2. EDUCATION-

3. TAKES OUT SOLVENCY.

Elmore, Professor of public affairs at U Washington, 1980 [Political science quarterly, pg. 605, (m7,06)] 

GBN OZ – Affirmative – Family Planning

AFF READ AT NDCA - (Updated 4/18)

Family Planning AFF

1ac plan

The United States federal government should provide support to family planning programs in topically designated areas, regardless of their compliance with the Mexico City Policy.

1ac leadership adv

Advantage one is leadership--

The gag rule has caused massive waves of clinic closures in sub-Saharan Africa—this undermines health diplomacy and destroys maternal health

Motluk, 4 (Alison, New Scientist, “A healthy strategy for whom exactly?”, 10/9)

The impact of the Mexico City policy ….in New York.

The impact is 700 deaths a day

Frederick T. Sai, advisor to the president of Ghana on HIV/AIDS, Sept/Oct 2004 ( /system/files/EP175G.pdf)

Pregnancy and unsafe abortion are … pregnancies and deliveries.

And, these ideological restrictions placed by the gag rule are detrimental to U.S. global health leadership—destroys US global health coordination that’s key to prevent the spread of rapidly emerging drug-resistant diseases

Ingram, 5 (Alan, Policy officer @ The Nuffield Trust (UK based health policy trust) & the lecturer in geography @ the University College London, Global Leadership and Global Health: Contending Meta-narratives, Divergent Responses, Fatal Consequences, International Relations, )

Global health problems are … most significant divergence of all.

These diseases will cause extinction

Fox, 98 (C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter, /USAWC/PARAMETERS/97winter/fox .htm)

The diseases to be discussed are among the primary …. with the problems.

And, there’s a massive risk of a major pandemic now

Reuters, Aug 23, 2007, /newsOne/idUSL227320420070823 ?pageNumber=2

Infectious diseases are … misuse of antibiotics.

1ac population adv

African population is sky-rocketing --- the most recent studies definitively disprove prior research --- plan solves

Flechet, 1/8/08 (Gregory, coordinator and DIC @ Institut de recherche pour le développement, French development thinktank, press release, “Sub-Saharan Africa: the population emergency”)

The report of a … development policies.

Subpoint A-environment—

This rapid population growth destroys biodiversity and renders other efforts at development obsolete

Lelo et al, 2k (Dr. Francis, Ph.D, is senior lecturer and head of the department of environmental science @ Egerton University, Sustainable Use and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, IUCN, July, /susg/docs/makenzi.PDF)

The crux of this paper is that …being the ultimate losers.

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction

The Straits Times, Nirmal Ghosh, Thailand Correspondent, November 16, 2007

They concluded that more than 16,… until it is too late.'

Subpoint B-terrorism—

Status quo War on Terror strategies will inevitably fail without addressing the root causes of terrorism in Africa

Charlene D. Jefferson, Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Force, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Strategic Studies Degree at the U.S. Army War College, under Margaret K. McMillion, former ambassador to Rwanda, Strategic Studies Institute, USAWC STRATEGY RESEARCH PROJECT, THE BUSH AFRICAN POLICY: FIGHTING THE GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM, 3/15/06,

Traditionally, Africa has had a … to see lasting progress against this enemy.

Terrorist recruitment in Sub-Saharan Africa poses a unique threat to global security --- only U.S. led family planning efforts solve

Richard Cincotta, senior research associate at Population Action International - a policy research organization in Washington, D.C, State of the World 2005 Global Security Brief #2: Youth Bulge, Underemployment Raise Risks of Civil Conflict, World Watch Institute, March 1, 2005,

Washington, DC— From continent to continent… through the UN Population Fund.

And, we control long-term uniqueness --- absent family planning, the Horn of Africa will collapse under uncontrolled population growth, unleashing widespread conflict and serving as a springboard for international terrorism

The Economist, “The path to ruin - The Horn of Africa”, August 12, 2006, lexis

A region endangered by Islamists, guns and… education a girl has, the fewer children she is likely to have.

Family planning can eliminate terrorism quickly --- comparatively more effective than any other terrorism prevention measure

Bruce Sundquist, Ph. D., Metallurgy from IIT, Senior Engineer in Westinghouse’s Advanced Reactors Division, Edition 6 - August, 2007, st1/terror.html

Supporting family planning… improved East-West relations

Africa’s the primary source of international terrorism --- only effective family planning can solve a long-term spillover

Robert I. Rotberg, Director of the Belfer Center’s Program on Intrastate conflict and Conflict Resolution at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University & adjunct Professor of public policy & former member of the Secretary of State’s Advisory Panel of Africa in 03-04, Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Brookings Institution Press, 2005, p 93-4

Ethiopia has experienced… regimes in neighboring states. 3

Terrorists in Africa can and will get nukes to use against the US

Cohen, 5 (Ariel, Ph.D., Senior Research Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at Heritage, 5/20, “Preventing a Nightmare Scenario: Terrorist Attacks Using Russian Nuclear Weapons and Materials,” /Research/HomelandSecurity /bg1854.cfm)

Osama bin Laden has called … bomb. The IAEA has documented cases of HEU theft.[11]

A nuclear terror attack invites Russian and Chinese aggression and causes massive U.S. retaliation against the muslim world—guarantees the termination of the planet

Corsi 5 [Jerome, PhD - harvard, Atomic Iran, pg176-8]

The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation… absorb the blow and recover.

And, an attack is inevitable absent the plan

Graham Allison, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, the Douglas Dillon Professor of Government and the faculty chair of the Dubai Initiative at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government, “The Three 'Nos' Knows,”11/12/07, The National Interest

How Serious is the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism? … hide it in a bale of marijuana.

1ac solvency

Solvency

An increase in US support for family planning’s essential to curb overpopulation and lower fertility rates.

Easterbrook, 99 (Greg, senior editor @ new republic, current fellow @ brookings institute, “Reproductivity,” 10/11, p. New Republic)

To sustain the presently favorable trends in … more than contraception.

US must take the lead in family planning or else lose valuable time and expertise—it’s key to program sustainability

Susan A. Cohen, policy development associate at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1997 ( /ib15.html)

For this small price, the U.S. population … and Depo-Provera.

Increasing US family planning is the only way to sustain global involvement

Wendy Turnbull, policy analyst at PAI, January 1996 ( /articles/mi_m0KDK/is_1996_Jan _1/ai_n18607203/pg_1)

Currently, about three-quarters of the roughly $4 billion spent …. in a more integrated manner.

USAID involvement’s essential to engaging African leaders solving for local adaptation

Donald S. Shepard health policy at Brandeis University, June 3 (Studies in Family Planning 34.2)

The regionalization strategy featured a forced … management and ensured consistent messages.

Increasing family planning access quickly stabilizes population rates

Brown, 3. – President of the Earth Policy Institute (Lester, Chapter 10 Responding to the social challenge. Plan B: Rescuing a planet under stress and a civilization in trouble. 2003. /Books/PB/PBch10_ss2.htm)

Slowing world population …children per family.

Democracy promotion adv

(we sometimes read this at the end, if time)

A. The gag rule hurts democracy promotion

Zampas, 02 Center for Reproductive Rights' Legal Adviser for Europe (Christina, "European Parliamentarians Speak Out, Bush Abortion Policy Hinders Other Nation’s Funding to Developing Countries" .org/pr_02_0605zampasggr.html)

NEW YORK "__Yesterday__, members of the Dutch, … time President Bush listened to his allies."

B. The plan’s key to fostering stable democratic transitions

CRR, 2003 (“Breaking the Silence: The Global Gag Rule’s Impact on Unsafe Abortion,” .org/pdf/bo_ggr.pdf)

It has long been recognized that … authoritarian manner.

C. Democracy promotion is solves multiple scenarios for extinction

Diamond, 95 (Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, /ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the … and prosperity can be built.

Berkley 1AC

The United States federal government should provide support to family planning programs south of the Sahara in Africa, regardless of their promotion of abortion.

1ac leadership adv

Advantage one is leadership--

The gag rule has caused massive waves of clinic closures in sub-Saharan Africa—this undermines health diplomacy and destroys maternal health

Motluk, 4 (Alison, New Scientist, “A healthy strategy for whom exactly?”, 10/9)

The impact of the Mexico City policy ….in New York.

The impact is 700 deaths a day

Frederick T. Sai, advisor to the president of Ghana on HIV/AIDS, Sept/Oct 2004 ()

Pregnancy and unsafe abortion are … pregnancies and deliveries.

And, these ideological restrictions placed by the gag rule are detrimental to U.S. global health leadership—destroys US global health coordination that’s key to prevent the spread of rapidly emerging drug-resistant diseases

Ingram, 5 (Alan, Policy officer @ The Nuffield Trust (UK based health policy trust) & the lecturer in geography @ the University College London, Global Leadership and Global Health: Contending Meta-narratives, Divergent Responses, Fatal Consequences, International Relations, )

Global health problems are … most significant divergence of all.

These diseases will cause extinction

Fox, 98 (C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter, )

The diseases to be discussed are among the primary …. with the problems.

And, there’s a massive risk of a major pandemic now

Reuters, Aug 23, 2007,

Infectious diseases are … misuse of antibiotics.

1ac population adv

Advantage two is population—

USAID just increased family planning assistance

Daily Times, 1/23/08,

ISLAMABAD: The United States …, families and lives.

African population is sky-rocketing --- the most recent studies definitively disprove prior research --- plan solves

Flechet, 1/8/08 (Gregory, coordinator and DIC @ Institut de recherche pour le développement, French development thinktank, press release, “Sub-Saharan Africa: the population emergency”)

The report of a … development policies.

Subpoint A-environment—

This rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa destroys biodiversity and food security and makes all other efforts at development and reducing poverty impossible

Lelo et al, 2k (Dr. Francis, Ph.D, is senior lecturer and head of the department of environmental science @ Egerton University, Sustainable Use and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, IUCN, July, )

The crux of this paper is that …being the ultimate losers.

Food insecurity is the root cause of African and global instability

Trudell 5, Robert H., JD Candidate @ Syrcause Law, Fall 2005, Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, 33 Syracuse J., Int’l L. & Com. 277

Food security deserves its place in any …. the same amount of food.

Loss of biodiversity causes extinction

The Straits Times, Nirmal Ghosh, Thailand Correspondent, November 16, 2007

They concluded that more than 16,… until it is too late.'

Subpoint B-terrorism—

Status quo War on Terror strategies will inevitably fail without addressing the root causes of terrorism in Africa

Princeton N. Lyman, former U.S. Ambassador to South Africa and Nigeria & Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow and Director of Africa Policy Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of the Africa Program and Task Force on HIV/AIDS at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “The Terrorist Threat in Africa”, Foreign Affairs, Jan-Feb 2004, lexis

On August 7, 1998, two massive bombs exploded… are to be advanced.

Terrorist recruitment in Sub-Saharan Africa poses a unique threat to global security --- only U.S. led family planning efforts solve

Richard Cincotta, senior research associate at Population Action International - a policy research organization in Washington, D.C, State of the World 2005 Global Security Brief #2: Youth Bulge, Underemployment Raise Risks of Civil Conflict, World Watch Institute, March 1, 2005,

Washington, DC— From continent to continent… through the UN Population Fund.

And, we control long-term uniqueness --- absent family planning, the Horn of Africa will collapse under uncontrolled population growth, unleashing widespread conflict and serving as a springboard for international terrorism

The Economist, “The path to ruin - The Horn of Africa”, August 12, 2006, lexis

A region endangered by Islamists, guns and… education a girl has, the fewer children she is likely to have.

Family planning can eliminate terrorism quickly --- comparatively more effective than any other terrorism prevention measure

Bruce Sundquist, Ph. D., Metallurgy from IIT, Senior Engineer in Westinghouse’s Advanced Reactors Division, Edition 6 - August, 2007,

Supporting family planning… infrastructure associated with going to war.

Africa’s the primary source of international terrorism --- only effective family planning can solve a long-term spillover

Robert I. Rotberg, Director of the Belfer Center’s Program on Intrastate conflict and Conflict Resolution at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University & adjunct Professor of public policy & former member of the Secretary of State’s Advisory Panel of Africa in 03-04, Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Brookings Institution Press, 2005, p 93-4

Ethiopia has experienced… regimes in neighboring states. 3

Terrorism in the horn of Africa will serve as a safe haven for international terrorists and spark major regional war

Peter Brookes, senior fellow, national security affairs and chung ju-yung Fellow for policy studies, asian studies center, “horn hotbed,” armed forces journal, may 2007,

Since the early 1990s, the Horn of Africa — the descriptive name… Islamic extremists and terrorists.

War and instability in Africa goes nuclear

Deutsch 2. Jeffrey, Political Risk consultant and Ph. D in Economics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18,

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most… people love to go fishing.

Terrorists in Africa can and will get nukes to use against the US

Thomas Dempsey, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. kennedy Special warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, “Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions”, April 2006, strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649.pdf

Raising the Stakes: The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist Threat… will be a complex and difficult task.

A nuclear terror attack invites Russian and Chinese aggression and causes massive U.S. retaliation against the muslim world—guarantees the termination of the planet

Corsi 5 [Jerome, PhD - harvard, Atomic Iran, pg176-8]

The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the nation… absorb the blow and recover.

1ac solvency

Solvency

An increase in US support for family planning’s essential to curb overpopulation and lower fertility rates.

Easterbrook, 99 (Greg, senior editor @ new republic, current fellow @ brookings institute, “Reproductivity,” 10/11, p. New Republic)

To sustain the presently favorable trends in … more than contraception.

US must take the lead in family planning or else lose valuable time and expertise—it’s key to program sustainability

Susan A. Cohen, policy development associate at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1997 ()

For this small price, the U.S. population … and Depo-Provera.

Increasing US family planning is the only way to sustain global involvement

Wendy Turnbull, policy analyst at PAI, January 1996 ()

Currently, about three-quarters of the roughly $4 billion spent …. in a more integrated manner.

Only US family planning efforts can develop an international model that’s essential to success

Olympia Snowe, Senator from Maine, 1 ()

The real issue before us today is often referred to as the ``… our models in their own efforts.

USAID involvement’s essential to engaging African leaders solving for local adaptation

Donald S. Shepard health policy at Brandeis University, June 3 (Studies in Family Planning 34.2)

The regionalization strategy featured a forced … management and ensured consistent messages.

Increasing family planning access quickly stabilizes population rates

Brown, 3. – President of the Earth Policy Institute (Lester, Chapter 10 Responding to the social challenge. Plan B: Rescuing a planet under stress and a civilization in trouble. 2003. )

Slowing world population …children per family.

GBN OZ – Negative

NEW LOST IMPACT SCENARION READ AT NDCA (Updated 4/18)

US ratification of LOS is key to establish legal certainty and prevent conflicts with Russia over the Arctic.

Reuters 3/9 (Deborah Zabarenko, Environment Correspondent, 3/9/08, "Could Arctic ice melt spawn new kind of cold war?" Reuters, /latestCrisis/idUSN07319018)

Unlike the first Cold War… going to develop without us."

LOS mediation is key to prevent miscalc.

WSJ 07 (Wall Street Journal, 8/22/2007. "U.S. Resistance to Sea Treaty Thaws," Wall Street Journal)

All this has put the U.S. … to assert its claims.

Causes nuclear war.

Kanter 99 (Arnold Kanter et al, Senior Fellow at the Forum for International Policy, 9/13/1999. "A Deal With Russia On Arms Control?" Boston Globe, /abmt/news/e19990914deal.htm)

Second, we want to do … that our children will pay the price.

Lost 1nc

Bush’s capital and support’s critical to LOST passage

NYT, 8-25, 2007,

A solemn international …and the Navy. 

LOST key to US hegemony – customary international law’s insufficient

Baker & Shultz, Former Secretaries of State, September 26, 2007



The Convention … on the Law of the Sea. 

US leadership’s essential to prevent global nuclear exchange

Zalmay Khalilzad, RAND, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 1995

Under the … of power system. 

 

 Oil DA 1nc

Perceptions of African instability is keeping oil prices high now

ABC Australia, 1/4/08,

The new year has barely … hemisphere. 

A decline in oil prices causes massive capital flight and tanks the Russian economy

IHT 1/7/04

Despite a year of turmoil …, according to one economist. 

Russian economic decline results in extinction

Steven David, Professor of Political Science at The Johns Hopkins University, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb, 1999

   If internal war does strike Russia, …a Russian civil war.

 

Imagery k 1nc

A. THE AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP TO AFRICA IS DEFINED BY IMAGES.  SATURATED BY REPRESENTATIONS OF CONFLICT, DISEASE, AND THE PERMANENT AFFLICTION OF CATASTROPHE AND CHAOS, POLICYMAKERS CAN’T HELP BUT SOLIDIFY THE DEHUMANIZING FRAME FOR INTERVENTION THESE IMAGES DEMAND

WALLACE, PHD STUDENT – ANTHROPOLOGY – OXFORD, 5

[JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, ]

When we think of Africa, … in the world (Ebo 1992:17). 

B. THE ATTACHMENT TO IMAGES OF AFRICAN CATASTROPHE CASTIGATES AFRICANS TO A PERMANENT GLOBAL UNDERCLASS.  DEFINED AS HARBINGERS OF THEIR EVER-PRESENT DEMISE, AFRICANS BECOME THE OBJECTS OF A GENOCIDAL PROCESS OF DEHUMANIZATION THAT’S GROUNDED HISTORY’S MOST EXTREME ATROCITIES.

SANKORE, EDITOR – INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA, 5

[ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions … freely define their future.  

C. ALTERNATIVE:

USE THE BALLOT TO SHORTCIRCUIT THIS CYCLE OF PESSIMISTIC DISASTER IMAGING OF AFRICA. TELLING A NEW STORY OF AFRICA, SEVERED FROM THE MODEL OF PREJUDICIAL PORTRAYAL, IS CRUCIAL TO DISCONNECT AMERICAN POLICYMAKING FROM THE MECHANISMS OF COLONIALISM

MEZZANA, SOCIOLOGIST AND RESERARCHER – CERFE GROUP AFRICAN RESEARCH, 5 [DANIELE, “A CANCEROUS IMAGE”, ]

The literature reported in this field … information on the African reality.

Consult NATO 1nc

Text: The United States Federal Government should propose* that it  

 

… to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for binding+ consultation. We’ll clarify 

The Net Benefit is NATO Cohesion

A. Lack of genuine consultation is collapsing the NATO alliance – only the counterplan can prevent the destruction of the alliance

Gordon, SENIOR FELLOW, FOREIGN POLICY STUDIES, BROOKINGS, 2003

[PHILIP H., FOREIGN AFFAIRS, JAN/FEB]

There is much … could indeed come at a price. 

B. Collapse of NATO causes multiple escalatory nuclear wars

John Duffield, Assistant Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia, 1994 [Political Science Quarterly 109:5, p. 766-7]

Initial … the existence of nuclear weapons.11  

C. The counterplan provides uniqueness for the net benefit - Consultation with NATO spills over to attract future U.S. involvement

Robert Kagan, 4 (Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. p 170)

Nor can … United Nations. 

GBS LP – Affirmative – Congo Nuclear Energy

Plan Text

PLAN: The United States Department of Energy should assist the Democratic Republic of the Congo in implementing the most recent International Atomic Energy Agency nuclear safety safeguards at the Kinshasa Center for Nuclear Studies.

1ac w/ cites

Contention 1: terrorism

THE MOST DANGEROUS NUCLEAR REACTOR IN THE WORLD IS IN THE CONGO. POLITICAL INSTABILITY, EXTREME POVERTY, AND THE LACK OF BASIC SAFEGUARDS MAKE DISASTER INEVITABLE, BUT LOCAL SCIENTISTS WILL INSIST ON POWERING UP THE DEATHTRAP BECAUSE THE U.S. IS NOT COMMITTED TO THE SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF CONGOLESE NUCLEAR POWER.

SULLIVAN, 2K1

(Tim, AP Writer, "Congo Nurses An Old Nuclear Reactor," 7/26, )

"In a crumbling concrete building…10 to 15 years of Congolese atom-splitting."

REGARDLESS OF RHETORIC, TERRORISTS DO NOT YET HAVE NUCLEAR WEAPONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN FOCUSING ON FORMER SOVIET STATES WHERE SECURITY IS STRONG. THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS UNIQUELY VULNERABLE, AND IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE AL QAEDA IS ARMED WITH AFRICAN HEAT.

DALY ET. AL, 2K5

(Sara, Research Analyst at RAND, former CIA terrorism analyst, Middle East and South Asia, former CIA counterterrorism representative, Department of State; John Parachini, Director, Intelligence Policy Center, RAND National Security Research Division, former Executive Director, Washington office, Monterey Institute of International Studies' Center for Nonproliferation Studies; William Rosenau, Political Scientist at RAND, former Senior Policy Adviser in the State Department's counterterrorism office; "Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism," )

"A third hypothesis is that…accountability systems proved to be limited."

THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS NOT MEETING IAEA SAFEGUARD STANDARDS, AND CURRENT POLICIES WILL FAIL TO MAKE THE SITE SAFE. THIS MAKES TERRORIST SMUGGLING INEVITABLE, AND INVALIDATES IAEA INSPECTION LEGITIMACY.

CRAIL AND BERGENAS, 2K7

(Peter, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, and Johan, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, "Uranium Smuggling Allegations Raise Questions Concerning Nuclear Security In The Democratic Republic Of Congo," WMD Insights, April, )

"Given the details that have unfolded…security of the DRC's nuclear resources."

THE U.S. IS LOSING ALL CREDIBILITY ON PROLIFERATION BECAUSE OF A FAILURE TO SUPPORT NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS AT UNSAFE FACILITIES. CRACKING DOWN IN THE CONGO IS THE NECESSARY PREREQUISITE TO ANY ATTEMPT TO STOP NUCLEAR MATERIALS FROM GETTING INTO THE HANDS OF TERRORISTS, AND ONCE THEY CROSS THIS THRESHOLD THE FIREWORKS WILL BEGIN.

CROWLEY, 2K2

(Michael, senior editor at The New Republic, "W. Forgets the Nuclear Threat," Old Guard, 9/09, )

"But it's a win that almost didn't…underfunded and largely ignored, for years."

TERRORISTS ARE WILLING TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS ARE A DIME A DOZEN.

COHEN, 2K5

(Ariel, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies at Heritage Foundation, 5/20, "Preventing a Nightmare Scenario: Terrorist Attacks Using Russian Nuclear Weapons and Materials," )

"In 2003, Sheikh Nasir bin Hamid…documented cases of HEU theft."

AND, GROUPS ARE MOVING ON THE CONGO TO EXPLOIT THE REACTOR.

REUTERS, 2K7

(Joe Bavier, "Congo scientist planned to export uranium-minister," 3/08, )

"A government minister in Congo…minerals,' he told reporters."

A NUCLEAR TERROR ATTACK CAUSES MISCALCULATION AND FULL ESCALATION TO NUCLEAR WAR.

SPEICE, 2K6

(Patrick, J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, "NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS," William & Mary Law Review, Feb, l/n)

"The potential consequences of the unchecked spread… escalate to the use of nuclear weapons."

ACCESS TO URANIUM IS THE FINAL STEP IN CONSTRUCTING A WEAPON. OUR TIMEFRAME IS HOURS.

TAYLOR 96

(Theodore, former nuke designer and deputy director of the Defense Nuclear Agency, "Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons," july, )

"there are many possible…nuclear weapon states"

AND, THE THREAT OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM DEMANDS ACTION NOW. ANY HESITATION TO ACT AGAINST LOOSE URANIUM MAKES OUR IMPACTS INEVITABLE.

CROWLEY 2

(Michael, senior editor at TNR, "w. forgets the nuclear threat" old guard, 9/09, doc.mhtml?i=20020909&s=crowley090902

"that's much too long to wait…not tomorrow. Today"

contention 2: proliferation

THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY IS UP FOR REVIEW, BUT NOW IS THE KEY TIME TO RESTORE REGIME CREDIBILITY.

JOHNSON, 2K7

(Rebecca, PhD is the executive director of the Acronym Institute, "Looking Towards 2010: What does the Nonproliferation Regime need?," Disarmament Diplomacy, Spring, Iss. 84, )

"Difficult though it may be…after the NPT was concluded."

UNFORTUNATELY, THE U.S. IS GOING IT ALONE ON NONPROLIFERATION. FAILURE TO ACTIVELY PROMOTE IAEA NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS COLLAPSES ANY HOPE OF REVIVING THE NPT.

WASHINGTON POST, 2K

(William Drozdiak, "Missile Shield Eroding U.S. Arms Control Goals," 6/15, l/n)

"Elbaradei had proposed this year…and accept IAEA inspections."

CONGO HAS A UNIQUE PLACE IN THE NONPROLIFERATION SYSTEM. INCREASING SAFEGUARD CREDIBILITY IN AFRICA IS CRUCIAL TO N.P.T. CREDIBILITY.

KAMANDA, 2K5

(Gerard, Minister of Scientific Research and Technology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Interview in CTBTO Newsletter, Issue 6, July, )

"Q: The Treaty of Pelindaba…Conference of IAEA in September 2004."

INTERNATIONAL NON-PROLIF CREDIBILITY IS THE ONLY WAY TO PREVENT ROGUE STATES FROM SECRETLY DEVELOPING NUCLEAR WEAPONS. EVERY ALTERNATIVE TO STRENGTHENED SAFEGUARDS WILL FAIL.

WASHINGTON POST, 2K

(William Drozdiak, "Missile Shield Eroding U.S. Arms Control Goals," 6/15, l/n)

"Many diplomats say the challenge…is a fundamental American interest.'"

AND RAPID, COVERT PROLIFERATION IS UNIQUELY DESTABILIZING. EVEN REALISTS AGREE THAT WILDFIRE PROLIFERATION MUST BE PREVENTED.

ROBERTS, 99

(Brad, research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses in Alexandria, Virginia, and a member of the editorial board of The Nonproliferation Review, "Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s," Nonproliferation Review, Fall)

"What then is at stake…the world would change fundamentally."

THE IMPACT IS ESCALATORY NUCLEAR WAR.

UTGOFF, 2K2

(Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the

Institute for Defense Analyses, "Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions," Survival, V. 44, Summer)

"First, the dynamics of getting to… bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations."

Nuclear prolif damages environment

Biggest health risk – extinction

SOLVENCY

ONLY THE UNITED STATES HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE TO INSPECT AND MONITOR FOREIGN NUCLEAR FACILITIES. EMPIRICALLY THIS IMPROVES SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY, AND OTHER COUNTRIES WILL MODEL THE IAEA SAFEGUARD SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED BY THE PLAN.

FERTEL, 99

(Marvin, Senior Vice President, Nuclear Infrastructure Support & International Programs at Nuclear Energy Institute, "Testimony for the Record," , 3/17)

"The foundation for the United States'…technical cooperation on safety related issues."

ONLY A BILATERAL FRAMEWORK FOR ESTABLISHING PROLIFERATION LEADERSHIP WILL SOLVE. MOVING FROM UNILATERALISM TO MULTILATERAL FRAMEWORKS WILL FAIL BECAUSE U.S. POLICYMAKERS DISTRUST THE INTENTIONS OF EXTRANEOUS POLITICAL ACTORS, AND WILL NOT BE WILLING TO ENFORCE THE NONPROLIFERATION AGENDA. THIS INTRODUCES DEVASTATING DELAYS THAT GUT SOLVENCY.

JOFFE, 2K4

(Alexander, Ph.D. directs the West Asia Environmental Security Project, "Incorporating Environmental Considerations into Arms Control," Disarmament Diplomacy, Iss. 77, May/June, )

"These inevitable political developments…profitably inform arms control negotiations."

2ac Tricks, Add-Ons,

they kicked terrorism

Answers To Off Case Args

No link on tradeoff,

Answers To Major Case Args

Waltz prolif good cards don't apply – middle east is fast prolif, uniquely destabilizing

Fast prolif undermines deterrence etc.

GBS LP – Affirmative – Vaccines

1 OBSERVATION ONE: THE STATUS QUO

2 AIDS CONTINUES TO SPREAD AND ALL STATUS QUO MEASURES WILL FAIL—VACCINES ARE THE ONLY CHANCE FOR A CURE

BERKELEY 12-18-2007 (Dr. Seth, chief executive and president of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Washington Post)

First, there was the announcement ... eliminate the need for all others.

3 UNFORTUNATELY, VACCINE RESEARCH IS FAILING IN THE STATUS QUO—COMPANIES HAVE A PERVERSE FINANCIAL INCENTIVE TO AVOID VACCINE RESEARCH—BILLIONS COULD DIE AS A RESULT

1 FINANCIAL TIMES 3-3-2005

For the billions of potential victims of Aids ... antiretroviral Aids drugs cheaply.

4 AND, THIS INADEQUATE VACCINE RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON STRAINS COMMON TO THE UNITED STATES, NOT AFRICA

CRADDOCK 2007 (Susan, Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies, University of Minnesota, Social Science & Medicine, March)

In the meantime, the interrelation ... regions of Africa and Southeast Asia.

5 OBSERVATION TWO: AIDS

6 FIRST, AIDS CONTINUES TO SPREAD IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND ALL PREVENTIVE MEASURES WILL FAIL—ONLY A VACCINE CAN SUCCEED

BERKELEY 2007 (Dr. Seth, President of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, November 21, )

“We at IAVI are encouraged ... for those who need it most.”

7 AND, THE AIDS PANDEMIC IS UNIQUE—IT WILL NOT BURN OUT OR LEVEL OFF

PIOT 2005 (Dr. Peter, Director of UNAIDS, “Why AIDS is Exceptional,” Feb 8, )

A first and crucial way ... expand for decades!

8 200 MILLION PEOPLE WILL BE LIVING WITH HIV BY 2020—THIS REDUCES THE OVERALL IMMUNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AND INCREASES THE RISK OF PANDEMICS FROM RE-EMERGING, NEW, AND CURRENT DISEASES

NEWSDAY 5-31-2001 ()

Today, with the AIDS ... popping out of our DNA to cause disease.

9 THE IMPACT OUTWEIGHS ALL DISADVANTAGES—EMERGING DISEASES ARE THE GREATEST THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL

ZIMMERMAN AND ZIMMERMAN 1996 (Barry and David, both have M.S. degrees from Long Island University, Killer Germs p 132)

Then came AIDS…... Robin Marantz Hening.

10 AIDS HOLLOWS OUT AFRICAN MILITARIES AND CRUSHES DETERRENCE—THIS RESULTS IN WAR

SINGER 2002 (Peter, John M. Olin Post-doctoral Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Survival, Spring. This is not the bioethicist/activist Peter Singer.)

The results are devastating ... rates as classified information.25

11 THIS ESCALATES TO NUCLEAR WAR

DEUTSCH 2002 (Jeffrey, Political Risk Consultant and Ph.D in Economics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18, )

The Rabid Tiger Project believes ... people love to go fishing.

12 ALL OTHER WAR IMPACTS HAVE A ZERO PROBABILITY—DETERRENCE PREVENTS ESCALATION

MUELLER 1988 (John, Professor of Political Science at the University of Rochester, International Security, Fall)

In the second part, these ... born of boredom.

13 AND, AIDS CAUSES DEFORESTATION AND DESTROYS THE ENVIRONMENT

OGLETHORPE AND GELMAN 2006 (Judy, World Wildlife Fund; Nancy, Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, April 2006)

Behind these broad population... Center for Research on Women 2004).

14 DEFORESTATION IS THE KEY TO ALL SPECIES LOSS—COLLAPSE OF PLANT LIFE WILL EVENTUALLY DESTROY ALL LIFE ON EARTH—THIS OUTWEIGHS ANY DISAD IMPACT

WATSON 2006 (Captain Paul, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, Last Mod 9-17, )

The facts are clear. More plant ... massive human destruction.

15

16 Plan: The United States federal government, through the Partnership for AIDS Vaccine Evaluation, should establish an advance purchase commitment for human immunodeficiency virus clade C vaccines for Africa south of the Sahara. Vaccine candidates should be given a fast-track review evaluation.

17 OBSERVATION THREE: SOLVENCY

18 ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS ENCOURAGE VACCINE RESEARCH AND DISTRIBUTION—THIS WOULD PREVENT MILLIONS OF INFECTIONS

I.A.V.I. 2005 (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Policy Brief, “Advance Market Commitments: Helping to accelerate AIDS vaccine development,” November, )

Researchers face significant challenges... infections and AIDS-related deaths.

19 FAST-TRACK TESTING WOULD CUT YEARS OFF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND QUICKLY RESULT IN AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE—EVEN A WEAK VACCINE WITH POOR DISTRIBUTION WOULD STOP AIDS

BERKELEY 2007 (Seth, president and CEO of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Foreign Policy, May 1)

An AIDS vaccine is ... so desperately needs.

20 EVEN A PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE VACCINE SOLVES AND OUTWEIGHS ANY TURNS

Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology 2005 (Imperial College, University of London, “Imperfect Vaccines Could Reduce HIV Prevalence and AIDS Deaths” Jan 31, )

The potential public health I ... deterministic model.

21 AND, ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS WOULD CREATE A PROFIT INCENTIVE FOR SECOND-GENERATION VACCINES

I.A.V.I. 2005 (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Policy Brief, “Advance Market Commitments: Helping to accelerate AIDS vaccine development,” November, )

One of the major challenges... improved AIDS vaccines.

22 U.S. LEADERSHIP IS CRITICAL TO A VACCINE—NO DISEASE HAS BEEN ERADICATED WITHOUT IT

LUGAR 2007 (US Senator Richard, Philadelphia Inquirer, Feb 21)

Smallpox is all but eradicated, ... suppliers and donor countries.

23

24 ONLY THE UNITED STATES CAN ELIMINATE AIDS—GLOBAL LEADERSHIP IS KEY AND NO OTHER COUNTRY CAN DO IT

GARRISON 2004 (Jim, president of the State of the World Forum, Excerpt from America as Empire, )

The major difference ... global governance.

25 THE CDC HAS UNIQUE HIV VACCINE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

CDC 2007 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC HIV/AIDS” October 16, )

The intervention most ... effective HIV vaccine.

26 THE CDC IS THE BEST AGENCY IN THE WORLD TO DO THE PLAN—THIS EVIDENCE ACCOUNTS FOR CRITICISM AND CONCLUDES AFF

SADLER 2000 (John, MD, Independent Dialysis Foundation, Seminars in Dialysis (journal), March-April)

The quality of CDC scientific ... from this vital resource.

27 THE U.S. ALREADY HAS EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH PEPFAR—IT’S THE BEST IN THE WORLD

1 THE GLOBE AND MAIL 8-19-2006

None of this, ... in the spotlight."

28 THIS PRE-EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE IS KEY TO VACCINE EFFECTIVENESS

BASS 2002 (Emily, Senior writer of the IAVI Report, AIDScience, December)

While making, purchasing ... once a vaccine is licensed.

29

30 USAID INVOLVEMENT IS KEY TO LEADERSHIP AND DISTRIBUTION—DESPITE SHORTCOMINGS, USAID IS STILL THE MOST EFFECTIVE AGENCY FOR PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE—IT HAS THE MOST RESOURCES AND THE BEST ORGANIZATION

BATE 2007 (Roger, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, January)

Despite all its shortcomings, ... and effective organization.

31 UNDERVIEW:

32 FIRST, NO DISAD CAN TURN THE CASE—VACCINES WILL BE DISTRIBUTED EVEN IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS—WE ALSO DON’T LINK TO SPENDING OR AID TRADEOFF

BERNDT AND HERVITZ 2005 (Ernst, Prof of Applied Economics at MIT; John, Lawyer and Adjunct Professor at Georgetown University Law Center, Health Affairs, May/June)

The rationale for advance-purchase ... malaria and HIV.

33 AND, WAR DOES NOT TURN THE CASE—NEW STUDIES PROVE IT DOES NOT CAUSE HIV SPREAD

REUTERS 6-28-2007 ()

War, refugee crises and ... inadequate study methods.

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Congo

CONTENTION ONE: TERRORISM

THE MOST DANGEROUS NUCLEAR REACTOR IN THE WORLD IS IN THE CONGO. POLITICAL INSTABILITY, EXTREME POVERTY, AND THE LACK OF BASIC SAFEGUARDS MAKE DISASTER INEVITABLE, BUT LOCAL SCIENTISTS WILL INSIST ON POWERING UP THE DEATHTRAP BECAUSE THE U.S. IS NOT COMMITTED TO THE SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF CONGOLESE NUCLEAR POWER.

SULLIVAN, 2K1 (Tim, AP Writer, “Congo Nurses An Old Nuclear Reactor,” 7/26, )

“In a crumbling concrete building on the … 10 to 15 years of Congolese atom-splitting.”

REGARDLESS OF RHETORIC, TERRORISTS DO NOT YET HAVE NUCLEAR WEAPONS BECAUSE THEY HAVE BEEN FOCUSING ON FORMER SOVIET STATES WHERE SECURITY IS STRONG. THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS UNIQUELY VULNERABLE, AND IT IS ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE AL QAEDA IS ARMED WITH AFRICAN HEAT.

DALY ET. AL, 2K5 (Sara, Research Analyst at RAND, former CIA terrorism analyst, Middle East and South Asia, former CIA counterterrorism representative, Department of State; John Parachini, Director, Intelligence Policy Center, RAND National Security Research Division, former Executive Director, Washington office, Monterey Institute of International Studies' Center for Nonproliferation Studies; William Rosenau, Political Scientist at RAND, former Senior Policy Adviser in the State Department's counterterrorism office; “Aum Shinrikyo, Al Qaeda, and the Kinshasa Reactor: Implications of Three Case Studies for Combating Nuclear Terrorism,” )

“A third hypothesis is that the nuclear weapons and … but at the end of the day the controls provided by international accountability systems proved to be limited.”

THE KINSHASA REACTOR IS NOT MEETING IAEA SAFEGUARD STANDARDS, AND CURRENT POLICIES WILL FAIL TO MAKE THE SITE SAFE. THIS MAKES TERRORIST SMUGGLING INEVITABLE, AND INVALIDATES IAEA INSPECTION LEGITIMACY.

CRAIL AND BERGENAS, 2K7 (Peter, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, and Johan, Research Assistant at Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Uranium Smuggling Allegations Raise Questions Concerning Nuclear Security In The Democratic Republic Of Congo,” WMD Insights, April, )

“Given the details that have unfolded thus … the recurring concerns regarding the security of the DRC’s nuclear resources. [18]”

AND, GROUPS ARE MOVING ON THE CONGO TO EXPLOIT THE REACTOR.

REUTERS, 2K7 (Joe Bavier, “Congo scientist planned to export uranium-minister,” 3/08, )

“A government minister in Congo on Thursday … sensitive material: uranium and other radioactive minerals," he told reporters.”

THE U.S. IS LOSING ALL CREDIBILITY ON PROLIFERATION BECAUSE OF A FAILURE TO SUPPORT NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS AT UNSAFE FACILITIES. CRACKING DOWN IN THE CONGO IS THE NECESSARY PREREQUISITE TO ANY ATTEMPT TO STOP NUCLEAR MATERIALS FROM GETTING INTO THE HANDS OF TERRORISTS, AND ONCE THEY CROSS THIS THRESHOLD THE FIREWORKS WILL BEGIN.

CROWLEY, 2K2 (Michael, senior editor at The New Republic, “W. Forgets the Nuclear Threat,” Old Guard, 9/09, )

“But it's a win that almost didn't happen. Indeed, …the same places where they have languished, underfunded and largely ignored, for years.”

TERRORISTS ARE WILLING TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS AGAINST THE u.s. AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS ARE A DIME A DOZEN.

COHEN, 2K5 (Ariel, Ph.D., is Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies at Heritage Foundation, 5/20, “Preventing a Nightmare Scenario: Terrorist Attacks Using Russian Nuclear Weapons and Materials,” )

“In 2003, Sheikh Nasir bin Hamid al-Fahd, … a nuclear bomb. The IAEA has documented cases of HEU theft.[11]”

ACCESS TO URANIUM IS THE FINAL STEP IN CONSTRUCTING A WEAPOn

TAYLOR, 96 (Theodore, former nuclear weapons designer and former Deputy Director of the Defense Nuclear Agency, board member of the Nuclear Control Institute, “Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons,” July, )

“There are many possible degrees of drift or … and probably also for decades in the other four declared nuclear weapon states.”

a nuclear terror attack causes miscalculation and nuclear war

SPEICE, 2K6 (Patrick, J.D. Candidate 2006, Marshall-Wythe School of Law, College of William and Mary, “NEGLIGENCE AND NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION: ELIMINATING THE CURRENT LIABILITY BARRIER TO BILATERAL U.S.-RUSSIAN NONPROLIFERATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS,” William & Mary Law Review, Feb, l/n)

“The potential consequences of the unchecked spread … conflicts will draw in the United States and escalate to the use of nuclear weapons. 53”

CONTENTION TWO: PROLIF

THE NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY IS UP FOR REVIEW, BUT NOW IS THE KEY TIME TO RESTORE REGIME CREDIBILITY.

JOHNSON, 2K7

(Rebecca, PhD is the executive director of the Acronym Institute, “Looking Towards 2010: What does the Nonproliferation Regime need?,” Disarmament Diplomacy, Spring, Iss. 84, )

“Difficult though it may be, especially after … security needs of the 21st century, 40 years after the NPT was concluded.”

UNFORTUNATELY, THE U.S. IS GOING IT ALONE ON NONPROLIFERATION. FAILURE TO ACTIVELY PROMOTE IAEA NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS COLLAPSES ANY HOPE OF REVIVING THE NPT.

WASHINGTON POST, 2K

(William Drozdiak, “Missile Shield Eroding U.S. Arms Control Goals,” 6/15, l/n)

“Elbaradei had proposed this year … other countries have formally pledged to forgo nuclear weapons and accept IAEA inspections.”

CONGO HAS A UNIQUE PLACE IN THE NONPROLIFERATION SYSTEM. INCREASING SAFEGUARD CREDIBILITY IN AFRICA IS CRUTIAL TO N.P.T. CREDIBILITY.

KAMANDA, 2K5

(Gerard, Minister of Scientific Research and Technology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Interview in CTBTO Newsletter, Issue 6, July, )

“Q: The Treaty of Pelindaba establishing the African … during the 48th Session of the General Conference of IAEA in September 2004.”

INTERNATIONAL NON-PROLIF CREDIBILITY IS THE ONLY WAY TO PREVENT ROGUE STATES FROM SECRETLY DEVELOPING NUCLEAR WEAPONS. EVERY ALTERNATIVE TO STRENGTHENED SAFEGUARDS WILL FAIL.

WASHINGTON POST, 2K

(William Drozdiak, “Missile Shield Eroding U.S. Arms Control Goals,” 6/15, l/n)

“Many diplomats say the challenge now …spread of nuclear weapons is a fundamental American interest."

AND RAPID, COVERT PROLIFERATION IS UNIQUELY DESTABILIZING. EVEN REALISTS AGREE THAT WILDFIRE PROLIFERATION MUST BE PREVENTED.

ROBERTS, 99

(Brad, research staff at the Institute for Defense Analyses in Alexandria, Virginia, and a member of the editorial board of The Nonproliferation Review, “Proliferation and Nonproliferation in the 1990s,” Nonproliferation Review, Fall)

“What then is at stake? In response to some catalytic event, entire regions could … others. Were it to unravel, the world would change fundamentally.”

THE IMPACT IS ESCALATORY NUCLEAR WAR.

UTGOFF, 2K2

(Victor, Deputy Director of the Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division of the

Institute for Defense Analyses, “Proliferation, Missile Defence, and American Ambitions,” Survival, V. 44, Summer)

“First, the dynamics of getting to a highly proliferated world could be very dangerous. … the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.”

NUCLEAR PLANT FAILURE AND LEAKAGE ARE INEVITABLE WITHOUT THE STRENGTHENING OF IAEA SAFEGUARDS. THIS CAUSES MASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE.

MOLODSTOVA, 94 (Elena, former professor of International Law at Moscow State Institute of International Relations, “Nuclear Energy and Environmental Protection: Responses of International Law,” Pace Environmental Law Review, Fall, l/n)

“In this section, the author will show, first, that nuclear …within the scope of the IAEA inspectors's duties. 123 “

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION.

GONÇALVES, 2K1 (Eduardo, environmental researcher, author of the reports Broken Arrow - Greenham Common's Secret Nuclear Accident and Nuclear Guinea Pigs - British Human Radiation Experiments, published by CNL) (UK), “The Secret Nuclear War,” Ecologist, April)

“But could radiation really be to blame for these deaths? Are … requires a new word to describe it: omnicide.”

CONTENTION THREE: SOLVENCY

ONLY THE UNITED STATES HAS THE TECHNICAL EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE TO INSPECT AND MONITOR FOREIGN NUCLEAR FACILITIES. EMPIRICALLY THIS IMPROVES SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY, AND OTHER COUNTRIES WILL MODEL THE IAEA SAFEGUARD SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED BY THE PLAN.

FERTEL, 99 (Marvin, Senior Vice President, Nuclear Infrastructure Support & International Programs at Nuclear Energy Institute, “Testimony for the Record,” , 3/17)

“The foundation for the United States' leadership role… culture worldwide by providing technical cooperation on safety-related issues.”

ONLY THE U.S. HAS EFFECTIVE REGULATORY SCHEMES FOR NUCLEAR PLANTS, AND THIS IS UNIQUELY IMPORTANT FOR THE CONGO.

BURKE, 2K6 (Taylor, J.D., University of Tulsa, 2006, “NUCLEAR ENERGY AND PROLIFERATION: PROBLEMS, OBSERVATIONS, AND PROPOSALS,” Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law, Winter)

“These cases illustrate a unique aspect of the … focuses on. The next section discusses how the technology creates those risks.”

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Family Planning

Plan:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its family planning assistance to nongovernmental organizations within topically designated countries regardless of their compliance with the requirements established by the Mexico City Policy.

CONTENTION ONE: HUMAN RIGHTS

SUBPOINT A: REPRODUCTIVE IMPERIALISM

THE GLOBAL GAG RULE IS IMPERIALISM THAT HOLD AS HOSTAGES IMPOVERISHED WOMEN AROUND THE WORLD

Neacsu 02 [Dana, reference librarian at the Arthur W. Diamond Law Library of the Columbia University Law School and a New York attorney, Law Review of Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law, "Imposing Sexual Restraint Abroad," Winter 2002, lexis]

“The reinstatement of the Mexico … the extent can only be guessed until it is too late. 68”

INCREASING ASSISTANCE IS VITAL TO U.S. HUMAN RIGHTS LEADERSHIP – WITHOUT FUNDING, ANY U.S. COMMITMENT TO REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS WILL BE HOLLOW AND WILL VIOLATE INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS. INCREASING UNDING WILL SIGNAL A RENEWED COMMITMENTENT TO HUMAN RIGHTS GLOBALLY AND BOLSTER NGOS EFFORTS TO EMPOWER WOMEN

Upreti 03 [legal adviser for Center for Reproductive Rights’ International Legal Program, Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar for academic excellence – 2k3 ( Melissa, Women’s Rights Law Reporter, Rutgers, “The impact of the “Global Gag Rule” on Women’s Reproductive Health Worldwide,” Fall 2003, Lexis)

“For example, the United States Agency for International Development … injustices of such policies.”

SUBPOINT B: NGO LINKAGES

THE PLAN IS NECESSARY TO THE ENTIRETY OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT – THE GAG RULE CHILLS ALLIANCES BETWEEN NGOS WHICH IS NECESSARY TO THE PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Neier, 2001 [Aryah, President of the Open Society Institute and founder of Human Rights Watch, Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, July 19, ]

“My testimony addresses the central advocacy role … important political issues, these extraterritorial associations and communications must be afforded the highest protection.”

CURTAILING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION MAKES ALL FORMS OF WAR AND GENOCIDE POSSIBLE. A ROBUST NETWORK OF NGOS COMMITTED TO HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IS THE ONLY HEDGE AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

D’Souza, 96 Executive Director of Article 19, International Centre Against Censorship (Frances, “Freedom of Expression: The First Freedom?”, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy 
Subcommittee on Human Rights, European Parliament, 4/25, )

“In the absence of freedom of expression … which continue to occur could have been prevented.”

GENOCIDE OUTWEIGHS OMNICIDE

Lang, 90. Professor of Humanities at Trinity College.

“When the push of a single button can produce … acting both collectively and individually.”

WAR IN AFRICA WILL RESULT IN INTERVENTION AND NUCLEAR WAR

Deutsch 2002. Jeffrey, Political Risk consultant and Ph. D in Ecnomics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18,

“The Rabid Tiger Project believes… people love to go fishing.”

CONTENTION TWO: AIDS

THE GAG RULE PREVENTS HEALTH SERVICES TO THE MOST VULNERABLE POPULATIONS – OVERTURNING IT IS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE INTEGRATED HEALTH SERVICES

The Lancet, 14 March 2003. (“‘Pro-life’ policy threatens US HIV/AIDS initiative,” )

“But, if implemented, the policy will … homes, families, and communities—is cruel.”

HIV INFECTIONS CONTINUE TO RISE—ONLY CONDOMS CAN PREVENT THIS INCREASE AND NO OTHER METHOD CAN SUCCEED WITHOUT THEM

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2K4 (WHO and UNAIDS, Position Statement

On Condoms and HIV Prevention, July 2004, )

“Condom use is a critical element … sustained control of the epidemic.”

200 MILLION WILL BE LIVING WITH HIV BY 2020 – THIS REDUCES THE OVERALL IMMUNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AND INCREASES THE RISK OF PANDEMICS FROM RE-EMERGING, NEW, AND CURRENT DISEASES.

Newsday 5-31-2001 ()

“ Today, with the AIDS epidemic … popping out of our DNA to cause disease.”

THE IMPACT OUTWEIGHS ALL DISADVANTAGES – EMERGING DISEASES ARE THE GREATEST THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL.

Zimmerman and Zimmerman 1996. (Barry and David, both have M.S. degrees from Long Island University, Killer Germs p132) WE DO NOT ENDORSE GENDERED LANGUAGE

“ Then came AIDS… dominance on the planet is the virus.”

CONTENTION THREE: SOLVENCY

US LEADERSHIP IS ESSENTIAL TO COMBATING THE AIDS EPIDEMIC – WE ARE THE COUNTRY THAT CONTROLS THE TECHNOLOGY, RESOURCES, AND KNOWLEDGE TO SOLVE

ZEITZ, CO-DIRECTOR OF GLOBAL AIDS ALLIANCE, 2001

[Dr. Paul S., “Recommendations on the US Role in the Global Fight on HIV/AIDS”, TESTIMONY BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, June 07, online]

“Since the beginning of the… strengthening the attractiveness of new markets.”

USAID HAS DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN CREATING CULTURALLY SENSITIVE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE FAMILY PLANNING—NO OTHER DONOR HAS THEIR EXPERIENCE.

SHEPARD ET AL 2K3 - Professor, Schneider lnstitute for Health Policy at Brandeis University (Donald, June 2003, Studies in Family Planning, Volume 34.2, “Cost-effectiveness of USAID’s Regional Program for Family Planning in West Africa.”)

“The regionalization strategy featured a forced … may have focused management and ensured consistent messages

USAID IS THE ONLY ACTOR WITH THE TECHNICAL CAPABILITY AND FIELD PRESENCE TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS – DECADES OF EXPERIENCE PROVE.

Population Action International, 3/8/1998. “Paying their Fair Share – Donor Countries and International Population Assistance,” .

GBS QZ – Affirmative – Gag Rule

Plan:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its family planning assistance to nongovernmental organizations within topically designated countries regardless of their compliance with the requirements established by the Mexico City Policy.

CONTENTION ONE: HUMAN RIGHTS

THE GLOBAL GAG RULE IS IMPERIALISM THAT HOLD AS HOSTAGES IMPOVERISHED WOMEN AROUND THE WORLD

Neacsu 02 [Dana, reference librarian at the Arthur W. Diamond Law Library of the Columbia University Law School and a New York attorney, Law Review of Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law, "Imposing Sexual Restraint Abroad," Winter 2002, lexis]

“The reinstatement of the Mexico … the extent can only be guessed until it is too late. 68”

THIS REFUSAL TO FUND ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE IS RENDERING ENTIRE POPULATIONS DISPOSABLE THAT CAN BE DESTROYED AT THE WHIMS OF THE STATE

HERNANDEZ-TRUYOL 2k6 [Berta, professor of law @ University of Florida, “On Disposable People and Human Well-Being”, UC DAVIS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY, Fall, lexis]

"Moreover, although a treatment may be palliative...well-being in the health paradigm."

INCREASING ASSISTANCE IS VITAL TO U.S. HUMAN RIGHTS LEADERSHIP

Upreti 03 [legal adviser for Center for Reproductive Rights’ International Legal Program, Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar for academic excellence – 2k3 ( Melissa, Women’s Rights Law Reporter, Rutgers, “The impact of the “Global Gag Rule” on Women’s Reproductive Health Worldwide,” Fall 2003, Lexis)

“For example, the United States Agency for International Development … injustices of such policies.”

FAMILY PLANNING STRATEGIES VOID OF HUMAN RIGHTS IS EASILY COOPTED BY EXTREMIST POPULATION CONTROL IDEOLOGY – SETS US ON A PATH to eugenics

SPAHN 1997 [Elizabeth, professor of law @ New England School of Law, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, 12/22, .(Symposium+on...-a020526962]

"As those of us who have been through the joys ...the much needed son is produced.(41)"

THE PLAN IS NECESSARY TO THE ENTIRETY OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT – THE GAG RULE CHILLS ALLIANCES BETWEEN NGOS WHICH IS NECESSARY TO THE PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Neier, 2001 [Aryah, President of the Open Society Institute and founder of Human Rights Watch, Testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations, July 19, ]

“My testimony addresses the central advocacy role … important political issues, these extraterritorial associations and communications must be afforded the highest protection.”

CURTAILING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION MAKES ALL FORMS OF WAR AND GENOCIDE POSSIBLE. A ROBUST NETWORK OF NGOS COMMITTED TO HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION IS THE ONLY HEDGE AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

D’Souza, 96 Executive Director of Article 19, International Centre Against Censorship (Frances, “Freedom of Expression: The First Freedom?”, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy 
Subcommittee on Human Rights, European Parliament, 4/25, )

“In the absence of freedom of expression … which continue to occur could have been prevented.”

GENOCIDE OUTWEIGHS OMNICIDE

Lang, 90. Professor of Humanities at Trinity College.

“When the push of a single button can produce … acting both collectively and individually.”

WAR IN AFRICA WILL RESULT IN INTERVENTION AND NUCLEAR WAR

Deutsch 2002. Jeffrey, Political Risk consultant and Ph. D in Ecnomics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18,

“The Rabid Tiger Project believes… people love to go fishing.”

CONTENTION TWO: AIDS

THE GAG RULE PREVENTS HEALTH SERVICES TO THE MOST VULNERABLE POPULATIONS – OVERTURNING IT IS NECESSARY TO PROVIDE INTEGRATED HEALTH SERVICES

The Lancet, 14 March 2003. (“‘Pro-life’ policy threatens US HIV/AIDS initiative,” )

“But, if implemented, the policy will … homes, families, and communities—is cruel.”

HIV INFECTIONS CONTINUE TO RISE—ONLY CONDOMS CAN PREVENT THIS INCREASE AND NO OTHER METHOD CAN SUCCEED WITHOUT THEM

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2K4 (WHO and UNAIDS, Position Statement

On Condoms and HIV Prevention, July 2004, )

“Condom use is a critical element … sustained control of the epidemic.”

200 MILLION WILL BE LIVING WITH HIV BY 2020 – THIS REDUCES THE OVERALL IMMUNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES AND INCREASES THE RISK OF PANDEMICS FROM RE-EMERGING, NEW, AND CURRENT DISEASES.

Newsday 5-31-2001 ()

“ Today, with the AIDS epidemic … popping out of our DNA to cause disease.”

THE IMPACT OUTWEIGHS ALL DISADVANTAGES – EMERGING DISEASES ARE THE GREATEST THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL.

Zimmerman and Zimmerman 1996. (Barry and David, both have M.S. degrees from Long Island University, Killer Germs p132) WE DO NOT ENDORSE GENDERED LANGUAGE

“ Then came AIDS… dominance on the planet is the virus.”

AND, AFRICAN AIDS WILL SPREAD GLOBALLY CAUSING HUMAN EXTINCTION

Muchiri 2k (Michael Kibaara, Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi,“Will Annan finally put out Africa’s fires?” Jakarta Post, March 6, ln) GENDER MODIFIED

"The executive director of UNAIDS, Peter Piot, ...and maybe the human race."

CONTENTION THREE: SOLVENCY

US LEADERSHIP IS ESSENTIAL TO COMBATING THE AIDS EPIDEMIC – WE ARE THE COUNTRY THAT CONTROLS THE TECHNOLOGY, RESOURCES, AND KNOWLEDGE TO SOLVE

ZEITZ, CO-DIRECTOR OF GLOBAL AIDS ALLIANCE, 2001

[Dr. Paul S., “Recommendations on the US Role in the Global Fight on HIV/AIDS”, TESTIMONY BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, June 07, online]

“Since the beginning of the… strengthening the attractiveness of new markets.”

USAID HAS DECADES OF EXPERIENCE IN CREATING CULTURALLY SENSITIVE STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE FAMILY PLANNING—NO OTHER DONOR HAS THEIR EXPERIENCE.

SHEPARD ET AL 2K3 - Professor, Schneider lnstitute for Health Policy at Brandeis University (Donald, June 2003, Studies in Family Planning, Volume 34.2, “Cost-effectiveness of USAID’s Regional Program for Family Planning in West Africa.”)

“The regionalization strategy featured a forced … may have focused management and ensured consistent messages."

USAID IS THE ONLY ACTOR WITH THE TECHNICAL CAPABILITY AND FIELD PRESENCE TO ENSURE SUCCESSFUL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS – DECADES OF EXPERIENCE PROVE.

Population Action International, 3/8/1998. “Paying their Fair Share – Donor Countries and International Population Assistance,” .

"The technical capacity of the U.S. international population...broaden USAID's technical capacity."

AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS MODEL U.S. ACTION - ONLY BY CHANGING THE GOVERNMENTS CAN YOU SOLVE

SAI 04 (Frederick, "intrnational Commitments and Guidance on Unsafe Abortion," African Journal of Reproductive Health, Vol. 8, No. 1, April, pp. 15-28, database: bioline international)

"Finally, we must take into consideration...and Population Action International."

DETERRENCE SOLVES WAR

VAN CREVELD 93 (Martin, Nuclear Proliferation and the Future of Conflict)

"In practice, the leaders of medium and...to a lessening of tensions."

NUKE WAR DOESN'T CAUSE EXTINCTION

MARTIN 1984 (Dr Brian Martin)

"The latest stimulus for doomsday beliefs...remains speculative at present."

GBS (All Teams) – Negative

JAPAN CP/SOFT POWER DA

Solvency - Japanese aid empirically solves public health

The Lancet, ‘7

[“Japan’s Aid Commitment to Health and Africa,” Jan. 6-12, p. 28, gp]

With declining global interest in Africa… an additional $500 million for the Global Fund.

Soft Power –

A. Foreign aid is key to Japanese soft power

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, ‘98

[]

However, making substantial contributions… through its ceaseless efforts in the ODA arena.

B. Japanese soft power solves rearmament

The Washington Quarterly, ‘6

["Japan’s Goldilocks Strategy", Autumn, ]

A third choice, the one preferred by the middle-power internationalists… much less openly plan for, military contingencies.

C. Rearm causes a Sino-U.S. nuclear war that we can’t win

Johnson, ‘5

[Chalmers, President of the Japan Policy Research Institute, 4/4, China, Japan and the U.S.: How We're Playing Our Hand Badly, History News Network]

I recall forty years ago, when I was a new professor… and Japanese imperialism and colonialism.

CHINA DA

A) UNIQUENESS: THE CHINESE RISE TO PROMINENCE IS INEVITABLE. IF THE UNITED STATES ALLOWS CHINA TO ENGAGE IN AFRICA, CHINA WILL BIND ITSELF MULTILATERALLY TO THE WORLD. U.S. ACTION CAUSES CHINA TO RUN TOWARD UNILATERALISM.

GILL AND HUANG, 2K6 (Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies, and Yanzhong, Director, Center for Global Health Studies at Whitehead School of Diplomacy, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power'” Survival, 48:2, June)

Despite an expansion and successful use of soft power… advanced to see concrete action on China's part.

B) LINK: ASSISTANCE TO SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA CONVINCES CHINA THAT THE U.S. WILL DENY ANY CHINESE ATTEMPTS AT EXPANDING THEIR SPHERE-OF-INFLUENCE. CHINA CAN GROW SOFTLY IN THE ABSENCE OF U.S. AID, BUT THE PLAN TAKES AWAY THE LAST REGION ON EARTH WHERE CHINA CAN FEEL WELCOME.

SAUNDERS, 2K6 (Phillip, Senior Research Fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, “China’s Global Activism: Strategy, Drivers, and Tools,” Oct, ndu.edu/inss/Occasional_Papers/OCP4.pdf)

China’s growing regional and global influence… regions that would otherwise be considered low priorities.

C) IMPACT: CHINA WILL RESPOND TO THE THREAT OF CONTAINMENT BY LASHING OUT AGAINST U.S. INTERESTS. THIS CAUSES GREAT-POWER CONFLICT.

FOOT, 2K6 (Rosemary, Professor of International Relations, and the John Swire Senior Research Fellow at St Antony's College, Oxford University, “Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging,” International Affairs 82)

China is neither part of, nor determinedly… hegemonic position is used, especially with reference to China itself.

THE IMPACT IS EXTINCTION.

NYE, 90 (Joseph, Dean of Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Bound to Lead, p. 17)

Perceptions of change in the relative… in a world with 50,000 nuclear weapons, history as we know it may end.

IMPERIALISM K

A. The Link – The Affirmative’s offer of assistance to the savages of sub-Saharan Africa is the next step in the process of Manifest Destiny – their depiction of the United States as the only hope for the health and prosperity of the African people glorifies our genocidal tendencies and secures our national identity beyond rational reproach

Jimson, ‘92

[Thomas, “Reflections on Race and Manifest Destiny,” ]

This sums up much of the rhetoric of the mid 19th Century… present conditions and transforms itself into a suitable logic for the times.

B. The Impact – the myth of the American frontier valorizes death and atrocity – this makes even nuclear attacks an act of American heroism and drives the United States to the extremes of total obliteration

Slotkin, ‘85

[Richard, Olin Professor of American Studies @ Wesleyan, The Fatal Environment, p. 60-61]

This ideology of savage war… America is an exceptionally violence society.

C. The Alternative – “Vote Negative to reject the American frontier myth” – our critique serves as a process of counter-memory, a forgetting of the frontier myth in favor of an open investigation of identity itself – this examination reveals identity as contingent and arbitrary, opening up the possibility for genuine freedom

Clifford, ‘1

[Michael, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Mississippi State University, Political Genealogy After Foucault: Savage Identities, p. 134-137]

“Whenever man has thought it necessary… of always being able to become other than what we are.

TRADE CP

TEXT: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ELIMINATE BARRIERS TO TRADE WITH ___________ INCLUDING TARIFFS AND NON-TARIFF BARRIERS. THE UNITED STATES SHOULD REDIRECT MONEY FROM AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDES TO THE CONSERVATION SECURITY PROGRAM. THE UNITED STATES SHOULD NOT INCREASE ASSISTANCE TO AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA.

SOLVENCY - THE COUNTERPLAN SOLVES POVERTY THROUGHOUT SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—AID DOES NOTHING

BIEKER 2007 (Christa, National Center for Policy Analysis, “Trade Is the Best Aid for Africa,” September 24, )

The 48 countries south of the Sahara desert in Africa… Congress would increase subsidies to $286 billion over 8 years.

[VARIOUS CASE SPECIFIC “GROWTH SOLVES CASE” CARDS]

NET BENEFIT – AID CAUSES WAR, MASSACRE AND UNDERMINES DEMOCRACY—ONLY TRADE CAN SOLVE

SHIKWATI 2002 (James Shikwati, director of the Inter-Region economic Network in Nairobi, , November 15, )

But "aid" will not stimulate development. Only trade…(and less efficient) building company if you know the people can't complain?

POLITICS

We’ve read LOST Good, LOST Bad, Colombia Free Trade Good, and India Deal Good

Greenhill RR – Affirmative – Kenyan Biosafety

The United States federal government should increase agricultural biosafety assistance to the government of Kenya.

observation one: inherency

U.S. has tripled its public health assistance to Africa and will inevitably expand its military presence

 

Bates Gill, Chin-hao Huang, and J. Stephen Morrison 1/07 (Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, Researcher with Freeman Chair, Executive Director, HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director, Africa Program, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa and Implications for the United States,” Center for Internatinal and Strategic Studies, )

the us is aggressively increasing its oil trade with africa 

 

Ploch, Analyst in African Affairs, 7



kenya biotechnology is inevitable but it’s not adopting effective biosafety laws—the plan is crucial to create comprehensive biosafety guidelines—this will be modeled by the rest of africa

 

Kameri-Mbote, Prof of Law @ Intl Envrio Law Research Center in Kenya, 2007



kenya lacks a comprehensive policy governing the development of biotech

 

Anyango and Shiundu, 2k (Dept of Botany & Chem @ Univ of Nairobi)



usaid’s biotech strategy is currently insufficient—the us needs to help train african bio-scientists to create sustainable success

 

Eicher, Prof of Ag Economics @ MSU, 2006



observation two: kenyan biodiversity

kenya relies on unsustainable slash and burn agriculture to feed its population—this will collapse biodiversity

 

Africa News, 99



loss of kenyan biodiversity through overuse of land causes worldwide extinction

 

Miller and Yeager, Africa-Carribean Institute, 94

(Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity) 

The ODA study warns:Everywhere

biotech key to restoring biodiversity—it’s the only way to avoid excessive land use

 

Braun, Prof of Microbiology @ Univ of Bern, and Ammann, Director of the Botanical Garden @ Bern, 96



prefer our evidence—overwhelming majority of experts conclude that with regulatory action, biotech will have a positive effect on biodiversity

 

Leisinger, Executive Director of Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, 99



confluence of experts agree that gmos are safe—there has not been a single case of illness or environmental destruction b/c of regulatory action 

 

Lacy, former Executive Director of the Intl Policy Council on Ag, Food, And Trade, 3

(SAIS Review 23.1 (2003) 181-202—Project Muse)

Concerns over the health effects

observation three: mass starvation

Sub-Saharan Africa faces the most severe food shortages in the world – access to biotechnology is critical to resolve this

 

Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

The most food-insecure countries

land pressure is exacerbating soil erosion in kenya and the rest of africa—causes massive crop decreases

 

Hanyona, Writer for the Earth Times, 1



this makes global war inevitable—food shortages are the root cause of international violence

 

Jimmy Carter, Chair of Carter Center, 94



impact is extinction

 

Francis, Ag research @ U Nebraska, 94



kenya biotech development spillsover throughout africa

 

Nidiritu, Director of KARI, 96



Success in sub-Saharan Africa will be modeled internationally

 

Glover, 7



smooth transition to biotechnology is the only way to avert mass starvation in africa

Chassey, Associate Director of The Biotch Center @ the Univ of Illinois, 3



biotechnology prevents soil erosion—reduces tillage and pesticide use

 

McGloughlin, Prof @ Univ of California Davis, 99

(Journal of Agrobiotech Management & Economics Vol.2 No.3/4 Article. 4)

The argument that adoption of biotechnology crops

observation four: monoculture

genetic diversity in agriculture is collapsing—only effective utilization of biotechnology can avert monoculture

 

Raeburn, award-winning science writer, 95

(The Last Harvest: The Genetic Gamble that Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture)

By focusing on a handful of the very best varieties

causes extintion

 

Fowler, Ph.D. Center for Intl Enviro & Development Studies, and Mooney, Ph.D. in Sociology, 90

(“Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”)

While many may ponder the consequences of

development of biosafety in kenya is crucial to maximize the use of local germplasm that protects genetic diversity

 

Wambugu, President of Harvest Biotech Foundation International, 6

 

 

KEY TO GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY 

Juma, 89

(Calestous, The Gene Hunters)

“Kenya is one of the few African countries”

observation four: solvency

an increase in us involvement is vital to counter the change of european influence that prevents biotech developments

 

Paarlberg, Prof of Poli Sci @ Wellesley, 2003



 us key—it’s the world leader in biotech

 

Sheldon, Prof of Ag Enviro & Development Economics, 2k (Ian M., Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management & Economics Vol.3 No.1 Article7)

 

Us capacity building assistance is crucial to build collaborative networks with developing countries that allow the us to fully utilize international genetic varieties---only by directly working with other countries can we diversify us agriculture 

Cummings, Coordinator for Intl Research-AID, 91

(Bioscience, December) 

Advances in US agriculture provide an extraordinary example

2AC ON LoST:

non-uniques

no links only turns-biotech proposals will be spun as Bipartisan Economic development and be disassociated from th negitive issues

Plein 91

(Science, Technology & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 4, 474-490)

The other dimension of economic development is international competition

Bipartisan and public support for biotech

Genertic Engineering & Bi0tech News 7

()

They are very congnizant of the need to stimulate new technology

Biotech popular in Congress

Plein 92

(Science, Technology & Human Values, Vol. 16, No. 4, 474-490)

She attributed this change to the growing acceptance of biotechnology by citizens and policymakers alike.

Plan popualr with the public

Lawrence 6

( .php?uid=150)

Americans overwhelmingly supprt initiatives aimed at increasing agricultural

And it turns the link public key to poli cap

National Journal’s congressDaily 05

The question of Bush’s approval rating is hardly an academic exercise

2AC Answers

Order – T, Heg, Egypt, Trade Off DA, K

No we meet, just rolled with counter interp, competing interps bad, we are T later in block

Their cards only assume the squo, inevitability claims, case solves = main args against the case, Plan is a shift away from the norm

Reads a lot of cards back to all args

At: Australia – Heg in the sqou and hasn’t happened yet – alt severs all relations

Extended Egypt advantage

DA – NU, not on chopping block, congressional earmarks link turn, conflict has been on brink for ever – case solves cuz water is cause, we solve escalation. Keagan.

K – Policy F/w

No link – don’t do security – its water

No link

Critisicm marginalizes Africa in colonialism

86

Aff helps them and they asked so not bad

Cant solve water crisis min Africa the alt fails

Fiating Africa bad for debating

Perm – reject every instance except ours

International fiat illigit

C/I – they only get one K

Greenhill RR – Affirmative – Somalia Medical Teams

Plan:  The United States federal government should improve Somali health capacity by training Somali medical professionals and providing support for health care capacity building. 

CI – Aid now 

US has tripled its public health assistance to Africa and will inevitably expand its military presence

X Bates Gill, Chin-hao Hung and J. Stephen Morrison, 01-2007 (“China’s Expanding Role in Afria and Implications for the United States”, Center for International and Strategic Studies, )

“engagement in Africa….moving forward with plans to create a new Africa command” 

The US is providing millions of dollars worth of aid to Somalia specifically

X Knight 12-17-07 ()

“largest bilateral donor of humanitarian…..support of AMISOM deployments” 

C2 – Health 

The Somalia health care infrastructure is in shambles – there is chronic shortage of health care workers and inadequate training

X Randolph 2004 (

“there is a chronic lack of qualified health professionals….upgrade the skills of those in Somalia” 

Somalian health crisis will result in over 2 million deaths and jeopardize global efforts to contain disease

X Betelmal, 2006,

“staggering 2.1 million are in urgent…..more than 2 million people” 

 

Terminal impact is extinction

X South China Morning Post 01-04-96

“in place of natural….imperil the survival of the human race” 

Comprehensive package of technical assistance is crucial to restore public health infrastructure in Somalia and ensure delivery of vital services

X Von Hippel, 2004 ()

“60 international organizations are supporting…..assistance to Somalia could be maximized if it was linked more…institutional development” 

Accessibility is not a problem – assistance can effectively reach Somalians

X Hess 2007 (hearing of African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee)

“Access appears to be improving….back in Somalia” 

C3 – Terrorism 

The US needs to drastically increase humanitarian aid to forge a meaningful relationship with Somalia to prevent terrorism – current aid is insufficient

X Cook, 2007,

“will need to act quickly to avert…opening for expanded U.S. engagement” 

Medical assistance crucial to win support for current US counterterrorism efforts in Somalia

X Feingold and Morrison 2007 (hearing of the African Affairs Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee)

“AC-130 attacks could have on the broader political attacks….Somalia out of its current mess” 

Balancing current hardline approaches with softer measures like health assistance will make US counterterrorism effective

X Cook 2007 (url above)

“continues to be under pressure to define….chaotic and unstable Somalia that will prove disastrous” 

Strong relations with Somalians necessary to overall counterterrorism efforts

X International Crisis Group Report, 2005 ()

“successful counter-terrorism campaign….terrorist attack against foreign interests” 

Somalia is a hotspot for global terrorism

X Prendergast 2006

“statelessness in Somalia has already been…..because of shared ideology” 

An attack would cause immediate US lash out that kills hundreds of millions

X Easterbrook 

Causes extinction

X Alexander 

Terrorists in Somalia can access wmds

X CBS News, 2007

“Africa faces a growing risk…..kind of weapons can find their way” 

Terrorists already have nukes – they have the potential to inflict mass casualties

X Farah, 2005 ()

“government officials are contemplating….assemble additional weapons” 

C4 – Civil War

Current US policy that privileges counterterrorism over aid fosters anti-US sentiment and militarization in Somalia

xVoice of America, October 2007 (lexis)

“transitional authority’s close relationship….suspicious of the US” 

Inclusion of Islamic moderates crucial to government stability

X Africa News June 2007 lexis, Report by Department of State

“the main hope for nonmilitary solution…..should not exclude Islamist group” 

Foreign aid crucial to prevent radicalization of moderate Muslims – the US is the only actor that can reverse the anti-Western sentiment – absent change, Somalia will descent into violence and civil war

X Los Angeles Times 2007 (lexis)

“without quick diplomacy….subclans that have previously opposed the transitional government is crucial” 

Civil War in Somalia will quickly draw n countries from all over the world

X Venema 2006 )

“looming prospect….proxy war for regional and international actors” 

The impact is global nuclear war

X Deutsch 

US credibility needed to restore stability in Somalia – no other country has the necessary clout for political reconciliation

X Council on Foreign Relations 2006  

“Washington still has a golden….reconstitution of the Somali state” 

Health assistance can be a key bargaining chip in conflict resolution

X Bishai 2007  

“use health as a tool for conflict mitigation….impact on conflict”

Greenhill RR – Negative

HIV/AIDs Conflation K

The certainty that aids is caused by hiv is misplaced—despite the abyss of knowledge about aids, activists attempt to fix an objective site of the disease isolated from contamination by its social and cultural meanings.

Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," )

It is usually assumed by activists and scientists that under the sludge

The HIV model of aids has been used to create stifling uniformity in the field of aids research—the lack of conclusive evidence for the model is concealed by the suppression of dissenting voices and the public's unquestioning acceptance.

Rasnick 97 (David, Senior Researcher for the Dr Rath Health Foundation, )

A skeptical veteran of AIDS research bemoans the culture of conformity imposed by government-funded, industry-driven, and media-hyped Big Science. People think of "AIDS research" as the crucible of modern science and technology. There are more than 100,000 scientists and doctors working on AIDS - more than the annual number of AIDS patients in the U.S. There are 80,000 AIDS organizations in the U.S., one for each new AIDS patient. As a scientist who has studied AIDS for 16 years, I have determined that AIDS has little to do with science and is not

The HIV model posits a single and identifiable enemy—it replaces complexity with simplicity and uncertainty with security in order to placate our fear of the disease.

Colwell 96 (C., Philosophy @ Villanova, "Deleuze, Sense and the Event of AIDS," Postmodern Culture, Volume 6, Number 2)

At this point, let me return to the question of the dominance of the HIV model of AIDS. Despite the fact that prominent researchers, Robert Root-Bernstein and Peter Duesberg among others, have provided significant evidence and coherent arguments that HIV is not a sufficient

This simplicity is dangerous—transfers blaim and fear of aids from the disease to its most visible symbol—authorizes scapegoating and violence against already marginalized groups.

Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," )

For scientists, most research into AIDS became research into HIV, understanding its life cycle

The alternative is to reject the affirmative's representation of hiv as the monolithic cause of aids. only by refusing to connect aids to a stable signifier can we explore other methods for fighting the disease.

Boon 96 (Marcus, English @ York University, "Naming the Enemy: AIDS Research, Contagion and the Discovery of HIV," )

Donna Haraway has written persuasively on this subject [51]< >. She describes the replacement of an 'old' organic unity of body and knowledge replaced by a 'biopolitics of the body' envisioned as 'a coded text, organized as an engineered communications system, ordered by a fluid and dispersed command-control-intelligence system' [52]. In response to this new situation, 'our hopes for accountability....turn on revisioning the world as coding trickster with whom we must learn to converse' [53]. In the context of AIDS, this means never forgetting that, as much as we yearn for it, the power of modern medical science 'does not flow from a consensus about symbols and actions in the face of suffering'

The role of the ballot is to endorse the most socially productive representation of aids.

Mathebe 05 (Lucky, Sociology @ University of South Africa, )

That said, however, AIDS in South Africa is also a clear-cut case of the much larger issues of culture and identity. The embeddedness of authentic voices in the AIDS story justifies

Challenging aids representations is crucial to combat entrenched cultural meanings that shape our social reality.

Brophy 02 (Sarah, English @ McMaster University, Literature and Medicine 21.2 (2002) 306-311)

This ambitious book expands on Paula Treichler's groundbreaking 1988 essay "AIDS, Homophobia, and Biomedical Discourse: An Epidemic of Signification." In that essay, reprinted here as the book's first chapter, Treichler argues that "the very nature of AIDS is constructed through language and in particular through the discourses of medicine and science" (p. 11). The epidemic has generated "a chaotic assemblage of understandings of AIDS," "an epidemic of . . . signification." Insisting that our understandings of what AIDS and HIV infection mean be regarded as "culturally constructed," Treichler proposes that we pay careful attention to how language creates rather than simply reflects the meanings of illness. Far from being objective, biomedical definitions of AIDS are based "on prior social constructions

Objectivism 1nc

foreign aid is violent—it is based on the idea that individuals must sacrifice themselves for the needs of others.

 

Condottiero 07 (Reference Librarian at the Ludwig von Mises Library, )

“There is no question that too much… No. Altruism says: Yes.”[7]

the politics of self-sacrifice is the driving force behind totalitarian violence—those who do not willingly sacrifice their lives can be forced at the point of a bayonet.

 

Rand 60 (Ayn, Philosopher, )

The socialists had a certain… to the antithesis of the altruist morality.

aid degrades those it claims to help—founding our relationship to africa on paternalism engenders the same racist attitudes responsible for africa’s history of colonialism and poverty.

 

Holdt 03 (Jacob, Creator of American Pictures, )

What I saw - to state it simply… easily the most paternalistic racists.

people are by nature rational and self-interested—the ideology of self-sacrifice is unethical and life-negating.

 

Sternberg 05 (Elaine, Philosophy @ University of Leeds, )

While most non philosophers are… generally possible, negative liberty is required. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Canada cp 1nc

Canada plays a leading role in assistance to Africa

 

FAITC 2 (July, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, “Canada and Sub-Saharan Africa”, )

Canada's fundamental interest… new and existing resources over five years (2002-07).

Canada has a comparitive advantage over the u.s.– shared legal, economic, and cultural ties ensure effective assistence

CCA 4 (Brief #1, “Canada & Africa Matching Reputation With Action in the 21st Century”, Canadian Council on Africa, September, )

Since the 1960s African independence… model that many African states wish to replicate.

no offense on a solvency deficit---Canadian aid has empirically decreased corruption 

Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada 5 (“Canada's Contribution to the G8 Africa Action Plan: Consolidating Africa's Place at the Centre of Canada's International Cooperation Agenda”, June, )

With Canada's help, African public servants… efforts in support of Africa's development goals. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

China da 1nc

china is winning oil influence through its aid-for-oil strategy

 

Pan 7  (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, “China, Africa, and Oil”, 1/26, )

China's booming economy… of oil from African countries. 

u.s.-sino influence is zero sum---the stage is set for confrontation 

Malaquias 6 (Assis, Associate Professor of Government, St. Lawrence University, THIRSTY POWERS: THE UNITED STATES, CHINA, AND AFRICA’S ENERGY RESOURCES,

)

Ultimately, this will force… will help to reconfigure global  power relations.

this competition for oil will cause a US-sino war

 

Klare 6 (Michael Klare, Prof of Peace and World Security Studies @ Hampshire College & Daniel Volman, director of the African Security Research Project in Washington; 2006  “America, China & the Scramble for Africa’s Oil” Review of African Political Economy No.108:297-309)

The possibility that an alarmist… deserves to be given thorough, and critical, scrutiny. 

extinction 

The Straits Times, June 25, 2k (Regional Fallout: No One Gains in War Over Taiwan. Straits Times. Lexis)

THE high-intensity scenario… see the destruction of civilization.  

Farm Bill Politics

A. Aggressive bush lobbying will secure farm bill passage now---failure to agree to a deal will collapse the agricultural sector

Sonner, AP Columnist, 2/12



SPARKS, Nev. (AP) — Failure to reach ...but "I don't think the Senate is there yet."

Bush must invest capital to ensure passage of farm bill

Brownfield Network, 2/13



Senate Agriculture Committee Chairman ...said in the statement.

Collapse of agriculture will devastate the economy

Journal of Commerce, 98

(12/31)

If this country continues ..economy is sure to follow.

Greenhill HS – Affirmative – Disabilities

The current US foreign assistance regime ignores the disabled---absence of clear Congressional mandate has pushed the disabled to the periphery of our social and political consciousness

Einat Hurvitz, LL.M. Candidate, August 2003, American University, Washington College of Law, 2003 (18 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1189)

In Sub-Saharan Africa, the disabled are at the very bottom of the social ladder---they are subjected to brutal sexual violence, skyrocketing disease incidence, and physical abuse, all while systematically ignored and pushed away by legal institutions

Margaret McElligott, assistant managing editor of , 12/2/03 (“Africa: Disabled People 'at Significantly Increased Risk' of HIV Infection” )

Despite the obvious signs of systematic abuse, the disabled are virtually ignored by Western development efforts---poverty alleviation efforts proceed business-as-usual without ever taking into account the group that is the poorest and most excluded--- this causes a spiral of despair and helplessness in which widespread poverty and exclusion are a virtual certainty

Rebecca Yeo, Action on Disability and Development, August 2001 ()

How we think about those with disabilities is a litmus test for our conception of normalcy and otherness more broadly---the social construction of and discrimination against the disabled legitimizes a eugenic extermination of those who threaten our idea of what it means to be normal

Samuel R. Bagenstos, law at Harvard, April 2000 (86 Va. L. Rev. 397)

The construction of the ideal body and mind that is posited against the disable contains within it the crucial component that sustains all prejudice and disenfranchisement---the aff stands in as a confrontation with broader social forms of violence

Abby Wilkerson, Teacher at George Washington University, Disability, Sex Radicalism, and Political Agency, 2002 (National Women's Studies Association Journal. NWSA Journal 14.3 (2002) 33-57 )

The conception of disability as deviant and unworthy of protection spans both governments and academia---the aesthetic lack contained within the disabled body motivates a politics based around extermination

Daniel J. Wilson, Cultural Locations of Disability, published October 8th, 2006

()

The eugenic gaze cast by the technologies of discipline that govern our relationship to disability culminates in the genocidal impulse---the institutional spaces of exclusion epitomized by current development efforts legitimizes state-sponsored racist violence

Bill Hughes, social policy at University of Glasgow, 2002 (Disability Studies Today, p. 60-2)

The medicalization of life and the biological degradation of certain segments of the species is the root cause of conflict---wars are fought and life is exterminated not because of a particular sovereign geopolitical interest but because of the biopolitical commitment to eugenic violence

Stuart Elden, politics at University of Warwick, 2002 (Boundary 2 29.2)

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should create a Fund for Inclusion that substantially increases assistance to people with disabilities in topically-designated area.

The creation of Funds for Inclusions promotes broad social openness to disability---foreign assistance which is specifically targeted at the disabled is essential to the cultivation of an ethical relationship with the disabled

Arlene Kanter et al, law at Syracuse University, 9/9/03 ()

Incorporating disability funding into the core of US public health assistance is a powerful symbol against the medicalization and exclusion of the disabled---the plan establishes a new political and ethical framework that can enable a global shift towards openness

Einat Hurvitz, LL.M. Candidate, August 2003, American University, Washington College of Law, 2003 (18 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1189)

Explicit codification of the concept of disability assistance is key to effect an attitude shift within USAID and to galvanize human rights protections

Bill Albert et al, chair of the Norfolk Coalition of Disabled People and the International Sub-Committee of the British Council of Disabled People, July 2005 ()

Increased visibility of USAID programs in Africa is necessary to effectively mainstream disability assistance---US programs are the global leader in disability assistance and they are best positioned to strengthen local support for disability protection

Bill Albert et al, chair of the Norfolk Coalition of Disabled People and the International Sub-Committee of the British Council of Disabled People, July 2005 ()

Increased levels of Sub-Saharan social spending to improve access for people with disabilities are crucial---budgetary limitations prevent adequate African state support for the disabled

Cheryl McEwan and Ruth Butler, human geography at Durham University and social research at University of Hull, 2007 (Geography Compass 1.3)

Assistance that supports empowerment and inclusion programs can act as a catalyst that changes the entire socio-economic system of disability---the call for the plan serves as the springboard for sweeping changes in the way that society looks at disability

Robert Metts, economics at the University of Nevada, 2006 ()

The US has over 30 years of experience in implementing effective disabilities programs---the plan allows the US to exert global leadership on behalf of the disabled

Arlene Kanter et al, law at Syracuse University, 9/9/03 ()

Increased American foreign assistance programs are the only way to alleviate disenfranchisement and incorporate the disabled into African society

Amy T. Wilson, international development at Galludet University, 2005 (American Annals of the Deaf 150.3)

Greenhill HS – Negative

CHINA OIL DA

China is winning oil influence through its aid-for-oil strategy

Pan 7 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, “China, Africa, and Oil”)

China's booming economy, …from African countries.

Competition over access to oil markets is zero sum

Markman 6 (Jon, editor of the independent investment newsletters Strategic Advantage and Trader's Advantage , “How China is winning the oil race”)

The United States … to us forever.

African resources are key to Chinese economy

Rena, 7 (Dr Ravinder is an Associate Professor of Economics at the Eritrea Institute of Technology, Africa Economic Analysis, “Rich countries and their leverage on Africa”)

Despite its own … oil from Africa.

Chinese economic downturn causes World War III

Plate 3 (Tom, professor of Policy and Communication Studies at UCLA where he founded the Asia Pacific Media Network, “Why not invade China? With allies like the neo-cons, Bush scarcely needs enemies”)

But imagine a … seems to prefer.

EU CP---GENERIC

The EU is the best leader on public health because of pharmaceutical research, experience, and innovation

Health Insurance Law Weekly, 2004 (l/n)

The World Health Organization … public health challenges.

OBJ

Foreign aid is violent—it is based on the idea that individuals must sacrifice themselves for the needs of others

Condottiero 07 (Reference Librarian at the Ludwig von Mises Library)

“There is no… Altruism says: Yes.”[7]

The politics of self-sacrifice is the driving force behind totalitarian violence—those who do not willingly sacrifice their lives can be forced at the point of a bayonet

Rand 60 (Ayn, Philosopher, )

The socialists had … the altruist morality.

Aid degrades those it claims to help—founding our relationship to africa on paternalism engenders the same racist attitudes responsible for africa’s history of colonialism and poverty

Holdt 03 (Jacob, Creator of American Pictures)

What I saw - … most paternalistic racists.

People are by nature rational and self-interested—the ideology of self-sacrifice is unethical and life-negating

Sternberg 05 (Elaine, Philosophy @ University of Leeds)

While most non … liberty is required.

T-DISEASE

A. Public health assistance is limited to treatment and testing for diseases

Schlosberg, Fellow-National Health Law Forum, 98



All aliens, regardless …diagnosis and treatment.

B. Impacts:

1. Limits: Not limiting public health to disease makes the term meaningless and explode the topic

AND---The most limiting interpretation is best because it facilitates in-depth research and clash.

T-SSA

A. Topical affirmatives must direct assistance to the region as a whole---the aff can’t specify a single country or countries

“to” means the destination must be sub Saharan Africa---not a country in that region

Oxford English Dictionary, 1989 (online)

B. Impacts:

1. Limits

2. Ground:

Greenhill BL – Affirmative – Kenyan Biosafety

1ac

PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD INCREASE AGRICULTURAL BIOSAFETY ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA.

observation one: inherency

kenya biotechnology is inevitable but it’s not adopting effective biosafety laws—the plan is crucial to create comprehensive biosafety guidelines—this will be modeled by the rest of africa

 

Kameri-Mbote, Prof of Law @ Intl Envrio Law Research Center in Kenya, 2007



Kenya needs public support

and rinderpest vaccine continues.

kenya lacks a comprehensive policy governing the development of biotech

 

Anyango and Shiundu, 2k (Dept of Botany & Chem @ Univ of Nairobi)



In Kenya, there is no specific policy

problems such as malaria and/or Aids research.

usaid’s biotech strategy is currently insufficient—the us needs to help train african bio-scientists to create sustainable success

 

Eicher, Prof of Ag Economics @ MSU, 2006



5. Capacity building: Cutting across

by smallholders in Africa in the seventies and eighties (Byerlee and Eicher, 1997).

kenya relies on unsustainable slash and burn agriculture to feed its population—this will collapse biodiversity

 

Africa News, 99



The prospects of successful economic development

local population of the linkage between conservation and development.

loss of kenyan biodiversity through overuse of land causes worldwide extinction

 

Miller and Yeager, Africa-Carribean Institute, 94

(Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity) 

The ODA study warns:Everywhere

2,000 metric tons in 1974/75 to 62,000 metric tons in 1989/90.

biotech key to restoring biodiversity—it’s the only way to avoid excessive land use

 

Braun, Prof of Microbiology @ Univ of Bern, and Ammann, Director of the Botanical Garden @ Bern, 96



Yields of cereals have gone up very considerably in the last forty years.

political will and financial incentives are a prerequisite.

prefer our evidence—overwhelming majority of experts conclude that with regulatory action, biotech will have a positive effect on biodiversity

Leisinger, Executive Director of Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, 99



There is a wealth of peer-reviewed serious analyses

acceptance that makes success feasible.

confluence of experts agree that gmos are safe—there has not been a single case of illness or environmental destruction b/c of regulatory action 

 

Lacy, former Executive Director of the Intl Policy Council on Ag, Food, And Trade, 3

(SAIS Review 23.1 (2003) 181-202—Project Muse)

Concerns over the health

suitable for human consumption enter the market.

observation three: mass starvation

Sub-Saharan Africa faces the most severe food shortages in the world – access to biotechnology is critical to resolve this

 

Trudell,  J.D. Candidate 2006, 05 (Robert H., Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 277, Lexis)

The most food-insecure countries of the

and treatment of food insecurity.

land pressure is exacerbating soil erosion in kenya and the rest of africa—causes massive crop decreases

 

Hanyona, Writer for the Earth Times, 1



Soil erosion is one of the chronic environmental problem

although it is mostly used as an ornamental plant.

this makes global war inevitable—food shortages are the root cause of international violence

 

Jimmy Carter, Chair of Carter Center, 94



Why has peace been so elusive? A recent report sponsored by Future

report is a reminder that investments in agricultural research today can cultivate peace tomorrow.

impact is extinction

 

Francis, Ag research @ U Nebraska, 94



Nothing is more basic to

in an area of growing importance for the future.

kenya biotech development spillsover throughout africa

 

Nidiritu, Director of KARI, 96



Kenya urgently needs a stronger system

protect their environments.

Success in sub-Saharan Africa will be modeled internationally

 

Glover, 7



In many respects, sub-Saharan Africa represents

African farmers and consumers themselves.  

smooth transition to biotechnology is the only way to avert mass starvation in africa

Chassey, Associate Director of The Biotch Center @ the Univ of Illinois, 3



Sub-Saharan Africa is a

can be eliminated without agricultural biotechnology.

biotechnology prevents soil erosion—reduces tillage and pesticide use

 

McGloughlin, Prof @ Univ of California Davis, 99

(Journal of Agrobiotech Management & Economics Vol.2 No.3/4 Article. 4)

The argument that adoption

water infiltration and storage.

observation four: monoculture

genetic diversity in agriculture is collapsing—only effective utilization of biotechnology can avert monoculture

 

Raeburn, award-winning science writer, 95

(The Last Harvest: The Genetic Gamble that Threatens to Destroy American Agriculture)

Never before have so many millions

yields, lowing costs, and devising new products.

causes extintion

 

Fowler, Ph.D. Center for Intl Enviro & Development Studies, and Mooney, Ph.D. in Sociology, 90

(“Shattering: Food, Politics, and the Loss of Genetic Diversity”)

While many may ponder the consequences

That is the subject of this book.

development of biosafety in kenya is crucial to maximize the use of local germplasm that protects genetic diversity

 

Wambugu, President of Harvest Biotech Foundation International, 6



The debate on biotechnology and its impact

can prevent suffering and starvation.  

Kenya is key to global biodiversity

Juma, director of African Center for Tech studies, 89

Kenya is one of the few African countries…Any major programs to be initiated

observation four: solvency

an increase in us involvement is vital to counter the change of european influence that prevents biotech developments

 

Paarlberg, Prof of Poli Sci @ Wellesley, 2003



Most of the increased acreage

biotechnology at the molecular level.

us key—it’s the world leader in biotech

 

Sheldon, Prof of Ag Enviro & Development Economics, 2k (Ian M., Journal of Agrobiotechnology Management & Economics Vol.3 No.1 Article7)

These stylized facts summarize the process by which

firms compared to their European rivals.

Us capacity building assistance is crucial to build collaborative networks with developing countries that allow the us to fully utilize international genetic varieties---only by directly working with other countries can we diversify us agriculture 

Cummings, Coordinator for Intl Research-AID, 91

(Bioscience, December) 

Advances in US agriculture provide an extraordinary

bring substantial benefits in the future.

Greenhill BL – Negative

UK CP

CP: The United Kingdom government should ________________________________

UK is the global leader in providing safe abortion services

The Guardian, 2006 (Sarah Boseley, “Britain defies US with funding to boost safe abortion services”) 

The British government will today

unplanned and unwanted pregnancies."

EU CP

The EU is the best leader on public health because of pharmaceutical research, experience, and innovation

Health Insurance Law Weekly, 2004  (l/n)

 

The World Health Organization (WHO) has released

2004 have additional public health challenges.

EU solves---technical expertise and experience

EuropeAid, 2007 (“Why is external assistance important for the EU”)  

"We will deploy our development funds

to take a long-term strategic approach."

China Soft power

China’s aid strategy in africa is building its soft power

 

Gill and Reilly 7  (Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, and James, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee, The Washington Quarterly, Summer, “The Tenuous Hold of 

China Inc. in Africa,” )

Most importantly, China’s constructive 

ties  with Taipei in favor of diplomatic relations with Beijing.  

u.s.-chinese soft power is zero sum 

Barry Sautman 06 (associate professor, division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. “Friends and Interests: China’s Distinctive Links with Africa”)

Arif Dirlik has argued that the BC’s key

of those of developed states.90 

 

Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence 

Gill and Huang 6 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',” Volume 48 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, )

A most intriguing example of China's \

has invested more than $100bn on the mainland.

That causes a global nuclear holocaust 

Hsiung 1 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU [James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like Lind

for geopolitical peace in the Asia Pacific region.

Tradeoff 1nc

A.  bush is increasing funding for the PEPFAR aids prevention program now

 

Medical Net News, 2/7/7



President Bush on Monday released his

to $4.5 billion and would allocate $724 million for the U.S. contribution to the Global Fund.

b.  funding for pepfar is zero sum with other forms of public health assistance---a surge in foreign aid will force cuts in hiv/aids funding

 

McClymont, President-InterAction (Alliance of Intl NGOs), 3



President Bush’s announcement of two major development initiatives was received with much fanfare and applause from the development community. The President’s  

their commitments.

C.  sustained pepfar funding key to combat the aids epidemic---recent results reveal that it is responsible for a dramatic reduction in the rate of hiv Inefection

 

Dybul, US Global AIDS Coordinator, 7

(, 3/1)

Of the countless developments taking  

intervention of male circumcision and hopefully others such as microbicides, as evidence is accumulated and normative guidance is provided.

aids spread in sub-saharan Africa results in extinction

 

Muchiri, Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi, 2K

(Jakarta Post, 3/6)

Statistics show that AIDS is the leading  

end of the black race and maybe the human race.  

Groves BG – Affirmative – Air Force

Inherency –

A. AfriCom will go through, but it won’t include enough air power – they will have to go through lengthy operations to get more under current negotiations – more air power is necessary

Air Force Times 11/27/07 ()

The air arm of U.S. Africa Command… proposed at 155 airmen.

B. Modernization is key, but it’s hampered by budget cuts and drawdown

USAF 6 (“Letter to Airmen recognizes Air Force transformation,” 8/24, )

We operate the oldest air… much to the country

Plan:

The United States Federal Government should substantially increase all necessary support to the Air Force Medical Service which includes the International Health Specialists in topically designated areas.

Terrorism –

A. The US is losing the war on terror due to outdated methods that fuel more insurgency

Hoffman 7 [bruce, Sr Fellow @ US Mil. Academy’s Combating Terrorism Center, Prof @ Gtown’s School of Foreign Service, Washington Post, 3/18/2007]

our conventional military commanders… recruits to continue their fights against us.

B. Terror in Africa is uniquely probable – the US’s shortsightedness in the WoT has overlooked the underlying programs that fuel African terror cells

Lyman 4 (Princeton N, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at CFR, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of CSIS Africa Program; Jan/Feb 04, “The Terrorist Threat in Africa,” Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Vol. 83, Issue 1, lexis)

the Bush administration has designated the greater… security interests are to be advanced.

C. The US Air Force in Africa is crucial to winning the Global War on Terror – it provides unmatched mobility, deterrence, and worldwide reach

Hobbins 7 (Gen. William T,, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,”

Remarks given at the Air Force Defense Strategy Seminar, Washington, D.C., July 24, 2007, )

U.S. Air Forces in Europe, and our NATO partners… assets in the USAFE theatre of operations.

D. Expanding the Air Force’s role in Africa builds sustainable partnerships that stabilizes regions, cutting off terrorist resources and preventing terror

Hobbins 7 (Gen. William T,, Commander, U.S. Air Forces in Europe, “U.S. Air Forces in Europe in the 21st Century,”

Remarks given at the Air Force Defense Strategy Seminar, Washington, D.C., July 24, 2007, )

Africa continues to grow in strategic and economic importance… We've already taken the first steps.

E. Terrorists in Sub-Saharan Africa will use nuclear weapons against the US – nations already have the all means necessary

Dempsey 6 (Thomas, , Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, “Counterterrorism in African Failed States,” April, )

The threat that terrorist hubs based in failed states pose… will be a complex and difficult task.

F. A nuclear terrorist attack causes world war three and extinction

Sid-Ahmed 4 [Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, Extinction! ]

A nuclear attack by terrorists will be… we will all be losers.

Hegemony –

A. The US Air Force International Health Specialist program is key to US effective leadership, hegemony, and coordination through medical partnerships – only way to ensure global stability

Ward et al 2 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon General’s Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee; )

Now that the Cold War has ended… missions in their assigned region of expertise.

B. The Air Force Medical Service addresses changing military readiness challenges, increasing relations, and prevent war by promoting democracy and economic growth – prevents WMD acquisition and responds to disasters

Carleton 1 (Paul K, Lieutenant General, USAF, MC, the Surgeon General, US Air Force, “Air Force: Service A Privilege, Pleasure,” January 2001, )

As the Cold War military scenarios fade… key to mission success

C. The US Air Force alone can provide fast and targeted response to disease threats and natural disasters in Africa – builds up relations and US credibility while strengthening African public health infrastructure

DiPaolo et al 7 (Lt Col Marc C. Air Force reservist at the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office, and Col Lee dePalo (USAFA; MS, Webster University; MSS [Master of Strategic Studies], Air War College) director, Air Force Executive Review Secretariat, and Col Michael T. “Ghandi” Healy (USAFA; ME, North Carolina State University; MS, National War College) is chief of the Special Operations Support Team, and Lt Col Glenn “Hooter” Hecht (BS, University of Pittsburgh; MS, University of Phoenix) deputy director for personnel recovery policy, Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Lt Col Mike “Trump” Trumpfheller Master of Military Operational Art and Science, Air Command and Staff College; MAAS [Master of Airpower Art and Science], School of Advanced Air and Space Studies), “A Rescue Force for the World,” Air and Space Power Journal, September 1, )

the Air Force need to recognize those types… for human rights and civilian control of the military.

D. Deploying the Air Force in Africa for power projection is uniquely critical to all US hegemony – Africa is being overlooked in the SQ, preemptive engagement with African air power is key to sustain heg – basing is key

Hall 3 (Brian K, Colonel, USAF, “Air Expeditionary Access The African Connection,” Air and Space Power Journal, 4 September, )

Is the strategic access the United States… we need rapid global-mobility beddown.

E. Air Force readiness is key to ground force readiness – air power is the key internal to heg

Popp 7 (Staff Sergeant, Francisca, “Keeping the “comm” up in Africa, Airman Quarterly, Spring Volume LI Number 2, )

The Airmen’s contributions to the mission… They also distribute food and water.

F. US global leadership prevents counterbalancing and great power wars and promotes peace, democracy, economic prosperity, and humanitarian intervention – no other can take the place of US primacy

Thayer 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis)

in a world where American primacy… hope of solving the world's ills.

G. Power wars associated with the decrease of heg cause global nuke war and economic depression

Ferguson 4 [Niall – professor of international history at Harvard University; "A World Without Power," ]

If the United States retreats from its hegemonic… a not-so-new world disorder.

Disease –

A. Africa is at unique risk for disease spread and mutation due to poor public health infrastructure, causing vicious cycles of disease and poverty

Cohen 7 (Gary, President of BD Medical, 1-5-07, )

In the developed world, access to basic health services… private sectors toward this goal

B. Military medical personnel are on the brink – expanding the Air Force Medical Service is the best way to respond to disease and stop the spread and mutation of numerous dangerous contagions

McGee 2 (Marianne Kolbasuk, InformationWeek, February 4, )

The key to arresting the spread of contagious diseases… overall boost to patient care

C. Mutation and spread of contagions causes extinction

South China Morning Post 96 (quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996, Avi, “Leading the way to a cure for AIDS,” P. Lexis)

There is a much more pressing medical crisis… the survival of the human race,"

Solvency –

A. US pilots are critical to winning the war on terror – technology isn’t enough – prefer our evidence, it’s comparative and from an expert in the air force.

Liggins 7. [Daniel, Lt Col. US Air Force, Defense Dept. Documents and Publications, Feb 16 ln]

If you're in today's Air Force… the continuing war on terrorism.

B. The Air Force’s International Health Specialist program creates sustainable partnerships by breaking down cultural and language barriers in Africa that motivate terrorism and national resentment

Babin 5 (Chance, Tech. Sgt., 926th Fighter Wing public affairs office at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base, 10/15, “Reservists provide humanitarian assistance in Chad,” )

One of the biggest challenges the Reservists… extremely important to mission success.”

Space Add-On Cites

A. IHS crucial to US win in an inevitable laser war with heightened scope for catastrophe

Taylor 3 (George P, Lieutenant General, “AF Medical Service Keeps Pace With Change,” )

Such developments are critical since the battle space has significantly changed… develop advanced techniques to maximize our performance on long duration missions.

Space wars cause extinction – weapon development sparks multiple scenarios for war

Mitchell 1 (Gordon, Kevin Ayotte and David Cram Helwich, Associate Professor of Communication and Director of Debate at University of Pittsburgh, Teaching Fellows in the Department of Communications at University of Pittsburgh, ISIS Briefing on Ballistic Missile Defense #6, “Missile Defence: Trans-Atlantic Diplomacy at a Crossroads”, July, )

A buildup of space weapons might begin with noble intentions of 'peace through strength' deterrence, but this rationale glosses over the tendency that '… the presence of space weapons… the most destructive military conflict ever seen

Pandemics Add-On Cites

A. Air Force Medical Service is key to solving pandemics which cause economic collapse

CARLTON 6 [ Lt Gen Paul K.., USAF, MC, CFS , surgeon general of the Air Force, Headquarters , functional manager of the USAF Medical Services , “NEW MILLENNIUM, NEW MIND SET: THE AIR FORCE MEDICAL SERVICE IN THE AIR EXPEDITIONARY ERA” AEROSPACE POWER JOURNAL, WINTER ]

The National Military Strategy of the United States… economic catastrophe and subsequent potential conflict.

B. Economic collapse causes global nuke war and destroys the biosphere

Bearden 2K (T.E former LTC U.S. Army, Director of the Assoc. of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus @ Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, 6/24/,[ ]

History bears out that desperate nations… most of the biosphere

Bioterror Add-On Cites

A. AFMS is at the forefront of measures against biowarfare – Biological Augmentation Team has empirically solved in response to the anthrax attacks – key to CDC effectiveness

Taylor 3 (George P, Lieutenant General, “AF Medical Service Keeps Pace With Change,” )

The Air Force Medical Service provides the full… his or her deployed forces.

B. US response to a bioterror attack is definite and will escalate to nuclear war – minimizing death toll is crucial to prevent

Conley 3 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- ) 

 

The number of American casualties… whatever promises had been made.”

Air Force - Bush Good 2AC

Air force popular in Congress – F22 fight proves

NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, )

The F-22 Raptor fighter jet...is an engineering marvel

The Air Force lobby and the Iron Triangle like the plan – they outweigh Bush’s PC for the agenda

NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, )

“The F-22 lobby is an extraordinary ...sent to conference committee.

Plan popular – Bush likes Air Force funding, he’s already said he won’t veto it

Aviation Week 12/12 (“Hill Authorizing More C-17s,” )

"Almost half of the total amount ...supporters in the Senate

Expanding the Air Force’s reach overseas popular in Congress – empirically proven

NYT 6 (“Air Force wins Jet Battle in Congress,” October 21, )

The Air Force is still chipping away...costs of the F-22 program.

Groves BG – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

The United States federal government should provide all necessary support to Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers, epidemiological early warning systems, and outbreak assistance in east, west, central, and southern Africa.

A. Current disease surveillance is limited and underfunded in Africa – this risks a new global outbreak of avian flu

Chisamera 12/17/07 (Dee, )

(WHO) announced on Monday that bird flu… health response is surveillance.

B. Due to insufficient disease surveillance, avian flu in SSA will mutate into a ravaging pandemic – your evidence about no mutations is biased by a lack of detection and reporting, not an absence of infection

Salaam-Blyther 6 [Tiaji, Coordinator Congressional Research Service, U.S. and International Responses to the Global Spread of Avian Flu: Issues for Congress, 1/9, ]

Global Disease Surveillance A number of analysts have argued that due to insufficient investment in disease surveillance and health care… or reassortment into a strain that could be transmitted to and between humans.”

C. An avian flu pandemic is inevitable – human-to-human bird flu mutations could happen at any time and wipe out hundreds of millions of people, up to 20% of all humankind.

Chandra 4 [Satish, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, ]

If the possibility of the collapse of the thermohaline circulation system is alarming, the possibility of a human-to-human transmittable bird flu pandemic is a nightmare… the death toll could run into hundreds of millions. 

D. A study in October found a mutation that proves bird flu will become a pandemic – where it resides in the human respiratory tract has changed, supercharging spread – we have to prepare now

Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, )

The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into a form that makes it more infectious to humans, increasing… There were three pandemics in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

E. Prefer our impacts – bird flu has a higher probability than any other threat, even a WMD attack

Zakaria 5 [Fareed, editor of Newsweek International, “A threat worse than terror,” p. 46]

A flu pandemic is the most dangerous threat the United States faces today,"… we are badly unprepared for this threat.

F. Sub-Saharan Africa is uniquely crucial to monitor disease outbreaks like avian flu – the CDC’s expertise is necessary in order to bolster the global disease eradication effort

GAO 1 [United States General Accounting Office, “Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems,” August]

Weaknesses in developing country systems reduce the ability of public health authorities… CDC’s investigative expertise, including laboratory support, is comparatively rare in the rest of the world.

G. Surveillance is key to detect and prevent disease escalation – gives the US and allies vital intelligence

Jacobson 95 [Louis, associate editor at National Journal, “Disease Detectives,” National Journal, Government Executive, Section: Health, May, Lexis]

The U.S. governments disease-fighting forces have had some notable successes in the past, but they may lack the resources to combat the enemy's increasing strength…. creating a functioning whole would be challenging. But weaknesses abound.

Bioterror –

A. Sub-Saharan Africa is a hotspot for biological terrorism – these diseases are endemic and can be easily harvested as WMDs – this is a global threat and needs a disease surveillance system to prevent it

Njuguna 5 [James Thuo, completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn, International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, ]

Acts of biological terrorism could therefore have political, religious, ideological or criminal motives and… for zoonotic disease control and such a team can be schooled to monitor biological weapons as well

B. A biological terror attack on the continent is highly likely – it is perceived as strategic and is cheaper

Bornie and Loye 5 [John, UN Institute for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva, and Dominique, Deputy Head of the Mines-Arms Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, “Why Preventing Hostile Use of the Life Sciences is Relevant to Africa,” African Security Review, Vol 14, No 1]

It is worth bearing in mind that African countries could be considered attractive targets for attack precisely because… the use of biological weapons is increasingly likely, as they are becoming cheaper and easier to develop.

C. Bioweapons cause human extinction – the risk is greater than nuclear war or any other WMD

Ochs 2 [Richard, Freelance Journalist, “Biological Weapons must be Abolished Immediately,” June 9, ]

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the genetically engineered biological weapons, many without a known cure or… HUMAN EXTINCTION IS NOW POSSIBLE.

D. Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply

Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties… fanatical enemies determined to "achieve" this.

E. US response to a bioterror attack is definite and will escalate to nuclear war – minimizing death toll is crucial to prevent

Conley 3 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- ) 

 

The number of American casualties suffered due to a WMD attack may… nuclear retaliation would be more than just a possibility, whatever promises had been made.”

F. Disease surveillance is essential to the prevention and containment of bioterror outbreaks—local health workers alone lack necessary skills

Njuguna 5 [James Thuo, completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn, International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, ]

Early detection of a biological agent attack or a natural outbreak depends on epidemiological warning networks… The ministry of health is usually under pressure to do its best, a task made more difficult by the lack of resources in many -developing countries.

G. US leadership solves best – training of US personnel on African soil prevents a bioterrorist attack in the US and creates effective response systems

Smolinski et al 3 [Mark, Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Margaret A. Hamburg, Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative; & Joshua Lederberg, directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University; Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ] 

surveillance of and response to emerging infectious disease threats in other parts of the world can directly benefit the United States… and to expose health professions students to career paths in infectious disease prevention and control.

Malaria –

A. Current surveillance systems are inadequate in monitoring climate change data, necessary to prevent malaria outbreaks

Corvalán 3 (et al, C.F. -- World Health Organization – Climate Change and Human Health – Chapter 13 – “Conclusions and recommendations for action” )

Climate change is likely to cause incremental changes in the frequency or distribution of diseases… long-term surveillance should encompass variables that may confound observed associations between climatic changes and disease incidence.

B. Malaria kills 3000 African children a day and is wildly transmittable, but is easily preventable – we must take action to stop this devastating crisis.

Judd 7 [April 24, Ashley, Special to CNN, board member of Population Services International, and a global ambassador for its Five & Alive initiative ]

In the time it takes you to read this article, four African children will die from malaria. …. We could end this devastation today.

C. Malaria is the leading cause of mortality, dooms African economic development and investment, and causes African instability

The Monitor 7 (All Africa, )

malaria was only known as the leading killer disease in… When this mainstay of the economy suffers, the very fabric of the country is threatened.

D. African instability escalates to nuke war through global proxy wars

Deutsch 2 (Jeffrey, PhD and political risk consultant and Founder, Rabid Tiger Project, 11/18, )

a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa… But an African nuclear strike can ignite a much broader conflagration

E. Disease surveillance will stop the spread of malaria by incorporating all factors of transmission, thereby reinvigorating economic development and preventing global spread

Rogers 2 [David J., University of Oxford, “Satellite imagery in the study and forecast of malaria,” Nature, Volume 415(6872), February, OVID]

Satellite sensor data promise the development of early-warning systems…, will require models that incorporate both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Solvency –

A. US expertise, disease surveillance tools, laboratory capacity, and communications channels can improve the ability to recognize and contain emerging threats

Blount 7 [Stephen B., MD, MPH, Director – Office for Global Health, 5/2, ]

the US and the rest of the world are facing a very real threat posed by the highly pathogenic H5N1… and communication channels so we can respond effectively.

B. US surveillance is best – only it can provide vital real-time data, and the only body prepared to monitor zoonotic diseases globally – no other country or international organization can solve, even WHO

Butler 6 (Declan, senior reporter at Nature; Nature magazine; )

The 122-city programme run by the US… the FAO and OIE do not have the funds for disease surveillance.

C. DRSICC’s in east, west, central, and southern Africa solve and are the best way to check a deadly pathogen in the US.

Fox 98 (C. WILLIAM, M.D., Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Command Surgeon of the Joint

Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. -- )

Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers… prepared US forces will be deployed into the next African humanitarian disaster.

D. Disease surveillance is the antithesis of the biopolitical – it reinterprets the formation of the population, breaks down the status of sickness and the clinical gaze, and redeploys Foucaultian methods in order to recognize, not discipline, the unpredictable

Fearnley 5 (Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory; From Chaos to Controlled Disorder, March 25,

wp/publications/2007/01/fearn_chaos_to_disorder.pdf)

Put generally, disease surveillance informs about and intervenes in epidemics… only attempts to ensure its recognition.

E. [insert aid high now card – changes every week]

Heg Add-On Cites

A. US involvement in disease surveillance in Africa establishes US leadership

Benatar and Fox 5 – Professor of Medicine and Bioethics @ University of Cape Town and Professor of Sociology and Bioethics @ University of Pennsylvania [Solomon R. Benatar and Renée C. Fox, “Meeting Threats to Global Health: A call for American leadership,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 48.3 (2005) 344-361//Project Muse]

America's best interests to go beyond merely expressing concern about global health. It should set the example… competence to understand these problems.

B. US leadership prevents global nuke war

Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, [director of the Strategy and Doctrine Program @ RAND & former US Ambassador to Afghanistan] "Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War," Washington Quarterly, Spring, p. proquest)

a world in which the United States… multipolar balance of power system.

Econ Add-On Cites

A. Bird flu shatters the US and global economy and trade

Branswell 5 (Helen, Staff, CBC, Canadian Press Newswire, 8-16, Lexis)

the potential global impact of an influenza pandemic… millions would die.

B. Economic decline causes nuclear war and destroys the biosphere

Bearden 2K (T.E former LTC U.S. Army, Director of the Assoc. of Distinguished American Scientists, Fellow Emeritus @ Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, 6/24/,[ ]

History bears out that desperate nations take… most of the biosphere,

Space Add-On Cites

A. Disease surveillance gives the US a peaceful way to build up its space power

Michael Krepon, Theresa Hitchens, and Michael Katz-Hyman, Stimson Center Report No. 66, “Preserving

Freedom Of Action In Space: Realizing The Potential And Limits Of U.S. Spacepower,” May 2007,



Our working definition of spacepower is the sum total…disaster relief; and providing early warning of

consequential events.

B. US build up of space power is key to US heg in space

S. W. Doescher, U. S. Geological Survey, R. Ristyb, and R.H. Sunne, Science Applications International

Corporation, “Use of Commercial Remote Sensing Satellite Data In Support Of Emergency Response,” 2005,



Vital national security, foreign policy, economic, and civil interests… collecting information from space.

C. US heg in space precludes the rise of another hostile power and preserves peace

Everett Dolman, School of Advanced Airpower Studies, “Space Power and US Hegemony: Maintaining a Liberal

World Order in the 21st Century,” , 2002

The goals here are to establish the most beneficial…dangerous enemy from taking it

Food Security Add-On Cites

A. Zoonotic diseases destroy food security – producers can’t sell their food due to perception of sickness and trade is stricter, so less food is exchanged

Joseph Domenech et al 6, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006

[“Regional and International Approaches on Prevention and Control of Animal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1081 (1), 90–107, October, Blackwell-Synergy]

For all livestock producers, the threat of TADs… commodities, and products of animal origin.

B. Food insecurity disrupts the economy, causes war, and makes human destruction possible

Winnail 96, Ph.D., M.P.H, 1996 [“From The World Ahead,” September-October, ]

"No other economic indicator is more politically sensitive… is also without historical precedent!

Disease Surveillance Bush Good 2AC

Efforts to combat the bird flu re-invigorate Bush’s stalled agenda.

Bash 5 (DANA BASH, CNN WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT, CNN – Nov 1st – lexis)

BASH: One Bush adviser tells CNN the president is disappointed in his staff… plan to fight the bird flu pandemic.

International Surveillance uniquely popular – Congress wants Bush to focus more on global efforts.

Porter 5 (Charlene Porter, Washington File Staff Writer -- State Department Documents and Publications -- December 8, 2005 – lexis)

Bipartisan support is emerging in… minimum, double this amount."

Not intrinsic – it’s within the agential ambit to do plan and [_____] – best model for policymaking, more real-world and better education on the functionality of plan

Plan won’t be perceived – political capital won’t spill over from the plan to another issue, fiat means it goes through without a fight

Fiat means plan is at the bottom of the docket – your politics DA will go through before plan can affect it

A. The public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

"The increased funding for pandemic flu preparedness … than current spending levels.

B. The public is key to the agenda – popularity key

Roberts 4 Political Science BA, University of New Mexico, 11/9, [Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire]

"Political capital" might be… decrease, his political capital.

A. Obama & Clinton strongly support the plan

St. Louis Post-Dispatch 5 (Missouri -- November 6, 2005 – lexis)

Growing up in Jakarta, Indonesia, Obama… response to an inevitable threat.

B. They are key to the agenda

The Australian 7 (Australia -- February 13, 2007 – lexis)

the Democratic Party… policy in Washington.

A. Bush wants more funding for bird flu preparedness – plan is a win

Brewin 12/19/07 ()

The fiscal 2008 Consolidated Appropriations Act… real-time disease surveillance

B. Winners win – Bush’s agenda will be boosted

Ornstein 1 (American Enterprise Institute 9/10/01, Norman, Roll Call “Congress Inside Out”)

In a system where a President… lose more often than not.

Disease Surveillance Bush Bad 2AC

Plan unpopular – Congress wants money for local disease response, nothing else – they’re already pissed

Brewin 5 (Bob, “Bush calls for $7.1B to prepare for bird flu,” )

the president’s call for an… crucial areas of daily life.”

CDC spending is unpopular—recent budget cuts because of inefficiencies prove

Matus 7 (Kate, “Ryan Wins Overwhelming Bipartisan Support to Stop Wasteful CDC Spending: House Approves Amendment to Prevent Squandering Funds on Luxuries and Unnecessary Programs,” July )

The House of Representatives approved ...from its core mission

Disease surveillance is used to criticize the administration, pissing off Republicans and creating partisan bickering that kills the agenda

UPI 5 (Todd Zwillich, “Democrats back bird flu spending boost,” Lexis)

Senate Democrats proposed $8 billion ...conference with the House

Bush is cutting back on the CDC budget—the plan would be a flip flop

PR Newswire 7 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

cuts proposed in the Administration's ...preparedness funding level in FY 2005.

Plan would hurt Bush- it would look his Avian Preparedness plan has been circumvented

CNN Health News 5 (“Bush unveils $7.1 billion plan to prepare for flu pandemic”)

The administration's plan provides funding ...antiviral drugs -- such as Tamiflu

Groves BG – Negative

LOST:

BUSH’S POLITICAL CAPITAL IS KEY TO PASSAGE OF LOST.

KRAUS 7. [DON, VP FOR GOV’T RELATIONS OF CITIZENS FOR GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, “TIME TO RATIFY THE LAW OF THE SEA” FPIF, JUNE 6]

Although the current… the 67 needed for accession.

CONSERVATIVE SUPPORT IS CRUCIAL TO THE PASSAGE OF LOST – GOP UNITY IS KEY.

KINKAID 10-25 [CLIFF, Editor of Accuracy in Media American Daily ]

Since a treaty requires 67… media as a foreign policy expert.

LOST IS KEY TO PROTECT THE OCEAN ECOSYSTEM.

Bauerlein 95 (Patricia, J.D. candidate Loyola Law School, 17 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L.J. 899)

The health of the planet… with other nation-states.

The protection of marine biodiversity is necessary to avert planetary disaster

Norse 93 (Elliott, Ed. Global Marine Biological Diversity, Chief Scientist – Center for Marine Conservation, p. xvii-xix)

As the 20th century ends… follow a different path to the same fate.

RATIFICATION OF LOST IS CRUCIAL TO NAVAL MOBILITY AND POWER PROJECTION – PREFER OUR EVIDENCE BECAUSE IT COMES FROM A NAVAL EXPERT.

Clark 7. [Vernon, Former Chief of Naval Operations U.S. Navy, Congressional Quarterly 10-4 lexis]

The Law of the Sea Convention supports our ability to operate… today, and realize our vision for the future.

POWER PROJECTION IS KEY HEG AND PREVENTION OF WMD EXCHANGE

Daniel Goure, defense analyst @ Lexington Institute, 8/2003 (A Key to US Naval Power in the 21st Century. docs/602.pdf

These new threats pose new challenges… does not employ any WMD.

GLOBAL NUCLEAR EXCHANGE

Khalizad, 1995

LOST KEY TO SOLVE SOFT POWER

Eagleburger and Moore 7. [Lawrence, Former Sec of State, John, Dir. of the Center for Oceans Law & Policy @ UVA, US Ambassador for the LOS Convention, Reagan appointee to the NOAA, Washington Post 7-30 lexis]

Today the convention is in force for 154 nations,… sends a signal of American isolationism.

LOST IS KEY TO SET UP MARITIME JURSIDICTION FRAMEWORK WHICH IS CRUCIAL TO A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF THE SPRATLYS ISLAND DISPUTE.

Contemporary South-East Asia, 01. [ August 1st, 2001]

Developments in the global complex of rules that… mutual social obligations of the South China Sea states

SPRATLYS CONFLICT GOES NUCLEAR.

Nikkei Weekly, 95. [Japan, July 3rd, 1995]

Mahathir sees Asia developing in three possible… full-scale, even nuclear, war.

WHO:

Text: The World Health Organization should…

WHO ACTION CATALYZES INTERNATIONAL HEALTH COOPERATION ON ISSUES OF PUBLIC HEALTH – ITS AGENDA SETTING CAPABILITIES MAKE IT THE BEST AGENT FOR ACTION.

Taylor 4 (Allyn L., University of Maryland School of Law, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, Published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, v. 32, no. 3, Fall 2004, )

WHO can catalyze more effective and… coordi¬nated and rational development of the legal regime.

China Oil:

China’s aid functions as leverage to secure African influence over the West

Joshua Kurlantzik fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy, “Into Africa,” Boston Globe 6/3/07

China's aid programs have been critical… Huning of the Central Committee's Policy Research Office.

China relies on U.S. aid absence to broker deals with the Sub-Saharan

Phillip C. Saunders Senior Research Fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University “China’s Global Activism: Strategy, Drivers, and Tools” 2006

China’s increased global activism and influence poses… would otherwise be consid- ered low priorities.

Specifically this leverage secures Chinese oil imports

Drew Thompson researcher at the Freeman Chair in China Studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC “Economic growth and soft power: China's Africa strategy 2005

China's rapidly growing demand for imported… with less competition from multinational firms.

Africa is vital to Chinese energy security

Malaquias, Associate professor of government St. Lawrence University, 9/22/2006

[Assis, “Thirsty Powers: The United States, China, and Africa’s Energy Resources”

Thus far, the US has been able to maintain a dominant… thus achieve greater energy security.

Oil insecurity spurs Chinese lash out in the South China Sea

Ronald Soligio, and Amy Jaffe, February 11, 2004, Prof. of Economics at Rice and Senior Energy Analyst at James Baker III Inst. For Public Policy, “China and Long-range Asia Energy Security: An Analysis of the Political, Economic and Technological Factors Shaping Asian Energy Markets”,

China’s rising oil import requirements and the… rivalry could emerge during a time of crisis

Chinese aggression in the South China Sea sparks a war

Cossa, Executive Director of the Pacific Forum of the CSIS, 19 98

(Ralph, "Security Implications of Conflict in the South China Sea: Exploring Potential Triggers of Conflict," )

Implications for Sino-U.S. Relations… to a "one China" policy.

Extinction

Toshimaru Ogura and Ingyu Oh Teachers – Economics, Monthly Review, April 1997

North Korea, South Korea, and Japan have.. into a global conflagration.

China Soft Power:

Africa is a litmus test for Chinese soft power

Bates Gill and James Reilly 2007 (Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee, “The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa,” Washington Quarterly, Summer, ln)

Taking such steps would have broader… diverges with their substantial interests on the continent

Chinese ability to negotiate resources imports are critical to its peaceful rise

Shi Yinhong professor of international relations at Renmin University of China. “China’s peaceful rise is all about soft power” China Daily 06-14-07

China is seeking to become a sustainable… foreign trade and diplomatic power.

Strong Sino-African relations are key to China’s soft power

Bates Gill and James Reilly 2007 (Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee, “The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa,” Washington Quarterly, Summer, ln)

Contrary to conventional but typically superficial… valued part of that transformation

Only alternative to peaceful rise is military lashouts

International Herald Tribune 12/30/03 (Yoichi Funabashi, columnist and chief diplomatic correspondent for the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun, )

There was a time when Chinese leaders… North Korean nuclear and missile problem.

Chinese Soft Power is key to stop war over North Korea

Melinda Liu. Feb. 8 2007. (Newsweek. “Can China Play Hardball Diplomacy?”

Feb. 8, 2007 - Once again Beijing is swarming… stage of disarmament could play out.

Extinction

Africa News 99

Reps K:

The American relationship to Africa is defined by images, saturated by representations of conflict, disease, and the permanent affliction of catastrophe and chaos. Policymakers can’t help but solidify the dehumanizing frame for intervention that these images demand.

Wallace 5 – PhD Student of Anthropology, Oxford [JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, ]

When we think of Africa, images… political power distribution in the world

The attachment to images of African catastrophe castigates Africans to a permanent global underclass. Defined as harbingers of their ever-present demise, Africans become the objects of a genocidal process of dehumanization that’s grounded history’s most extreme atrocities.

Sankore 5 – Editor, International Federation of Journalists, Africa and Coordinator, Freedom of Expression and Associated Rights in Africa [ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions of poverty… people to freely define their future.

Our alternative is to short-circuit this cycle of pessimistic disaster imaging of Africa – telling a new story of Africa, severed form the model of prejudicial portrayal, is crucial to disconnect American policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism.

Mezzana 5 [Sociologist and Researcher, CERFE Group African Research, Danielle, “A CANCEROUS IMAGE”, ]

The literature reported in this field has revealed barriers… information on the African reality.

Spending:

Bush has established a perception of fiscal restraint

Novak 7 (Robert, Chicago Sun Times, 6-18)

Addressing a republican…in the months ahead

Foreign assistance would crush fiscal discipline

Rice 6 (“Africa’s Strategic Importance to the US”)

Discerning and disaggregating…simply be pouring money down a rat hole

This degree of spending will shock the economy

Patrice Hill, Washington Times, 4-23-2007 (“Expiring tax cuts may shock economy” 027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=881D890EE9504E7295ADC278CCAB1B8D)

Congress will have to steer carefully…for the economy, he said

US econ is key to world econ

Fund Strategy 6

The emphasis on consumption…locomotive to growth

Nuclear War

Beardon 00

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 1

Disclosure

Other things we have run a lot are Hege bad which we do not have electronically and politics, so far this year we have run Iraq Withdrawal Bad, India Deal Good, Lost Good, Lost Bad, Fisa Good.

We run mostly case specifc if you have any questions email us at, miamismostwanted@ OR smalliver@

1ac Version 1

Observation one: inherency

despite strong fda recommendation, rfid has not been implemented

Ferguson, 2K7

(Renee Boucher, eWeek staff writer, “FDA Looks to Technology to Help Secure Drug Supply”, June 15, )

In 20’04, the FDA identified serialization… of RFID, which frequency standard to adhere to.

drugs rarely reach their destination – in some areas up to 40% is diverted and resold at a price that puts the aid out of reach for the people that need it the most

Thompson, 2k4

(Margery Boichel, Editor, “HIV/AIDS Drug Donations and Price Reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa ,” Proceedings, The Global Alliance for Women’s Health, Heather Lauver, Pfizer, Inc, “DRUG DIVERSION: WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, AND HOW DO WE ADDRESS THEM?")

Product is projected to meet the needs …small part of the whole picture.

Advantage one: The markets

the grey market is the only channel by which diverters are able to sneak in fake drugs

Yanku, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August)

How could this happen? The answer lies in the nature … supply that didn’t also involve drug diverters.

These counterfeit drugs routinely poison the users, multiply the number of infected, proliferate the disease, and empirically makes current drugs ineffective

Yankus, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August, google)

Counterfeiting is an especially serious problem …desperately-needed medicines.

counterfeit drugs has empirically caused drug resistance – hiv/aids is on the brink of becoming completely drug resistant

Morris and Stevens, 2k5

(Phillip and Julie, International Policy Network of London, “Counterfeit Medicine in Less Developed Countries: Problems and Solutions”, )

Drug resistance Perhaps one of the most …Saharan Africa [need a ref for the paucity of new ARVs].

Outbreaks of resistant diseases cause extinction

South China Morning Post, ‘96

(Hong Kong) January 4, 1996 SECTION: Pg. 15 HEADLINE: Leading the way to a cure for AIDS BYLINE: Kavita Daswani meets a scientist working on a super vaccine to fight AIDS and more deadly viruses yet to come, l/n)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis can easily proliferate and spread creating an unstoppable and untreatable global epidemic unless the US takes action to prevent the spread from and in Africa.

Smith, Park, and O’Brien, 2k7

(Adam, David R., and James K., U.S. Rep.D-Tacoma, is a co-sponsor of the Stop TB Now Act of 2007, co-chairmen of the Washington State TB Advisory Council respectively, “We must step up our efforts against deadly TB strain”, Seattle Times Editorial Section, June 12, ml/opinion/ 2003743613_tb12.html)

This very real and very lethal disease is …be an untreatable and unstoppable calamity.

ADVANTAGE TWO: THE suppliers

Current drugs sold at a low-cost to Africa undermine profits, since the drugs will just be re-sold in Europe to compete with those marketed directly by the companies

Graham, 2k3

(John R., Director of pharmaceutical policy research at The Fraser Institute, “HIV Aid to Africa Will Encounter Obstacles,” The Heartland Institute, Health Care News)

The lack of good governance in health care …the companies that invented the medicines.

Not only do counterfeit products directly compete with legitimate ones, they also harm companies by lowering consumer confidence

KPMG, 2k5

(Swiss cooperative that serves as a coordinating entity for a network of independent firms, “Managing the Risks of Counterfeiting

in the Information Technology Industry,” ELECTRONICS, SOFTWARE & SERVICES)

For the company whose products are being …manufacture and distribution of counterfeits.

Pharmaceutical inaction to resolve the problems of drug counterfeiting makes them vulnerable to costly lawsuits

Capiello, 2k6

(Nicholas D, graduate of Suffolk University Law School, “Counterfeit-Resistant Technology: An Essential Investment to Protect Consumers and to Avoid Liability,” Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 2 J. Health & Biomed. L. 277)

History indicates that a company can … and are available for implementation.

When the us pharmaceuticals take a hit, the world economy bleeds – the us pharma industry has a unique position in the global economy and counterfeiting is the chink in its armor

Morrione and Hurt, 2k3

(Marnie and William, senior International Industry Specialist for biotechnology, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals for the International, Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, last modified July 11, “PHARMACEUTICALS,” Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology, Trade Development, )

The pharmaceutical industry is unique among …player in improving global health.

Economic decline results in nuclear war, extinction, and biosphere collapse

Bearden, 2k

(Tom, Lieutenant Colonel U.S. Army (Retired). President and Chief Executive Officer, CTEC, Inc. MS Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. BS Mathematics, Northeast Louisiana University. Graduate of Command & General Staff College, U.S. Army. Graduate of Guided Missile Staff Officer's Course, U.S. Army [equivalent to MS in Aerospace Engineering]. Numerous electronic warfare and counter-countermeasures courses, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly”, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, June, 24th, )

History bears out that desperate nations …for many decades.

no alternative to profit motives – only sustainable solution – 5 warrants

Bate, 2k7

(Roger, Economist who researches U.S. and international aid policy in Africa and the developing world, evaluating the performance and effectiveness of USAID, the World Bank, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, NGOs, as well as other aid organizations and development policy initiatives, “What Works in Africa”, World Watch, January/February 2007 Issue, )

With little fanfare, businesses are trying …of profit-making enterprise.

THUS THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PEDIGREE SYSTEM, INCLUDING COMPREHENSIVE SINGLE RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION FOR PHARMACEUTICALS SHIPPED TO the topically defined area.

observation two: solvency

Mass serialization via RFID is the single best option available for securing drugs – also, mass serialization is inevitable so you have no offense – only question is if we use effective serialization to secure future drugs or not

FDA, 2k4

(Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, February, “Combating Counterfeit Drugs: A Report of the Food and Drug Administration” ’04.html)

Use of mass serialization to uniquely …ensure correct dispensing of prescriptions.

RFID solves African drug diversion—other industries prove

RFID Analyst, 2k3

(Independent journal to concentrate exclusively on RFID, Issue 24, IDTechEx, January)

Drug product diversion is increasing. For example…this months journal for more.

Don’t hate the playa, hate the game – their link assumes putting rfidS on people – not the plan and zero risk

Brito, 2k4

(Jerry, Managing Editor, 2004-05, Federal Circuit Bar Journal; J.D. expected May 2005, George Mason University School of Law; B.A. in Political Science, August 1999, Florida International University, “Relax Don't Do It: Why Rfid Privacy Concerns are Exaggerated and Legislation is Premature,” UCLA Journal of Law and Technology, UCLA J. L. Tech. 5)

The idea that one can be tracked anywhere …be ready for primetime.

Any risk of solvency means 100% - it makes production uneconomical

Network World, 2k7

(Jon Brodkin, “RFID Tracks Medicine,” 8-18, )

The electronic pedigree -- or "ePedigree" -- is a new feature added to IBM's …do that it becomes uneconomic," he says.

observation three: the dialogue of disease

Our Framework – plan should be weighed against the alternative as a competing policy option

1. fairness – ignoring plan gives the negative an unfair advantage by eliminating the one structural equalizer to the block

2. education – key to critically comparing the value of discourse to policy options

3. You should paradigmatically ignore “Reps come first” arguments – if we win plan is good, then by definition, the representations are inseparable and good

4. Even if representations are important, the actors are still Africans who exist in this social reality and commit human acts, a focus on reps only ignores this interaction.

Mbembe, 2k1

(Achille, Professor @ University of California, Berkeley “On the Postcolony” pg 6)

The concepts developed in this volume start from … practices are, so to speak, imbued with meaning.

Any alternative will fail- disease securitization is inevitable. Moreover, it doesn’t solve the case- disease securitization is necessary to mobilize funding and resources that make implementation of the affirmative possible

Kelle, 2k5

(Alexander, Lecturer in International Politics (MA, PhD Frankfurt) and Professor, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford Regime Review Paper No.2, Bioterrorism and the Securitization of Public Health in the United States of America - Implications for Public Health and Biological Weapons Arms Control, July, )

This paper set up to trace the securitization of …to come to other states’ assistance.

Finally, our evidence compares the risks of securitization with allowing people with diseases to die- securitization is a precondition for victims to resist biopolitics

Elbe, 2k4

(Stefan, lecturer in international politics @ U-Essex, “The Futility of Protest” p. 30-31 )

The securitization of AIDS may be …grass-roots activists and critical scholars.

POLITICAL DISENGAGEMENT DOESN’T MEAN THE NATIONAL PUBLIC SPHERE GOES AWAY, IT MEANS IT WILL BE DOMINATED BY THE FAR-RIGHT AND COLLAPSE INTO FASCISM, CAUSING WARS AND TYRANNY

Rorty 98

(Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94)

If the formation of hereditary castes continues unimpeded, …insistent as a resourceful spook."10

this is already happening—the national public sphere is being dominated by military and corporate interests. this is facilitating militarism and global violence

Boggs, 2k5

(Carl, teaches political science at the University of Southern California, Imperial delusions: American militarism and endless war, p. 82-84)

The corrosive effects of the …they obscure genuine popular concerns.

this causes extinction

Reardon, 93

(Betty, a UN consultant, Women and Peace—Feminist Visions of Global Security, p. 21-25) [elipses in the original]

The very weapons we have developed …peace and authentic global security.

all rights are predicated off the right to life

heard, 1997

There usually is more disease security pre-empts but their from our disease security good block – I don’t have that electronic either – there just more elbe/kelle cards I think

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 2

Contention one: the markets

drugs rarely reach their destination – in some areas up to 40% is diverted and resold at a price that puts the aid out of reach for the people that need it the most

Thompson, 2k4

(Margery Boichel, Editor, “HIV/AIDS Drug Donations and Price Reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa ,” Proceedings, The Global Alliance for Women’s Health, Heather Lauver, Pfizer, Inc, “DRUG DIVERSION: WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, AND HOW DO WE ADDRESS THEM?")

Product is projected to meet the needs …small part of the whole picture.

the cut-throat market means counterfeit incidents are underreported

Cockburn, Newton, Agyarko, Akunyili, and White, 2k5

(Robert is a writer and formerly a journalist with The Times, London, United Kingdom. Paul N. is at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. E. Kyeremateng is Chief Executive of the Food and Drug Board, Accra, Ghana. Dora is Director-General of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria. Nicholas J. is at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom., “The Global Threat of Counterfeit Drugs: Why Industry and Governments Must Communicate the Dangers”, PLoSmedicine, March 1st, )

Chris Jenkins, a founding member …same market with similar drugs.”

specifically drugs are diverted to european pharmaceutical companies which sell the drugs for nearly ten times the price

Graham, 2k3

(John R., Director of pharmaceutical policy research at The Fraser Institute, “HIV Aid to Africa Will Encounter Obstacles,” The Heartland Institute, Health Care News)

The lack of good governance in health care …the companies that invented the medicines.

the grey market is the only channel by which diverters are able to sneak in fake drugs

Yanku, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August)

How could this happen? The answer lies in the nature … supply that didn’t also involve drug diverters.

These counterfeit drugs routinely poison the users, multiply the number of infected, proliferate the disease, and empirically makes current drugs ineffective

Yankus, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August, google)

Counterfeiting is an especially serious problem …desperately-needed medicines.

counterfeit drugs has empirically caused drug resistance – hiv/aids is on the brink of becoming completely drug resistant

Morris and Stevens, 2k5

(Phillip and Julie, International Policy Network of London, “Counterfeit Medicine in Less Developed Countries: Problems and Solutions”, )

Drug resistance Perhaps one of the most …Saharan Africa [need a ref for the paucity of new ARVs].

AIDS MUTATION à EXTINCTION

Souden, 2k

(David, Research Fellow of Emmanuel College, )

AIDS is the number one… the eventual extinction of the human race.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis can easily proliferate and spread creating an unstoppable and untreatable global epidemic unless the US takes action to prevent the spread from and in Africa.

Smith, Park, and O’Brien, 2k7

(Adam, David R., and James K., U.S. Rep.D-Tacoma, is a co-sponsor of the Stop TB Now Act of 2007, co-chairmen of the Washington State TB Advisory Council respectively, “We must step up our efforts against deadly TB strain”, Seattle Times Editorial Section, June 12, ml/opinion/ 2003743613_tb12.html)

This very real and very lethal disease is …be an untreatable and unstoppable calamity.

Outbreaks of resistant diseases cause extinction

South China Morning Post, ‘96

(Hong Kong) January 4, 1996 SECTION: Pg. 15 HEADLINE: Leading the way to a cure for AIDS BYLINE: Kavita Daswani meets a scientist working on a super vaccine to fight AIDS and more deadly viruses yet to come, l/n)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

THUS THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PEDIGREE SYSTEM and a COMPREHENSIVE validate system FOR PHARMACEUTICALS SHIPPED TO the topically defined area.

Contention two: solvency

because of harms, rfid is inevitable in the status quo

FDA, 2k4

(Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, February, “Combating Counterfeit Drugs: A Report of the Food and Drug Administration” ’04.html)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

validate systems solve best and rfid fails – 8 reasons

Barnes, 2k6

(Kirsty, DrugResearcher, “New approach to halt drug counterfeiting”, , Breaking News on Drug Discovery, 12/04, )

ATS Automation Tooling has partnered with Tesa to …cussion with "a number of interested parties."

Contention three: The last reason my brother loves me—Pre -emps

interpretations of fiat as permanent and immediate should be reciprocal – non-recprocality is bad

1. kills ground – legitimizes unpredictable future fiat and counterfactuals – impossible research burden

2. jacks edu – turns topic specific edu into generic debates about timeframe and rollback

3. justifies severing out of the issue piced out of – sandbacking bad

Our Framework – plan should be weighed against the alternative as a competing policy option

1. fairness – ignoring plan gives the negative an unfair advantage by eliminating the one structural equalizer to the block

2. education – key to critically comparing the value of discourse to policy options

3. You should paradigmatically ignore “Reps come first” arguments – if we win plan is good, then by definition, the representations are inseparable and good

4. Even if representations are important, the actors are still Africans who exist in this social reality and commit human acts, a focus on reps only ignores this interaction.

Mbembe, 2k1

(Achille, Professor @ University of California, Berkeley “On the Postcolony” pg 6)

The concepts developed in this volume start from … practices are, so to speak, imbued with meaning.

POLITICAL DISENGAGEMENT DOESN’T MEAN THE NATIONAL PUBLIC SPHERE GOES AWAY, IT MEANS IT WILL BE DOMINATED BY THE FAR-RIGHT AND COLLAPSE INTO FASCISM, CAUSING WARS AND TYRANNY

Rorty 98

(Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94)

If the formation of hereditary castes continues unimpeded, …insistent as a resourceful spook."10

We should use a self-interest model in order to prevent the spread of xdr-tb – additionally counterfeits uniquely cause all other forms of public health assistance to fail

Allen, 2k6

(Terry, Staff Writer, “Counterfeit Drugs: Infected with Greed”, , )

Consumers, however, have no way to know if their pill is crushed chalk …d flu if it evolves into a serious human threat.

Utilitarianism is inevitable – default to our framework because they can’t solve for any reason util is bad

Allison 1990

[Lincoln, prof political philosophy Warwick, The Utilitarian Response]

And yet, if an idea can be compared to a castle…their consequences for people’s well-bring.

all rights are predicated off the right to life

heard, 1997

our framework for impact calculus is quality-adjusted life years – this is critical to preserve a value to life

Schwartz, 02

(Lisa, “A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” Chapter 6, Medical Ethics: A Case-Based Approach, readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)

Those who choose to reason on this basis hope that if …greatest amount of time for • the greatest number of people.

There’s always value to life

Frankl, 1946

Victor Frankl, Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna, Man’s Search for Meaning, 1946, p. 104

But I did not only talk of the future and the veil which was drawn over it…find us suffering proudly—not miserably—knowing how to die.

obfuscating the differences beteween benign rights based biopower and politics that attempt to maximize radical state power destroys an effective interrogation of social relations

dickenson, 2k4

(Central European History, Vol 31, No 1)

Any alternative will fail- disease securitization is inevitable. Moreover, it doesn’t solve the case- disease securitization is necessary to mobilize funding and resources that make implementation of the affirmative possible

Kelle, 2k5

(Alexander, Lecturer in International Politics (MA, PhD Frankfurt) and Professor, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford Regime Review Paper No.2, Bioterrorism and the Securitization of Public Health in the United States of America - Implications for Public Health and Biological Weapons Arms Control, July, )

This paper set up to trace the securitization of …to come to other states’ assistance.

Finally, our evidence compares the risks of securitization with allowing people with diseases to die- securitization is a precondition for victims to resist biopolitics

Elbe, 2k4

(Stefan, lecturer in international politics @ U-Essex, “The Futility of Protest” p. 30-31 )

The securitization of AIDS may be …grass-roots activists and critical scholars.

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 3

Contention one: the markets

drugs rarely reach their destination – in some areas up to 40% is diverted and resold at a price that puts the aid out of reach for the people that need it the most

Thompson, 2k4

(Margery Boichel, Editor, “HIV/AIDS Drug Donations and Price Reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa ,” Proceedings, The Global Alliance for Women’s Health, Heather Lauver, Pfizer, Inc, “DRUG DIVERSION: WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, AND HOW DO WE ADDRESS THEM?")

Product is projected to meet the needs …small part of the whole picture.

the cut-throat market means counterfeit incidents are underreported

Cockburn, Newton, Agyarko, Akunyili, and White, 2k5

(Robert is a writer and formerly a journalist with The Times, London, United Kingdom. Paul N. is at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. E. Kyeremateng is Chief Executive of the Food and Drug Board, Accra, Ghana. Dora is Director-General of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria. Nicholas J. is at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom., “The Global Threat of Counterfeit Drugs: Why Industry and Governments Must Communicate the Dangers”, PLoSmedicine, March 1st, )

Chris Jenkins, a founding member …same market with similar drugs.”

specifically drugs are diverted to european pharmaceutical companies which sell the drugs for nearly ten times the price

Graham, 2k3

(John R., Director of pharmaceutical policy research at The Fraser Institute, “HIV Aid to Africa Will Encounter Obstacles,” The Heartland Institute, Health Care News)

The lack of good governance in health care …the companies that invented the medicines.

the grey market is the only channel by which diverters are able to sneak in fake drugs

Yanku, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August)

How could this happen? The answer lies in the nature … supply that didn’t also involve drug diverters.

These counterfeit drugs routinely poison the users, multiply the number of infected, proliferate the disease, and empirically makes current drugs ineffective

Yankus, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August, google)

Counterfeiting is an especially serious problem …desperately-needed medicines.

counterfeit drugs has empirically caused drug resistance – hiv/aids is on the brink of becoming completely drug resistant

Morris and Stevens, 2k5

(Phillip and Julie, International Policy Network of London, “Counterfeit Medicine in Less Developed Countries: Problems and Solutions”, )

Drug resistance Perhaps one of the most …Saharan Africa [need a ref for the paucity of new ARVs].

AIDS MUTATION à EXTINCTION

Souden, 2k

(David, Research Fellow of Emmanuel College, )

AIDS is the number one… the eventual extinction of the human race.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis can easily proliferate and spread creating an unstoppable and untreatable global epidemic unless the US takes action to prevent the spread from and in Africa.

Smith, Park, and O’Brien, 2k7

(Adam, David R., and James K., U.S. Rep.D-Tacoma, is a co-sponsor of the Stop TB Now Act of 2007, co-chairmen of the Washington State TB Advisory Council respectively, “We must step up our efforts against deadly TB strain”, Seattle Times Editorial Section, June 12, ml/opinion/ 2003743613_tb12.html)

This very real and very lethal disease is …be an untreatable and unstoppable calamity.

Outbreaks of resistant diseases cause extinction

South China Morning Post, ‘96

(Hong Kong) January 4, 1996 SECTION: Pg. 15 HEADLINE: Leading the way to a cure for AIDS BYLINE: Kavita Daswani meets a scientist working on a super vaccine to fight AIDS and more deadly viruses yet to come, l/n)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

THUS THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PEDIGREE SYSTEM and a COMPREHENSIVE cross-id chipless solution system FOR PHARMACEUTICALS SHIPPED TO the topically defined area.

Contention two: solvency

because of harms, rfid is inevitable in the status quo

FDA, 2k4

(Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, February, “Combating Counterfeit Drugs: A Report of the Food and Drug Administration” ’04.html)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

rfids would fail – 8 reasons

Barnes, 2k6

(Kirsty, DrugResearcher, “New approach to halt drug counterfeiting”, , Breaking News on Drug Discovery, 12/04, )

Drug counterfeiting is causing major headaches in the …efforts and is currently in discussion with "a number of interested parties."

CROSSID CHIPS ARE THE MOST EFFICENT, COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO RFIDS AND ARE ABLE TO MEET THE GROWING SOPHISTICATION OF COUNTERFEITING DRUGS

Blackburn, 2k6

[Nicky, Associate Editorial Director, “A 'liquid' approach to identifying counterfeit drugs”, TECHNOLOGY, ISRAEL21C, September 10th, ]

When you head off to the pharmacy to fill your prescription, ….distance without conventional line of sight limitations.

our evidence is conclusive that crossids solve african diversion to european markets – its comparatively cheaper and more effective then rfids

Blackburn, 2k6

[Nicky, Associate Editorial Director, “A 'liquid' approach to identifying counterfeit drugs”, TECHNOLOGY, ISRAEL21C, September 10th, ]

CrossID's mixture, which has already been patented, can be …of items that can be tagged ? including paper and even cash.

Contention three: The last reason my brother loves me—Pre -emps

interpretations of fiat as permanent and immediate should be reciprocal – non-recprocality is bad

4. kills ground – legitimizes unpredictable future fiat and counterfactuals – impossible research burden

5. jacks edu – turns topic specific edu into generic debates about timeframe and rollback

6. justifies severing out of the issue piced out of – sandbacking bad

Our Framework – plan should be weighed against the alternative as a competing policy option

5. fairness – ignoring plan gives the negative an unfair advantage by eliminating the one structural equalizer to the block

6. education – key to critically comparing the value of discourse to policy options

7. You should paradigmatically ignore “Reps come first” arguments – if we win plan is good, then by definition, the representations are inseparable and good

8. Even if representations are important, the actors are still Africans who exist in this social reality and commit human acts, a focus on reps only ignores this interaction.

Mbembe, 2k1

(Achille, Professor @ University of California, Berkeley “On the Postcolony” pg 6)

The concepts developed in this volume start from … practices are, so to speak, imbued with meaning.

POLITICAL DISENGAGEMENT DOESN’T MEAN THE NATIONAL PUBLIC SPHERE GOES AWAY, IT MEANS IT WILL BE DOMINATED BY THE FAR-RIGHT AND COLLAPSE INTO FASCISM, CAUSING WARS AND TYRANNY

Rorty 98

(Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94)

If the formation of hereditary castes continues unimpeded, …insistent as a resourceful spook."10

We should use a self-interest model in order to prevent the spread of xdr-tb – additionally counterfeits uniquely cause all other forms of public health assistance to fail

Allen, 2k6

(Terry, Staff Writer, “Counterfeit Drugs: Infected with Greed”, , )

Consumers, however, have no way to know if their pill is crushed chalk …d flu if it evolves into a serious human threat.

Utilitarianism is inevitable – default to our framework because they can’t solve for any reason util is bad

Allison 1990

[Lincoln, prof political philosophy Warwick, The Utilitarian Response]

And yet, if an idea can be compared to a castle…their consequences for people’s well-bring.

all rights are predicated off the right to life

heard, 1997

our framework for impact calculus is quality-adjusted life years – this is critical to preserve a value to life

Schwartz, 02

(Lisa, “A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” Chapter 6, Medical Ethics: A Case-Based Approach, readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)

Those who choose to reason on this basis hope that if …greatest amount of time for • the greatest number of people.

There’s always value to life

Frankl, 1946

Victor Frankl, Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna, Man’s Search for Meaning, 1946, p. 104

But I did not only talk of the future and the veil which was drawn over it…find us suffering proudly—not miserably—knowing how to die.

obfuscating the differences beteween benign rights based biopower and politics that attempt to maximize radical state power destroys an effective interrogation of social relations

dickenson, 2k4

(Central European History, Vol 31, No 1)

Any alternative will fail- disease securitization is inevitable. Moreover, it doesn’t solve the case- disease securitization is necessary to mobilize funding and resources that make implementation of the affirmative possible

Kelle, 2k5

(Alexander, Lecturer in International Politics (MA, PhD Frankfurt) and Professor, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford Regime Review Paper No.2, Bioterrorism and the Securitization of Public Health in the United States of America - Implications for Public Health and Biological Weapons Arms Control, July, )

This paper set up to trace the securitization of …to come to other states’ assistance.

Finally, our evidence compares the risks of securitization with allowing people with diseases to die- securitization is a precondition for victims to resist biopolitics

Elbe, 2k4

(Stefan, lecturer in international politics @ U-Essex, “The Futility of Protest” p. 30-31 )

The securitization of AIDS may be …grass-roots activists and critical scholars.

Gulliver Prep MM – Affirmative – RFID’s – Version 4

Contention one: the markets

drugs rarely reach their destination – in some areas up to 40% is diverted and resold at a price that puts the aid out of reach for the people that need it the most

Thompson, 2k4

(Margery Boichel, Editor, “HIV/AIDS Drug Donations and Price Reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa ,” Proceedings, The Global Alliance for Women’s Health, Heather Lauver, Pfizer, Inc, “DRUG DIVERSION: WHAT ARE THE ISSUES, AND HOW DO WE ADDRESS THEM?")

Product is projected to meet the needs …small part of the whole picture.

the cut-throat market means counterfeit incidents are underreported

Cockburn, Newton, Agyarko, Akunyili, and White, 2k5

(Robert is a writer and formerly a journalist with The Times, London, United Kingdom. Paul N. is at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. E. Kyeremateng is Chief Executive of the Food and Drug Board, Accra, Ghana. Dora is Director-General of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria. Nicholas J. is at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom., “The Global Threat of Counterfeit Drugs: Why Industry and Governments Must Communicate the Dangers”, PLoSmedicine, March 1st, )

Chris Jenkins, a founding member …same market with similar drugs.”

specifically drugs are diverted to european pharmaceutical companies which sell the drugs for nearly ten times the price

Graham, 2k3

(John R., Director of pharmaceutical policy research at The Fraser Institute, “HIV Aid to Africa Will Encounter Obstacles,” The Heartland Institute, Health Care News)

The lack of good governance in health care …the companies that invented the medicines.

the grey market is the only channel by which diverters are able to sneak in fake drugs

Yanku, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August)

How could this happen? The answer lies in the nature … supply that didn’t also involve drug diverters.

Counterfeit drugs are a legitimate public health threat

Liang, 2k6

(Bryan, Executive Director and Professor of Law, “STRUCTURALLY SOPHISTICATED OR LAMENTABLY LIMITED? MECHANISMS TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE MEDICINE SUPPLY,” Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 16 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 483)

191 At a minimum, criminal penalties …advertisements and messages would be appropriate.

These counterfeit drugs routinely poison the users, multiply the number of infected, proliferate the disease, and empirically makes current drugs ineffective

Yankus, 2k6

(Wyatt, research intern at the American Council on Science and Health, “Counterfeit Drugs: Coming to a Pharmacy Near You,” The American Council on Science and Health, August, google)

Counterfeiting is an especially serious problem …desperately-needed medicines.

counterfeit drugs has empirically caused drug resistance – hiv/aids is on the brink of becoming completely drug resistant

Morris and Stevens, 2k5

(Phillip and Julie, International Policy Network of London, “Counterfeit Medicine in Less Developed Countries: Problems and Solutions”, )

Drug resistance Perhaps one of the most …Saharan Africa [need a ref for the paucity of new ARVs].

current disease prevention methods have not taken into account the ability to manipulate exported drugs – only plan can prevent a massive attack

Grossman-Vermas, Finlay, and Turpen, 2k7

(“Regulating Access to and Control of Dangerous Pathogens: Implications for the Pharmaceutical Industry”; Rita, Brian, and Elizabeth, The Henry L. Stimson Center; February; Rpt. No. 58; Research Assoc. with the Cooperative Nonproliferation Program/lead researcher and administrator at the Canadian Centre for Treaty Compliance at the Normn Paterson School of International Affairs/Senior consultant to subcommittee on Bioterrorism Response and the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network, Senior Assoc. at the Henry L. Stimson Center/co-director of the Cooperative Nonproliferation Program/director of Nuclear Threat Reduction Initiative/senior researcher at Brookings, Senior Assoc. and co-director of the Security for a New Century and Cooperation Nonproliferation projects/senatorial consultant)

Seven days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon… for a multi-tiered solution is clear.

three imapcts

AIDS MUTATION à EXTINCTION

Souden, 2k

(David, Research Fellow of Emmanuel College, )

AIDS is the number one… the eventual extinction of the human race.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis can easily proliferate and spread creating an unstoppable and untreatable global epidemic unless the US takes action to prevent the spread from and in Africa.

Smith, Park, and O’Brien, 2k7

(Adam, David R., and James K., U.S. Rep.D-Tacoma, is a co-sponsor of the Stop TB Now Act of 2007, co-chairmen of the Washington State TB Advisory Council respectively, “We must step up our efforts against deadly TB strain”, Seattle Times Editorial Section, June 12, ml/opinion/ 2003743613_tb12.html)

This very real and very lethal disease is …be an untreatable and unstoppable calamity.

Outbreaks of resistant diseases cause extinction

South China Morning Post, ‘96

(Hong Kong) January 4, 1996 SECTION: Pg. 15 HEADLINE: Leading the way to a cure for AIDS BYLINE: Kavita Daswani meets a scientist working on a super vaccine to fight AIDS and more deadly viruses yet to come, l/n)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

THUS THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD MANDATE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PEDIGREE SYSTEM and a COMPREHENSIVE embedded Electromagnetic identification system FOR PHARMACEUTICALS SHIPPED TO the topically defined area.

Contention two: solvency

because of harms, rfid is inevitable in the status quo

FDA, 2k4

(Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, February, “Combating Counterfeit Drugs: A Report of the Food and Drug Administration” ’04.html)

Despite the importance of …survival of the human race," he said.

rfids would fail – 8 reasons

Barnes, 2k6

(Kirsty, DrugResearcher, “New approach to halt drug counterfeiting”, , Breaking News on Drug Discovery, 12/04, )

Drug counterfeiting is causing major headaches in the …efforts and is currently in discussion with "a number of interested parties."

emid tags solve supply chain better then rfid – durability

RFIDnews, 2k4

[“Alternate Tag Technology”, Thursday, May 20th, ]

Flying Null Technology Illustration The embedded electromagnetic identification… gamma ray sterilization, freezing, boiling, and microwave.

Plan is key to stop murder by medicine

Cockburn, Newton, Agyarko, Akunyili, and White, 2k5

(Robert is a writer and formerly a journalist with The Times, London, United Kingdom. Paul N. is at the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. E. Kyeremateng is Chief Executive of the Food and Drug Board, Accra, Ghana. Dora is Director-General of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria. Nicholas J. is at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, and the Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom., “The Global Threat of Counterfeit Drugs: Why Industry and Governments Must Communicate the Dangers”, PLoSmedicine, March 1st, )

We suggest that the pharmaceutical industry, which …to warn the public of a fake product.

Contention three: The last reason my brother loves me—Pre -emps

interpretations of fiat as permanent and immediate should be reciprocal – non-recprocality is bad

1. kills ground – legitimizes unpredictable future fiat and counterfactuals – impossible research burden

2. jacks edu – turns topic specific edu into generic debates about timeframe and rollback

3. justifies severing out of the issue piced out of – sandbacking bad

Our Framework – plan should be weighed against the alternative as a competing policy option

1. fairness – ignoring plan gives the negative an unfair advantage by eliminating the one structural equalizer to the block

2. education – key to critically comparing the value of discourse to policy options

3. You should paradigmatically ignore “Reps come first” arguments – if we win plan is good, then by definition, the representations are inseparable and good

4. Even if representations are important, the actors are still Africans who exist in this social reality and commit human acts, a focus on reps only ignores this interaction.

Mbembe, 2k1

(Achille, Professor @ University of California, Berkeley “On the Postcolony” pg 6)

The concepts developed in this volume start from … practices are, so to speak, imbued with meaning.

POLITICAL DISENGAGEMENT DOESN’T MEAN THE NATIONAL PUBLIC SPHERE GOES AWAY, IT MEANS IT WILL BE DOMINATED BY THE FAR-RIGHT AND COLLAPSE INTO FASCISM, CAUSING WARS AND TYRANNY

Rorty 98

(Richard, Stanford Philosophy Professor, Achieving Our Country, pp. 87-94)

If the formation of hereditary castes continues unimpeded, …insistent as a resourceful spook."10

We should use a self-interest model in order to prevent the spread of xdr-tb – additionally counterfeits uniquely cause all other forms of public health assistance to fail

Allen, 2k6

(Terry, Staff Writer, “Counterfeit Drugs: Infected with Greed”, , )

Consumers, however, have no way to know if their pill is crushed chalk …d flu if it evolves into a serious human threat.

If left unchecked, pathogens risks extinction – The potential impact outweighs any WMD – must evaluate in a utilitarian calculus

Ochs, 2k2

(Richard, "BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY", June 9, )

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the… survival. The egos of leaders must not blind us.

Utilitarianism is inevitable – default to our framework because they can’t solve for any reason util is bad

Allison 1990

[Lincoln, prof political philosophy Warwick, The Utilitarian Response]

And yet, if an idea can be compared to a castle…their consequences for people’s well-bring.

all rights are predicated off the right to life

heard, 1997

our framework for impact calculus is quality-adjusted life years – this is critical to preserve a value to life

Schwartz, 02

(Lisa, “A Value to Life: Who Decides and How?” Chapter 6, Medical Ethics: A Case-Based Approach, readingroom/pdf/399.pdf)

Those who choose to reason on this basis hope that if …greatest amount of time for • the greatest number of people.

There’s always value to life

Frankl, 1946

Victor Frankl, Professor of Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Vienna, Man’s Search for Meaning, 1946, p. 104

But I did not only talk of the future and the veil which was drawn over it…find us suffering proudly—not miserably—knowing how to die.

obfuscating the differences beteween benign rights based biopower and politics that attempt to maximize radical state power destroys an effective interrogation of social relations

dickenson, 2k4

(Central European History, Vol 31, No 1)

Any alternative will fail- disease securitization is inevitable. Moreover, it doesn’t solve the case- disease securitization is necessary to mobilize funding and resources that make implementation of the affirmative possible

Kelle, 2k5

(Alexander, Lecturer in International Politics (MA, PhD Frankfurt) and Professor, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford Regime Review Paper No.2, Bioterrorism and the Securitization of Public Health in the United States of America - Implications for Public Health and Biological Weapons Arms Control, July, )

This paper set up to trace the securitization of …to come to other states’ assistance.

Finally, our evidence compares the risks of securitization with allowing people with diseases to die- securitization is a precondition for victims to resist biopolitics

Elbe, 2k4

(Stefan, lecturer in international politics @ U-Essex, “The Futility of Protest” p. 30-31 )

The securitization of AIDS may be …grass-roots activists and critical scholars.

Major war is obsolete – there’s no risk of war between powerful members of the international system due to the high costs of war and the steep decline in the rewards from winning

Mandelbaum 1999

(Michael Mandelbaum, Prof. American Foreign Policy John Hopkins University, Spring 1999, “Is major war obsolete?” Survival Vol: 48)

It is major war, not war in general- collective killing… and a steep decline in the rewards of winning one.

There is no need for major war- The risk of a potential war is too high, even for countries in the position to start conflict

Mandelbaum 1999

(Michael Mandelbaum, Prof. American Foreign Policy John Hopkins University, Spring 1999, “Is major war obsolete?” Survival Vol: 48)

The enormous unprecedented almost unimaginable destruction… incentives for major war have shriveled.

Sometimes scott reads more pre-emps if he has time

Terrorism add-on

Terrorist use the counterfeiting trade to gain over two-hundred billion dollars in order to finance their opperations – the global war on terror will fail absent plan

Lazar, 2k6

(Simon, Harvard Law, “Progress report: A comprehensive evaluation of the FDA’s Battle against counterfeit drugs,” May)

The counterfeiting of currency and consumer products has …as the United States is engaged in a global “war on terrorism.”

terrorism results in extinction

Alexander, 2k3

(Yonah, professor of international studies and director of the Institute for Studies in International Terrorism at the State University of New York. He is a senior research staff member at the Georgetown University Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Terrorism myths and realities”, The Federal Observer, Vol. 07, No. 220, August 27th, )

Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem …concerning national, regional and global security concerns.

Cutting off funding is key to prevent terrorist attacks

Lormel, 2k1

(Dennis M., Chief, Financial Crimes Section, FBI, "Cutting off the Financial Lifeblood of the Terrorists", Congressional Testimony Before the House Committee on Financial Services, October 3, )

So while I wish none of us needed to be here today, …on cutting off the financial lifeblood to these organizations.

Pharma add-on

Not only do counterfeit products directly compete with legitimate ones, they also harm companies by lowering consumer confidence

KPMG, 2k5

(Swiss cooperative that serves as a coordinating entity for a network of independent firms, “Managing the Risks of Counterfeiting

in the Information Technology Industry,” ELECTRONICS, SOFTWARE & SERVICES)

For the company whose products are being counterfeited,…countries involved in manufacture and distribution of counterfeits.

Pharmaceutical inaction to resolve the problems of drug counterfeiting makes them vulnerable to costly lawsuits

Capiello, 2k6

(Nicholas D, graduate of Suffolk University Law School, “Counterfeit-Resistant Technology: An Essential Investment to Protect Consumers and to Avoid Liability,” Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 2 J. Health & Biomed. L. 277)

History indicates that a company can become …exist and are available for implementation.

When the us pharmaceuticals take a hit, the world economy bleeds – the us pharma industry has a unique position in the global economy and counterfeiting is the chink in its armor

Morrione and Hurt, 2k3

(Marnie and William, senior International Industry Specialist for biotechnology, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals for the International, Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, last modified July 11, “PHARMACEUTICALS,” Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology, Trade Development, )

The pharmaceutical industry is unique among…and world economies, but also a player in improving global health.

Economic decline results in nuclear war, extinction, and biosphere collapse

Bearden, 2k

(Tom, Lieutenant Colonel U.S. Army (Retired). President and Chief Executive Officer, CTEC, Inc. MS Nuclear Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. BS Mathematics, Northeast Louisiana University. Graduate of Command & General Staff College, U.S. Army. Graduate of Guided Missile Staff Officer's Course, U.S. Army [equivalent to MS in Aerospace Engineering]. Numerous electronic warfare and counter-countermeasures courses, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly”, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, June, 24th, )

History bears out that desperate nations take desperate …the biosphere, at least for many decades.

and only the pharma industry can provide vacccines

Washington Post, 2k1 (Justin Gillis, “Scientists Race for Vaccines,” November 8, 2001, Lexis)

U.S. scientists, spurred into action by the events of Sept. 11…they could set off a worldwide epidemic.

Spending/tradeoff 2AC

1. econ collapse inevitable in the short term due to pharma industry absent the plan – 2nd advantage (Or read add-on)

2. 100% link takeout

1. pharmaceutical companies pay for plan – they are able to shock the initial spending and causes long term saving

Ghosh, 2k7

(Suchira, University of Michigan law school J.D., UMich Law Review, “The R.F.I.D. Act of 2006 and E-Pedigrees: Tackling the Problem of Counterfeit Drugs in the United States Wholesale Industry, Spring, Lexis)

Though initial roll-out costs might be high, companies are ,,,distribution data based on region or retailer.

2. one year solves payback

ElAmin, 2k6

(Ahmed, Master of Arts Journalism, Interviewed political leaders from Canada, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, editor of , a daily online publication covering food production, packaging and supply chain, “RFID cost remains difficult to justify - for now”, Innovation & Technology, , March 30th, )

DiamondCluster International, a management consulting firm, says a one-…Darin Yug, a co-author of the firm's report.

3. Deficit spending is good for the economy.

Nugent, 2k3

(Thomas E., April, 4, 2003,“The Budget Deficit/The Budget Surplus: The Real Story” )

Newspapers are filled with warnings about …form of the newly issued government bonds.

4. Link Non-U

China relations/soft power 2ac

1. no link

1. not the specified aid – their evidence assumes financial, food, etc…rfid tags don’t effect relations

2. no increase in us exports – that’s where perception is

3. china manufactors their own counterfeit drugs – plan wouldn’t fracture relations

Goodman, 2k2

(Peter S., “China's Killer Headache: Fake Pharmaceuticals,”, Washington Post, August 30)

China has become an increasingly powerful player in …also is a major producer, experts say.

2. link non-u

3. non-unique US rebuilding africom now

McLeary, 2k7

(Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, )

In a trip that went almost totally unnoticed in the United …for cheap Chinese textile goods.

4. Energy war now

Glain, 2k4

(Stephen, staff writer for Newsweek, Newsweek, “Yet Another Great Game”, 12/20, )

If a report circulating among …map, which in this case is Africa."

5. empirically preventing disease spread in africa helps relations

Gill, 2k6

(Bates, et al, Chair of China studies, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, )

The United States and China already cooperate bilaterally …governance, and intellectual property rights protections.

6. governments are complicit in the diversion process – plan pisses them off and causes them to shift to china

Williams, 2k5

(Walter E. Williams, professor of economics at George Mason University. “What Africa Needs, Foreign Aid Cannot Deliver,” Deseret News, 7-13-05, )

One unappreciated tragedy that attests to …of foreign aid, Africa will remain a basket case.

7. governments take place in arv black market

Tayler & Dickinson, 2k6

(Liz Tayler is a UK public health physician, who worked for several years as the UK Department for International Development health advisor in Nigeria and Clare Dickinson is an HIV/AIDS specialist with HLSP, and formerly worked in Indonesia on a health policy project based in the Ministry of Health, TheBody Pro, “The Link Between Corruption and HIV/AIDS,” February 2006, iapac/feb06/corruption_link.html)

Where ARV drugs are provided for free or at heavily ,,,receive inducements to procure from less-reputable suppliers.

8. this will be a determinant choice in whether Africa accepts the U.S. or turns to China

McLeary, 2k7

(Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, )

In such a fight, China’s unfettered aid would seem …longer-term health and stability that the United States is promising.

Condition Aid on “X” 2AC

1. Perm: Do both

2. turn:

1. countries say no – governments are complicit in the diversion process

Williams, 2k5

(Walter E. Williams, professor of economics at George Mason University. “What Africa Needs, Foreign Aid Cannot Deliver,” Deseret News, 7-13-05, )

One unappreciated tragedy that attests to the …aid, Africa will remain a basket case.

2. then they’ll shift to china for aid

McLeary, 2k7

(Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, )

In such a fight, China’s unfettered aid would seem to have the …and stability that the United States is promising.

3. china produces the counterfeit drugs – solves none of the mutation advantage

Bate, 2k3

(Roger, fellow of International Policy Network and a TCS columnist, “China's Drug Abuse”, April, )

Also little known is the fact that China is the center of fake drug …the evidence, most of the drugs come from China.

“X” Country Do Plan – 2AC

1. Perm: do both

2. counterplan doesn’t solve – no enforcement

Giacalone, 2k5

(Robert P, Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Chief Regulatory Counsel for Cardinal Health, R.Ph., J.D, “SELECTED ESSAYS AND TRANSCRIPTS FROM THE INSTITUTE OF HEALTH LAW STUDIES CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL DRUG IMPORTATION: ISSUES IN PUBLIC POLICY, PATIENT SAFETY, AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH: Drug Wholesaling and Importation: Challenges and Opportunities,” California Western International Law Journal, Fall)

Aside from the significant legal hurdles that currently exist with drug importation …as foreign wholesale distributors or pharmacies.

3. counterfeiting is almost entirely a us-based problem

Capiello, 2k6

(Nicholas D, graduate of Suffolk University Law School, “Counterfeit-Resistant Technology: An Essential Investment to Protect Consumers and to Avoid Liability,” Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 2 J. Health & Biomed. L. 277)

Piracy: Largely a United States Problem While the …inter-agency cooperation to begin to make a difference.

Exclude “X” Drug/country 2AC

1. Perm: do both – not textually competitive

2. Textual competition rocks

1. most objective – eliminates judge intervention and shifting advocacys

2. increases education – forces strategic plan writing

3. key to ground – kritiks and dissads link off texts – the functional perspective is debateable

3. If the CP does not provide full protection to all the same drugs/countries as the plan, then it doesn’t solve any of the case, since the least protected drugs are those most likely to be counterfeited

Capiello, 2k6

(Nicholas D, graduate of Suffolk University Law School, “Counterfeit-Resistant Technology: An Essential Investment to Protect Consumers and to Avoid Liability,” Journal of Health & Biomedical Law, 2 J. Health & Biomed. L. 277)

Pharmaceutical and biomedical manufacturers who …and a foreseeable cause of consumers' injuries.

Gulliver Prep MM – Negative

EU CP

TEXT: THE EUROPEAN UNION SHOULD [INSERT MANDATES OF THE PLAN]

THE EU DEVELOPMENT POLICY CAN SOLVE PUBLIC HEALTH, HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY, AND GOOD GOVERNENCE IN AFRICA

European Union Development Policy, Message from Commissioner Louis Michel, 2006.

This assertion is a belief I hold personally. ,,,, and will, make this happen.

THE EU CAN DISTRIBUTE AID THROUGH THE EU-AFRICA PARTNERSHIP – MASSIVE BUDGET

Corporate Europe Observatory, 2007 European Commission aid in sub-Saharan Africa, opportunities for Suez?

The European Commission has numerous aid …by private firms, including Suez.

EU solves – LARGE FINANCING AND EXISITNG TIES

European Commission, 2001 The European Union: A Global Player,

The Union is the developing world's main partner, …economic and political weight the EU can make an impact.

China cp

China should [do the plan] by accelerating its assistance provided to Africa through the Forum on China-Africa Co-operation.

China has a longstanding history of health diplomacy with Africa – it can provide effective assistance

Van de Looy – African Studies Centre in Leiden- 2006 (July-Sep, Judith “Africa and China: A strategic partnership?” )

Today, relations between China and Africa are …population based on expertise and trust.

The CP solves all of case – China has tons of medical personnel and is empirically successful at providing public health assistance.

King – 6 (Kenneth, university of Hong Kong and University of Edinburgh, “Aid within the Wider China-Africa Partnership: A view from the Beijing Summit”, May 11, )

When we turn now to look specifically …(Fang Yuanmin quoted in Xiao 2006).

And, the Forum on China-African Cooperation provides an effective mechanism for the PRC to multilaterally engage Africa to solve problems

PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs – January 2006 (“China’s Africa Policy,” )

Launched in 2000, the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation has …cooperation between the Forum and the NEPAD.

Japan Cp

text: the japan international cooperation agency should

observation one – solvency

jica provides assistance for hiv/aids, water, education, poverty reduction, and infrastructure.

JICA Annual Report 2006 (Part II: JICA’s Regional Activities/Chapter 3: Africa, Japan International Cooperation Agency, )

Poverty Reduction as the …of sharing cooperation experience in other regions.

Consult Japan

TEXT: The United States Federal Government will enter into binding consultation with the government of Japan on whether or not to…

…and will implement the outcome of consultation. We’ll clarify.

OBSERVATION ONE IS COMPETITION:

The affirmative is immediate, guaranteed plan action. You can’t enact the plan unconditionally and condition if on Japan’s acceptance.

First, fiat assumes the plan happens no matter what; otherwise the 1AC could spike out of all negative offense by saying the plan is delayed or unenforced.

Second, there’s no solvency for non-enforced plan action; the government would roll back the plan absent enforcement.

OBSERVATION TWO IS THE NET BENEFIT:

FIRST, THE ALLIANCE WILL INEVITABLY COLLAPSE NOW.

Mochizuki 97

The time has come to strike a new strategic …security relationship before such a crisis occurs.

AND, US WITHDRAWAL CAUSES JAPAN TO GO NUCLEAR RESULTING IN ARMS RACES, PROLIFERATION AND WORLD WAR.

Khalilzad 1995

The same is also true of Japan. Given a U.S. withdrawal …world war even more catastrophic than the last.

OBSERVATION THREE IS SOLVENCY:

GENUINE AND BINDING CONSULTATION PRIOR TO IMPLEMENTATION STRENGTHENS AND RESTRUCTURES THE ALLIANCE.

Mochizuki, Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institute, 1997

As the U.S.-Japan alliance becomes more reciprocal, …relationships with the major West European allies.

China energy security DA

Unique Internal Link—China influence is high because of the lack of U.S. aid an increase in aid would hurt Chinese influence

Boston Globe, 6/03/2007 (“Into Africa - As China becomes a major influence in Africa, it faces mounting resistance and a profound dilemma: How does a nation devoted to nonintervention become a global power?” Lexis)

A more confident Chinese leadership has chosen to demonstrate …of the Central Committee’s Policy Research Office.

Link—Plan causes a constant hot resource war between the U.S. and China

Eisenman and Kurlantzick May 06 (Joshua, Assistant Director of China Studies at The Nixon Center, Joshua, Fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy, “China’s African Strategy”, Current History, Vol.105 Iss. 691 Pg. 219)

Even as the United States has largely ignored African …of Maputo and other African capitals.

Resource competition in Africa undermines relations and nationalism, causing wars, environmental destruction and economic collapse culminating in extinction

Heinrich Kreft, Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to the CDU/CSU Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag, Former Deputy Head of Policy Planning and Senior Strategic Analyst of the German Foreign Ministry, Hoover Institute Policy Review, Oct / Nov, 2006 ()

China is responding to these challenges by …each other’s energy insecurities and develop new ways for cooperation.

China oil da

A. China is winning the competition for African influence because of its provision of unconditional aid

Chau, 07 (Donovan, Adjunct Faculty member and member of the University graduate faculty in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University, “POLITICAL WARFARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: U.S. CAPABILITIES AND CHINESE OPERATIONS IN ETHIOPIA, KENYA, NIGERIA, AND SOUTH AFRICA”, March, )

PRC political warfare operations followed a similar …means of furthering U.S. interests abroad.207

B. Public health initatives are key to China's influence - the plan challenges China's influence

Gill, et al, 06 (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, )

China, in its quest for a …to provide a durable foundation for a future strategic partnership.

C. U.S. and Chinese influence in Africa is zero-sum--Africa will choose between the U.S. and Chinese models of development. Increasing U.S. health assistance will be a determinant choice in whether Africa accepts the U.S. or turns to China

McLeary, 07 (Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, )

In such a fight, China’s unfettered aid would seem to …term health and stability that the United States is promising.

D. The Chinese model is vital to securing Chinese access to African oil—it’s vital to the Chinese economy

Pan, 07 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, “China, Africa, and Oil”, 1/26, )

China's booming economy, which has averaged …increasing supplies of oil from African countries.

This is vital to the stability of the ruling party

Zweig and Jianhai, 05 (David, director of the Center on China's Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Bi, post-doctoral fellow at the Center, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, proquest)

An unprecedented need for resources is now … government to devise strategies for the top rung of the Communist Party.

And, Regime instability causes nuclear, chemical, and biological lashout

Renxing, 05 (Sen, staff writer, The Epoch Times, (a privately owned Falon-Gong linked newspaper) August 3, 2005, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death” )

Since the Party’s life is “above all else,” it would not …billion people hostage and gamble with their lives.

China soft power da

A. Africa is a litmus test for China’s global power – its perceived imperialism is causing backlash in Africa. It must shift towards programs designed for the mutual benefit of Africa to solidify its soft power and global leadership

Kurlantzick 2007 – Visiting Scholar in Carnegie Endowment’s China Program [Joshua Kurlantzick, “Into Africa - As China becomes a major influence in Africa, it faces mounting resistance and a profound dilemma: How does a nation devoted to nonintervention become a global power?,” June 3, Lexis]

EMBARKING UPON A 12-day tour of Africa …the African continent and, potentially, the world.

B. China is competing with the U.S. over influence in Africa—the counterplan boosts China’s ability to win African partnerships and Chinese soft power while the plan would kill china’s soft power

Gill, et al, 06 (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, )

China, in its quest for a closer strategic partnership with Africa, has increasingly …a future strategic partnership.

C. Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence

Gill and Huang 2006 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',” Volume 48 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, )

A most intriguing example of China's soft …more than $100bn on the mainland.

D. Taiwanese push for independence will escalate into a global nuclear holocaust

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU [James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like …geopolitical peace in the Asia Pacific region.

Japan Alliance da

japanese soft power is low but its institutions are trying to recover its diplomacy.

Posen 2002 (Adam S., June 21, “Japan’s Distraction by Regional Economic Integration”, Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics, )

Japanese motivations and goals …States with regards to trade policy).

japanese foreign aid to development projects is necessary to increase its soft power.

Lincoln 2003 (Edward J., senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Japan: Using Power Narrowly”, The Washington Quarterly 27:1, p. 111-127, Winter 2003-4)

Japanese foreign aid peaked at $16 …the longer-term trend of shrinking foreign aid.13

increased japanese power is necessary to strengthen the u.s.-japan relationship into a sustainable and equal affiliation.

Okada 2005 (Katsuya, President of the Democratic Party of Japan, “Toward Realization of Enlightened National Interest”, May 18, )

Japan's foreign policy in the past has been …inspiring when envisioning Japan's future.

lastly, a strong u.s.-japan alliance is necessary to prevent proliferation in asia which would lead to miscalculation, preemption, and retaliatory war.

Friedberg 1993/1994 (Aaron L., Associate Prof. of Politics and Internat’l Affairs at Princeton and Director of Research Program in International Security at Princeton’s Center of International Studies, International Security, Vol. 18, No. 3, Winter, p. 5-33, “Ripe for Rivalry: Prospects for Peace in a Multipolar Asia”, available at JSTOR)

If the prospective costs of war appear unduly high and …yet likely misperceptions will become. "69.

Oil investment da

While investment in African oil has increased, it’s still minuscule.

Harsh 05 (Ernest Harsch, managing editor of the UN quarterly magazine Africa Renewal, 1/05, "Investors start to eye Africa: Hurdles to productive foreign investment remain high," Africa Renewal, Vol.18 #4, )

Usually, when investors look around for someplace to put their …high enough to reduce poverty.

AIDS and other health problems contribute to a perception of instability in Africa that prevents foreign investment in oil.

Harsh 05 (Ernest Harsch, managing editor of the UN quarterly magazine Africa Renewal, 1/05, "Investors start to eye Africa: Hurdles to productive foreign investment remain high," Africa Renewal, Vol.18 #4, )

Foreign investors also cite Africa's broader problems as deterrents. …and combat AIDS and other debilitating health problems.

Increasing foreign aid will help restore confidence and increase investment.

Dr. Carol Lancaster, distinguished professor at Georgetown's School of Foreign Service and has been active in the U.S. government, “Economic development and investment in sub-Saharan Africa”, Law and Policy in International Business. Volume: 30. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1999

Obviously, the kind of investment is important. It makes a …Saharan Africa in significant amounts.

Fuel cells are coming and will solve peak oil, but peak oil is almost upon us.

Jeremy Rifkin, noted thinker and futurist, President of the Foundation on Economic Trends, 04/28/06,

Rifkin observes that we are fast approaching a ...hydrogen fuel cell power plant at the Munich airport.

Increased oil supply destroys our focus on long-term goals of renewable energy.

Ethan Goffman, CSA (a worldwide information company) writer, “Global Oil Supply and United States Energy Policy”, 2005,

The United States' reaction to oil shortages …fine diplomatic line, for instance in Saudi Arabia.

Unmitigated peak oil causes extinction.

Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, June 19, 2004,

There are lots of recent 2004 reports speculating …companions famine and pestilence.

Malthus

We have already overshot the carrying capacity of earth – environmental capacities are being destroyed and population rates are still rising exponentially

Carrying Capacity Network ’04 [Carrying Capacity Network Action Alert, April, ]

Readers of the latest version of Limits will find some grim …will greatly exacerbate the aforementioned trends.

Assistance creates an expectation for prosperity which leads to less caution and restraint leading to larger family sizes which is the root cause of overpopulation

Abernethy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1993 ()

Between the end of World War II and 1970 fertility rates rose virtually …and to the absence of an emigration option.

Turns Case: For every life they save 10 will die in the crunch.

Ehrlich, 74 –Professor of Biology at Stanford University-1974 ( Paul June 16th The New York Times)

Furthermore, there are other pernicious fallacies in the “what we …is now moot, since we have no more surplus food.

The impact is extinction

Ehrlich & Ehrlich 1990 (Paul & Anne, Professors of Population Studies, Stanford University, The Population Explosion, p. 187)

The population explosion contributes …time scale of years rather than weeks.

This argument may sound cruel and unkind, but ethics are unsustainable in the world of overpopulation—no one will abide by the ethical mandates when they need to pillage scares resources to survive.

Herschel Elliott, Professor Emeritus Philosophy at the University of Florida. “A General Statement of the Tragedy of the Commons.” February 1997.

That leads to pragmatic refutation of the belief that moral knowledge …of the commons – the collapse of both environment and society.

Latin America Tradeoff DA

The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending

Sessions, 06 - analyst at the Centre for Global Development (Myra, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, )

In a July 1 editorial, the Lancet (free registration required) praised the … about the successes and opportunities of the initiatives.

Latin America is the lowest priority – it is funded now but will be cut to make up for the plan

Sanchez, 06 (Marcela, “Linking foreign aid and security”, San Diego Tribune, 1/28,

Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice last week announced …investment, and to improve the lives of their people.”

USAID is preventing deforestation in the Amazon

Franco, 04 - Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, USAID (Adolfo, "Foreign Assistance Priorities for the Western Hemisphere," 3/2, )

Overall, USAID is programming its development …deforestation in several South American protected reserves.

Amazon collapse leads to extinction

Takacs, 1996 - teaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State (David, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise,” 1996, pg. 200-201)

So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value …of the next century - not with a bang but a whimper.14

Spending

A. Uniqueness

B) Link – off-budget plan kills discipline

Greenspan, ’96 (Former FRB Chairman, 4-17, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, 142 Cong Rec H 3497)

On behalf of myself and the other members of …and ability of the government to control federal spending.

C) Internal Link – Discipline key to deficit reduction

Cohen, 07 (The Concord Coalition, May 17, )

The Concord Coalition said today that the Congressional …Coalition executive director Robert L. Bixby.

D) Perceived loss of fiscal discipline independently cripples economy

Bergsten, C. Fred, director of the Institute for International Economics, "The Risks Ahead for the World Economy," Economist, 9/9 2004,

Robert Rubin, former secretary of the Treasury…not inevitable but neither is it unlikely.

E) Runaway spending and deficits cause a global depression.

Schiller, ’97 (Economics Professor – American University, Los Angeles Times, 6-6, Lexis)

The ever-cautious budget office hints at the kind of disaster that …U.S. deficit might trigger another Great Depression.

F) Impact – War

Mead, ’92 (CFR Senior Fellow, NPQ, Summer, Pg. 30)

What if the global economy stagnates, or …German and Japan did in the 1930's.

Head Royce SZ – Affirmative – “The Cure”

For questions about specific cards we’ve read that aren’t on here, email jonathansidney1@

AFF-CONTENTION 1. DON’T BELIEVE THE HYPE

THE LYING HAS GONE ON LONG ENOUGH AIDS WAS CREATED BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TO TARGET BLACK AND HOMOSEXUAL POPULATIONS. THE MONKEY THEORY CANNOT ADEQUATELY EXPLAIN HOW THE VIRUS ORIGINATED AND SPREAD.

DR. ALLEN CANTWELL

(“AIDS biowarfare,” )

Was the “introduction”...at the same time.

AIDS IS A PSUEDOSCIENCE WHICH SERVES TO CONFUSE AND COVER UP ITS MAN MADE ORIGIN

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT. 1993, P. 66,)

In reality…origin of this disease

DENIAL IS NOT JUST A RIVER IN EGYPT-MOST AIDS ACTIVITS AND RESEARCHERS AVOID THE QUESTION OF WHETHER AIDS WAS A HUMAN DESIGNED VIRUS BECAUSE IT IS SIMPLY TOO DIABOLICAL TO BEAR, AND IT WOULD DESTROY GOVERNMENT FUNDING OF THEIR PROGRAMS.

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT. 1993, P. 120-121.)

Total denial is…deaths increase

THE RHETORIC SURROUNDING AIDS IS BOTH RASCIST AND HOMOPHOBIC BECAUSE IT ACCUSES THOSE TARGETED AS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RAPID SPREAD AND ITS DEVBASTATING CONSEQUENCES.

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT, 1993. P. 88 -90)

The roots of AIDS…reinforce this view

CONTENTION 2. 30 YEARS OF GENOCIDE

THE YELLOW-COLORED TRIANGLES OF THE NAZIS HAVE NOW BEEN REPLACED BY THE QUEER BLOOD MARKS OF DEATH. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE VIRUS INTO AFRICA AND HOMOSEXUAL POPULATIONS IN THE WEST REPRESENT A DELIBERATE ATTEMPT TO LIUIDATE TWO UNDESIRABLE COMMUNITIES ALL THE WHILE AIDS PROPOGANDA HAS SERVED THE GOAL OF A MASSIVE COVER UP. THE QUESTION IS THIS: HOW MANY MORE AIDS DEATHS ARE REQUIRED BEFORE PEOPLE SPEAK OUT AGAINST THIS SECRET GENOCIDE?

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT, 1993. P. 128-131)

No longer is it…Where is God?

We ask you to consider the comparison between the idea that AIDS was imported as a heterosexual black epidemic in Africa to homosexuals tens of thousands of miles away yet simultaneous with the possibility that both groups were injected simultaneously with contaminated vaccines brings about a biological holocaust, effectively removing two “undesirable” groups off the face of the earth.  It’s obvious to us!

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT, 1993. P. 81)

There are many…in the process.

BLACK AFRICA IS HEADED FOR EXTINCTION FROM AIDS-NOT BECAUSE THE VIRUS ORIGINATED THERE BUT BECAUSE WESTERN NATIONS USED AFRCA AS AN APPROPRIATE CONTROL POPULATION FOR THEIR SMALLPOX EXPERIMENTS.

CANTWELL 93

(ALAN, MD, QUEER BLOOD: THE SECRET AIDS GENOCIDE PLOT, 1993. P. 72-73)

When I first met…headed for extinction.

THE US HAS CALCULATED THE LIVES OF THOSE WE HAVE INFECTED WITH AIDS.  THIS MINDSET IS BASED ON TECHNO RATIONAL MEANS OF EVALUATION WHICH ALLOW FOR THE VALUE OF THESE LIVES TO BE REDUCED TO ZERO.  THIS IS THE ZERO POINT OF HOLOCAUST

Michael Dillon, 4/99, Professor of IR @ Lancaster, “Another Justice” Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 165 

Economies of…exceeds measure. 

THE BLAMING OF HOMOSEXUALS AND AFRICANS FOR THE AIDS VIRUS IS TANTAMOUNT TO THE GOVERNMENT’S EFFORTS TO FURTHER ENTRENCH ITS POWER BY MOBILIZING THE POPULATION AGAINST THOSE EXTERNAL THREATS USING APOCALYPTIC DISCOURSE.  THIS RHETORIC FURTHERS THE PERPETUAL THREAT OF DESTRUCTION AND JUSTIFIES UNENDING, STATE-SANCTIONED VIOLENCE 

COVIELLO 2000—Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On 

Perhaps.  But to claim…can scarcely be done without. 

PLAN-THE United States federal government SHOULD DISTRIBUTE THE CURE FOR AIDS TO the topically designated area.

CONTENTION 3. ENDING THE MADNESS

WE HAVE A CURE, CREATED AT THE SAME TIME OF THE VIRUS. DISTRIBUTION OF TETRASIL TO AFRICA COULD SAVE THE CONTINENT

BOYD GRAVES 04

(“AIDS IS MAN MADE: INTERVIEW WITH BOYD GRAVES, INTERVIEWED BY SULTAN MOHAMMAD, FEATURED IN FINAL CALL NEWS, OCTOBER 5,

SM: Your research…that it is suppressed

THE FIRST STEP IS RECOGNIZING WE LIVE IN A HOUSE OF LIES-ONLY BY MOVING PAST THE MISINFORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT AND THE SO CALLED AIDS EXPERTS CAN WE BEGIN TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

THE STRECKER GROUP NO DATE

(“IS AIDS MAN MADE? THE STRECKER MEMORANDUM” )

Ignorance is bliss…cost infinitely more.

THE GOVERNMENT CREATED AIDS TO ERADICATE MINORITY POPULATIONS THIS IS PROVEN BY DOCUMENTED EVIDENCE. WE MUST BE WILLING TO SPEND WHATEVER IS NECESSARY TO STOP THE KILLING TRAIN

MCCLARE 03

(KATE, “U.S GOVERNMENT CREATED THE AIDS VIRUS”, 1/7/03, AIDS/CONSPIRACY.HTM )

FINALLY, TETRASIL IS THE CURE—OUR EVIDENCE LISTS MULTIPLE MEDICAL WARRANTS

Foundation for Incurable Disease 1998, interact/Arc_1_99-4_9900000071.htm

The foundation for incurable…cease this nonsense.

The U.S. government…he declares. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2AC: 

We frequently read these cards to answer disads: 

 

Appeals to security generates a political subject that must eradicate all difference which threatens rational thought.

David Campbell/ Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 29-30

As violence is the ultima ratio of politics, so security is… uncertainty and contingency itself 

Enframing our understanding of being diminishes space for deliberation—security returns to the center and turns their impact.

David Campbell\Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 12

An implosion of established…spring of atrocity. 

Enemies are de-realized through technological representations—causes mad violence

David Campbell\Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 33-6

That trajectory …market economies of material exchange. 

There is no objective condition for danger

David Campbell, prof of international politics at the university of Newcastle, Writing Security, 1998, pg.  1-2

Danger is not…when interpreted as such. 

Reliance on predictive assumptions about the nature of international politics obliterates agency. 

Roland Bleiker, Senior Lecturer and Coordinater of the Peace and Conflict Studies Program at Queensland, Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Politics, 2000, p. 48-49

The very notion …ensuing political practices. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We read this card to answer you=conspiracy theory: 

Conspiracy theories are critical to opening up democratic space where the public can interact with these institutions at the decision-making level.  No longer can the assertion of expertise dominate these conversations because we all have the ability to articulate plausible explanations.

Shane Miller, Assoc. Professor Department of Speech Communication @ Eastern Illinois University, “Conspiracy theories: public argument as coded social critiques: a rhetorical analysis of the TWA flight 800 conspiracy theories,” Argumentation and Advocacy, vol 39, Issue, 2002 

Critics have long…administration of power

 

AT: K’s 

WE MUST DECIDE THE UNDECEABLE—ONLY BY ALWAYS CHOOSING TO CHANGE YOUR WORLD FOR THE BETTER CAN YOU HOPE TO ALIGN YOURSELF WITH THE POLITICS OF BOTH OVER AND BEYOND, YET STILL INCLUSIVE, OF THE STATE 

David Campbell, badass, Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics, ed. By Campbell and Shapiro, 99, p. 50-51 

In pursuing Derrida…(yet still including) the state. 

FINALLY, WE DO WHAT WE DO NOT BECAUSE WE KNOW IT WILL CHANGE THE WORLD, BUT BECAUSE WE KNOW THAT IT IS RIGHT.  VOTE AFFIRMATIVE TO STAND AGAINST THE BIOLOGICAL HOLOCAUST THAT IS THE AIDS VIRUS 

Tim Wise, total baller, 99, Social Justice, Vo. 26, #2, Proquest 

Occasionally when I’m speaking…gladly opt for hope. 

CURRENT Reps of AIDS rely on its origination from the “dark continent” of Africa without explanation.  Various medical doctors rely on this immaculate creation for thei research. 

Cantwell, p. 3 

In April 1984…official story. 

Their criticism is allll bad—destroys politics, etc. 

Emery Roe, director of the Center for Sustainable Resource Development at the University of California, Berkeley, 1999, Except Africa: Remaking Development, Rethinking Power, p. 104-105 

Second, the conjunction…on the following

Head Royce SZ – Negative

Head-Royce SZ Neg Cites 

Note: We usually put together K 1NCs specific to the aff.  I’ve tried to create generic outlines of the arguments we read most frequently—the positions listed here cover probably about 80-90% of what we’ve gone for in the 2NR.  If you have questions about the specific outlines or links we’ve used in particular rounds, email jonathansidney1@ and I’ll do my best to put it together for you.  Also, we’ve gone for the China DA/Japan CP a few times—see HRS BZ for those cites.

 

T: 

PHA must be government to government 

UC Berkeley School of Public Health 2005 (Information for a class on, “Private Sector Health Services in Developing Countries”, UCSF Courses in International Health, ) 

Limits—explodes case list: infinite # of NGOs, 3rd parties etc.  PHA is a broad term which means mechanism of implementation is the only stable limit on the topic 

Ground—lose corruption DAs, etc. 

Surprisingly enough, topicality is a voting issue 

 

Death Cult 

A. The affirmative simulates a status quo world with spectacles of death.  This comparison of death simulations is bad in debate because we become obsessed with the simulacra of death.   We’re zombies desperate for human flesh: it’s a race to the biggest nuclear war impact on lexis nexis.

 

Jean Baudrillard, really smart French guy, 1993, Symbolic Exchange and Death 

Pursued and censured…to political economy. 

B.  Don’t disturb the dead.  We should use fiat and best policy option for making a decision, but first we should establish parameters.  Just like topicality which says we don’t fiat non-topical plans, we say don’t fiat plans based on the simulation or deferral of death.  Embracing mortality as a necessary and inevitable part of life allows us to live fuller and move away from a debate death cult. 

Mosaic, publication of interfaith ministries for greater Houston, 3/20/03, Vol 10 No. 2, 03-03%20Mosaic.pdf, “Living with the Inevitable Moment” 

For some the…said Maluski. 

 

Mann Juice: 

The Affirmative’s supposed resistance to war is the sign of potential combat of words—their discursive armory is oriented towards exchange in the political sense.  This metamorphosis of discourse into war is concealed by their so called benign intent, repeating the masking they attempt to reveal 

Mann 96 (Paul, Dept English Pomona, “The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare”, Postmodern Culture, v. 6 n. 2, January) 

To repeat, the object…video games and smart bombs. 

The inherent cooptation of power and knowledge will take the form of trickery.  Although the affirmative attempts to resist the creation of war, its very utterance and its symbolic demand for subversiveness renders visible all that must remain invisible, making the worse argument seem the better. 

Mann 96 (Paul, Dept English Pomona, “The Nine Grounds of Intellectual Warfare”, Postmodern Culture, v. 6 n. 2, January) 

It remains to be…knows to one’s enemies. 

Our alternative—we will advocate absolute, irretrievable negativity, a form of nihilistic intervention into the realm of overwhelming action.  Our criticism operates as a form of self-negating, inaccessible nothingness while the affirmative sharpens their knives on the simulated body of war. 

Agamben 93 (Giorgio, badass, Stanzas: Word and Phantasm in Western Culture) 

It is possible…conditions of its inaccessibility. 

 

 

Security 

Appeals to security generates a political subject that must eradicate all difference which threatens rational thought. 

David Campbell/ Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 29-30 

As violence is the ultima ratio of politics, so security is… uncertainty and contingency itself 

 

Enframing our understanding of being diminishes space for deliberation—security returns to the center and turns their impact. 

David Campbell\Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 12 

An implosion of established...spring of atrocity. 

 

Inevitability claims give moral license to violence 

David Campbell\Michael Dillon, “The end of philosophy and the end of international relations,” The Political Subject of Violence, 1993, pp. 17-18 

To broach this…the horizon of life in novel ways. 

The affirmative’s logic of calculation is based on techno rational means of evaluation which allow for the value of lives to be reduced to zero. This is the zero point of holocaust.

Michael Dillon, 4/99, Professor of IR @ Lancaster, “Another Justice” Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 165 

 

APOCALYPTIC RHETORIC FURTHERS THE PERPETUAL THREAT OF DESTRUCTION AND JUSTIFIES UNENDING, STATE-SANCTIONED VIOLENCE 

 

COVIELLO 2000—Peter, assistant professor of English at Bowdoin College, Apocalypse From Now On

Instead of offering an alternative policy option and playing the problem and solution song and dance, we should critically interrogate global governance’s problematization of security and refuse to engage in the very policymaking apparatus that has breed the recycling of the squo’s harms

Dillon and Reid 2000 (Michael and Julian, Professor of IR @ Lancaster and Lecturer in IR @ Kings College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace and Complex Emergency, Alternatives: Social Transformation & Humane Governance, Jan-March 2000, Vol. 25) 

More specifically, where there is… problematized by it. 

Imperial practices are dependent on representations. The colonial discourse constructs the reality under which politics operates—placing representations first is necessary to escape dominant modes of thinking. 

Roxanne Lynn Doty, 1996, Professor of Poli Sci @ Arizona State University, Imperial Encounters, p 171 

By examining the ways…complicity in dominant representations. 

Specific Security Link Cards: 

Disease: 

Representations of viruses lead to exclusion of identifies—viruses are social factors that justify exclusion 

Heather Schell, Miama University, 1997, “Outburst! A Chilling True Story about Emerging-Virus Narratives and Pandemic Social Change,” Configurations, Volume 5, Number 1, Project Muse 

 

I would like to…politically untenable 

 

The travel explanations of disease spread reflect a fear of infiltration by Africa 

Heather Schell, Miama University, 1997, “Outburst! A Chilling True Story about Emerging-Virus Narratives and Pandemic Social Change,” Configurations, Volume 5, Number 1, Project Muse 

Cataclysmic discourse of aids destroying Africa legitimize the extermination of the other in the name of white purity and security from the disease

Austin 90 (Sydney Bryn Austin,  Cultural Critique, No. 14, The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division II. (Winter, 1989-1990), pp. 129-152. “AIDS and Africa: United States Media and Racist Fantasy”. Jstor.)  

Environmental Security Links: 

Policies that seek to manage natural resources accept the imperatives of economic culture and security logic. Continuing along this course of action will destroy the biosphere’s capacity for human life.

Simon Dalby, professor of geography and political economy at Carleton University, Environmental Security, 2002, pg. 169-70

If the large-scale historical…to the entire universe. 

The consequence of extending the security logic of environmental management is the exacerbation of current environmental trends, resulting in the destruction of human civilization and the radical endangerment of human “being.”

Simon Dalby, professor of geography and political economy at Carleton University, Environmental Security, 2002, pg. 144-6

This observation makes…modern modes of existence. 

Their so-called benign environmental gesture treats nature like real estate, guaranteeing its continued exploitation 

Timothy Luke, baler status, 1997, cddc.vt.edu/tim/tims/Tim528.PDF 

In the Nature…ecological significance. 

Water Links: 

The discourse of water wars justifies military intervention and moves securitization from the state to the security of populations.

Anton du Plessis, 2k  (“Charting the Course of the Water Discourse through the Fog of International Relations” in the book Water Wars: Enduring Myth of Impending Reality?, page 21.  ) 

China Links:

Engaging in neoconservative threat discourse over China results in self-fulfilling prophecy and war

Pan 06

(Chengxin , School of International and Political Studies Faculty of Arts Deakin University, Australia “A Window of Opportunity”? Neoconservatives’ Grand Strategy and Implications for U.S.-China Relations Paper prepared for the 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, USA, 22-25 March 2006 online at the ISA website)  

 

 

Development/Crisis Reps: 

The affirmative’s representation of an Africa in need of moral and humanitarian assistance from the West is the basis for imperial intervention. While self-flattery of these attitudes may appear productive, they are merely a mask to legitimize military intervention and artificially separate it from our colonial past. 

 

Frank Furedi, professor at the University of Kent, 1994, The New Ideology of Imperialism, p. 110-113 

 

The widespread acceptance…reluctant western power. 

Various link cards—Escobar poverty links, Western medicine, etc. 

We must engage alternative discourses to developmental concepts such as “assistance”—unmasking development opens spaces for other modes of knowledge. 

Escobar 94 “Encountering Development” 

Imagining the end…a social reality

 

Representations are paramount to policy-making in sub-Subaran Africa—the intention of policy-makers shapes implementation 

 

Emery Roe, director of the Center for Sustainable Resource Development at the University of California, Berkeley, 1999, Except Africa: Remaking Development, Rethinking Power, p. 104-105 

The expatriate role…development intention. 

Other Frequent Cards: 

The affirmative’s attempt to empower individuals with autonomy reasserts Western domination. 

 

Uma Kothari, lecturer in Social Development @ U Manchester, 2001, “Participation: The New Tyranny?”, 142-143 

 

Participatory approaches…inducement of conformity. 

 

The rhetoric of empowering Africa obscures the unequal power relations of assistance. 

 

David Chandler, Profess or IR, 2007, “Rethihnknig Ethical Foreign Policy, p. 178-180) 

The framing of assistance posits Africa as inferior and in need of Western intervention. 

Escobar 94 “Encountering Development”, 6 

To see development…in Western discourse 

Western health assistance imposes the Western technological developmental model upon Africa. 

Amy Laura Hall, Duke, 7/1/06, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, “Whose Progress?  The Language of Global Health” 

The configuration…biotechnological world order. 

Viewing Africa through the lens of crisis ensures the failure of policy

Emery Roe, director of the Center for Sustainable Resource Development at the University of California, Berkeley, 1999, Except Africa: Remaking Development, Rethinking Power, 7-8 

What is really…much that matters 

Assistance towards the so-called “poor” treats them as objects of control 

Escobar 94 “Encountering Development”, 23 

The treatment of…the social 

Western medicine is part of a larger civilizing mission used to control local populations 

Nicholas King, Oxford, 12/02, Social Studies of Science, “Security, Disease, Commerce: Ideologies of Postcolonial Global Health”, 779=780 

This idealization…and belief systems. 

Western imperialism is an insidious and dangerous form of politics that results in a clash of cultures and a worldwide battlefield. 

Frank Furedi, professor at the University of Kent, 1994, The New Ideology of Imperialism, p. 119 

However, the attempt…into a battlefield. 

Representations of failed economies are used to destroy autonomy 

Frank Furedi, professor at the University of Kent, 1994, The New Ideology of Imperialism, p. 6-7 

One obvious line…enjoy this right.

Highland Park GO – Affirmative – Nietzsche/Carnivals of Atrocity

Contention One: Inherency 

 

Initially note the massive lack of AZT, also know as Zidovudine, being sent to Sub-Saharan Africa. An increase by the United States is crucial to being able to make up for the shortage. 

Red Orbit 11/9/05(“Worldwide Shortage of Glaxo's AIDS Drug, AZT, Alarms Patients, Advocates, Says AHF”, PRNewswire, ) 

 

"We are greatly alarmed about this shortage of GSK's life-saving AIDS drug, AZT… Africa and other resource-poor countries worldwide. 

 

AZT is a major cause of anemia which can make it hard to live a normal life, if not life threatening 

Anemia Institute for research and education, 2002 (“Why Am I So Tired All the Time?” ) 

 

Antiretroviral medications often cause fatigue or tiredness. But if you are always tired,… energy and make it hard to live a normal life.  

 

 

Zidovudine is linked to increase mutation at Codon 215 

Rubio et al. ‘97 

Rubio, A.; Leal, M.*; Pineda, J. A.*; Caruz, A.; Luque, F.; Rey, C.; Sanchez-Quijano, A.*; Lissen, E.* Viral Hepatitis and AIDS Groups, Department of Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain (Rubio) (Caruz) (Luque) (Rey) *Viral Hepatitis and AIDS Groups, Department of Medicine, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Avda Manuel Siurot s/n, Seville 41013, Spain, March 11, 2007 (“Increase in the frequency of mutation at codon 215 associated with zidovudine resistance in HIV-1-infected antiviral-naive patients from 1989 to 1996,” )  

 

After a period of time under treatment with zidovudine (ZDV), resultant strains of HIV… antiretroviral-naive patients in our area. 

Thus, we present the following plan:

The United States federal government should, through the legislative branch, increase the amount of AZT being sent to sub-Saharan Africa. 

 

We’ll clarify plan intent. 

 

Contention Two: Carnivals of Atrocity 

 

The silence has gone on too long – political theorists and philosophers alike have skirted the issue of cruelty and the role it plays in our existence. Our affirmative is a new exposition of cruelty and violence to refocus our minds on the utility of cruelty. 

Miller, 90 – Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Brown University – 1990(James, “Carnivals of Atrocity Foucault, Nietzsche, Cruelty”, Political Theory, Vol. 18, No.3, August, 470-491, JSTOR) 

 

What, for example, are we to make of Foucault's apparent… The first challenge is to sketch an interpretation that renders explicit what Foucault has left largely implicit. 

 

Our act of intentional murder is a necessary and enjoyable part of the affirmation of our existence. Cruelty is something we’ll desire whatever we do, it is a question of whether or not we wish to express that desire or internalize it. Doing the latter causes us to constantly desire to be cruel and eventually we declare war on ourselves. 

Miller, 90 – Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science at Brown University – 1990(James, “Carnivals of Atrocity Foucault, Nietzsche, Cruelty”, Political Theory, Vol. 18, No.3, August, 470-491, JSTOR) 

 

Now, Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals expresses the same disquieting… triumph of asceticism in Christianity.' 

 

Pain and Suffering are inherent conditions of life. Not arguments against our affirmation of it. Appeals to end suffering only lead to internalization of this suffering.

Deleuze, 83 – French Philosopher – 1983(Gilles, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, Page 129-130) 

 

In order to understand the nature of this invention we must asses… who invents and will the internal meaning of pain? 

 

 

This internalization of cruelty creates hatred for our current existence. This hatred of suffering dwarfs humanity to the point where our very destruction becomes desirable 

Nietzsche, 86 – German Philosopher – 1886(Friedrich, “Beyond Good and Evil”, Page 342) 

 

225. Whether it be hedonism, pessimism, utilitarianism… all the elevations of humanity hitherto? 

 

 

To affirm chance and the tragic in life is to learn to see the best in the worst of what is. This is liberation of the free intellect from the joyless concept of life in the status quo. 

Deleuze. 83 – French Philosopher – 1983(Gilles, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, Page 17-18) 

 

Dionysus affirms all that appears, “even the most bitter suffering… tragedies” (VP IV 50). Tragedy — frank, dynamic, gaiety. 

 

Contention Three: Role of Cruelty 

 

Our interpretation is that all arguments should be evaluated on the same level. 

 

Their framework forces the judge to hate themselves, rendering a “judgement” by some appeal to transcendental value. Instead, you should evaluate the round and our arguments as symptoms of our position on life and choose the most affirmative. 

 

SMITH 2K7 

[daniel w., “deleuze and the question of desire: toward an immanent theory of ethics”, parrhesia, number 2, 66-78] 

 

Now according to Deleuze, this immanent… passive and active affections, in Spinoza). 

 

Their framework arguments misunderstand the nature of evaluation. people do not act as scales, neutrally comparing alternate actions. the inumerable amount of drives shape and change our position. even at the moment of the decisive “fold”, we can never know all of the motives that cause our decision as a moment of singularity. 

 

SMITH 2K7__ 

[daniel w., “deleuze and the question of desire: toward an immanent theory of ethics”, parrhesia, number 2, 66-78] 

 

Now with these Nietzschean reflections in hand, I want to turn to my…. judgment with the force of decision.”17 

Highland Park GO – Affirmative – Generics/ARV’s

Plan Text: The United States federal government should, through the executive branch, increase the number of generic antiretroviral drugs sent to PEPFAR countries designated by the resolution through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief by purchasing the most cost effective drugs available that meaet the World Health Organization’s prequalification standards. 

Contention 1: AIDS 

Status quo pharma programs subordinate human lives to profits- resulting in millions of deaths 

Foreman 2003 – Director of the AIDS Programme of the Panos Institute in London – 2003 (Martin, Perspectives in Health Magazine: The Magazine of Pan American Health Organization, Volume 8 Number 1, “Don’t let TRIPS trip up access to essential drugs,”  

The pharmaceutical industry knows that high prices restrict sales and volume…and other patented drugs still do not have access to them. 

 

Pepfar has created its own ARV delivery system – we do not use the hospitals indicted by the neg evidence 

US Embassy 2005 (September 29, “US announces Consortium to Expedite Delivery of HIV/AIDS Drugs/Supplies”  

On September 28, US Global AIDS coordinator Randall Tobias…including bilateral programs in more than 100 countries around the world. 

 

And, adopting WHO prequalification standards would allow Pepdar to increase the number of people receiving life saving ARVS’s by ten fold while avoiding risks from brand name drugs and obstacles created by the FDA 

Ismail 2006 ( Asif, “Pepfar Policy Hinders Treatment in Generic Terms, “Center for Public Integrity, , Production Editor for Center for Public Integrity, 12/13 

But like Rep. Waxman, some pepfar critics think the initiative’s cautious… Baker said, creates another set of bureaucratic hurdles. 

 

The impact of ignoring any facet of HIV/AIDS in Africa is akin to being complicit with mass-murder- HIV/AIDS will kill more people in Africa then all wars combined and devastate the entire continent. 

Brown 2006 (Lester, Former international Agricultural Analyst for US Department of Agriculture and President of Worldwatch Institute, Earth Policy Institute, Plan B 2.0 – Rescuing A Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble, Chapter Six,  

Although diseases such as malaria and cholera exact…or we will succeed against neither 

 

Africa already has the infrastructure in place to distribute ARVs and regulate compliance with drug regimes – their standards are the same as those in the West, and have been empirically proven to save lives and prevent the spread of disease. 

Chien 2003(University of California at Berkely School of Law, “Cheap Drugs at What Price to Innocation: Does the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmacueticals Hurt Innovation?” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Summer 2003) Lexis. 

While high drug prices comprise only one aspect of… a more pressing and realistic objective. 

 

Poverty, infrastructure or resistance alternate causalities and arguments about protecting pharma R&D are just industry lies designed to protect profits. ARVs have been effective even in the poorest areas. 

Crooks 2005 – Jamie, Boaly Hall School of Law, J.D. Candidate 2006. 23 Berkeley J. Int’l L. 524 p.L/N 

Surely poverty and under-resourced public health infrastructure… of the world’s poorest HIV/AIDS patients. 

 

Failure of the US to adopt WHO qualifications undermines the credibility of all other AIDS assistance programs, creating a ripple effect of resource inefficiency and mistrust towards all international efforts. The plan is key to international harmonization that will save lives. 

Lynch 2005 ( Sharonann, HIV/AIDS treatment Literatcy Coordinator for MSF’s Lesotho mission, Medicine Procurement of ARV’s and Other Essential Medicines in the US Global AIDS Program, PepfarWatch November http: press_releases/05/1105_PWATCH_HGAP_BP_PROC.pdf 

A unilateral system risks undermining the WHO… drugs approved only by the FDA 

 

And, ARVs are key to prevention – people get tested an begin engaging in safer practices when they have hope they will be able to access life-saving drugs. 

Crooks 2005 – Jamie, Boaly Hall School of Law, J.D. Candidate 2006. 23 Berkeley J. Int’l L. 524 p.L/N 

A daily cocktail of anti-retroviral medication… in turn assists prevention measures. 

Contention 2: Free Trade 

US Led trade agreements massively restrict the distribution of ARVs 

Westerhaus and Castro 2006 – Micheal, MD, medical resident at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Arachu, PhD, MPH, Assistant Professor os Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Project Manager for Mexico and Guatemala at Partners in Health, “How do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Acces to Antiretroviral Therapy?” PLoS Med 3(8) http//medicine.perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0030332&ct=1 

However, recent US trade policy threatens…now referred to as “TRIPS-plus” measures. 

 

The US uses its trade leverage, such as the threat of sanctions, to coerce nations into refusing to accept generic ARV’s. 

Crooks 2005 – Jamie, Boaly Hall School of Law, J.D. Candidate 2006. 23 Berkeley J. Int’l L. 524 p.L/N 

US HIV/AIDS policy tends to prioritize…even where no patent law had existed before. 

 

And Globalization is inevitable – the only question is how it is carried out – policies that consider the needs of the poor are vital 

Schneider 2000 (Mark,  

These are some of the areas…gap will widen even further 

Refusal to liberalize ARV’s for Sub-Saharan Africa has devastated US trade credibility 

Ernesto Zedillo 2003 “Disorderly conduct: The world’s second pillar is shaky” May 30 International Herald Tribune 

In the past two years… example of international cooperation 

 

Free trade prevents war through economic growth, increased communication and the promotion of cosmopolitan ethics 

McDonald 2004 (Patrick J)  

Free trade, and not just trade…. War during a crisis. 

 

WWI followed an era of only open trade – universal free trade precludes the risk of war – European economic community proves 

Alan Oxley 2004  

Historians regularly debate how much…. An open global economy. 

 

Wars of the 20th century were a revolt against liberal ideals, not free trade 

Richard Ebeling 2002  

None of the wars… life subservient to the ends of war. 

 

Free trade solves terrorism by alleviating poverty and spurring democrativ reforms. 

O’Driscoll and Fitzgerald 2003 (Gerald and Sara)  

The latest “National security Strategy…And it would be far less costly. 

 

Terrorist attack would cause WWIII and extinction 

Mohamed Sid-Ahmed ’04 – “Extinction.”  

A nuclear attack… we will all be losers 

 

Free Trade Sustains economic growth and prosperity 

Kenneth Juster 2001  

One of the simple and clear points…innovation and quality enhancement. 

 

Free trade encourages growth in less developed countries 

Daniel Griswold 2000  

LDCs have the most to…. More sensible economic policies. 

 

Poverty is equivalent to an ongoing nuclear war against the poor; it is the root cause of all other violence 

Gilligan 96 (James, Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence, “Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes”, p. 191-196) 

The deadliest form of violence is poverty… (from homicide and suicide to war and genocide). 

 

Failure to resolve trade issues with the WTO will exacerbate growing tensions between the US and China. 

MacInnis 2007 (laura)  

Still, he said it was… in bilateral trade alliances 

 

Trade tensions between the US and China will quickly manifest into armer conflict due to economic depression and domestic politics 

Henry Liu 2005,  

US Geoolitical hostility… a war with China 

 

And a US-China war is the most likely scenario for conflict – it willeasily escalate into a nuclear holocaust 

We control the internal link to international tensions – free trade directly causes improvement in global environmental standards solving climate shift 

Daniel Griswold 2000  

 

Free trade prevents degradation and pollution and causes states to shift to protecting the environment – this is key to biodiversity 

Futurecasts 2002  

The greatest environmental… instances may help

Highland Park GO – Negative

ASPEC 

 

shell only includes this card 

Power in the federal government is divided in 3 branches 

Rotunda 01 (18 Const. Commentary 319, "THE COMMERCE CLAUSE, THE POLITCAL QUESTION DOCTRINE, AND MORRISON," lexis) 

The Framers of our Constitution ... two Houses of Congress. n12 

Canada CP

 

Canada solves best – it has shared legal, economy, and cultural ties with Africa that ensure solvency while avoiding anti-western resentment 

CCAfrica 2004 (Brief #1, "Canada & Africa Matching Reputation With Action in the 21st Century", Canadian Council on Africa, September, tions/Briefing%20Notes%201.pdf) 

Nietzsche K

[this is indicative of our one off shell. And X has been put next to the cards we read in the shortened version]

[x]The affirmative posits themselves as masters of the theatre of policy, able to create a new reality which more closely resembles the ideal form which makes their plan defensible. this drive towards purification and explanation, this will to truth, is an attempt to escape suffering and creative potential which negates life. 

Turnali, 2003 [aydan, “nietzsche and the later wittgenstein”, journal of nietzsche studies, issue 26, p. 61-2, muse]

The craving for absolutely general specifications results… show the fly the way out of the fly-bottle” (PI §309).   

Developmental myths work through emotional identification in order to produce a feeling of concerned distance and superiority, breeding ressentiment and pity. 

Cornwall, 2005 [Andrea, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, October  “What do Buzzwords do for Development Policy? A critical look at ‘participation’, ‘empowerment’and ‘poverty reduction’,” Third World Quarterly 26.7, pp. 1043-1060] 

We argue in this paper that participation and empowerment… of common meaning to extremely disparate actors.

[X] The desire for mastery and control the affirmative replicates only creates ressentiment for our current existence. Such hatred and search for a new life makes life laughable and makes extinction desirable.

Nietzsche, 86 – German Philosopher – 1886(Friedrich, “Beyond Good and Evil”, Page 342) 

225. Whether it be hedonism, pessimism, utilitarianism, or… produced all the elevations of humanity hitherto?

[X] The Socratic delusion creates mastery, control, and violence as a justification for achieving the end goal of the “Real World”

Saurette, 96 – PhD in Political Theory at John Hopkins University – 1996(Paul, “’I Mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid them’: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, Page 1-28) 

The dichotomisation of the ideal and apparent worlds… factual nor beyond critique.

[X] Attempts to secure our experience of existence produces paranoiac fear. This produces life as a project where we struggle to perfect it through security. This fuels a ressentiment that negates life.

Der Derian, 95 - Political Science Professor at the University of Massachusetts – 1995(James, “On Security” Page 29) 

The will to power, the, should not be confused with a Hobbesian perpetual… artificial strength to the illusion of being protected by a god.” 40

[X] Thus the alternative – Take the risk of exposing yourself to violent impacts and abandon the desire for control. Refuse to engage the 1AC as way of embracing the unknowable aspects of life. This risks danger but your mortality is a certainty. The alternative is the only way to bring meaning to life by living life eventfully through a rolling of the dice.

Deleuze. 83 – French Philosopher – 1983(Gilles, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, Page 25-27) 

The game has two moments which are those of a dicethrow – the dice… nature of the fatally obtained number. 

And, to affirm chance and the tragic in life is to learn to see the best in the worst of what is. This is liberation of the free intellect from the joyless concept of life in the 1AC.

Deleuze. 83 – French Philosopher – 1983(Gilles, “Nietzsche and Philosophy”, Page 17-18) 

Dionysus affirms all that appears, “even the most bitter…” (VP IV 50). Tragedy — frank, dynamic, gaiety.

Their incessant paranoia about suffering and huge war scenarios is just there to justify their pathos of action. The affirmative gives them a revolutionary feeling while keeping everything the same to beat back the problems they construct. Vote negative to look away from these images of distress.

Nietzsche, 1887(Friedrich, German Philosopher, “The Gay Science”, Page 117-118)

 

The craving for suffering – When I think of the craving to… ventured to paint my happiness on the wall

Their arguments ask the wrong question. It isn’t “Was Nietzsche a fascist, or a Nazi?” it’s a question about use. Deleuze puts Nietzsche to the use of an affirmation of life

Deleuze, 2004 (Gilles, desert islands and other texts, pg. 130) 

It is this, I believe, which for Nietzsche's work is the right to misinterpret…"subjugate" it or make it work or explode.

Projects of domination produce the violence of their impacts; the will to power is not an impulse to control. Their impacts are only products of the affirmative’s perspective on life, not our affirmation of it.

Deleuze, 2004 – French Philosopher – 2004(Gilles, “Desert Islands And Other Texts”, page 119) 

This original depth, Zarathroustra’s celebrated height… Wanting power is the image of the will to power which the impotent invent for themselves.

A true affirmation of being involves affirming the world as is in every way shape and form means the perm does not capture solvency.

White, 90 – Mark Hopkins Professor of Philosophy at Williams College – 1990(Alan, “Within Nietzsche’s Labyrinth”, ) 

Zarathustra affirms being.  Immediately before.. And he knows that there is much shit in the world.   

China Bashing DA

A. Uniqueness – The most important item of bush’s new agenda is blocking protectionist legislation against China in the midst of an election year battle – House Democrats are already girding for protectionist action and Bush will face a test on Capitol Hill

The Frontrunner 12/31

The Wall Street Journal (12/31, Hitt, 2.06M)……All Face opposition.” 

B. Link – Africa health assistance saps politics capital

Carrol 01

(Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marraige: The case for an expanded military medical role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

Transnational disease alone compels…..neglect and shortsigtedness 

C. Internal Link –Bush has vowed to veto any bill with protectionist measures against China

The Main Wire 2007 (10/12)

President George W. Bush said he will….That risked trade war. 

D.Impacts

1. China sanctions cause global protectionism, shatter world growth, and undermine U.S. – Sino Cooperation – Which is key to avoiding conflict in Korea and Taiwan

SCMP’ 06 (South China morning Post, 3-13 Lexis)

A Leading China expert in….over Iran’s nuclear programme 

2. Korea conflict causes extinction

Africa News 99 (10-25, Lexis)

Lusaka- if there is one place today….relations with North Korea. 

China DA

A. Uniqueness - China is winning the competition for African influence because of its provision of unconditional aid

Chau, 07  (Donovan, Adjunct Faculty member  and member of the University graduate faculty in the  Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri  State University, “POLITICAL WARFARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:  U.S. CAPABILITIES AND CHINESE   OPERATIONS IN ETHIOPIA, KENYA,   NIGERIA, AND SOUTH AFRICA”, March, )  

PRC political warfare operations followed a … furthering U.S.  interests abroad.207

B. Link - Public health initatives are key to China's influence - the plan challenges China's influence

Gill, et al, 06  (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding  Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, ) 

China, in its quest for a closer strategic partnership… foundation for a future strategic partnership.

C. Internal Link - U.S. and Chinese influence in Africa is zero-sum--Africa will choose between the U.S. and Chinese models of development.  Increasing U.S. health assistance will be a determinant choice in whether Africa accepts the U.S. or turns to China

McLeary, 07  (Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, ) 

In such a fight, China’s unfettered aid would.. the United States is promising.

D. Impact

1. Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence

Gill and Huang 2006 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',” Volume - v4848 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, ) 

A most intriguing example of China's… more than $100bn on the mainland.

Taiwanese push for independence will escalate into a global nuclear war

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU

[James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like… peace in the Asia Pacific region.

Hutchinson AC – Affirmative – Sex Workers/Biopower

AFFIRMATIVE –

NOTES: This is a biopower aff - we answer all things in a strictly Foucauldian sense. There is no objective way that we decide to answer disads or counter-plans, it is strictly based on what disad or counter-plan it happens to be.

The project of modernity is characterized by the sovereign decision over life – this conflation of politics and the biological life of a population is what Foucault referred to as "biopower" – Foucault asserts that biopower coalesces around two distinct directives – first are political techniques that the state assumes to integrate the biological life of individuals into its center – second are the technologies of the self – these are processes that bind an individual to a particular identity and at the same time to an external power – this is the particularly important regarding sexuality and sexual politics – the identity of the "prostitute" has been constructed by particular social actors and defined by governmental policy – the proliferation of discourses has caused sex workers to be seen as "vile harlots" whose bodies are a "stinking s ewer" – The construction of these identities necessitated interventions designed at the limitation of health assistance and the controlling of the sale of sex – this identification of sex workers as a problem and the attempts to do something about it are exercises of biopolitical over the life and death of these sex workers as well as their identitiy such characterizations and exercises of power must be challenged through rigorous critique

Augustin in 2005

[Laura, Doctor of Sociology and Cultural Studies and Master of International Education, rhizomes.10, Spring, 2005, Helping Women Who Sell Sex: The Construction of Benevolent Identities]

1] This article addresses the governmental … worked upon and controlled.

The United States "Anti-Prostitution Pledge" is exemplary of biopolitics today – it unfairly conflates sex trafficking with sex work and is a primary weapon of the united states in its interventions designed to control the life and death of sex workers through refusing to give health assistance to sex workers unless they remove themselves from the sex industry

Cohen, Director of Government Affairs at the Guttmacher Institute, March 2005 [Susan A., "Ominous Convergence: Sex Trafficking, Prostitution and International Family Planning," The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 8 (1), ]

Sex trafficking is one component … the "test case" is on the immediate horizon.

And, the linkage with colonialism is not tenuous – historically the third world has been the demonized object against which western identity has been defined. Nowhere is this more true than in representations of non-western women and sexual propriety. The current crusade against prostitution mirrors the Victorian campaigns for the establishment of a normative, well-defined, proper feminine sexuality. This both elevates westerners as agents of moral rectitude and degrades non-western women as either passive objects of violence or immoral sexual deviants, justifying neo-colonial interventions

Scoular, Senior Lecturer at Strathclyde University Law School, 2004 [Jane, "The 'Subject' of Prostitution: Interpreting the discursive, symbolic and material position of sex/work in feminist theory," Feminist Theory 5(3), Sagepublications, 350-352]

In contract, Judith Walkowitz's work … and 'resisting' subject to challenge hierarchial relations.

There has never been a greater need for critical interrogations of our attitudes towards sex than now – sex panics are not simply isolated instances of violence, but are the ideological channel through which social violence is expressed and justified- in a militarist world with nuclear weapons, panics over sexuality can create unthinkable destruction

Rubin, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, 1993, [Gayle S. "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality," The Lesbian and Gay Studies reader, Eds. Abelove, Barale, & Halperin, p. 3-9]

Asked his advice, Dr. J. Guerin affirmed … and genuinely liberatory body of thought about sexuality.

Thus we demand:

That the United States Federal Government Should Increase Public Health Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa by Rescinding the Anti-Prostitution Pledge.

Finally, our challenge to global violence is not abstract – the equation of monstrosity with sexual deviance produces precisely the ideological maelstrom that fuels the us/them politics of global violence. The recent efforts to stabilize compulsory, monogamous, conjugal, heterosexuality speaks to the link between sexual propriety and nationalism, a link which must be challenged if we are ever to escape the terrifying logical of "either you are for us or against us." The consequences of inaction include complicity in the face of militaristic imperialism, domination, and mass slaughter

Puar & Rai, 2002, Assistant Professor of Women's Studies and Geography at Rutgers & Cultural and Literary Studies at the New School University [Jasbir K. & Amit S., "Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the production of docile patriots," Social Text 20.3 (2002), Project Muse]

How are gender and sexuality central … modernity, patriotism, and nationalism?

Hutchinson AC - Negative

FOUCAULT

Power places the global poor at the heart of biopolitics – the spicific and detailed nature of the affirmative's respons illustrates this in their 1ac

dillion and reid 2k1

the biopolitical imperative finds its culmination in elimination – whether through chemical, nuclear, or biological means – biopolitics makes necessary the elimination of all those outside the body politic in order to achieve utopia – this is not simply an aberration of the 20th centry – indeed it is fundamental to the operation of governance in the 21st century

dean 2k1

[Mitchell, States of Imagination, pgs 53-56]

Vote negative – refuse to tie your ballot to the univeral structure of the 1ac – the legalistic codes and universal truths that the 1ac purports fall victim to the same violence they seek to avert – vote not affirmative to refuse these assumptions – the practices of the 1ac serve only to reinforce biopolitcs – instead one must take the statnce of the specific intellectual and using your ballot to mark the violent practices of the 1ac can challenge truth and power

owen 94

[David, Morality and Modernity, pgs 208-210]

Jenks SK – Affirmative – Condom Bidding

CONTENTION ONE: THE NAME BRAND SYNDROME  

THE STATUS QUO POLICY OF CONDOM PURCHASES FOR FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION IS BASED ON "BUY AMERICA". THE UNITED STATES WILL CONTINUE TO FAVOR DOMESTICALLY-PRODUCED CONDOMS-POLITICAL COMPROMISES GUARANTEE PROTECTIONISM. THIS PREVENTS ADEQUATE ACCESS TO CONDOMS FOR THE PEOPLE OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.

NEW YORK TIMES 10-29-2006 

Behind the scenes, the politicians have……..congressmen on the

condom rules. 

AND- DEMAND IS STARTING TO OUTSTRIP SUPPLY-USAID MUST LOWER

DISTRIBUTION COST TO MAKE AID EFFECTIVE

COHEN 2006 (Susan, Guttmacher Institute, Guttmacher Policy Review, Spring) 

USAID provides more than one-third of……..example, is still only 1.7. 

THE UNITED STATES IS KEY TO CONDOM DISTRIBUTION BUT CONDOMS MUST BE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES – THIS HAS DECREASED CONDOM DISTRIBUTION AND INCREASED THE SPREAD OF AIDS

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 2004  

The United States has traditionally been…………….. meet stringent quality control standards 

 

WE CONTROL TIMEFRAME-IMMEDIATE ACTION NOW IS KEY TO REVERSE THE HIV TREND

Bonnel, 2000 (Rene, Principal Economist, World Bank, November 6, “HIVIAIDS:

DOES IT INCREASE OR DECREASE GROWTH IN AFRICA?”

th_ in_ Af rica.pdf)

 

Infectious diseases matter greatly for……..the cost of inaction latter on

CONTENTION TWO: HIV

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IS THE EPICENTER OF THE GLOBAL AIDS EPIDEMIC MILLIONS

DIE EVERY YEAR

OLUBOMEHIN AND BALOGUN 2005 (0.0. Olubomehin and W. A. Balogun “The United States of

America and the ‘War’ Against HIVlAIDS in Africa,” West Africa Review: Issue 8, 2005)

These comments of James Wolfensohn……………born HIV positive every month. 

AIDS LEADS TO A DEHUMANIZING DEATH

Muchiri in 2000

[Michael Kibaara, Jakarta Post Writer. WILL ANNAN FINALLY PUT OUT AFRICA'S FIRES?

Lexis., L. Reed] 

There is no doubt that…………and maybe the human race 

PLAN: The United States Federal Government should require international bidding for condom manufacturing contracts for condoms distributed in it public health assistance to African countries south of the Sahara. We’ll clarify.  

CONTENTION THREE- HIGH QUALITY, LOWER PRICES

LIFTING THE BUY AMERICAN RESTRICTION WOULD TRIPLE THE NUMBER OF

CONDOMS DISTRIBUTED

UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL 8-14-2001 

Authorities in the United States………….United Nations condom procurement officer  

HIV INFECTIONS CONTINUE TO RISE AND INCREASING THE NUMBER OF AVAILABLE

CONDOMS IS THE ONLY WAY TO STOP IT-NO OTHER METHOD IS EFFECTIVE WITHOUT

THEM

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 2004 (WHO and UNAIDS, Position Statement

On Condoms and HIV Prevention, July 2004 htfp://Library/HPPOOOlO2.pdf) 

Condom use is critical element………..they are HIV-positive or negative  

SUPPLY IS KEY – MORE CONDOMS MUST BE DISTRIBUTED

FELDBLUM ET AL 2003 (P J Feldblum, M J Welsh, M J Steiner, Family Health International, Sexually

Transmitted Infections, August) 

Secondly physical access to condoms………… than it was in 1990 

 

THE PLAN KICKSTARTS AN ETHIC OF RESPONSIBILITY – WE ARE OBLIGATED TO ALLEVIATE HIV SUFFERING IN AFRICA

Conceição Soares Assistant Professor in Business Ethics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Catholic University of Portugal, in 2k7  [“The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third,” Business Ethics: A European Review 16.3, July 2007, p.278]

For levinas, I do not………………to implement the Doha Agreement 

AIDS has been sustained through political dismissals. We

have an absolute responsibility to act on AIDS now.

Crimp 2002 (Douglas, Professor of Visual and Cultural Studies at University of

Rochester, Melancholia and Moralism: Essays on AIDS and Queer Politics, hl) 

AIDS is not my problem……..you create your own media 

The exclusion of the stranger from the ethical decision – making makes violence inevitable. OU intolerance of otherness guarantees nuclear annihilation. Vote AFF to inaugurate a new ethical framework that unconditionally embraces the Other.

FASCHING 1993 (Darrell, religious studies at the university of South Florida, The ethical Challenge of Auschwitz, p. 5-8) 

Nevertheless, I am only too……………that such a path risks

Jenks SK – Negative

DEVELOPMENT K 

The affirmative’s descriptions of the illness in Africa are invoked against the screen of people and nations being “under-developed.”  The result is a drive by both elites and their subjects to place development and its goals at the center of society despite the impossibility of achieving the goals of the affirmative case. The ultimate result achieved is more degrading physical and human ecologies and the killing, torture, and extermination of indigenous populations and cultures.

Escobar 1999 (Arturo, Current History, “The Invention of Development,” November)

“The crucial threshold and transformation… that seems impossible to sunder.” 

Even if you help some Africans, that only makes them more dependent upon aid.  This prevents them from doing even menial tasks because they expect someone else to solve

their problems.

Abdul-Raheem 2006 (Tajudeen, Director of Justice Africa, BBC News, “Head-to-head: Africa’s food crisis,” February 2, http:/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Africa/4670744.stm)

“Your last comment is typical of… stand up on their feet.” 

This turns and outweighs the case – African dependency on the West replicates the harms of the 1ac and ends in genocide – the impacts are empirical and systemic.

Ngugi 2007 (Mukoma, coordinator of the Toward an Africa Without Borders Organization and a political columnist for the BBC Focus on Africa Magazine, Znet, “Africa does not need more Western philanthropy,” April 21, )

“But we as Africans also… and economic justice inside nations.” 

The alternative is to critique the discourse of development. Only by taking criticism as a serious first step can we begin to abandon the search for models of alternative development and start imagining alternatives to development.

Mahmud 1999 (Tayyab, 9 Transnat’l L. & Contemp. Probs. 25) 

“To move towards alternatives to… start imagining alternatives to development.” 

 

NIETZSCHE K 

The modern age is committed to a disavowal of tragedy. The triumph of Socratic reason manifests in our attempts to order life and renounce suffering. This requires the construction of an ideal real in opposition to the apparent world of chaos and violence. Enter the Affirmative. In the modern drive towards certainty and security and in an attempting at resolving disorder and insecurity the plan labors to mold the world to make it fit an idealized image of order.

Saurette 1996 (Paul, Professor of Political Theory at John Hopkins University, I Mistrust all Systematizers and Avoid Them: Nietzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Relations Theory, Journal of International Studies, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 1-28)

“According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation…philosophical principle of modernity.” 

 

The affirmative will always be able to locate some external threat to world order. It is not a coincidence that Breaking News occurs every fifteen minutes because international politics are unpredictable. The insecurities cited by the affirmative are not unique; the uncomfortable yet irresistible truth is that uncertainty and risk art part and parcel of human life. Rather than coming to terms with this, the affirmative encourages us to stay glued to the television screen, stocking up on duct tape and water. At issue here is not just life itself but what makes life valuable. We encourage indifference and carelessness in a world inherently characterized by insecurity in an attempt to reclaim joy from the affirmative’s world of paranoid tiptoeing. 

James Der Derian, 1993, The political Subject of Violence, 101-105 

“One must begin with Nietzsche’s idea of the will to power…risks and benefits” 

 

The alternative is to do nothing 

Nietzsche, 1879, Human, All Too Human, Maxim #284 

“The means to real peace. … and from up high.”

 

WHO CP 

Implementing the counterplan is necessary for the WHO to catalyze international health cooperation in the face of public health problems – The WHO’s agenda-setting capabilities make it the MOST effective agent for action

Taylor 04

(Allyn L., University of Maryland School of Law, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, Published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, v. 32, no. 3, Fall 2004, )

“WHO can catalyze more effective… development of the legal regime.” 

Only by taking a secondary, compliant role through the counterplan can the US overcome global backlash.

Walt 02 [Stephen, JFK School of Government, Harvard Univ., "American Primacy: Its Prospects and Pitfalls", Naval War College Review, Spring 2002, nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2002/spring/art1-sp2.htm 7/22/06//WFI-TO]

“ Unfortunately, there is considerable evidence… that Washington wants to pursue.” 

Multilateralism promotes soft power, which is key to heg

    Nye 02 (Joseph S, Former Assistant Secretary of Defense and Dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone, Oxford University Press, 2002) pg 16-17

“Nonetheless, if American diplomacy is… power resources of potential challengers.” 

Decline in our image erodes leadership---sparking disease spread, economic collapse and nuclear war

Ferguson 04

      (Niall, Professor of History at New York University's Stern School of Business and Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, “A world without power,” Foreign  Policy 143, p. 32-39, July-August)

“So what is left? Waning… not-so-new world disorder”

 

CHINA DISAD 

US-Sino relations are high now due to recent concessions on both sides, but the brink is thin. 

Roberts and Shanley 2k7 (Kristin and Mia, Reuters, “U.S. Eases Tone on China; Beijing Agrees to Hotline”, June 2, ) 

“U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates… put the champagne on ice."

Up to now, any status quo US engagement/aid to Africa has not yet penetrated China’s sphere of influence 

GILL 2K7 Bates Gill et. al, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, January, 2007, p.

“Up to now, the United States… content into that commitment.”

Increased US engagement/foreign aid to sub-Saharan Africa will be perceived as overreaching and as an effort to contain China

GILL 2K7

Bates Gill et. al, Senior Fellow at Center for Strategic and International Studies, January, 2007, p.  

“China, however, remains wary of… a strategic partnership in Africa.”

Encroaching on China’s sphere of influence leads to nuclear conflagration

Ivan Eland 2K5 - Director of the Center on Peace & Liberty at The Independent Institute, Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute - 4/11/05 (“Coexisting with a Rising China,” )

“Although China is an autocratic… even a nuclear conflagration.”

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Patents

OBSERVATION ONE: PATENT DISREGARD 

21ST CENTURY PLANET EARTH:  THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE INFECTED WITH HIV HAS REACHED MONUMENTAL PROPORTIONS.  THE WORD ‘EPIDEMIC’ IS NOW COMMONPLACE IN POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS.  YET, MAGIC JOHNSON LOOKS HEALTHY AS EVER.  THIS IS BECAUSE RECENT MEDICAL ADVANCES HAVE MADE POSSIBLE AMAZING TREATMENT OPTIONS WHICH CAN BLOCK THE TRANSMISSION THE VIRUS FROM MOTHER TO CHILD, PREVENT OR DELAY ITS DEVELOPMENT INTO AIDS, AND SIGNIFICANTLY PROLONG THE LIVES OF THOSE LIVING WITH IT.  IRONICALLY, THOUGH, THE PLACES WHERE THESE DRUGS ARE MOST NEEDED ARE THE PLACES WHERE THEY ARE LEAST ACCESSIBLE.  AND SO THE WORLD WATCHES IDLY AS MILLIONS ‐ LITERALLY MILLIONS ‐ OF PEOPLE DIE ANNUALLY IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM A CONDITION TOTALLY TREATABLE FOR NBA STARS.

Fidler, Prof. of Law @ Indiana Univ, 2003. [David, “Racism or Realpolitik? U.S. Foreign Policy and the HIV/AIDS Catastrophe in Sub-Saharan Africa.”  In Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice. Spring 2003 #7] 

 

WHILE THE RACISM OF US FOREIGN POLICY IS MADE EVIDENT BY THE AIDS CRISIS, THIS IS NOT EXCLUSIVELY OR EVEN PRIMARILY A RACE ISSUE.  RATHER THE IDEOLOGY WHICH DENIES AFRICANS ACCESS TO LIFE SAVING MEDICATIONS IS THAT OF CAPITALISM.  AMERICAN PHARMACUETICAL COMPANIES MAKE BILLIONS OF DOLLARS EACH YEAR OFF OF THE SALE OF PATENTED ARVS.  THE ECONOMIC RATIONALE ENTERED INTO BY THESE COMPANIES AND THE INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN THEM IS ONE THAT CONDEMNS ENTIRE POPULATIONS TO DEATH IN THE NAME OF PROFIT.  THE LIVES OF AFRICANS LIVING WITH AIDS ARE JUST AS EXPENDABLE AS THE 18 MILLION DOLLARS THAT Pfizer CEO Henry McKinnell TAKES HOME EACH YEAR.  LET US BE EXPLICIT, THERE IS NOTHING STANDING BETWEEN AFRICANS WITH AIDS AND ESSENTIAL MEDICATIONS BUT THE GREED OF BIG PHARMA AND THE GUTLESSNESS OF AMERICAN POLITICIANS.   

Adam Sitze, professor of Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought at Amherst College.   “Denialism.”  The South Atlantic Quarterly 103.4 (2004) 769-811  

WELL ISOLATE TWO IMPACTS: 

FIRST IS ETHICS.   

OUR OBLIGATION TO OTHERS PRECEDES ANY POLITICAL RATIONALITY.  WE ARE OBLIGATED TO RESPOND PRECISELY BECAUSE OF OUR SITUATEDNESS WITH ALTERITY.  GIVEN THIS, IT IS SIMPLY UNCONSCIONABLE TO ALLOW THE DEATHS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE FOR THE RUTHLESS PURSUIT OF PROFIT.

Conceição Soares Assistant Professor in Business Ethics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Catholic University of Portugal, in 2k7 [“The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third,” Business Ethics: A European Review 16.3, July 2007, p.278]   

THIS MEANS THAT SUBMITTING THE PLAN TO CALCULATION, ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL RATIONALITY IS A FORFEITURE OF ETHICAL OBLIGATION.  WE ARE RESPONSIBLE, PRIMARILY, FOR OUR RELATIONSHIP TO THE OTHER.  THIS MEANS THAT THE SUFFERING OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS DEMANDS OUR IMMEDIATE POLITICAL ATTENTION.  THEIR DISADS CONDITION THIS RESPONSIBILITY WHICH EFFACES ETHICS.

Conceição Soares Assistant Professor in Business Ethics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Catholic University of Portugal, in 2k [“The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third,” Business Ethics: A European Review 16.3, July 2007, p.278]  

SECOND IS SACRAFICIAL KILLING.   

THE ECONOMICS OF THE STATUS QUO ROUTINELY SACRAFICE HUMAN LIFE FOR PROFIT.  THIS VIOLENT MODE OF LIFE FEEDS ON THE DISPENSIBILITY OF THOSE ON THE MARGINS OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY FOR THE LUXURY OF THE SUBURBS.  DARWINIAN THOUGH IT SOUNDS, THIS GAME OF SURVIVAL IS LESS LIKELY TO PRODUCE AN UBERMENCH THAN TO KILL THE ENTIRE WORLD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF SAVING IT.  THE MASS SACRAFICE OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN AFRICA DEMONSTRATES THE GENOCIDAL TRAJECTORY OF CAPITALISM GENERALLY WHICH, LEFT UNDISTURBED, WILL SURELY RESULT IN COLLECTIVE SUICIDE.  

Santos, Director of Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, 2003 [Boaventura de Sousa, “Collective Suicide?,”  Bad Subjects #63, April, bs/63/santos.html] 

 

Thus Ryan and I stand resolved that:  

The United States federal government should substantially increase AIDS essential medications to Sub Saharan Africa regardless of relevant patent law.  

Observation 2: Disregarding Patents 

THE PLAN IS NOT MERELY A PRAGMATIC POLITICAL INTERVENTION, BUT AN EXPLOSIVELY REVOLUTIONARY ECONOMIC GESTURE.  THE DEMAND FOR AIDS ESSENTIAL MEDICATION IS A DEMAND AGAINST THE PREDATORY MODEL OF CAPITALISM WHICH ENSURES THE DEATH OF MANY FOR THE PRIVILEGE OF A FEW.  THE STRUGGLE AGAINST CORPORATE GREED AND FOR HEALTH IS BY DEFINITION A STRUGGLE AGAINST THE WORST EXCESSES OF CAPITAL. 

Adam Sitze, professor of Law, Jurisprudence and Social Thought at Amherst College.   “Denialism.”  The South Atlantic Quarterly 103.4 (2004) 769-811 

 

THIS MEANS THAT THE PLAN SHOULD BE READ ACCORDINGLY.  IT IS AN IDENTIFICATION WITH THE ABJECT:  THOSE EXCLUDED FROM THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE AND VICTIMIZED BY PRACTICES IT NATURALIZES.  THIS IS OUR PRIMARY ETHICO-POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY: TO CONFRONT THE VIOLENCE OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM.  THE IDEOLOGY OF CAPITALISM CURRENTLY STRUCTURES OUR PERCEPTION OF REALITY SUCH THAT A UNIVERSAL STRUGGLE AGAINST IT SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE.  THE CHALLENGE, THEN, IS TO IDENTIFY PARTICULAR EXCESSES OF CAPITALISM AND POLITICIZE THEM IN AN ACT OF UNIVERSALIZATION.  PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTS ARE A PERFECT EXAMPLE OF THESE EXCESSES BECAUSE THEY AFFECT SO MANY AND ARE CONTROLLED BY SO FEW, EFFECTIVELY CONDEMNING MILLIONS TO DEATH.  THE PLAN IS NOT JUST A PARTICULAR POLITICAL MANEUVER THEN.  INVESTED IN IT ARE ALL THE STAKES OF A GLOBAL REVOLUTION AGAINST CAPITALISM AS WE KNOW IT.  

Daly, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University College Northampton, 2004.  [Glyn, Conversations with Zizek, pp. 14-19] 

 

ALL OTHER POSTMODERN STRUGGLES ARE IRRELEVANT SO LONG AS CAPITALISM PROVIDES THE IDEOLOGICAL STAGE FOR THEIR PLAYING OUT.  THE ONLY REAL UNIVERSAL POLITICAL OPTION IS TO POLITICIZE THE ECONOMY.  THIS MAKES ALL OTHER LIBERATORY STRUGGLES POSSIBLE.   

Zizek, Prof of Sociology, Univ. of Ljubljana, 2004.  (Slavoj, Ticklish Subject p. 356)

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Landmines

Observation 1: The forgotten epidemic

The Greatest challenge to public health in sub-Saharan Africa is landmines. Landmines directly harm tens of thousands and the devastate African societies.

Sarah Taylor of the land mine action information center states in 2002 [Journal of Mine Action Dec. 2002]

1/3

[Just three percent of all arable land in Angola is currently under cultivation… This is nearly impossible]

And, Africa is the most mined continent in the world. They lack resources to address The Hidden Plague.

Oyugi 04 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kenya)

[Africa remains the most mine-affected continent. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 22 countries are mine-affected…Some of the mine-affected States in the continent are among the world’s weakest economies]

And, US apathy is not accidental, rather, US has failed to assist in demining because those suffering, do not meet our narrow lens of national security.

Kidd 04 (Acting Deputy Assitant Secretary for Politica-Military Affairs)

[Thank you Colonel Jordan. I will now describe the overall US Humanitarian Mine Action Strategic Plan. It is designed to…and host nation’s own genuine commitment to helping to rid itself of its landmines.]

Contention 2 – Harms

Scenario 1 – Mined Mayhem

Landmines cause mass suffering in Africa. They kill more than all weapons of mass destruction resulting in millions losing their lives, disease spread, and famine.

Oppong and Kalipeni 03 (professor in department of geography at UNT and the later associate professor of geography and African studies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign)

[Most of these victims are civilians killed or injured after hostilities have ended. Of the sixty-five countries reporting new landmine causalities...The increased frequency of blood transfusions facilitates the spread of syphilis, hepatitis, malaria, and HIV.]

Famine is an unnecessary massacre – we must take every step to challenge the conditions that cause hunger.

Abadale 07 (Ramine, “Famine is an absurd Massace”, I’humanitie, May 5)

[Jean Ziegler, main protagonist of Erwin Wagenhofer’s documentary ‘We feed the world,’ is also the Un Sepcial Rappoteur on the Right to Food and the…This is an absurd and useless massacre perpetrated by the world order of globalised financial capital.]

And, mines kill millions in Africa. The ! is staggering and outweigs all other weapons of mass destruction. It affects everyone in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Day 98 (Sr. Lecturer, Public Health, University of Zimbabwe

[An individual woman peasant farmer seeks to prepare her field for planting and loses a leg…have killed more people than all the cold war weapons of mass destruction combined.]

Scenario 2 – The camp

The scourge of landmines forces millions to flee fertile lands generating refugees, incubating disease, and causing wholesale displacement of populations.

Oppong and Kalipeni 5 “The geography of landmines and implications for health and disease in africa: a political ecology approach”

[As an environmental problem, landmines have profound medical and economic consequences…more than nine thousand cattle have been reported killed in minefields since 1980 in Zimbabwe, representing a loss of income of some Z$15 million]

Refugee camps become prisons of death. 3000 Refugees die a day while genocidal leaders profit form their suffering.

Stevens 2006 “Jacob, New Left Review 42, November-December 2006 PRISONS OF THE STATELESS”

[The new framework for dealing with large refugee crisis…For those who have followed the intensifying conflicts in Afghanistan, her optimism will not prove too infectious.]

These refugees are denaturalized and exposed to the barest of life outside of the nation state. This attempt to deny the value of life to refugees is the root of Nazi genocide and racist eugenics. We must infuse our humanitarian ethic with politics in order to eliminate the state of exception inherent in the refuge camps.

Giorgio Agamben 98 “professor of philosophy, university of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life”

[If refugees (whose number has continued to grow in our century…either in the state order of in the figure of human rights.]

THE PLAN: THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE ITS DEMINING PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE TO SUB-SAHARN AFRICA BY PROVIDING NECESSARY FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT.

Contention 3 – Solvency

The united states is the best and only agent for demining in Africa. The US empirically succeeds at demining, but the US needs to fully commit to the entire region.

Kindig, 02 “Sarah E., James Madison University Fellow office of humanitarian demining programs, US department of state” 3 pg. card

[The united state’s government’s Humanitarian Demining Program seeks to relieve human suffering…to sustain economies and provide holistic health care to thousands of landmine survivors. Their fear has been replaced by hope.]

2nd The US holds exclusive rights to the only successful demining technology – quadruple resonance is key.

Turner and Williams 06 (Dr. Peter and Caroleen L, Senior Engineer and Director, Government Relations, GE Security Magnetics Center of Excellence, Quantum Magnetics, Inc. Journal of Mine Action, “QR Hits a Homerun: Landmine-Detection Systems based on quadruple resonance technology show progress” issue 9.2 Feb.)

[This study explains how quadruple resonance technology…real landmines from clutter would be welcome to deminers, soldiers and citizens alike.]

3rd US deminers train indigenous populations which establishes bonds of trust and empathy necessary to stop violence.

Huntington 2000 (NCAFD project director on US National Security and Landmines, December, Patricia S.)

[Humanitarian mine clearance is the first step in the development of war-torn…establish important bonds of trust with those who have come to their homeland to assist them.]

4th US Assistance is the only comprehensive program that is effective with different languages, cultures, and countries.

Repass 2000 (Deborah, Star Mountain demining support company, “Demining Support System: Field Support for Humanitarian Demining Missions Overseas” – DISAM Journal, winter)

[Star mountain first developed the demining support system as a “proof of concept” for the US Navy Office of Special Technology…and create customized maps with the system’s GIS functionality.]

5th US leadership is key – other nations will only stop using landmines if the US sends a message against mines.

Social Justice News, 2004 (March, “US Plans Continued Use of Landmines”)

[Though there are some positive aspects of this policy…should stop using them]

OUR AFFIRMATIVE SERVES AS A CONDUIT TO EMPATHIZE WITH THE VICTIMS OF LANDMINES AND UNEXPLOEDED ORDINANCES—ONLY BY RECOGNIZING THE US COMPLICITY WITH LANDMINES CRISIS CAN WE BEGIN TO IDENTIFY WITH THE OTHER AND DEHUMYNIZATION

Robert Jensen March 02

“It is my experience that people can feel…will choose to know, to feel, and to act”

Kinkaid (All Teams) – Affirmative – Sex Workers/PLO

Observatioin One Inherency

The United States conditions its public health assistance to Sub Saharan Africa based on the attempt to exclude those who work with or materially support sex work. This exclusion denies funding to empirically successful programs

COHEN 2005 [Susan A., Director of Government Affair at the Guttmacher Institute, March 2005, “Ominous Convergence: Sex Trafficking, Prostitution and International Family Planning”, The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy 8(1). ]

And, Federal Courts have upheld the Pledge

Lynch 2007 [Andrea—four years in the communications program of the International Women’s Health Coalition, where she worked to build global support for sexual and reproductive health rights through developing resources for activists in Africa, Asia, and Latin America while building awareness of how US policies effect women, RH Reality Checks Blog, ]

And, this reaction to AIDS serves imperialist and discriminatory agendas that deny agency to “at risk groups” in Africa

Freiberg 1991 [Allison, University of Washington, “Of AIDS, Cyborgs, and Other Indiscretions: Resurfacing the Body in the Postmodern.” PostModern Culture 1.3]

CONTENTION TWO HARMS

The Anti Prostitution Pledge is detrimental to public health assistance in Sub Saharan Africa. Without access to resources, sex workers are subject to rampant human rights abuses and are driven underground

Letter to President Bush Opposing Mandatory 'Anti-Prostitution Pledge,' May 18, 2005 [“U.S.: Restrictive Policies Undermine Anti-AIDS Efforts, Letter to President Bush Opposing Mandatory 'Anti-Prostitution Pledge,' which Threatens Lives of Sex Workers and Trafficking Victims,” ]

And, the conditions of funding by the US creates a climate of discrimination and exclusion against sex workers pushing them underground into unsafe practices

Jordan 2007 [Ann, Director of the Initiative Against Trafficking in Persons, Global Rights Before the House Subcommittee on Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism, March 20, 2007, ]

And Human suffering hangs in the balance. The racist and sexist exclusion of sex workers from political rights threatens exclusion, genocide, and the worst forms of political violence based upon ostracization from politics and economic participation. We have an obligation to offer hospitality to the marginalized as an act of solidarity

Duarte 2005 [Andre, Prof. of Philosophy @ Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil: , Final Version April 27th]

As we know, Hannah Arendt is among those very few thinkers….of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.

THUS:

THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD PROVIDE NECESSARY FUNDING AND PUBLIC HEALTH ASSISTANCE TO NON GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE EXCLUDED DUE TO THEIR SUPPORT FOR AND ADVOCACY OF PROSTITUTION IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA

Contention Three Solvencey

1ST The US is key. Without an increase in funding NGOs won’t accept other agents

Kinney 2006 [Ph.D. Candidate, Jurisprudence & Social Policy, UC Berkeley, 2006 [Edi, “RECENT DEVELOPMENT: Appropriations for the Abolitionists: Undermining Effects of the U.S. Mandatory Anti-Prostitution Pledge in the Fight Against Human Trafficking and HIV/AIDS,” Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law & Justice 21, lexis (158)]

2nd Only an Increase in public health assistance can overcome the shallow sentimentality of the status quo. The discursive power of the plan leads to real changes in the lives of the excluded.

Yamin 1996 [Alicia, J.D from Harvard Law, board member of Physicians for Human Rights, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Human Rights Quarterly 18.2 (1996) 398-438]

The value of employing a rhetoric of rights in the campaign….the meaning and potentialities of their lives within society.

Third, Ending the Exclusion of sex workers mobilizes larger struggles against oppression of the working poor. The plan has a global effect.

Kempadoo 1997 [Prof. UC Boulder. . May 1997]

The Impact is staggering as 1/5 of the world suffers from the denial of health. Rights key to empowerment

Shah 1999 [Sheetal B, Shah, JD Candidate 1999, Vanderbilt, BA University of Michigan, 32 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 435, p. lexis]

The reality that one fifth of the world’s population….to live with human dignity.

Kinkaid KS – Negative

NIETZSCHE

Reznick 04 (David, "A Critique of the AIDS Metanarrative")

"All human life…disease itself"

Kain 07 /Phillip J, "Nietzsche, Eternal Recurrence, and the Horror of

Existence" The Jorunal of Nietzsche Studies, 33(2007) 49-63/

One might find…meaninglessness of existence

Bruckner 86 /Pascal, "Tears of the White Man: Compassion as Contempt" p65-70/

That is the wellspring…responsible

Generic Der Derian 98

Owen and Ridley 200 /David, Why Nietzsche Still?, p149-51/

Brackner 86 /The Dangers of Self hatred/

Phillips 98 /Anita, A Defense of Masochism, p151-4/

CAP K

The add is a fundamental forfeiture of our ethicao-political

responsibility to confront the material biolence of modern capitalism,

trading revolutionary politics for pragmatic accomplishes neither and

makes true social change impossible. You should reject the aff in

favor of departure from capitalist democracy.

-Zizek, 2002, Revolution at the gates p. 74

The aff's benevolence toward Africa is a means of guilt assuaging.

Their charity makes us all more comfortable and complacent economic

relations that garauntee africa's exploitation.

Zizek, "Nobdy has to be Vile" London Review of Books, Vol. 28, No. 7

Link – The affirmative's ironic mocking is the essence of modern

fetishism, it does not represent some radical detachment form the

system but is precisely what capitalism needs to function.

Capitalism makes death inevitable – their claims to the contrary are

lies – history is on our side

Internationalist Perspective, 2000 "Capitalism and Genoceide",

Internationalist Perspective, #36, Spring

Do not give into the impulse to prioritize survival over meaningful

social change. Capitalism has historically exploited. Ironically it is

just the urge to pursue survival in the face of everything decent that

puts all life on earth on the brink of extinction.

ALTERNATIVE: Reject the affirmative and withdraw from the ideology of

capitalism. The affirmative will amount to nothing more than a facile

call to act in a way that reproduces the existing order. There is no

roadmap away from capitalism but we must bwing with outright rejection

of its more covert manifestations, i.e. the aff. Only sacrificing the

strategies for political change most dear to us enables space for

thinking and acting differently.

Zizek 2004, Iraq: The Borrowed Kettle, 769-87

And Glyn Saly, Conversations with Zizek, p. 14-19

Lakeland RW – Affirmative – HIV/AIDS

1AC

Contention One: Inherency

Despite Bush’s statements, the US is cutting global AIDS assistance and eliminating treatment programs. This is destroying our leadership in the fight against AIDS

Global AIDS Alliance 5/30

[“Bush AIDS Proposal Important Step, but Not Doubling of Current Funding,” David Bryden, ]

But, the reality is … and the next President."

Instead of promoting treatment and prevention, the U.S. has promoted an abstinence-based HIV/AIDS reduction model. Even organizations that no longer rely on U.S. money and attempt to obtain it from other suppliers fail in their efforts because of the perceived remaining attached abstinence strings.

AVERT 7

[7-5-07 (AVERT is an intl AID’s charity) ]

In pursuit … being very cautious

Contention Two: AIDS

25 of the 38 million people infected world-wide live in sub-Saharan Africa. It has the highest infection rate in the world.

USAID 6

[U.S. Agency for International Development, ACTION TODAY, A FOUNDATION FOR TOMORROW: SECOND ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ON PEPFAR, p. ]

HIV threatens to … of HIV infection

HIV/AIDS causes the same societal devastation that wars do – the terminal impacts to their DA are inevitable

Pharaoh and Schoteich 3

[Robyn and Martin, Members of the Institute for Security Studies, “AIDS, Security and Governance in Southern Africa,” Occasional Paper No. 65, January 2003, ]

The impact of AIDS … for further infections.

The impact of HIV/AIDS on Africa is as bad as a nuclear war

Progressive Labor Party 2K

[AIDS, RACISM, IMPERIALISM, and CAPITALISM, ]

Fifteen million have already died. Thirty-four million are … damage could not be worse.

Failure to control the spread of AIDS will result in mutations that will kill everyone on the planet

Ehrlich and Ehrlich 90

[Paul and Anne, Professors of Population studies at Stanford University, THE POPULATION EXPLOSION, p. 147-8]

Whether or not … transmissible through coughs.

We are always on the brink of such a deadly mutation

Medical News Today 6

[April 28, 2006, ]

One in 10 newly … easiest for the virus

The status quo delivery of HIV/AIDS drugs without the necessary medical infrastructure makes resistance and mutations all the more likely

The Weekend Australian 3

[November 22, lexis]

SOUTH Africa faces … the drugs in," he said.

A failure to stop drug resistance boomerangs our death impacts because it renders all status quo treatment programs futile

Mullan et al 5

[Fitzhugh, Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University, and Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc]

The prevention, care, … scale-up of antiretroviral therapy

Without efforts to slow it down, AIDS will inevitably cause extinction – its lethalithy surpasses even the plague.

Mathiu 2k

[Mutuma, Columnist for the Daily Nation (Nairobi) and Managing Editor of the Sunday Nation, Africa News, July 15th, “AIDS: Devastation!” lexis]

Aids is without precedent… so hopelessly in jeopardy.

Contention 2: Soft Power

The U.S. is an unparalleled economic and military power that can bring its power to bear in any situation

Pieterse 6

[Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Sociology Professor University of Illinois, 2006, The War on Terrorism and the American “Empire” after the Cold War, eds. A. Colas & R. Saull, p. 182]

If today’s American … on a case-by-case basis.

An emphasis on hard power & economic power at the expense of developing a positive image and a willingness to empathize with the pain of others, has collapsed U.S. soft power

Forbes, 8-23,

European and world … pain and hardship

Most important, the failure to commit to global AIDS prevention makes it impossible for the U.S. to restore its global soft power

Fidler 3

[David Fidler, professor, Indiana School of Law, GERMS, NORMS, AND POWER: GLOBAL HEALTH’S POLITICAL REVOLUTION, 2003, ]

the United States cannot … engagement of US power.

A commitment to global public health through HIV/AIDS prevention can re-build our soft power

The Lancet 5

[Editorial, “America at home and abroad,” Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest]

In international affairs, … and secure superpower.

[We read different impacts – here are the most common]

First, Global nuclear proliferation

There is a high risk of a radical nuclear break-out, creating a new wave of global proliferation and triggering regional nuclear wars

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 7

[June, ]

there are rising doubts … a recipe for disaster.

Regional nuclear wars guarantee extinction

Hoffman 6

[Ian, Oakland Tribune, "'Nuclear winter' looms, experts say," December 12, ]

even a small … blasts and radiation.

U.S. leadership on AIDS is critical to arresting global proliferation

Clark 4

[Wesley Clark, Former US Army General, issues/aids_global]

“American leadership on … nonproliferation and terrorism.

Second, global democratic transitions

Despite initial global democratic gains, a global democratic reversal is underway

Carothers 7

[Thomas Carothers is vice president for studies—international politics and governance at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. A leading authority on democratization and democracy promotion, he has researched and worked on democracy-building programs around the world for 20 years with many U.S., European, and international organizations, August 2007, Democracy Promotion After Bush, , ]

This has been … democracy and dictatorship.

The collapse of U.S. soft power means that the U.S. no longer has influence to prevent these reversals through diplomacy

Korean Times, 9-16-07,

the best way .. of U.S. authority.

Global democratization solves every disad impact - DEMOCRACY SOLVES NUCLEAR AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE, GENOCIDE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION

DIAMOND 95

[Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, December, PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990S, 1995, p. //

Nuclear, chemical and biological … of their environments.

Democracy promotion is successful when employed – but American credibility and soft power are key

Nye 4

Joseph Nye, Harvard, SOFT POWER: THE MEANS TO SUCCESS IN WORLD POLITICS, 2004, p. 120-1

Democracy is more … soft-power resources.

Three, bilateral trade

Global free trade talks are collapsing

International Herald Tribune 7

[, June 21, 2007, ]

A high-level meeting … a persistent deadlock

The collapse of global free trade causes a turn to bilateral free trade pressure, which is net-worse form of trade

Birdsall 5

[Nancy Birdsall is President of the Center for Global Development in Washington, D.C. Dani Rodrik is Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Arvind Subramanian is Division Chief in the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund. Foreign Affairs, September-October 2005, ]

Of course, if global … reductions would be.

Bilateral deals impoverish the developing world

McMahon 6

[Robert McMahon, Council on Foreign Relations, June 13, 2006, ]

In the absence … to target free trade. "

Poverty is the equivalent to a thermonuclear war between the former-USSR and the US every 15 years

Gilligan 2k

[James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School, VIOLENCE: REFLECTIONS ON OUR DEADLIEST EPIDEMIC, 2000, p 195-196. ]

The 14 to 18 million … throughout the world.

And developing countries are doomed either way. If they resist these deals, Western powers will attack them with nuclear weapons

Lewis 98

Christopher Lewis, THE COMING AGE OF SCARCITY, 1998, p. 129

Most critics would … collapse of global civilization.

Plan:

The United States federal government, through direct USAID implementation, should provide adequate financial and technical support through federal agencies for the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome, including appropriate infrastructure assistance, through non-abstinence based treatment and prevention programs, in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, Zaire, and Zambia

Contention Four: Solvency

Failure to expand resources retains the existing level of treatment and prevention, magnifying global drug resistance. U.S. financial action is critical to mobilize other donors

US Global AIDS Initiative 7

[“From Emergency to Sustainability,” May 30th, ]

Looking ahead to … lose the fight..

Status quo U.S. condom restrictions create a generalized “culture of fear” that collapses condom use.

Stulman 7

[Michael Stulman, FLAWED ABCS OF PEPFAR, August 23, 2007, ]

It’s critical that … losing their funding.

Condoms will reduce the spread of AIDS by 90%

USAID 6

[U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), ACTION TODAY, A FOUNDATION FOR TOMORROW: SECOND ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ON PEPFAR, 2006, p. ]

Women, even if … when used consistently.

Only the US can cause other nations to help fight HIV/AIDS. It sets a financial leadership model necessary for global solvency.

Morrison 7

[Stephen Morrison, executive director of the CSIS Task Force on HIV/AIDS , Allen Moore is a senior associate with the CSIS Task Force on HIV/AIDS and a senior fellow with the Global Health Council. ADVANCING U.S. LEADERSHIP ON GLOBAL HIV/AIDS, May 5, 2007, ]

The White House … global HIV/AIDS control efforts.

U.S. financial support is critical to mobilizing efforts to fight the epidemic globally

Behrman 4

[Greg Behrman, THE INVISIBLE PEOPLE: HOW THE U.S. HAS SLEPT THROUGH THE GLOBAL AIDS PANDEMIC, THE GREATEST HUMANITARIAN CATASTROPHE OF OUR TIME, 2004, p. xiii-xiv]

Despite flourishes of … global response to the epidemic.

USAID has unique scientific and technical capabilities

National Academy of Sciences 6

[The Fundamental Role of Science and Technology in International Development: An Imperative for the U.S. Agency for International Development (2006) , ]

International programs based … into development activities.

Science and technological excellence is needed to sustain HIV/AIDS treatment

Hurran et al 5

[James Hurran, et al, National Academy of Sciences, SCALING UP TREATMENT FOR THE GLOBAL AIDS PANDEMIC: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES, 2005, p. 12]

In addition to … HIV/ AIDS prevention, treatment, and care

And, U.S. action is uniquely necessary for effective coordination of existing programs, which is key to avoid program failure

National Academy of Sciences 7

[Committee for the Evaluation of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Implementation, National Academy of Sciences – Institute of Medicine, PEPFAR IMPLEMENTATION: PROGRESS & PROBLEMS, March 2007, p. 7]

Closer coordination and cooperation …, and disempowering one.

Contention Five: Framework

The neg must defend a competitive policy option or the status quo versus a topical affirmative to be evaluated on the basis of the consequences of adoption. Our framework is best for a few reasons:

Ground – The neg will always win that the principles of their advocacy are good in the abstract – we can only debate the merits of their framework if they defend the specific consequences of political implementation

Ignatieff 4

[Michael, Carr professor of human rights at Harvard, 2004 Lesser Evils p. 18-19]

moral perfectionism, this ,,, us to betray another.

Limits – the fairness of the negative’s advocacy must precede consideration of its merits or else all contestation is meaningless

Shively 2K

[Ruth Lessl, Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 181-2]

ambiguists must say "no" to—they must … rests on some basic agreement or harmony.

Topical Education – By manipulating the topic to access their criticism they skirt debate about the implementation of policies by the government. Their education is distrusting of institutional study and pragmatic reform. Even if their intentions are noble, their message results in fascist totalitarianism

Lewis 92

[Martin, Assistant Professor at George Washington, Green Delusions, p. 258]

A majority of those … become inconvenient niceties.

Restricting ground to arguments about the consequences of institutional adoption is a revolutionary conception of the political that re-orients citizen agency and invigorates social interdependence

Gundersen 2K

[Adolf G., Associate Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M, Political Theory and Partisan Politics, p. 108-9]

there are compelling … to democratic deliberation.

Politics Link Turns

Turn – Spending on global health is popular

Knobler, et al. – 2006

(Stacey Knobler – Former Director of the Institute of Medicine’s Forum on Microbial Threats, Abel Mahmoud – President at Merck Vaccines, Stanley Lemon – Dean of the University of Texas School of Medicine and Leslie Pray – Science Writer, The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities, Workshop Summary - Forum on Microbial Threats, 3-3-2006, )

Recent large … way of doing business

Turn – Public support

a) There is tremendous public support for combating AIDS.

Zietz et al. 03- (Dr. Paul Zietz, staff writer and researcher for PEPFAR, Global AIDS Alliance “2003 Annual Report- Section D”, docs/2003annualreport.doc)

Polling indicates that … women, and students.

b) Popular acts don’t cost political capital – they boost it

ROBERTS 11 – 9 – 04 Political Science BA, University of New Mexico

[Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire]

"Political capital" might … his political capital.

Turn – Democrats

a) They support the plan

Associated Press, 6-29-2007 (Andrew Taylor, “Senate Democrats want to shift foreign aid funding to war on AIDS”, )

WASHINGTON -- Senate Democrats … on Capitol Hill.

b) Concessions to dems – not political capital – is key to the agenda

CHICAGO TRIBUNE 11 – 8 – 6

The last time … difficult two years.’’

Turn – Winners Win – political victories multiply – insiders prove

Ornstein, American Enterprise Institute 9/10/01

(Norman, Roll Call “Congress Inside Out”)

The compromise accomplished … standards for SUVs.

2AC Add-Ons

Middle East

Soft power necessary to prevent Middle East conflicts from going nuclear

Harold Hongju Koh, Professor of International Law, Yale Law School; Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 1998-2001, 2003 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479

Since then, the … the indispensable player.

This ends the world

Jay, NUCLEAR ARMAGEDDON, 2006, )

While a threat … a thermonuclear scale.

North Korea

Soft power critical to prevent war on the Korean Penninsula

Harold Hongju Koh, Professor of International Law, Yale Law School; Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 1998-2001, 2003 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479

America's "hard power… and valuable ground.

War on the peninsula will end life on Earth

AFRICA NEWS, December 25, 1999, p. online

Lusaka - If there is … with North Korea.

India-Pakistan

U.S. credibility is critical to avoid war between India & Pakistan

Defense News, June 28, 2004,

In Asia, as … ground for terrorists.

The impact to India-Pakistan war is extinction

BUSINESS RECORDER, December 17, 2000

Pakistan has sought … dangerous place on earth.

Lakeland RW – Negative

LOST 1NC

We have been reading this since Michigan

B) Links

1) Public health assistance burns political capital

Carroll 1

[Terry Carroll Colonel in U.S. Army, US Army War College Strategy Research Project, ENGAGEMENT OF MARRIAGE: THE CASE FOR AN EXPANDED MILITARY MEDICAL ROLE IN AFRICA; March 27, 2001, ]

Some argue that …regard to Africa .

2) Political capital key to passage

EED 7

[Energy & Environment Daily, 5/16]

Bush's comments could … president would push" (E&ENews PM, May 9).

C) Impacts

1) LOST ratification critical to naval power projection & military readiness

Clark 10/4

[Vernon Clark Former Chief of Naval Operations U.S. Navy, CQ, 10-4, 7]

While serving as … the world's oceans.

2) Strong power projection and readiness critical to prevent escalation to World War III

Barnes 98

[Wyatt, partner at Roney and Co., Strategic Review, Fall]

Olsen would have … will be welcome

China 1NC

We don’t always read the DA the same way, this is the most common version.

Chinese leaders are insecure and fear outside geopolitical pressure by the U.S., but the political situation is currently stable

ASIA MEDIA NEWS DAILY, May 1, 2007,

Susan L. Shirk … be serious implications.

China uses African ties to preserve its global positioning and prevent encirclement

Carla Hills, former trade negotiator, Council on Foreign Relations, U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS: AN AFFIRMATIVE AGENDA, A RESPONSIBLE COURSE, April 2007,

At the same … growth and security.

The plan upstages China – China currently relies on increases in foreign aid and declining U.S. leadership to secure its interests in Africa. The plan is a direct challenge

GLOBE & MAIL, November 6, 2006, p.

An unprecedented summit … China's oil imports.

Foreign policy losses threaten Chinese politicians

Susan Shirk, served as deputy assistant secretary for China at the U.S. State Department from 19 secretary for China at the U.S. State Department from 1999 to 2000.CHINA: FRAGILE SUPERPOWER, 2007, p. 66

Today's leaders have … for overthrowing them.

Pressure on China creates tensions among the factions, collapsing bipartisanship

Cheng Li ‘5, William R. Kenan Professor of Government and Chair of the Asian Studies Program at Hamilton College (Orbis, Summer 2005, 387-400)

Because bipartisanship is … checks and balances.

Internal political strife will collapse the regime

Lowell Dittmer ’90 The China Quarterly, No. 123. (Sep., 1990), pp. 405-430

Elite strife is … be handled “correctly.”

Regime collapse causes lashout and nuclear war

The Epoch Times ‘5, 8/3/05

Since the Party’s … with their lives.

Lexington TZ – Affirmative – South Africa ARV’s

Contention 1: Inherency

South Africa’s lack of business expertise, international collaboration, and technical proficiency devastates its ability to become a pharmaceutical world leader. 

South African Department of Science and Technology, 7

(8/14, “INNOVATION TOWARDS  A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY Ten-Year Plan for South Africa “ - )

Over the next decade... treatment and cure  

Current US technical assistance promotes big pharmaceutical company’s monopolies over innovation. The US should shift its assistance to promote public health through affordable medicine. 

Brant 3, writer for Oxfam International

(Jennifer, November, “Robbing the Poor to Pay the Rich? How the United States keeps medicines from the world’s poorest”)

TRIPS-plus technical assistance ... the pharmaceutical industry.  

The United States federal government should provide necessary technical assistance to South Africa to improve public health through increased access to medicines 

Contention 2: Neglected Diseases 

Bush just launched multiple initiatives to target neglected diseases increase trade with Africa

2/20

(“Africa: Bush Explains Focus of Africa Military Command” - )

Bush also announced... growth and development. 

US assistance is inevitable – however, failure to lower drug prices results in less effective and more expensive aid in the future.

Crook, Berkeley Journal of International Law, law review, 5

[“ARTICLE: Balacing Intellectual Property Protection with the Human Right to Health”, 25 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 524, Jamie Crook, 3-12-07] p. Lexis

One might argue ...from patent relaxation. 

Lack of technical capacity devastates efforts to confront diseases neglected diseases

Salicrup et al. 4, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Office of Technology Transfer (OTT), Rockville, Maryland, United States

(Luis A., November, “Developing Health R&D Systems: Partnerships for Capacity Building in International Technology Transfer”)

The lack of ... and economic growth.  

Emerging disease spread causes extinction

Butler 4, While I'm not a tropical biologist (my background is in math and economics), I have been studying tropical rainforests for more than a decade. More importantly, the information sources (peer-reviewed journals, respected researchers, etc) used by are credible. Further the site has been praised by a number of well-respected conservation biologists -- including Dr. Russell Mittermeier of Conservation International, Dr. Peter Raven of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, William F. Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and Dr. David L. Pearson of Arizona State University, among others.

(“LOSS OF SPECIES FOR FOREST REGENERATION “ - )

The emergence of  ...around the world. 

Technology exchange under a looser intellectual property model jumpstarts the South African pharmaceutical sector making it a regional supplier for neglected diseases.

Jiao, associate at Clifford Chance in New York, NY, will graduate from the Benjamin N. Cardozo Law School in 2007, 2007 [Chenxi, “The Negative Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the South African Industry”, Lexis]

Also, the public... for neglected diseases. 

 

The US has unique leadership and technical expertise to perform the exchange – essential to building global contacts and South African export capacity

Salicrup 4, Office of Technology Transfer, National Institutes of Health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services

(Luis A., November, “Partnerships in Technology Transfer: An Innovative Program to Move Biomedical and Health Research from the Laboratory to Worldwide Application”)

The NIH/OTT and International ... stimulate economic development. 

US stance on disease-related technological exchange in Africa sends a crucial global signal – critical to sustained international technical exchange and long term international promotion of public health over patents.

Morrison, the director of the Africa program at CSIS, 1 [J. Stephen, “The African Pandemic Hits Washington,” The Washington Quarterly 24:1 pp. 197–209, Project MUSE]

Efforts are needed... possible in Africa. 

Pharmaceutical innovation spills over sparking a transition to a knowledge-based economy.

South African Department of Science and Technology, 7

(8/14, “INNOVATION TOWARDS  A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY Ten-Year Plan for South Africa “ - )

The key objective ...innovation and growth.  

South African economic success sets a model for other African countries.

Joseph 97, 
Ambassador of the United States of America to South Africa

(James A, “United States - South Africa Relations” African Security Review Vol 6 no 3, 1997)

WHY SOUTH AFRICA?

When asked at... values and interests. 

 

That ends the cycle of dependence solving poverty

T.W. Oshikoya and M. Nureldin Hussain, African Development Bank, "Information Technology and the Challenge of Economic Development in Africa", 7/18/06

The recent advances... about to change" 

 

Poverty causes extinction through the inevitable proliferation of insanely destructive devices

Carrico 6 Dale Carrico March 10, 2006 lecturer in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California at Berkeley, PhD, Uc Berkeley,  Visiting Faculty, Liberal Arts, San Francisco Art Institute, Human Rights Fellow, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (IEET) amormundi.2006/03/technology-and-terror.html 

I believe that ... with destruction. 

Poverty is comparatively more destructive than a nuclear war

James Gilligan, Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, 2K edition, Violence: Reflections on Our Deadliest Epidemic, p. 195-196

The 14 to 18 ... throughout the world. 

 

Contention 3: South African Relations 

Strict US IP policy devastates our relationship with South Africa – only changing our policy restores their trust.

Mbizwo 5, Reuters

(Alfonce, Apr 29, AIDS Drugs Dog U.S.-Southern Africa Trade Deal)

The United States ... for the Americas. 

 

Small compromises and boosts to trade partnerships cement long-term relations between the US and South Africa.

Bhatia 6, US ambassador and deputy US trade representative

(Karan, April 18, “US committed to strengthening trade relationship with Sacu” - )

This year presents... opportunities before us. 

Boosting our partnership is key to access to strategic minerals and securing the Cape of Good Hope

Scott E. Siverson, attorney, Spring 1994, Pace International Law Review

[“COMMENTS: WHERE A TAX DISADVANTAGE LOOMS LARGE: INTEREST EXPENSE AND THE AMERICAN CORPORATE RETURN TO SOUTH AFRICA”, 6 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 353, 11-24-07] p. Lexis

As South Africa's... Cape of Good Hope. 

South Africa is uniquely key to strategic minerals – the majority of them originate or are shipped from South African ports

David K. Shipler, 2/8/87, US Reliance on South African Minerals Cited,

The State Department ... and transportation system.''  

Strategic minerals are key to US economic and technological competitiveness

Gilda A. Jackson, USMC Major, 1988

[“Strategic Mineral- U.S. Vulnerability”, , 11-24-07]

Strategic minerals are ... critical strategic minerals.

Loss of competitiveness spills over into every sector of the economy, and causes a collapse

Connolly 2 (Bernard| Chief Global Strategist, AIG| Dark Vision for the World Economy|

But as capital ... and political chaos. 

An economic decline causes extinction

T.E. Bearden LTC U.S. Army (ret) Director of Association of Distinguished American Scientists and Fellow Emeritus, Alpha Foundation’s Institute for Advanced Study, The  Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,  6-24-2k,

History bears out...  for many decades. 

Expanded military presence in South African seas maintains US hegemony preventing regional conflict

Schutz 1, Co-Chairman of the African Policy Initiative Group

(Barry, May 16, “African Oil” - )

Forward Military Presence ... and economic zones.

Expanding the number of Sea lines of communication controlled by the US is crucial to hegemony

Lieutenant Colonel Reynolds B. Peele, USMC, served in virtually every infantry leadership billet, spent nine months in G-5, Marine Forces Pacific, working with various joint and strategic issues, including sea lines of communication and chokepoints, Paramaters, Summer 1997, “the Importance of maritime chokepoints”,

Sir Walter Raleigh... of national power.  

The collapse of U.S. leadership causes great power wars

Thayer 6 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, "In Defense of Primacy", lexis]

A remarkable fact... the world's ills.  

Sea power prevents nuclear conflicts in every region of the world

Kagan 7 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, )

This is a good... on the ground.

2AC ASSORTED STUFF 

Previously Read Add-Ons:

Increased AIDS pressure leads to selling of nuclear technology to rogue states like Iran.

Ashley B. Tessmer, National Security Agency, 2002

     [“PROSPECTS FOR SOUTH AFRICA AS A REGIONAL STABILIZER AND U.S. ENGAGEMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA”, 11-28-07] p. GoogleScholar

Of all these... nation of concern. 

AT: Politics (didn't include generic N/U and Internal Link cards)

Turn- Access to cheaper drugs enables rejection of Pharma lobbying power

COOPER et al. 1, Staff Reporters of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

(HELENE, March 2, “AIDS Epidemic Puts Drug Firms In a Vise: Treatment vs. Profits” - )

Moreover, the U.S. ... drug company patents. 

Democrats like increasing access and they'll fight the pharmas

Martin Vaughan, staff writer, 5-17-07,

     [“US To Loosen Drug Patent Provisions In Some Trade Deals”, , 5-20-07]

Key House Democrats ... would undermine innovation.

Bipartisan support for generics over pharma lobby. 

Robin Gross, IP Justice Executive Director, Bush and Big Pharma Team Up to Discredit WHO and Generic Medicines: Drug Companies’ Influence on Health Care Policy Worsens Global AIDS Crisis, May 2005. 

Hundreds of signatories ... Africa and elsewhere.”

Republicans hate the plan- pharmaceutical industries that control them have forced them to reject it before

Anupam Chander, Professor of Law at UC Davis, 3/6/03 “The Fight Over Patent Protection for Pharmaceuticals” [Naomi]

By December 2002...reject the compromise 

China Link Turn

Turn- China likes the plan, Chinese companies protest pharma IPR

Jeffrey A. Andrews, Associate, Locke Lidell & Sapp LLP, Houston, PhD from Duke, MFS from Yale, BS/BA from University of Rochester, Winter 2006, Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review

     [“ARTICLE: Pfizer's Viagra Patent and the Promise of Patent Protection”, 28 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 1, 11-29-07] p. Lexis

It is important ... patent in China.

Little Rock LS – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Contention one: Disease X 

A new disease is inevitable—disease surveillance is vital to prevent a pandemic 

Reuters, August 23, 2007

(“UN: Diseases Spreading Faster Than Ever,” index.html?eref=rss_topstories) 

Infectious diseases . . . 1.5 billion people. 

Climate and mixture of animal and plant life make Africa the key place to check emerging disease

Africa News, April 27, 2006

(“Animal and Plant Diseases a Growing Threat”, lexis) 

A UK government . . . used to be. 

These diseases are devastating if left unchecked—they kill more than war, famine, or crime

 Stefansson, Head of Science and Society at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 2003

(Halldor, EMBO REPORTS, “Infectious Disease and Bioweapons”, November 8-9, ) 

Microorganisms . . . accidents or crime. 

Specifically—an avian flu outbreak is coming in Africa—weak immune systems and famine cause the disease to synergize with others and become even more deadly

Davis, Professor of History at U of California and author on the Avian Flu, February 7, 2007

(Mike, THE GUARDIAN, “The plague of bird flu will erupt out of Java, not Suffolk”, ) 

In most of . . . elsewhere in Java. 

A mutation is imminent—makes the virus rampant

Forbes, 10-4-2007 (“Key Viral Change Could Help Bird Flu Spread”) 

US scientists . . . a human virus. 

Mutations cause global spread – quickly killing billions and shattering the global economy

Satish Chandra, 5-7-2004 (Deputy National Security Advisor of India, Center for Strategic Decision Research, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, ) 

This scenario . . . rate is estimated. 

That’s global nuclear war

Walter Mead, economics badass and member of NPQ board of advisors, 1992 (New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 30) 

If so, this . . . in the 30’s. 

That makes all other impacts inevitable

The Guardian 2006 (Larry Elliott, “Bird Flu” could be 21st century Black Dealth, January 27th, .co.uk/birdflu/story/0,,1696021,00.html ) 

Avian flu has . . . of the spectrum. 

Disease surveillance is key to solve

Stephen B. Blount, 5-2-2007  (MD, MPH, Director Office for Global Health US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies, United States Senate, .asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html) 

Currently the US . . . respond effectively. 

Contention two: Bioweapons 

Subpoint A: The death toll 

Biological terrorism is easy and likely—Africa is a unique flashpoint because of endemic pathogens and weak infrastructure—surveillance is key to check an attack

 Njuguna, Masters in Biotechnology and prominent contributor on bioweapons to Bonn International Center, 2005 (James Thuo, AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW, Vol. 14, No. 1, “Evaluating the threat of biological weapons in Eastern Africa”, _id=3) 

Terrorist groups exist . . . African Security Review. 

Bioterrorism causes extinction—the risk is larger than nuclear conflict

Richard Ochs, 7-9-2002 (Analyst for the chemical weapons working group, Biological Weapons Must Be Abolished Immediately, ) 

Of all the weapons . . . extinction is now possible. 

The US has a shortage of trained personnel who can recognize exotic pathogens—this kills any effective response and guarantees mass casualties

 Katz, doctoral candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, 2002 (Rebecca, The Washington Quarterly, “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense against Biological Weapons,” Summer, vol. 25, no. 3, p.69, ln) 

When Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome . . . attack agents. 

Even if bioweapons don’t cause extinction, US casualties mean retaliation—this escalates into nuclear war

Lt Col Harry W. Conley, Spring 2003 (chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal, . airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html) 

The number of . . . had been made. 

 

Information sharing and cooperation mean nothing—hands on training is vital

Smolinski et al. 2003 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ] 

The real world information . . . management positions. 

The US must lead these efforts—it’s the only country that can effectively coordinate info sharing and make it useful—otherwise all surveillance is useless

Smolinski et al. 2003 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ] 

The United States should . . . such as CDC. 

Subpoint B: Bioweapons Convention 

The BWC is weak and unraveling – perceived U.S. commitment is critical to shore up compliance

Jonathan B. Tucker, 2004 (Senior Fellow in the Washington, D.C. office of Center of Nonproliferation Studies, where he specializes in chemical and biological weapons issues, The Nonproliferation Review, pubs/npr/vol11/111/111tucker.pdf) 

In the face of . . . some policy recommendations. 

These norms are vital and U.S. support is the only way to make them credible

Michael Barletta and Amy Sands, 2002 (Monterey Institute of International Studies, After 9/11: Preventing Mass-Destruction Terrorism and Weapons Proliferation, a publication of the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, ) 

 

However, the international norm . . . by the United States. 

New research guarantees genetic weapons are imminent—strong BWC is the only check

Ethirajan Anbarasan, March 1999 (BBC World Service, quoting multiple genetics experts, UNESCO COURIER, a publication of the United Nations, ) 

Scientists have warned . . . acquiring biological weapons. 

 

That’s really bad: they are instruments of genocide, the research process creates errors that risk extinction, and the weapons themselves outweigh all other security threats.

Wayne Krug 1999 (The Threat of Genobiological Weapons, Weapons.htm) 

Many advances have . . . pose to humanity. 

Africa is critical to the BWC and disease surveillance is crucial to boost implementation and anti-BW norms

John Borrie and Dominique Loye, 2005 (leads a project on ‘Disarmament as Humanitarian Action’ at the UN Institute for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva. Previously he worked in the Mines-Arms Unit of the ICRC, and before that he was New Zealand ’s deputy head of mission for disarmament in Geneva and working on biological disarmament issues. Deputy Head of the Mines-Arms Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva. His current work covers issues related to weapons and international humanitarian law. African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, 12&tmpl_id=3) 

The 1925 Geneva Protocol . . . in their own interests. 

Surveillance is critical to deterrence and to make the Protocol and other measures to boost the BWC effective—they’re useless by themselves and arguments otherwise are dated and wrong

John R. Walker 2003 (the Arms Control and Disarmament Research Unit, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London. EMBO Reports – vol 4,-- European Molecular Biology Organization -- ) 

Our response to bioterrorism . . . was first created. 

The plan is the best way to boost the US Commitment to the BWC—efforts by the nations themselves fail

Joseph Biden 3-19-2002 (US Senator of Delaware, Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Federal News Service, lexis) 

How can the . . . to the WHO network. 

Thus the plan 

The United States federal government, specifically the Executive Branch, should issue an executive order to substantially increase the following forms of assistance: 

Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation, and Containment Centers – with one regional center established in the East, West, Central, and Southern regions of the African subcontinent. These centers will be equipped to offer outbreak assistance and will operate epidemiological early warning systems (designed to monitor disease vectors). Appropriate training shall be offered. We get to clarify intent.

 

Contention three: Solvency 

DRSICC’s would solve in Africa and are the best way to check a deadly pathogen in the US

William Fox Jr., 1998 (M.D., is en route to assignment as the Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Ft. Polk, LA, where he concurrently will serve as Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. -- ) 

Disease research, surveillance . . . humanitarian disaster 

Disease surveillance provides the best hands on training and the CDC is the only agency with experience coordinating other key agencies like the WHO in response

Gerberding, 4/26/2004 (Julie, MPH Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrator, Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry, “CDC's Terrorism and Global Disease Detection Efforts,” Testimony before Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, ) 

Ultimately even the best . . . to protect health 

The US is actually key—the Canadian government conducted a comparative international study—the results prove no one is better at surveillance and outbreak assistance

National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health October 2003 (Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada, ) 

For comparative purposes . . . is unmatched globally 

The plan creates a new-and-improved BWC – a small boost today breaths-life into efforts that fix other issues with the BWC tomorrow

David A. Koplow 2003 (Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Maryland Law Review, lawrev) 

Of course, even . . . areas of accord 

Politics link turns: 

Dis surveillance is widely pop

Charlene Porter Washington File Staff writer Dec 8 2005 Lexis

Bipartisan support is . . . double this amount 

Win for Bush

Dana Bash CNN White House correspondent 1/11/2005 Lexis

One Bush advisor . . . bird flu pandemic 

Widely popular

Brian Knowlton International Herald Tribune 2005

Congressional attention to . . . is dangerously unprepared 

Surveillance is unpop—budget cuts prove

Gwyn Winfield CBRNe World “Threat Watch” March 2007

CDC’s disease surveillance . . . in the US too. 

CDC spending unpop

Kate Matus “House approves amendment to prevent squandering funds on luxurious and unnecessary people”  July 2007

First District Congressman . . . advance this goal. 

Surveillance spending is unpop

Jeff Nesmith, Cox News Service, “CDC Budget  for Core Activities is Cut” 2007

The core programs of . . . local health departments

Little Rock LS – Negative

K:

The 1ac is a drive for ontological completion on the basis of existence and rationality in the context of war that causes an endless cycle of violence in the Middle East.  This ontology makes violence and escalation of conflict inevitable.  Ultimately, this results in a norm of war and conflict in which individuals are regarded only as utilitarian objects to be controlled

Anthony Burke (Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney) 2007 “Ontologies of War:  Violence, Existence,  and Reason” Theory and Event 10:2, Muse

The War and . . . their own substance.

The drive for protection from external evils is validated by a sense of American exceptionalism that paints itself as invulnerable and attempts to scourge the earth of any perceived danger.  Vulnerability and conflict are inevitable – only sustaining the illusory goal of vulnerability via the plan causes global escalatory violence

Robert Jay Lifton (Visiting professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School) 2003 “Superpower Syndrome” p. 125-30

It is almost . . . become dangerously destabilized.

It is this constant search for security and invulnerability that allows for the purging all threats to the populous and allows for the subordination of everything to the realm of calculation and casting vast populations to the status of the living dead

Achille Mbembe (senior researcher at the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of the Wiwatersrand) Winter 2002 “Necropolitics” Project Muse

It has been argued . . . freedom are blurred.

The alternative is to reject the affirmative and affirm the status quo by embracing the wars described in the 1ac by the process of imagination

War is an archetypal psychological condition of humans.  It is not a ‘scenario’ that can be ‘solved’ but rather something to be understood and imagined.  War cannot be explained merely in terms of ‘causes’ based on scientific rationality.  Only by imagining conflict and war and the process from which it occurs can transform understanding and access knowledge that is key to check extinction

James Hillman (psychologist, scholar, international lecturer, pioneer psychologist) 2004 A Terrible Love of War p. 1-11

One sentence in . . . before or since. 

DAs: 

Polish NMD politics:

Bush wants Polish NMD – but can’t get additional Polish funding now because he lacks political capital with the Congress. This is a deal-breaker for Poland.

(Wess Mitchell is director of research at the Center for European Policy Analysis, a Washington-based institute dedicated to the study of Central Europe -- Christian Science Monitor -- 2008 – lexis) 

 

 And, it’s on top of Bush’s docket – he’s now rushing to iron-out the deal.

(Philip Coyle -- a Washington-based expert on worldwide military research, defense and security policy -- also served as assistant secretary of defense and director of operational test and evaluation at the Pentagon during former U.S. president Bill Clinton's tenure. Inter-Press Service – Jan 18th – lexis) 

Deploying Polish BMD is bad – even Russian Generals admit it would accidentally set-off their automated nuclear-response system.

(Mike Whitney – of Global Research -- Global Research, December 20, 2007 -- ) 

The impact is extinction

PR NEWSWIRE 98

[“NEJM STUDY WARNS OF INCREASING RISK OF ACCIDENTAL NUCLEAR ATTACK; OVER 6.8 MILLION IMMEDIATE U.S. DEATHS POSSIBLE,” APR 29, LN] 

US-Polish NMD sparks Middle East Prolif.

(Philip Coyle -- a Washington-based expert on worldwide military research, defense and security policy -- also served as assistant secretary of defense and director of operational test and evaluation at the Pentagon during former U.S. president Bill Clinton's tenure. Inter-Press Service – Jan 18th – lexis) 

this de-stabilizes the region, turns the case, and independently escalates to nuclear war

Cirincione, Director for Non-Proliferation Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005

(Joseph, A New Non-Proliferation Strategy, March 5,



[gjm]) 

 

Elections politics:

Democrats are set to win the general election due to Bush’s low favorability ratings.  Hillary will get the democratic nomination

John O'Sullivan The Spectator, December 15 2007  HEADLINE: Republicans must heed the voters to beat Hillary; John O'Sullivan looks ahead to a gloriously unpredictable US presidential race and assesses the prospects of the Republican contenders lining up to thwart Hillary Clinton 

First, Irrespective of the nominees, the GOP will lose the election unless Bush adopts popular foreign policies in his second-term 

Lichtman 2005, (Allan J. Lichtman, prof of History @ American University and a national political analyst. The Keys to the White House: The Surefire Guide to Predicting the Next President – page x thru xi)

The Republicans are going to pursue the Bush Doctrine; including continuing pressure on Iran.

David S Broder, Jun 7, 2007[“Candidates Lacking A Real-World Clue; [FINAL Edition];” The Washington Post; pg. A.27; Washington Post politics writer]

Bush Doctrine allows countries to adopt similar pre-emption policies including India

Lopez 03(“Perils of Bush's pre-emptive war doctrine” George Lopez director of policy studies at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame Indianapolis Star October 3, 2003 .cfm?topicId=3956)

Indo-Pak nuclear war goes global, risks extinction

Duffy 03 (Jeff Duffy, “India and Pakistan with Nuclear Weapons” ds.charlotte.nc.us /History/India/03/duffy/duffy .htm) 

Hillary will stop Yucca Nuclear Waste Storage 

Las Vegas Review-Journal, 10/18/2007 

Nuclear storage at Yucca risks Nuclear Volcanoes  

New Scientist, 8/24/2002 

Extinction—this must come first because of magnitude 

Comarow, 2001 Yucca Mountain: Time to Think the Unthinkable Testimony presented at US Department of Energy Public Hearing 12-8-2001  

by David Comarow  

LOST politics: 

Capital key to pass LOST

(Don, Vice President of Governmental Relations – Citizens for Global Solutions, “Time to Ratify the Law of the Sea”, 6-6, ) 

Impact --- LOST key to access SLOCs and signals U.S. leadership

(Lawrence S., Fmr Secretary of State and John, US Ambassador to LOST and Dir Center for Oceans Law & Policy – U Virginia, Washington Post, 7-30, Lexis) 

Naval mobility prevents global WMD conflicts

(Reynolds B., Lieutenant, USMC, The Importance of Maritime Chokepoints, Parameters, Summer) 

Global nuclear war

(Zalmay, RAND Corporation, Losing The Moment? Washington Quarterly, Vol 18, No 2, p. 84) 

LOST assures maritime access and mobility --- key to U.S. economy

(John, Deputy Sec. State and Gordon, Deputy Sec. Defense, “Reap the Bounty”, Washington Times, 6-13) 

Global nuclear war

(Walter Russell, Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations, New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer, p. 30)

MBA AS – Affirmative – Djibouti

Lack of funding for developmental assistance undermines HOA and AFRICOM—a new focus is key

Berrigan 9/19 (Frida, senior program associate at the Arms and Security Project of the New America Foundation, 2007, "The New Military Frontier: Africa,"

/archive/2007/09/19/3948/)

Even as these discussions continue,.... strategic interests than African needs

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand Africa based public health infrastructure programs of the United States Combined Joint Task Force based in Djibouti.

Contention 1—Health—

Lack of health infrastructure in Africa spurs drug resistant strains–there's no diagnostic testing.

Cohen '7 (Gary, President of BD Medical, 1-5-07, /newsroom/pdfs/3_HC_Infrastruct ure.pdf)

A primary thrust of these interventions … the public and private sectors toward this goal.

Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction

South China Morning Post quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996 (Avi, "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis)

Despite the importance of the discovery of the "facilitating" cell, … imperil the survival of the human race," he said.

And, the task force builds up public health infrastructure throughout the region to improve stability.

CENTCOM, 12-06 (Fact Sheet, U.S. Central Command: Combined Joint Task

Force-Horn Of Africa Mission; /resources/english/facts.asp#)

The Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa is a unit of United States … a four-story building in Kenya in 2006 and the capsizing of a passenger ferry in Djibouti in 2006.

And strengthening infrastructure assists public health.

Pekka Puska ("WHO Director—General election: public health infrastructures" 10/27/06 Pg. 1401 Vol. 368 No. 9545 ISSN: 0140-6736 p. Lexis)

Without a concerted effort by WHO and others …and other functions-is vital to success, in both chronic and infectious diseases.

Contention 2—Leadership—

Military outreach operations are a unique issue that develops soft power and trains troops for state building.

CSM, 6-22-07 (Ginny Hill, "Military focuses on development in Africa: In Djibouti, US forces combat terrorism with civil affairs work. Will this be a model for a future US military command in Africa?" /0622/p07s02-woaf.html)

Stephen Morrison, director of the Africa program at the Center for Strategic and … can be very useful as part of a broader strategy."

And, integration of civilian and military operations changes the American security paradigm, increasing American soft power Howard '7 (Peter, Professor at American University, School of

International Service, PhD SIS, May 31,

.com/2007/05/how-soft-can -power-be.html)

Second is the change in US bureaucratic politics:… the world, develops policy, and goes about its business as a national security state.

This new security paradigm is necessary to successfully combat terror and sustain hegemony

Richardson, '7 (Bill, Governor of New Mexico, Former US Congressman, Former US Secretary of Energy, Former US representative to the UN, "A New Realism," Summer, Harvard International Review, Cambridge, Vol. 29, Iss. 2; p. 26, Proquest)

An Unchanging Approach to a Changing Paradigm… US allies and for shared democratic values in order to coordinate international efforts for global problems.

Additionally, the HOA task force is the template that will spread throughout the military

Thomas P.M. Barnett, distinguished strategist at the Oak Ridge Center for Advanced Studies, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College, and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions; 6-24-07 ("Africa command: How America organizes to win war and peace,"

Knox News, /2007/jun/24/barnett-africa -command-how-america-organizes -win-w)

For years now, I've argued for … this strategic backwater, forging the obvious solution.

Overcoming fear of militaristic US action through developmental assistance is critical to the long term success of AFRICOM

Morrison 8/1 (J. Stephen, Executive Director, HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director, Africa Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007, "Africa: Testimony of Stephen Morrison - U.S. Senate Africom Hearing")

Most significant will be overcoming …in significant gains over existing U.S. security programs in Africa.

And, military medicine presents an alternative international strategy that is essential to maintain US leadership

Carroll '1 (Terry, Army Colonel, "Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa," March, stinet.dtic.mil)

We continue to grapple with the opposing forces … positive results from medical deployments enhance our value as an ally and partner.

Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars

Thayer '6 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, "In Defense of Primacy", lexis]

A remarkable fact about international politics today…? They may have the desire, but they do not have the capabilities. Let's face it: for the time being, American primacy remains humanity's only practical hope of solving the world's ills.

Contention 3—Terrorism—

The current focus on hard line counter-terrorism fails. More resources are needed to address the root causes of terrorism.

Josh Meyer, LA Times Staff Writer, 3-18-7 (In Terrorism Fight, Diplomacy Gets Shortchanged,

.org/content/view/307/1/)

President Bush, members of Congress … publicizing U. S. military actions.

And, current military policy makes terrorism inevitable—the Task Force must place greater reliance on development aid

Prof. Thomas P.M. Barnett, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, 6-27-07 (Esquire, "The Americans Have Landed,"

/africacommand0707)

"We could have solved all of East Africa in less … or this road show will close faster than you can say "Black Hawk down."

And, African terror networks will gain access to nuclear weapons to use on the US.

Dempsey – Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College – 2006 (Thomas, Served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, itute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649 .pdf)

The threat that terrorist hubs based in … state in which they are located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and world war three.

Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, "Extinction!" Al-Ahram

Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1,

/2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history where … war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

The status quo counter-terror strategy will inevitably fail because it does not address the environment that produces terrorists

Princeton N. Lyman, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at CFR, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of CSIS Africa Program; Jan/Feb 04 (The Terrorist Threat in Africa., Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Vol. 83, Issue 1, Business Source Complete)

ON AUGUST 7, 1998, two massive bombs exploded … forever if U.S. security interests are to be advanced.

The plan does this by having the military build public health infrastructure. Other measures are impossible unless the military acts first

Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College; Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.

6-8)

The eradication both of existing terrorist cells and potential … to the region and each of its countries.

The Task Force must be expanded to ensure the development of public health infrastructure

Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005

(Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College;

Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.

21-22)

The countries of the greater Horn of Africa … of this crucial and endangered region.

Placing a priority on humanitarianism overcomes the current flaws with the Task Force and is critical to win hearts and minds

Lischer '7 (Sarah, Wake PoliSci Prof, "Winning Hearts and Minds in the Horn of Africa," Harvard International Review, /print.php?article=1481)

An examination of the goals and actions …the lessons of the "do no harm" ethic may prove valuable to the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa.

Finally, the issue of public health is empirically uniquely important in winning hearts and minds.

Raymond A. Zilinskas, directs the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program and Tamara R. Chapman, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 1-24-7 (Security and Public Health: How and Why do Public Health Emergencies Affect the Security of a Country?,

/e3_84.html)

In working to create a new framework of government in a … for nation-building becomes very difficult. 

Politics Link Turns

Turn Bipart—

A. African military assistance is popular with congress and the public

Independent task force report 6 (“More than humanitarianism: A strategic U.S. approach Toward Africa”, Council on Foreign Relations) 

B. Bipart key to agenda --- lobbies and senate

Ap 7 (1/2)

“Some lobbyists concede…Chamber of commerce.” 

Popularity determining factor

Boston Globe 12/3

“republicans said they would…January’s agfenda.” 

Turn Gop—

A. GOP salivates over plan – it’s seen as an opportunity to win black voters

Ridgeway ‘3 (“liberia: ripe for colonizing?”

“Finally, Bush’s foray into…from the Democrats.” 

B. Base support key to agenda

Washing Post 07 (“Base to Bush: It’s Over”)

“So now the president has…looking forward to Jan. 20, 2009.”

MBA AS – Negative

Heidegger

A. Problem/Solution – The 1AC logic of problematizing the world and

providing a solution through an increase in public health assistance to

Africa engages in technological thinking that enframes things as problems

or solutions, degrading everything on earth to something of calculative

value.Korous 97 (George, Yale Law Graduate, Copeland Winner, Become What

You Are, p. 19)

Problemization is very similar to...the representation of the problem.

The affs call crisis based politics engages in a type of thinking that

reduces all life on earth to a tool to be instrumentalized, further

disconnecting ourselves from what it means to be.

Swazo 2 (Norman, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Alaska,

"Crisis Theory and World Order: Heideggerian Reflections," p 110-11)

The inevitability of such a fight issues from the pathology of

nihilism...and which finds its instrument in technocracy.

Engaging in hegemonic power politics reduces all life to a standing

reserve with no connection to being, won't solve, and spawns global

violence.

Swazo 2 (Norman, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Alaska,

"Crisis Theory and World Order: Heideggerian Reflections," p 114-15)

For Huntington this international order does not entail Westernization of

the world...service of this economy. ..." (Will to Power, note 866).

B. Continued domination of technological thought risks extinction through

global conflict and the deterioration of Earth.  Meditative thought is

crucial to preventing inevitable planetary destruction.

Swazo 2 (Norman, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Alaska,

"Crisis Theory and World Order: Heideggerian Reflections," p 157-60)

The grounding question claims us today...an `earthly-temporal' is

transformed.

C. Alternative – Vote negative to reject this instance of technological

thought––the Affirmative's conception of the world is shaped by

technological ordering and must be interrogated.Korous 97 (George, Yale

Law Graduate, Copeland Winner, Become What You Are , p. 22-25)

The thought that habits critique is not bent on achieving quick and

efficient solutions...one's ontological situation, that is, what constitutes reality.

Law of the Sea

(Ocean health impact)

It’s key to ocean health

Jennifer L. Talhelm, 2k

(North Carolina Journal of International Law& Commercial Regulation, 25 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 381)

Extinction

Robin KundisCraig, 3

(Associate Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155)

EU Counterplan

[insert text]

It’s K

We recognize that Buber’s rhetoric is sexist. We do not affirm any of his gendered language.

The affirmative’s deployal of the term “its” brings into existence the I-it relationship. This term necessarially separates I-it, reducing objects to pure calculability.

Buber, 37

(Martin, I and Thou, 15-17)

This separation is unique to ‘it.’ This term separates the relation of the human body from the surrounding world. In ‘it’ the ‘I’ definition ally comes before the ‘it,’ establishing a barrier between subject and object.

Buber, 37

(Martin, I and Thou, 37-39)

The separation of people from institutions is uniquely bad. Life is reduced to nothingness. Institutions act only in the exterior goal based realm while the realm of feelings is within. Only rejecting their separation embraces the eternal center, the area of life.

Buber, 37

(Martin, I and Thou, 62-66)

The impact is the total abjuration of life. The separation of institutions ie.the United States federal government allows for a total oppressive control of death. This manifests itself in the levers of economics, or the uncontrollable rise of tyranny. Piecemeal institutional reforms are not enough, nothing can substitute the unified relation with the center.

Buber, 37

(Martin, I and Thou, 67-70)

Consult Japan

Relations are stretched to the brink due to lack of consultation

BBC World 04. (“150th Anniversary of US-Japan Peace Treaty” March 30. Byline: Won-Jae Park. )

Japan would say yes—they support African aid and want a Security Council seat.

IHT 05 (“Japan splits with Bush, to boost aid for Africa” International Herald Tribune 6/3/05 )

And consultation builds a consultative framework, which ensures long-lasting relations

Hwang 05. (Balbina, PhD in Government from Georgetown, Senior Policy Analyst @ Asian Studies Center for Heritage Foundation )

Genuine consultation is key to relations and the alliance

Bergsten et al. 01. (C. Fred, Director of Peterson Institute for International Economics, PhD from Fletcher. Takatoshi Ito, Professor of Economic Research @ Hitotsubashi University, Marcus Noland, Senior Fellow @ Peterson Institute for International Economics. PhD Johns Hopkins. “No More Bashing: Building a New Japan- United States Economic Relationship” October.

This is key to check Chinese invasion of Taiwan

Okamoto 02. (Yukio, Special Advisor on Task Force for Foreign Relations (Japan). Spring, Washington Quarterly Vol. 25, Num. 2, “Japan and the United States: The Essential Alliance” Lexis)

And this would go nuclear and kill millions

Dr. Bullard 04. (Monte, PhD from UC Berkeley, Retired Colonel in US Army, Army attaché to Beijing, now Senior Fellow @ Center for Nonproliferation Studies. )

Colonialism Stuff

Criticism of representations must come first. They present a superficial “technical fix” ignoring the socially created problem.

Lang, Centre for Food Policy, Wolfson Institute of Health Sciences, 2001 (32-38 Uxbridge Road, Ealing, London W5 2BS, United Kingdom, J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:162-163, )

Even if the plan seems positive, it will be hijacked to put a “friendly face” on U.S. Colonial policies—Nicaragua proves

Rosset, Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1998 (Peter ,World Hunger: 12 Myths, 2nd Edition, by France Moore Lappé, Joseph Collins and Peter Rosset, with Luis Esparza, Grove/Atlantic and Food First Books,

This colonial order makes extinction inevitable—Our attempts to control and save necessitate wholesale destruction of all things.

Santos, director of the Center for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra, 2003 (Boaventura de Sousa, Bad Subjects, Issue #63, April)

Vote negative to reject the 1AC’s colonial public health policies—This criticism of development and disease rhetoric allows for us to break from colonial biases.

L A Avilés, Departamento de CienciasSociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2000 (“Epidemiology as discourse: the politics of development institutions in the Epidemiological Profile of El Salvador, )

Their impacts are constructed—They identify the plan as the sole solution to the “third world’s” problems, precluding a deeper understanding of reality.

L A Avilés, Departamento de CienciasSociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 2000 (“Epidemiology as discourse: the politics of development institutions in the Epidemiological Profile of El Salvador, )

Meadows BS – Affirmative – Genocide Prevention

Plan: The United States federal government should increase a public health approach to genocide prevention by providing post traumatic treatment for genocide survivors, public health surveillance, and data collection to topically designated areas.

Contention One: Inaction

Public health officials have long recognized that genocide is a public health issue

 

Larson 04 - director of Group Health Cooperative's Center for Health Studies

[Eric, “To Prevent, React, and Rebuild: Health Research and the Prevention of Genocide”, Health Services Research, Volume 39 Issue 6p2 Page 2027-2051, December, ] 

[Since the inauguration of the U.S. Center… based on sound scientific expertise, in addressing the problem]

But officials have not adopted this public health approach to genocide

 

Larson 04 - director of Group Health Cooperative's Center for Health Studies

[Eric, “To Prevent, React, and Rebuild: Health Research and the Prevention of Genocide”, Health Services Research, Volume 39 Issue 6p2 Page 2027-2051, December, ] 

[Despite such parallel advances in violence prevention method … are critical to a global evolution toward peace and full human potential] 

And political calculation prevents US Action suppressing mobilization, global action and prevention of genocide creating a cycle of non-evaluation which denies our responsibility.  

Kaufmann 02 – Associate Professor of International Relations at Lehigh University

[Chaim, “See No Evil: Why America Doesn't Stop Genocide,” Foreign Affairs, July/August, ] 

[Historically, the critical factor in obtaining energetic action… whether the requirements for intervention would be harder or easier in the latter case.]

We have an ethical responsibility to examine genocide in its historical context. Personal reflection on the memory of genocide is a critical response to a world of gross human atrocity.

Herbert Hirsch 95, “GENOCIDE and the Politics of Memory,” THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS Chapel Hill & London

 

Pg 1-5, 10

Contention Two: Genocide

It is inevitable in Africa – not because of their social conditions, but because of previous outside influence

Ekwe-Ekwe 07 – Nigerian political scientist, professor and historian

      [Herbert, “The making of Africa’s First Genocide,” ] 

[Precisely because the perpetrators of the Igbo… that threaten annihilation to African existence]

 

Genocide is the worst consequence – the prohibition of genocide must outweigh political calculations – genocide is the greatest risk on magnitude and probability because it is intentional and potentially universal

Harff-Gur 81

      [ Northwestern, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AS A REMEDY FOR GENOCIDE, 37-41]

Contention Three: Never Again

The public health approach solves through data collection spreading knowledge about genocide, early warning surveillance and psychological assistance, addressing the long term impacts of genocide

 

Breslow 02 - prof at UCLA School of Public Health

      [Lester, Encyclopedia of Public Health “Genocide”] 

[The work that public health professionals do to… made available to refugees and internally displaced persons.] 

Primary prevention through public health mechanisms solves best – information gained from early warning and data collection builds political will, and stops genocides well before they occur 

Gellert 95 - Deputy Health Officer for the Orange County, California Health Care Agency

[George, “Humanitarian responses to mass violence perpetrated against vulnerable populations”, ProQuest, October 14, , July 1, 2007]

US monitoring will provide information to motivate global responses to genocide – but only US monitoring is reliable enough – we wouldn’t trust information from anyone else

 

Samuel Totten, Professor of Curriculum at the University of Arkansas, 2004

“The intervention and prevention of genocide: Sisyphean or doable?” June 1, The Journal of Genocide Research 

Disregard their US bad cards- they don’t assume The US Genocide Prevention Task Force which enhances response through expertise

Hollinger 07 – United States institute of peace

      [Andrew, “Genocide prevention task force,” ]

Our framework for this round is the ethical discussion of genocide. Educational discussions will mobilize global coalitions to prevent genocide. Linking this discussion to a policy advocacy is necessary to prevent silence and complicity.

Hirsch 02 - Prof. Political Science at Virginia Commonwealth University

      [Herbert, Anti-Genocide- Building an American movement to prevent genocide, pp. 29-31] 

 

Our demand to reject genocide has the power to foment movements affirming humanity and ethics in a world characterized by mass violence. 

Ketels 96 - Associate Prof of English @ Temple University, Director of Intellectual Heritage Program

[Violet B., “The Holocaust: Remembering For the Future: ‘Havel to the Castle!’ The Power of the Word, The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 1996, 548 Annals 45, ln] 

Genocidal Imaging mobilizes political action to solve 

Kaplan 03

      [Naomi, Boston College Third World Law Journal, Spring 2003, 23 B.C. Third World L.J. 359, p. 376-77]

In the face of genocide, we are all bystanders with the potential to intervene. Failure to do so constitutes acceptance and complicity.

 

Vetlesen 00

[Arne Johan, Department of Philosophy, University of Oslo, July, Journal of Peace Research, “Genocide: A Case for the Responsibility of the Bystander,” p. 520-522] 

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K (Mutations Version)

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya by increasing the number of staff, collecting respiratory specimens from age-matched healthy controls, using multitasking diagnostic equipment, expanding the information systems for sample handling, performing tracheal cultures of birds, and conducting surveillance in school, military, and bird populations

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya

Contention 1 is Pandemic Influenza

Current efforts in Asia have been successful, but have not been replicated in Sub-Saharan Africa – Inadequate surveillance increases the risk of a global pandemic

Davis ’07 (Mike Davis is professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, and the author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu -- The Guardian (London) - February 7th – lexis)

Just when most of us thought it was safe … or any genuine effort to develop a "world vaccine".

A study in October found a mutation that increases the risk of a Pandemic

Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, )

The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into … in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

That kills a billion people

Satish Chandra, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004

[Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, ]

This scenario, …rate is estimated.

If the possibility of the collapse … with mortality rates of 60 to 70 percent

And Kenya is key – Its location along key Bird Migration paths ensures interactions with Humans that increase the risk of mutation – Effective surveillance is key

Wairagala Wakabi, 4/18/06 (AllAfrica news correspondent, East Africa: Bird Flu: the Full Scale of the Threat, )

THOUGH THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES … much negative environmental impact.

But even if H5N1 never mutates, it is inevitable that some strain of influenza will spark a pandemic, which would still kill millions – The US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya provides surveillance to the entirety of sub-Saharan Africa – Surveillance is key to contain an outbreak before it goes global

Homeland Security Council, 6/17/07 (National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Implementation Plan One Year Summary, )

Although the visibility of avian …Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) and two in Cambodia.

Probability and magnitude mean that a pandemic would outweigh nuclear war and terrorism

Edmonds & Palmore ’06 (Mark Edmonds is the Director of the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies @ the University of Lancaster; Julian Palmore - Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Both are the Editors-in-Chief of Defense and Security Analysis -- Defense and Security Analysis – June 1st – via Taylor & Francis and obtainable through google scholar)

Four times a year we, as Editors of … a pandemic. There is no time to waste.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control

Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- )

Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply

Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel

Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15 p. 7)

Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ]

As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability.

The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

The Kenya program provides unique real-world experience that can be acquired no where else

Matt Coles, 2005 (CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, )

As a health volunteer in the Peace Corps, … who share this passion.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war.

Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- )

The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Three is Solvency

The DOD just increased funding for the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya – No other country or organization has the experience of the staff working there and Kenya is key because it lies along the migratory bird paths into Africa

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

In 1969 the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit Kenya (USAMRU-K), a special foreign activity … manage the storage and tracking of influenza (as well as all other) specimens.

Recent funding increases are insufficient to pay for new programs at the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya and force a decrease in operational effectiveness – More staff, Expansion of age-matched surveillance for school and military populations, tracheal cultures in Bird populations, and new multitasking diagnostic equipment are key to solving

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING In developing avian influenza/pandemic influenza …equipment for respiratory diseases.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US

CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” )

The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet

Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt)

An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism

Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar)

In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5

Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

The DOD is critical – It has unique experience and unmatched existing infrastructure

Institute of Medicine, 2001 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System: A Program Review”, The National Academies Press, )

Emerging infectious disease surveillance … and global interests alike.

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – USAMRU-K – Regional Instability Version

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya by increasing the number of staff, collecting respiratory specimens from age-matched healthy controls, using multitasking diagnostic equipment, expanding the information systems for sample handling, performing tracheal cultures of birds, and conducting surveillance in school, military, and bird populations

Text: The United States federal government should expand surveillance conducted by the United States Army Medical Research Unit Kenya

Contention 1 is Regional Instability

Recent corruption and economic reforms in Kenya have created stability and economic growth driven primarily by the tourism sector

US Bureau of African Affairs, 10/07/07 (State Department Documents and Publications, SECTION: STATE DEPARTMENT PRESS RELEASE, )

POLITICAL CONDITIONS Since independence, … Africa Growth and Opportunity Act

And Kenya makes substantial investments in neighboring countries that fosters sustainable development for the entire region – Deterioration of the economy creates domino effect that destroys regional stability

USAID, 2k

[“USAID/Kenya: Integrated Strategic Plan, 2001-2005,” /PDABU260.pdf]

KENYA AND THE REGION Linchpin for regional trade and economic development … rapid growth on a sustainable basis.

A bird flu outbreak is inevitable in Kenya and the rest of East Africa due to its locations along migratory bird paths – Effective surveillance is key to prevent it from destroying the tourism industry which is crucial to the regions economy

Wairagala Wakabi, 4/18/06 (AllAfrica news correspondent, East Africa: Bird Flu: the Full Scale of the Threat, )

THOUGH THE VIRUS THAT CAUSES bird flu … They would also cause much negative environmental impact.

Economic hardship in Kenya creates regional instability

Milan Vesely, 2001 (Writer for African Business, )

The question haunting Uganda, Rwanda and … of a stone into an east African millpond.

And we realize that things are already bad in East Africa, but the positive influence of Kenya and the proposed Africom provide some semblance of stability – Multiple flashpoints in Sudan, Somalia and Ethiopia means that instability could spark a major regional war and more genocide

Peter Brookes, 4/27/07 (Senior Fellow, National Security Affairs and Chung Ju-Yung Fellow for Policy Studies, Asian Studies Center at the Heritage Institute, “Horn Hotbed”, )

Since the early 1990s, … especially in places such as the volatile Horn of Africa.

And Conflicts in East Africa escalate into global conflagration – Great powers intervene to protext shipping lanes

Caroline B. Glick, 12/12/07 (the senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., The Center for Security Policy is a non-profit, non-partisan national security organization that specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security and then ensures that such issues are the subject of both focused, principled examination and effective action by recognized policy experts, appropriate officials, opinion leaders, and the general public, “Condi's African holiday”, )

The Horn of Africa is a dangerous and strategically vital place. Small wars, … it will renew its attacks in the south.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control

Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- )

Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply

Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel

Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15

p. 7)

Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ]

As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability.

The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

The Kenya program provides unique real-world experience that can be acquired no where else

Matt Coles, 2005 (CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, )

As a health volunteer in the Peace Corps, … who share this passion.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war.

Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- )

The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Four is Solvency

The DOD just increased funding for the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya – No other country or organization has the experience of the staff working there and Kenya is key because it lies along the migratory bird paths into Africa

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

In 1969 the U.S. Army Medical Research Unit Kenya (USAMRU-K), a special foreign activity … manage the storage and tracking of influenza (as well as all other) specimens.

Recent funding increases are insufficient to pay for new programs at the US Army Medical Research Unit in Kenya and force a decrease in operational effectiveness – More staff, Expansion of age-matched surveillance for school and military populations, tracheal cultures in Bird populations, and new multitasking diagnostic equipment are key to solving

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING In developing avian influenza/pandemic influenza …equipment for respiratory diseases.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US

CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” )

The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet

Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt)

An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism

Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar)

In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5

Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

The DOD is critical – It has unique experience and unmatched existing infrastructure

Institute of Medicine, 2001 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System: A Program Review”, The National Academies Press, )

Emerging infectious disease surveillance … and global interests alike.

USAMRU-K Politics Links

Bipartisan Support for DOD-run international surveillance – Recent funding increase proves

Institute of Medicine, 9/25/2007 (The Institute provides a vital service by working outside the framework of government to ensure scientifically informed analysis and independent guidance. The Institute provides unbiased, evidence-based, and authoritative information and advice concerning health and science policy to policy-makers, professionals, leaders in every sector of society, and the public at large. Our work is conducted by committees of volunteer scientists--leading national and international experts--who serve without compensation. Committees are carefully composed to assure the requisite expertise and to avoid bias or conflict of interest. Every report produced by our committees undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. “Review of the DOD-GEIS influenza programs: Strengthening global surveillance and response”, The National Academies Press)

On January 2, 2005, the …were implemented by DoD-GEIS-supported entities (Malone, 2005).

We’ve drastically increased our military aid to Kenya – it’s due to expand

Kevin J Kelley, The Nation (Nairobi), 9/9/2007

[“Steep Rise in U.S. Military Aid,” All Africa, ]

The United States has increased … (Sh368 million) next year.

Polls prove Public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

"The increased … than current spending levels.

International Bird Flu Surveillance is an Olive Branch – National Security

Anderson, 06 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security,” May, )

In contrast to viewing vaccines as the primary tool, … for funding and that it could wait another year.

DOD Surveillance kills political capital – Congress is caving into political pressures because of a lack of public attention

Josh Michaud, 9/4/07 (worked as an Epidemiologist with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and as a Consultant with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He received a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Santa Barbara, a Master's in Infectious Disease Epidemiology from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and a Master's in Applied Economics from Johns Hopkins University., “US lawmakers’ efforts to support global disease surveillance are not contagious…yet”, )

An outside observer might get the idea … law before that occurs.

Kenyan Relations Advantage – 2AC Addon

Current heavy handed policies prevents securing Kenya’s support for the global war on terrorism and stability in the region – A shift in US policy allows for cooperation with this crucial “anchor state”

Barkan, Professor of Political Science at U of Iowa, 2004

(Joel D., FOREIGN AFFAIRS, “Kenya After Moi”, Jan/Feb)

ON DECEMBER 27, 2002, more … to Somalia, Rwanda, and southern Sudan.

Terrorism risks extinction

Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 8/28/03 (Washington Times)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings … national, regional and global security concerns.

US Economy Advantage – 2AC Addon

Wakabi proves that collapse of the industry destroys the economy in Africa

That spills over to the US – Africa is key to our economy

Susan E. Rice, Senior Fellow in FPGS at the Brookings Institution, 2006

[“Africa’s Strategic Importance to the U.S., Speech at Reed College, March 20,

]

There are additional … U.S. entrepreneurs and workers.

Economic decline risks extinction

Bearden, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army, 2000 (Tom, June 24, , Accessed 9/11/03)

History bears out that … perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Meadows (All Teams) – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Text: The United States federal government should establish Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation and Containment Centers in East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa and Southern Africa that develop surveillance networks, respond to outbreaks, train personnel, and conduct research

Or

Text: The United States federal government should increase disease surveillance to topically designated areas

Contention 1 is Bird Flu

Current efforts in Asia have been successful, but have not been replicated in Sub-Saharan Africa – Inadequate surveillance increases the risk of a global pandemic

Davis ’07 (Mike Davis is professor of history at the University of California, Irvine, and the author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu -- The Guardian (London) -February 7th – lexis)

Just when most of us thought it was safe … or any genuine effort to develop a "world vaccine".

Africa is a unique hotspot – Bird Migration and People live in close proximity with birds

Addis Ababa, 2006 (Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture of the African Union, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Iniative in Africa”)

Africa been one of the … complicates the situation.

A study in October found a mutation that increases the risk of a Pandemic

Laurance 10/6 (Jeremy, Health Editor, 2007, )

The bird flu virus H5N1 has mutated into … in the last century – in 1918, 1957 and 1968 – and more are expected. said.

The kills a billion people

Satish Chandra, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004

[Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 5/7, ]

This scenario, …rate is estimated.

If the possibility of the collapse … with mortality rates of 60 to 70 percent

Probability and magnitude mean that a pandemic would outweigh nuclear war and terrorism

Edmonds & Palmore ’06 (Mark Edmonds is the Director of the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies @ the University of Lancaster; Julian Palmore - Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Both are the Editors-in-Chief of Defense and Security Analysis -- Defense and Security Analysis – June 1st – via Taylor & Francis and obtainable through google scholar)

Four times a year we, as Editors of … a pandemic. There is no time to waste.

Surveillance, Labs, and US expertise are key to contain an outbreak before it goes global

Blount ’07 (Stephen B. Blount, MD, MPH, Director Office for Global Health US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies -- United States Senate -- May 02, 2007 -- )

Currently, the US and … channels so we can respond effectively.

Contention Two is Bioweapons

They pose the greatest risk of extinction – Nuclear weapons are easier to control

Ochs ’02 (Richard Ochs, ANALYST FOR THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS WORKING GROUP, July 9 2002 -- “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY” -- )

Of all the weapons of mass destruction,…Human extinction is now possible.

Qualified authors prove that despite Technical difficulties and past failures, intense efforts by terrorists make a Bioterrorist Attack inevitable – There is motive, expertise and supply

Clare Lopez, 2005 (Clare Lopez is/was:

1. Operations officer with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving domestically and abroad for 20 years in a variety of assignments, acquiring extensive expertise in counterintelligence, counternarcotics, and counterproliferation issues with a career regional focus on the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans.

2. Produced Technical Threat Assessments for U.S. Embassies at the Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, where she worked as a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Chugach Systems Integration

3. A strategic policy and intelligence expert with a focus on Middle East, homeland security, national defense, and counterterrorism issues at the intelligence summit

4. Executive Director of the Iran Policy Committee, a Washington, DC think tank, from 2005-2006

5. Senior Scientific Researcher at the Battelle Memorial Institute; a Senior Intelligence Analyst, Subject Matter Expert, and Program Manager at HawkEye Systems, LLC.;

“Defending the Homeland Against Bioweapons in the Hands of Terrorists”, Journal of Counterterrorism & Homeland Security International)

There are considerable technical difficulties …BW attack carries with it the threat of very high potential lethality.

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor training of military medical personnel

Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15

p. 7)

Having the right people … in any of the current training programs.

Training through real-world experience is crucial to creating a strong public health infrastructure that is capable of minimizing the casualties from a bioterrorist attack – Global surveillance programs provide an opportunity for this training

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ]

As described earlier, surveillance of and … the workforce to provide both on-the-ground epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability.

The real-world information and skills … upper-level management positions.

CDC international surveillance programs help train “disease detectives” that can respond to future treats

Gerberding, 4/26/2004 (Julie, MPH Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Administrator, Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry, “CDC's Terrorism and Global Disease Detection Efforts,” Testimony before Subcommittee on Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, Committee on Appropriations, )

Ultimately, even the best disease detection … and knowledge, and rapidly deployed when needed.

Focusing on Africa is key – Infectious disease with potential in biological warfare are endemic to it

Njuguna ’05 (James Thuo Njuguna holds a master of science degree in biotechnology and is currently completing his PhD in medical parasitology at the University of Bonn. He previously worked for the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi on control of trypanosomosis and malaria. African Security Review Vol 14 No 1, 2005 -- )

Major infectious diseases known … endemic to the eastern Africa region.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to nuclear war.

Conley ’03 (Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal - Spring 2003 -- )

The number of American casualties suffered due … whatever promises had been made.”48

Contention Three is Solvency

Establishing Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation and Containment Centers in each of the four regions of Sub-Saharan Africa allows for the integration of global efforts to combat disease and bioterrorism

Fox 98 (C. WILLIAM FOX, JR. -- C. WILLIAM FOX, JR., M.D., is en route to assignment as the Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Ft. Polk, LA, where he concurrently will serve as Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center -- Parameters, Winter 1997-98, pp. 121-36. --

Disease Research, Surveillance, Isolation … by a future adversary.

Establishing Surveillance Centers modeled after the military’s overseas laboratories in Sub-Saharan Africa allows for effective responses to Bird Flu and Bioterrorism

Jean-Paul Chretien, Assistant Coordinator of DOD’s Overseas Research Laboratories, 2006

“Global Networks Could Avert Pandemics”, Nature

Since late 2003, an avian influenza epidemic has caused … linked to a global professional network.

The US is key – It has unique expertise, the perception of its leadership in Disease Surveillance ensures information sharing, and deploying public health officials trains them to respond to a bioterror attack on the US

CISET 1996 (An interagency Government working group on emerging infectious diseases was formed in December 1994 under the auspices of the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on International Science, Engineering, and Technology (CISET). Led by CDC, the Department of State, USAID, Food and Drug Administration, NIH, and the Department of Defense, the working group makes the following recommendations for action by the U.S. Government., “Global Microbial Threats in the 1990s,” )

The modern world is a very small place; … to combat infectious diseases.

The Canadian government conducted a comparative international study. The results prove no one is better at surveillance and outbreak assistance than the US.

National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health 03

(Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada – October --

The members of the National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health were: Dr. David Naylor, Dean of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Chair); Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg)

The CDC exerts considerable influence … earmarked state-level funding and partnerships.

The alternative creates an all-consuming Colonialistic West and an Angelic South that reentrenches ethnocentrism and create impossible expectations for the South to meet

Pascal Bruckner, 1986 (Counts among the best-known French "nouveaux philosophes”, Académie Française Prix 2000 and Medici Prize 1995, The Tears of The White Man: Compassion as Contempt)

An ethnologist praying for the extermination of the … is to give in to a loathsome from of blackmail.

Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterrorism

Enemark 05 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st – via Taylor & Francis, which is usually obtainable through google scholar)

In pursuing international cooperation, a threshold issue is how to … as a weapon of war or terror.5

Global networks assisted in …would far exceed that of SARS.

Surveillance Politics Links

Bipartisan support for Disease Surveillance – Vocal Support

Porter ’05 (Charlene Porter, Washington File Staff Writer -- State Department Documents and Publications -- December 8, 2005 – lexis)

Bipartisan support … at a minimum, double this amount."

Bipartisanship on unrelated issues is key to Bush’s agenda.

John C. Fortier, Research Associate and Political Scientist at the American Enterprise Institute, 5/1/03

It does not make sense for Bush to … but he could accomplish more.

Polls prove Public supports spending on disease prevention and bioterrorism defense

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

"The increased …spending levels.

Turn – Obama and Clinton

Support Disease Surveillance – Avian Flu

St. Louis Post-Dispatch ‘05 (Missouri -- November 6, 2005 – lexis)

Growing up … response to an inevitable threat.

Key to the Agenda

The Australian ‘07 (Australia -- February 13, 2007 – lexis)

The carefully …in Washington.

International Bird Flu Surveillance is an Olive Branch – National Security

Anderson, 06 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security,” May, )

In contrast to viewing vaccines as … that it could wait another year.

International Surveillance is a win for Bush – Vocal support for fighting Bird Flu

President Bush, 11/1//05

President Outlines Pandemic Influenza Preparations and Response,

The first part of our strategy … to detect and contain outbreaks.

CDC disease surveillance kills political capital – budget cuts prove

Winfield, 07 (Gwyn, CBRNe World, “Threat Watch,” March )

CDC’s disease surveillance system, BioSense, … in the US too

CDC funding is a loss for Bush – cuts in recent budget

PR Newswire 2-5-07 (“Cuts Proposed in the President's Budget to Disease Prevention and Bioterrorism Preparedness Programs Jeopardize the Health of Americans, TFAH Warns,” l/n)

WASHINGTON, Feb. 5 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Trust for America's Health (TFAH) today expressed … in FY 2005.

Meadows (All Teams) – Negative

African Reps K

The american relationship to africa is defined by images. Saturated by representations of conflict, disease, and permanent afliction of catastrophe, policymakers can’t help but solidify the dehumanizing frame for intervention these images demand

WALLACE – PHD STUDENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AT OXFORD -- 2005

[JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, ]

When we think of Africa, images of … in the world (Ebo 1992:17).

Sadistic images are entertainment for the west – trauma becomes commodified for capitalist ends and affirms sentiments of superiority over the african other, desensitizing viewers to atrocity – the question of representation is critical to policy.

KLEINMAN AND KLEINMAN – PROFESSOR OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL ANTHRO AT HARVARD – 1996

[ARTHUR AND JOAN, THE APPEAL OF EXPERIENCE, DAEDALUS, WINTER]

This may seem too … they become iatrogenic.

Images Of African Catastrophe Castigates Africans To A Permanent Global Underclass -- Defined As Harbingers Of Their Ever-Present Demise, Africans Become The Objects Of A Genocidal Process Of Dehumanization Grounded In History’s Most Extreme Atrocities

SANKORE – EDITOR OF INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA -- 2005

[ROTIMI, “THE PITFALLS AND CONSEQUENCES OF DEVELOPMENT 'PORNOGRAPHY'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions of poverty … to allow their people to freely define their future.

Our alternative’s to shortcircuit this cycle of pessimistic disaster imaging of africa. Telling a new story of africa, severed from the model of prejudicial portrayal, is crucial to disconnect american policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism.

MEZZANA – SOCIOLOGIST AND RESERARCHER – CERFE GROUP AFRICAN RESEARCH – 2005 [DANIELE, “A CANCEROUS IMAGE”, ]

The literature reported in this … qualified information on the African reality.

Disease Securitization Kritik

The affirmative’s depiction of viral apocalypse homogenizes the entire African continent as the dark infected unknowable other—sanctions prejudicial and exclusionary practices

Schell ’97 – Ph.D. Candidate in Modern Thought and Literature at Stanford University [Heather, outburst! a chilling true story about emerging-virus narratives and pandemic social change, configurations 5.1 (1997)]

Although I like the implications of Haraway's … kill is ipso facto a competitor.

These hyperbolic representations of a global pandemic blind us to other widespread public health problems – obsession with narratives of super-germs cause indifference to common but more deadly diseases

Tomes '2 – professor of history at stony brook university [Nancy, , American Literary History 14.4 (2002) 625-652, epidemic entertainments: disease and popular culture in early-twentieth-century america, muse]

Over the last 20 years … not syphilis and hepatitis C?

Impact is genocide – racialized quest to annihilate the diseased in the name of purifying the body politic sanctions eugenic violence that is at the root of all conflict

Elden 2 (Boundary 2 29.2)

“the reverse side is the power…so many men to be killed.”

Our alternative is to refuse the metaphor of disease as a threat to the body politic –the permeability of the virus signifier allows reconsideration of disease within different identify contexts and emergence of new metaphors

Thomas 2 (“It came from outer space” )

“It is the virus’s permeability as a signifier…seize its utopian potential.”

Lacan Kritik

Human subjectivity is not guided by rational conscious action but rather split between the real the symbolic, a split ego that is constantly torn between inner desire and projected fantasy—these projected fantasies are means to cleanse our consciences of brutality in the name for utilitarian order—constructs false imminent threat that historically has sanctioned genocidal violence

Lane ‘2 – Professor of English at Northwestern University (Christopher, “Psychoanalysis and Colonialism Redux: Why Mannoni's "Prospero Complex" Still Haunts Us”, Journal of Modern Literature 25.3-4 (2002) 127-149, Project Muse)

Mannoni's thesis about inferiority and … and ethnic differences. [End Page 138]

The Aff’s compassion toward Africa is a means of guilt assuaging—dispensation of charity only makes us more comfortable in our continual participation in the socio-economic processes that guarantee Africa’s emiseration

Zizek ‘6 – Prof. of Sociology at Univ. Ljubljana [Slavoj, “Nobody Has to Be Vile,” london review of books, vol. 28 no. 7]

Liberal communists are pragmatic; … for the rise of the intolerance he denounces.

The impact is the root of histories worst atrocities—these projected fantasies result in inevitable tensions between the real and the symbolic that reproduces constant genocidal violence

Stavrakakis ’99 – Department of Government at the University of Essex, Director of Ideology and Discourse Analysis Program (Yannis, Lacan and the Political, p. 99-105)

In order to answer these questions …filled in 99 different ways (seminar of 21 November 1962).

Our alternative is to embrace the role of the analyst—rather than proposing new solutions, we should investigate the pathological desires of the Aff—this is a prerequisite for any autonomy over our own actions

Mootz 2k – Visiting Professor of Law at Pennsylvania State University [Francis J II, Pyschotherapeutic procatice as a model for postmodern legal theory,” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, Summer, 12 Yale J.L. & Human. 299]

Habermas does not pretend that his … of rational communication are satisfied.

Transformational Diplomacy Disad

A. Uniqueness - The US is now focusing on transformational diplomacy but it requires careful budget prioritization to be effective

Rice 07- US Secretary of State

[Remarks at the Interaction 2007 Annual Forum, ]

Today, the idea that … the means by which to deliver it.

B. The Links - Aid allocations are focused on programs that produce a sustainable impact now---increased programs tradeoff with efficiency of current diplomatic programs

Tobias 3/28/07 - US Director of Foreign Assistance and Administrator of USAID

[Randall L. ]

Based on the new … that they did.

And Trans diplomacy will be difficult to implement – it requires a smooth reorganization process

Finn 06 - Ambassador

[Robert P., Transformational Diplomacy, ]

The plan that … or a hindrance in this.

C. The Impacts - Transformational Diplomacy is key to effective global democracy promotion

Rummel 06 - Professor of political science at the University of Hawaii

[R.J. This is from his Blog “Why Foster Global Freedom?,”, 3/7, ]

I want to follow up my … to take the fight to the enemy but also to combat the ideology of hatred that uses terror as a weapon.

And that solves extinction

Diamond 95 - Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution

[Larry, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, December, ]

This hardly exhausts … and prosperity can be built.

China Counterplan

China has already begun to hone its aid to the continent—they have the propensity to provide three times the aid given by rich countries

Christian Science Monitor 7 (“China Takes up civic work in Africa” 6/27, )

But increasingly, China is both … African Union peacekeeping force in Darfur.

Chinese aid is superior because of its focus on infrastructure

IWEALA, Finance Minister of Nigeria, 07 (Washington Post, , February 20, DY)

CHINA'S AID TO … the issue of colonialism will not arise.

China Disad

A. Aid programs are critical to China’s soft power

Boston Globe 6/3/07 (Joshua Kurlantzik, fellow at the USC School of Public Diplomacy and the Pacific Council on International Policy, “Into Africa,” )

China's aid programs have been …Policy Research Office.

B. US Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa is Zero Sum with Chinese Aid

Phillip C. Saunders 06 (Senior Research Fellow in the Institute for National Strategic Studies at the National Defense University “China’s Global Activism: Strategy, Drivers, and Tools” )

China’s increased global … would otherwise be consid- ered low priorities

C. Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence

Gill and Huang 2006 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',” Volume 48 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, )

A most intriguing example … invested more than $100bn on the mainland.

D. Taiwanese push for independence will escalate into a global nuclear war

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU

[James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless … in the Asia Pacific region.

Kenya Stability Disad

The US and European Union have threatened to suspend all Aid to Kenya, prompting concessions by the Kenyan government

Malaysia Sun, 1/15/08

Kenya welcomes Annan's mediation efforts

Nairobi, Jan 15 (Xinhua) The Kenyan government …mediation efforts to resolve the crisis failed,

Post election violence in Kenya has pushed it to the brink of civil war, which would destroy regional stability – Having a credible threat of withholding assistance is critical to pressuring Kibaki into compromise

Jonathan Stevenson, 1/6/08 (a professor of strategic studies at the U.S. Naval War College, “Kenya too important to let collapse”, )

Kenya has been the anchor of political …and a planned $300 million international bond issue.

And Conflicts in East Africa escalate into global conflagration – Great powers intervene to protect shipping lanes

Caroline B. Glick, 12/12/07 (the senior Middle East fellow at the Center for Security Policy in Washington, D.C., The Center for Security Policy is a non-profit, non-partisan national security organization that specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security and then ensures that such issues are the subject of both focused, principled examination and effective action by recognized policy experts, appropriate officials, opinion leaders, and the general public, “Condi's African holiday”, )

The Horn of Africa is a … and global powers.

And these conflicts risk WMD use

Lancaster, 2K

(Carol, Associate Professor and Director of the Master's of Science in Foreign Service program at Georgetown University, Foreign Affairs, October, 2000)

THE MOST BASIC CHALLENGE … could prove more dangerous than ever.

LOST Good – Political Capital Shell

Passage is key to United States’ environmental leadership and preventing the destruction of the oceans

Schlickeisen in 2007 (Rodger, Newsblaze News, )

Ratifying the UN Convention on the … for America's role as a leader in international conservation efforts.

Extinction

Craig 03, Associate Professor at Indiana University School of Law [Robin Kundis, “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection”, McGeorge Law Review, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266, LN]

Biodiversity and ecosystem function …even if a few fishers go out of business as a result.

SCHIP Veto Good – GOP Backlash Shell

C. Impacts – The Tobacco Tax used to pay for it would Crush the US economy, which is already on the brink of recession

Deroy Murdock, 9/21/07 (New York commentator Deroy Murdock is a columnist with the Scripps Howard News Service and a media fellow with the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace at Stanford University., “Tax-Happy Dems Jeopardize US Economy”)

Now that recession-warning lights …it delivers — good and hard.

Economic decline risks extinction

Bearden, Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army, 2K (Tom, June 24, , Accessed 9/11/03)

History bears out that … perhaps most of the biosphere, at least for many decades.

Colombia Good 1NC

C. Impacts – It is key to fight Narco-Terrorism in Latin America

Engle & Hastert 07

[US Representatives, April 24, FNS]

I am pleased to welcome everyone to … It is part of the War on Terrorism.

Extinction

Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 8/28/03 (Washington Times)

Last week's brutal … regional and global security concerns.

Armenian Genocide Resolution Bad – Political Capital Shell

And passage of the resolution causes Turkey to invade Kurdish Iraq, Destroying Middle East stability

NY Sun, 10/18/07

U.S. Working To Keep Turks Out of Iraq

WASHINGTON — American diplomats are working …on the part of the Turks."

Middle East conflict causes global nuclear war

Steinbach 2002 – Analyst, Center for Research on Globalisation



Meanwhile, the existence of an … a world conflagration." (44)

FISA Good – Political Capital Shell

That’s key to prevent a terrorist attack

AP, 2/13/08

Bush on Terrorist Surveillance, Speech by president Bush

Director, thank you for joining me. …. And they must do so immediately.

Extinction

Yonah Alexander, professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 8/28/03 (Washington Times)

Last week's brutal suicide bombings in …and global security concerns.

Saudi Deal Good

Rejecting the Saudi deal would devastate relations with Saudi Arabia.

Marwan Kabalan, lecturer in media and international relations, Faculty of Political Science and Media, Damascus University, Syria, 8/2/2007. “Arms deal strengthens US-Saudi alliance,” Gulf News, .

Before arriving in the Middle … alliance with Riyadh.

US-Saudi relations are a critical aspect of stability and security—they prevent other middle east conflicts from escalating.

James Russel Senior Lecturer for the Department of National Security Affairs, 2002. "Deconstructing the U.S.-Saudi Partnership?", Strategic Insights September 3 at the Center for Contemporary Conflict.

As a lynchpin of U.S. security strategy … consequences for regional security.

Middle East conflict causes global nuclear war

Steinbach 2002 – Analyst, Center for Research on Globalisation



Meanwhile, the existence of an arsenal of mass ... - the deepening Middle East conflict could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

Merida Good – Political Capital 1NC

Calderon will pass reforms vital to sustain Pemex – but he needs political support of the Left

Stratfor, Strategic Forecasting, “Calderon's Overhaul Moves Ahead”, 9-20-2007, Premium Service, )

The Mexican Congress approved the final … he is in a very strong position to try.

Rejecting Merida inflames the Left and undermines Calderon

Jorge Chabat, Professor – Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas, “U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation”, CFR, 10-30-2007,

As Armand points out, … clear that it is happening right now.

Pemex collapse causes a global recession

Kurt Cobb, Energy Writer, “Mexico and the First Peak Oil Mass Migration”, Resource Insights, 4-1-2007,

More than a third of Mexico's … and their desperation rise.

Global nuclear war

Walter Russel Mead, Senior Felow – Council on Foreign Relations, New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer 1992, p. 30

The failure to develop … in the 1930's.

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Air Force

Contention One: Way up high in the Rolie Polie Sky

Air Force operational readiness is tanked—we are fighting a ground war

with air power. Medics specifically have been in high demand.

McMichael, 07 (William, "Iraq Ops Taxing Readiness, Experts Say, How

Effectively Could U.S. Handle Another Threat?" December 2)

And, they can't win a unique disadvantage—the Air Force will

inevitably play a role in AFRICOM, its only a question of whether its

response is sufficient.

O'Conner, 07 (Seamus, Air Force Times, "AfriCom probably won't own

many aircraft," November 27)

Thus, the plan: the United States federal government should provide

all necessary resources to the Air Force Medical Service to conduct

medical readiness missions limited to humanitarian and civic

assistance and medical response to disasters under the International

Health Specialists Program in the topically designated areas.

Contention Two: We're the Swellest Kid Around

1) Medical readiness missions are critical to rapidly enhancing

competency for medics, which is a critical internal link to mission

success. Only the plan can create a transition to mobile footprint

teams that free up combative forces and solve readiness problems. The

alternative is multiple scenarios for nuclear crises and natural

disasters.

Carleton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the

United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

None of their troop level arguments are responsive—the medical

readiness of the Air Force can sustain rapid global mobility even with

a decline in forward-deployed troops. Medics are the first line in

elevating readiness levels.

Mitchell, 01 (Marguerite, Uniformed Services

University of Health and Sciences, "Medical Readiness of Air Force

Members Not on Deployment for Shortfall Deployments," Defense

Technical Information Center, May)

2) The International Health Specialists program is key to effective

leadership and military engagement—the plan is key to facilitating

successful military engagement around the globe.

Ward et Al, 02 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel

McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the

International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon

General's Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee;

)

Military medics are the tip of the spear in building security

partnerships and reduce the likelihood of conflict. Empirics are on

our side.

Carlton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the

United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

This ensures unimpeded air power access and basing in Africa.

Pre-emptive air engagement with Africa is

key to the sustainability of hegemony and rapid global mobility.

Hall, 03 (Brian, Colonel in the United States Air Force, Deputy

Director of the United States Joint Forces Command, Rutgers

University,  Marine Corps Command and Staff college, September 4)

3) The Impacts:

 A. Sustainable United States forward deployment prevents multiple

scenarios for nuclear conflict—prefer it to any other power structure.

All of their impacts are more likely in a world without American

predominance.

Kagan, 07 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace, "End of Dreams, Return of History," Policy

Review, )

B. Air power prevents global WMD conflicts

Khalilzad and Lesser , 98 (Zalmay and Ian, Senior Researchers – Rand,

Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century,

)

More extinction

Straits Times, 00 ["Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over

Taiwan," Jun 25, LN]

Contention Three: We ran out of Rolie Polie Olie References

Scenario One: Disease

Lack of health infrastructure in Africa spurs drug resistant strains

)

Extinction

South China Morning Post, 96 (Ben Abraham, One of the 100 Greatest

Minds in History according to Mensa, ", "Leading the way to a cure for

AIDS," P. Lexis, January 4)

Scenario Two: Bioterrorism

The US is uniquely vulnerable to bio-weapon threat dude to poor

training of military medical personnel

Defeo, 06 (Joseph, Captain of the United States Navy, "Joint Medical

Readiness: Are We Ready to Answer the WMD Threat?" March 15

 p. 7)

Unconstrained bio-attacks cause extinction—none of you're impact

defense is responsive.

Steinbrauner, 97 (Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Committee

on International Security and Arms Control, December 22, Foreign Policy)

The capacity to minimize the death toll in a domestic attackis

crucial- large casualties ensures a US response that escalates to a

nuclear war

Conley, 03 (Harry W., chief of the systems analysis Branch,

Directorate of Requirements, Air and Space Power Journal- Spring 2003-



The plan solves—only the IHS has the expertise in regional medical

threats and can build sufficient infrastructure

Ward et Al, 02 (Jane, Colonel Kerrie G. Lindberg, Major Daniel

McNulty, Major Mona Ternus; former director and manager of the

International Health Specialist Program, administrator of the Surgeon

General's Tactical Action Team, individual mobilization augmentee;

)

DOD medics have technical advances that are critical to containing

disease outbreaks and biological attacks—other actors don't stand a

chance

Carleton, 01 (Lieutenant General Paul, The Surgeon General of the

United States Air Force, "Air Force: Service a Privilege," January)

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Djibouti

Contention One: AFRICOM is watching its Djibouti

The United States' new military command AFRICOM's credibility is being undermined by the administration's excessive focus on security.

Mills, McNamee, Lorenzo, and Uttle, 07 (Greg, Terence, Mauro, and Matthew, Brenthurst Foundation, "AFRICOM and African Security," April, )

In October 2008… insecurities, but Africa's.

The United States needs to expand AFRICOM beyond existing operations in order to offset apprehension and dissolve perceptions of the United States as a threat.

Morrison, 07 (Stephen, Executive Director of the HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director of the Africa Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Testimony by J. Stephen before the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on Africa, "Exploring the U.S. Africa Command and a New Strategic Relationship with Africa," August 1 ,)

Across Africa, and in Europe … and the interagency process.

Thus, the Plan: The United States federal government should provide necessary assistance to substantially expand medical civil action programs operating in Djibouti under the Combined Joint Task force for the Horn of Africa.

Military operations in Djibouti serve as a template for all of the United States strategic—renewed recognition off Djibouti's role will be modeled by all of the adjacent commands.

Schermerhorn, 05 (Lange, Served as the Political Advisor to the CJTF-HOA, Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.); "Djibouti: A Special Role in the War on Terrorism," Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p. 48-49)

Djibouti has achieved … Pacific Commands.

Contention Two: the European Command gets a Feel for Djibouti

The European Command is in a transitional period—the success of the African Command will play an integral role in the re-crafting of all combatant commands to create interagency cooperation that creates successful engagement with Russia, protect sea lanes, and maintains energy security.

Garamone, 07 (Jim, American Forces Press Services, "Craddock Discusses Africa, European Command Changes," March 5, )

"EUCOM has plenty … higher-tempo basis.

The inflexibility of the European Command is threatening the credibility of America's Alliance with NATO and leaves the United States vulnerable to asymmetric threats--only a new approach can fix the failing post-Cold War Structures.

Wald, 04 (Charles, General and Deputy Commander of the United States European Command, "US European Command and Transformation," dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/0537.pdf)

Since the collapse … partners to win this war.

Independently, Sustainable forward deployment in Europe is key to preventing nuclear conflict—prefer this to any other power structure. All of their impacts are more likely in a world without United States regopna; predominance.

Kagan, 07 (Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "End of Dreams, Return of History," Policy Review, )

Finally, … will provide an easier path.

Contention Three: Russia

Russia's assignment to the European Command has fractured the United States ability to respond to contingencies in the region and undermines military-to-military cooperation that is vital to preventing war with Russia.

Oiker, 03 (Olga, RAND: Project Airforce, "Assessing Russia's Decline: Trends and Implications for the United States and the U.S. Air Force,")

Russia has … such goals.

War with Russia is the only credible scenario for nuclear extinction—this outweighs all other impacts.

Caldicott, 02 [(Helen- Founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility, The new nuclear danger, p. 7-12)]

If launched from Russia… annihilation of the planet .

Contention Four: The Air Force's Djibouti

Air Force readiness is at an all time low—strains risk collapse.

Grossman, 06 (Senior Correpondent, Inside the Pentagon, Inside the Army, 7-10, Lexis)

Although ground …are in short supply.

Missions in the Horn of Africa are key to the successful training and readiness of Air Force service by creating inter-task force cooperation that will be modeled in combatant missions. Prefer our evidence—we have empirical examples.

Bernard, 07 (Carrie, Sergeant in the Combined Joint Task Force for the Horn of Africa, "Airpower role essential in Africa," March 5, )

With a mission … home from this rotation

United States Air power deters multiple nuclear, chemical, and biological conflicts in Asia and the Middle East

Khalilzad and Lesser, 98 (Zalmay and Ian, Senior Researches – Rand, Sources of Conflict in the 21st Century, )

This subsection attempts …conflicts have already broken out.

Contention Five: Solvency

The success of the task force is key establishing the legitimacy of the African Command through its structures of interagency cooperation. This will prevent conflicts and future intervention

Barnett, 07 (Thomas, Professor and Strategic Researcher at the United States Naval War College and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, "The Americans Have Landed," June 27, )

America is going … replicated across the entire continent.

The Combined Joint Task Force is a critical model of bifurcation of the military that will serve as a template for the African command.

Barnett, 07 (Thomas, Distinguished strategist at the Oak Ridge Center for Advanced Studies, Senior Strategic Researcher at the United States Naval War College, and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, "Africa command: How America organizes to win war and peace," June 24, Knox News, )

For years now…, forging the obvious solution.

Mercer Island CK – Affirmative – Namibia Biodiversity

As the water crisis continues the Okavango Delta is at risk of becoming a region rife with water shortages

Reuters 00 (Reuters News Service, "Africa deluge masks water shortage threat", March 15, 2000, < > Accessed September 15, 2007)

"As water becomes… lucrative tourist industry"

The 2005 Water for the Poor Act has been ignored and plans are to decrease future water assistance to Africa south of the Sahara.

Blumenauer 7 (Earl, leading congressional Water expert and representative on the House Ways and Means Committee, "Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs," Federal News Service)

"Our legislation was… I find it incomprehensible."

The United States federal government should substantially increase funding and implementation of the regional strategies of H.R. 1973 in Angola, Bostwana, and Namibia. We Reserve the right to clarify.

And, this will spillover because of the commitment to regional institutions. This is what our plan does -

Simon 6 (Ron Paul, Us Congressman and leader behind the Water for the Poor Act, "Senator Paul Simon: Water for the Poor Act of 2005", )

"The U.S. will… of freshwater resources."

Contention Two: Biodiversity

Advantage One: The Delicious Delta

First, Water Shortages are happening in the status quo and are expected to continue

Sibeene 7 (Petronella Sibeene, Chief Medical Officer in Caprivi, "Water Shortage Threatens Small Stock", , August 30th, 2007, < > Accessed September 16th, 2007)

Small stock farmers… the drought situation.

Second, more water shortages in Namibia will force the government to build hydroelectric dams and pipelines to exploit the Okavango Basin.

Mbaiwa 3 (Joseph E. Mbaiwa University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. "Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana."

WaterNet%20Theme%205/Causes%20and%20possible%20solutions%20to%20potential%20water%20resource%20co.pdf)

"The Okavango River… along the basin."

And, The use of the Okavango Delta water resources for development resources without comprehensive management will result in irreversible changes in the basin's water balance and crush biodiversity as a whole.

Monna 99 (Stevie, Botswana National Convservation Strategy Coordinating Agency, "A Framework for International Cooperation for the Management of the Okavango Basin and Delta," People and Wetlands the Vital Link, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands, May )

The biodiversity of… intervention is necessary.

And, The Okavango Delta is facing extinction—the plan is key to preventing the collapse of the entire African wetland ecosystem.

Monna 99 (Stevie, Botswana National Convservation Strategy Coordinating Agency, "A Framework for International Cooperation for the Management of the Okavango Basin and Delta," People and Wetlands the Vital Link, 7th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties of the Convention on Wetlands, May )

"The Okavango Delta… construction to medicinal uses."

And, Loss of ecosystems and species will cause planetary extinction

Diner 94 (David, Judge Advocate's General's Corps of US Army, Military Law Review, Winter, lexis)

Why Do We Care?... to the abyss.

Additionally, Even a small change will cause extinction

ENN 1 (Environmental News Network, October 12, 2001, "Gradual change can push ecosystems into collapse", < > )

After decades… them collapse."

And this Outweighs Nuclear War, Environmental Collapse, and Energy Insecurity

Tobin 90 (Richard J. Tobin, World Renown Author "The Expendable Future: U.S. Politics and the Protection of Biological Diversity", 1990)

In fact, when… the United States.

And, Namibia is uniquely at risk for environmental degradation

Gardner-Outlaw and Engleman 97 (Tom and Robert, "Sustaining Water, Easing Scarcity: A Second Update," Revised Data for the Population Action International Report, )

One place where… long-term solution is urgent

Advantage Two: America is The 'Next Top Model'

First, US Actions to protect wetlands under the Ramsar Convention are modeled by other countries that are under Ramsar

Podolsky 1 (Michael j. Podolsky, Case Western Law, U.S. Wetlands Policy, Legislation, and Case Law as Applied to the Wise Use Concept of the Ramsar Convention, Case Western Reserve University, 52 Case W. Res. 627, Winter 2001)

U.S. wetlands… items as critical components.

Second, US Environmental Actions are modeled worldwide

Tobin 90 (Richard J. Tobin, World Renown Author "The Expendable Future: U.S. Politics and the Protection of Biological Diversity", 1990)

Still another reason for… but elsewhere as well.

Third, Environment Regulation Modeling is Key to Wetlands in Kenya

World Resources Institute 7(World Resources Institute, 2007, Environmental Accountability in Africa (EAA): Legislative Environmental Representation, )

When power… basic of functions

And, Aquatic species are key to survival and the environment

Current Science 6 (5(10), 9-10, p.574, )

Aquatic ecosystems sustain… spiritual and cultural development.

Fourth, the Black Rhino is in the Kenyan Wetlands

RAMSAR 5 (Ramsar Convention, September 27th, 2005, , "The Annotated Ramsar List: Kenya")

The Convention on.. information: 2005

And, the Rhino is key to biodiversity - the extinction of the rhino will collapse the environment

WWF 6 (World Wildlife Fund, 2006, Factsheet, "Species fact sheet: African Rhinos", )

Rhinos are 'flagship'… and law-enforcement measures

Contention Three: Solvency

The Okavango Delta is best managed by the United States – Other countries will twist the arms of national leaders for their own interests, and this best solves because we must build international-national and local cooperation.

Hasler 2 (Richard, Research Associate, Project for Land and Agrarian Studies, Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, "Political Ecologies of Scale and the Okavango Delta: Hydro-politics, Property Rights and Community Based Wildlife Management." June 2002)

In more ways than… the costs of trying.

And, USAID is funded by the Water for the poor act, they can work with Community Based Natural Resource Management

Hasler 2 (Richard, Research Associate, Project for Land and Agrarian Studies, Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, "Political Ecologies of Scale and the Okavango Delta: Hydro-politics, Property Rights and Community Based Wildlife Management." June 2002)

An example of … through District Councils.

And, The Water for the Poor Act has failed to work in the Okavango Delta because of mixed priorities, only our aff can solve this, it's try or die for the affirmative.

Lochery 07 (Peter, Water Team Director for CARE, "Beyond the Status Quo: Bringing Down Barriers to Water and Sanitation Provision in Africa through Implementation of the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health," )

The Water for the Poor… attention that it so desperately needs.

Contention Four: ___

The negative's links and aid bad arguments are non-unique – The US has an ad hoc and uncoordinated water assistance program in effect in the status quo

CSIS 5 (9-30, Center for Strategic & Internat'l Studies, Global Water Futures, OGWF_9-28-05.PDF)

At the… policy goals.

Our Aff's Commitment to biodiversity breaks down the dominant structures that cause suffering. We uniquely solve for the evils of patriarchy, violence, colonialism, militarism, and globalization. We solve all your other impacts by recognizing the biological imperative

Hawthorn 01 (Gale Group, "wild politics: feminism, globilization, and biodiviserty")

Beyond that… how we act

A Nuclear War wouldn't cause extinction – their claims are exaggerated

Martin 82 (Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong. "Critique of Nuclear Extinction" Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1982, pp. 287-300)

To summarise the… does not exist.

A Limited Nuclear War is more likely

Martin 82 (Brian Martin is Professor of Social Sciences in the School of Social Sciences, Media and Communication at the University of Wollongong. "Critique of Nuclear Extinction" Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1982, pp. 287-300)

It often has… apathy and resignation.

Add-Ons

Angola Oil Add-On

More water shortages in Namibia will force the government to build hydro-electric dams and pipelines to exploit the Okavango Basin, blocking sediments.. This causes war with its neighbors—Angola and Botswana

Mbaiwa 3 (Joseph E. Mbaiwa University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre. "Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana."

WaterNet%20Theme%205/Causes%20and%20possible%20solutions%20to%20potential%20water%20resource%20co.pdf)

The Okavango River… living along the basin.

Angola is key to Chinese energy security—it is its largest supplier of crude oil on the African Continent.

Horta, 06 [Lora, Asian security analyst based in Beijing, regular contributor to the Straits Times, Asia Times and the Jakarta Post, 23 June 2006 ''China and Angola Strengthen Bilateral Relationship'']

In 2004, Angola became China's…. policies has increased accordingly.

War in the delta causes oil market collapse—conflict creates battle for access to pipelines larger cuts from the petrodollar, and bunkering would sky-rocket oil prices.

Thompson, 07 (Christopher, reporter for the Black Agenda Report, a journal about African American political thought and action. The Scramble for Africa's Oil. June 20, )

Within a decade…. send world oil prices sky-high.

Energy security is key to preventing war in the South china Sea—China will go to war for oil.

Lai, 07 (Hongyi Harry, Research Fellow at the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore, China's oil diplomacy: is it a global security threat?, Third World Quarterly, Volume 28, Issue 3 April 2007, pages 519 - 537, EBSCOhost)

In recent years international security.

The impact is extinction

Cirincione, 00[ Cirincione, director of the Non-Proliferation Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000 Joseph, Foreign Policy, "The Asian Nuclear Reaction Chain," Lexis]

The blocks would… nuclear weapon since 1945.

Kenyan Water-Wars Add-On

Kenyan Wetlands destruction leads to a full out war killing 3 billion people

African Church Information Service, 01 (Highly qualified because they speak the word of God, March 5, 2001, AllAfrica)

Disagreements over water catchment….. control arable land - with water.

Egypt would be involved—they have heavy interest in the Nile that flows into Lake Victoria.

Mostly Africa, 07 (:"Kenya: ... will no longer honour Nile Treaty ... Egypt mad")

Kenya has decided it will no longer …. relationship to the river.

Africa-Egypt war will go nuclear

PINR 2k6 (Dario Cristiano, 10/4, )

Cairo has produced… around the world.

Mercer Island CK – Negative

Hegemony Bad 

1) Hegemony is gone, Multipolarity is emerged. Even if they win a risk of deterring rivals, domestic issues mean primacy can’t be sustained.

 

Olive, 07 (David, the Toronto Star, “From Hyperpower to New World Disorder,” December 29) 

2) Refusing to allow the rise of new powers fails and ensures great power conflict – abandoning a strategy of hegemony would force smaller powers to take care of regional problems 

Schwarz and Layne, 02 (Benjamin and Christopher, Editor of the Atlantic and Research Fellow with the Center on Peace and Libberty at the Independent Institute “A New Grand Strategy” Atlantic Monthly, January 1st)

3) Even if they win they can prolong hegemony in the short term, they can’t sustain it—re-balancing of power, strategic overstretch, and financial burdens.

 

Layne, 06 (Christopher,Professor of Political Science at Texas A&MThe Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to Present, Cornell University Press (Ithica), p. 148)

4) Space

A) Hegemony causes a buildup of space weapons.

 

Michael E. O’Hanlon, Testimony before the Subcommittee on Strategic Forces of the House Armed Services Committee, 2006

[“The State of Space: From Strategic Reconnaissance to Tactical Warfighting to Possible Weaponsization” ed. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, June 21, p. 13]

B) Extinction

 

Washington Times, 05[“Nuclear War Threat Still Very Real”, ] 

5) Proliferation

A) Hegemony causes proliferation and oil shocks

Weber et al, 07 (Steven, How Globalization Went Bad, Foreign Policy)

B) Escalatory nuclear war. 

Utgoff, 02 (Victor, Deputy Director for Strategy, Forces and Resources at the Institute for Defense Analyses, Survival, “Proliferation, Missile Defense and American Ambitions”, Volume 44, Number 2, Summer, p. 87-90) 

C. Economic Collapse and Extinction

 

Riddoch, 04 (Dr. Malcolm, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, June 19, )

US hegemony spawns a Russia-China alliance. The impact is extinction.

 

Roberts, 07 Former Senior Research Fellow @ the Hoover Institution, Former Distinguished Cato Fellow, Former William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy @ the CSIS, Former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy in the Reagan Administration (Paul Craig, 8/9, Anti-, “US Hegemony Spawns Russian-Chinese Military Alliance,” )

A) Hegemony causes war with China over Taiwan

Layne 06 - visiting associate professor at the Naval postgraduate School and consultant to the RAND Corporation (Christopher, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present, pg. 163-165)

B) Extinction

 

Straits Times, 00 (“Regional Fallout: No one gains in war over Taiwan,” Jun 25, LN) 

Security

United States action in sub-Saharan Africa is a drive to secure and neutralize antagonism. This promotion of a better world is premised on the exporting of the United States standard of human that must be violently secured.

 

Noorani, 05 (Yaseen, “The Rhetoric of Security,” CR: The New Centennial Review, 5.1) 

Once the enemy is labeled as a threat to security and abstract notions of humanity they cease to be fully human and are annihilated.

 

Odysseos, 04 (Louiza, Ph.D, Professor of Politics and International Studies at the University of London, “Über Die Linie? Carl Schmitt and Martin Heidegger on the Line(s) of Cosmopolitanism and the War on Terror,” September, p. 19-21) 

The affirmative will always isolate new threats to the world order—the quest to control difference recycles the need for security

 

Der Derian, 98 (James, Director of Watson Institute Global Security Program, Former Rhodes Scholar, On Security, “The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard,” ed. Ronnie Lipschutz. ciaonet) 

The alternative is to affirm difference and learn to live with insecurity. Total security is an impossible paradox—disorder is inevitable because we live in a dangerous world. Efforts to control this fear are futile and can only recreate insecurity.

 

Der Derian, 98 (James, Political Science Professor at the University of Massachusetts, On Security,ed: Lipschitz, The Value of Security: Hobbes, Marx, Nietzsche, and Baudrillard, Decentering Security).   

Merida Initiative

A) Uniqueness—the Merida Initiative will pass.

 

Bremer, 08 (Catherine, “US Ups Border Gun Checks As Mexico Drug Deaths Jump,” Reuters, January 16)  

B) Link—Health assistance tanks political capital.

 

Carroll, 01(Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report) 

C) Internal Link—that derails the Bill

Heredia, 07 (BBC News) 

D) Impacts

1) The Merida Initiative is the lynchpin to US-Mexican Relations

 

Chabat, 07 (Jorge, “U.S. Mexico Security Cooperation,” October 30) 

2) Key to the Economy

 

Villarreal Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division 2005 (US-Mexico Economic relations )  

3) Extinction

 

Bearden, 00 (Tom, PhD in Nuclear Engineering, “Zero-Point Energy”, April 25, ) 

Law of the Sea

A. Unique Internal Link—Law of the Sea will pass but political capital is key.

Boyer 10-29-07

B. Link—Health assistance tanks political capital.

 

Carroll, 01(Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

C. Impact

1) Solves war with Russia.

 

The Toronto Star ’07 (Andrew Chung – staff writer – 8/12, “A simple act, but complex questions,” Lexis)

2) Extinction

 

Bostrum, 02 (Nick, PhD and Professor at Oxford, March, volume9/risks.html) 

Malthus

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA IS ON THE BRING OF A MALTHUSIAN CRUNCH – CARRYING CAPACITY HAS BEEN OVERSHOT AND ONLY MASSIVE POPULATION REDUCTION CAN PREVENT CONTINENTAL CATASTROPHE.

KATES, Professor of Philosophy @ Ithaca College, 2K4

DEATH CHECKS ARE KEY – EVERY PERSON SAVED KILLS 7.6 IN THE CRUNCH.

ROBBS, AID Analyst, 1987

OVERPOPULATION CAUSES GENOCIDAL WARS THAT DESTROY CULTURAL DIVERSITY THAT CAUSES EXTINCTION.

KODEL, M.D., family physician in private practice in Los Angeles, volunteer t for The Children's Nature Institute, 2K4

WE HAVE AN ETHICAL OBLIGATION TO PRESERVE CARRYING CAPACITY – ABSOLUTE REVERENCE FOR HUMAN LIFE IRONICALLY LEADS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE VERY THING HELD MOST SACRED.

HARDIN, PROFESSOR EMERITUS HUMAN ECOLOGY AT UCSB, 1991

EU Counterplan

The European Union is best suited for public health assistance in sub-Saharan Africa.

  

European Union and Border Conflicts. 7-8-04.   

Canada Counterplan

Canada solves best – it has shared legal, economy, and cultural ties with Africa that ensure solvency while avoiding anti-western resentment

CCAfrica 2004 (Brief #1, “Canada & Africa Matching Reputation With Action in the 21st Century”, Canadian Council on Africa, September, )

Lacan

Social harmony does not exist – it is forever beyond the horizon – yet the affirmative participates in the same attempts to create a utopian vision of the world – one in which there is no war and there is peace and everybody gets along – yet this is simply an attempt to cover up the lack – the holes in society.  This ultimately ends up in the annihilation of those who disturb our conception of utopia

 

Stavrakakis, 99 (Yannis, Visiting Fellow in Government at the University of Essex, “Lacan and the Political,” p63-65) 

The alternative is to maintain a distance towards the social order in order to open the lack. We endorse the gap between ideologies. This is the only space that true revolutionary action can occur. The role of the intellectual is not to live in a founded reality—but rather to call out its artificial nature.

Zizek, 93 (Slavoj, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Studies, University of Ljubljana, “Tarrying with the Negative,” p1-2) 

Baudrillard

A. The affirmative attempts to liberate the human from the shackles of the twenty-first century are too strong; this liberation circulates suffering and the like in a binary form between its supposed causes and effects, replaying the same old song and dance for eternity.

Baudrillard ’94 (Jean, Master of Sex and Television and France, The Illusion of the End. 1-3.)

B. The alternative is nothing, a reversal to the state of inaccessibility. Refuse the affirmative’s call to add further layers to our simulated reality.

Agamben ’93 (Giorgio, Professor of Philosophy @ University of Marcerata. Stanzas: Word and Phantasm in Western Culture. Translated by R.L. Martinez.)

Nuclear Malthus

1) Global war is inevitable—as mankind destroys the last of the natural environment it will finally become knowledge that there is not enough room to sustain life on the planet. The only solution to this and the ultimate destruction of the biosphere is immediate global war. Every moment we wait our impacts only become more likely.

 

Caldwell, 01 (Joseph, “On Saving the Environment, and the Inevitability of Global War,” May 8)

2) We control the direction of extinction—every year brings the earth one step closer to complete biological destruction. Industrial activity has contributed to biodiversity loss, global warming, and the human population explosion.

 

Caldwell, 03 (Joseph, “The End of the World and the new World Order,” May 8)

3) None of their alternative causalities matter—only a global nuclear war can halt the ongoing industrial activity that makes biosphere collapse and total planetary extinction inevitable.

 

Caldwell, 03 (Joseph, “The End of the World and the new World Order,” May 8)

4) If the risk of nuclear war is not zero—it is an eventual certainty

 

Boulding, 91 (Kenneth, After the Cold War: Questioning the Morality of Nuclear Deterrence, p104)

Milton BL – Affirmative – Water

Water Affirmative- 1AC

Text: The United States federal government should increase access to improved water sources in “at need” topically designated areas.

We’ll clarify.

Contention 1 is Inherency

Lack of clean water is killing millions in Africa and exacerbating conflicts – US action is key

DABELKO 6 – 29 – 05 Director, Envt’l Change & Security ProgramWoodrow Wilson Int’l Center for Scholars

[Geoffrey D., “Congressional Testimony: Water and Sanitation,” news/docs/testimonyHR1973.doc]

We are all aware of the devastation wrought ………………..are still doing too little to address the water crisis.

Put away your DAs- Bush is pushing for aid now and is succeeding

All Africa 2/26

[]

Since taking office in 2001, the Bush administration ……………..under the African Growth and Opportunity Act.

Advantage 1 is Stability and Diplomacy

A perceived imbalance of water distributions will destabilize the entire region of Africa and cause small conflicts to escalate internationally—Africa is the most likely place to be impacted

C.S.I.S. 05 Center for Strategic Int'l Studies – Sandia National Laboratory

["Global Water Futures: Addressing Our Global Water Future," 9/30/05, White Paper, ]

Finding 3: Water problems are geopolitically ………….. transboundary and domestic instabilities.

Water stress causes internal instability – multiple reasons

OECD, 05 (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.. “Mainstreaming Conflict Prevention.” )

Water quality is mainly related to ………………may potentially spill over into violence.

And, African conflict will spread and draw in outside powers to escalate to nuclear war

Deutsch, 02

(Dr. Jeffrey Deutsch, Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project: An Organization Devoted to Political Risk Consulting and Related Research, Contributing Editor for Russian Politics, and PHD in economics from GMU, 11/18/02. )

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war …………… troubled waters, and some people love to go fishing.

Finally, working together to solve water creates participatory frameworks to minimize the risk of conflicts developing over other issues

DABELKO 05- Director, Envt'l Change & Security Program Woodrow Wilson Int'l Center for Scholars

[Geoffrey D., "Congressional Testimony: Water and Sanitation," news/docs/testimonyHR1973.doc ]

Not only can cooperative water ………….steps may prevent the reemergence of conflict.

Advantage 2 is Hegemony

The United States action on water is vital – it alone can coordinate and create global action to combat water scarcity – Africa will create global awareness—sustaining US leadership

C.S.I.S. 05 Center for Strategic Int’l Studies – Sandia National Laboratory

[“Global Water Futures: Addressing Our Global Water Future,” 9/30/05, White Paper, ]

THEME FOUR: The United States should ………………..campaign to elevate water as a foreign policy priority.

Water policies are vital to increase US credibility and overcoming our poor image abroad- makes the US look good.

PETERSON 6 – 21 – 07 The Senior VP of CSIS

(Erik, “Below the Surface: U.S. International Water Policy,” )

As we scan the more distant time ………………… political will to put a far-sighted strategy into place.

American influence is the only alternative way to prevent multiple scenarios of nuclear war- all other solution make problems worse.

Kagan 07

[Robert, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History” Policy Review ( ons/policyreview/8552512.html #n10)]

Finally, there is the United States itself…………….. global involvement will provide an easier path.

Water Affirmative- African Relations Add-on

US leadership in Africa to fight disease and give water is necessary to rebuild US-African ties and gain support from many delegates.

National Summit on Africa 00

[]

The well-being of any society requires a healthy population, an adequate public health system, and safe water .................if they were operating in the United States.

Effective counterterrorism cooperation requires maintaining stable partnerships with African governments

Johnson 06 - formerly Commander in Chief Allied Forces, Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH) and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe (COMUSNAVEUR).

(Gregory, "The "Long War" Demands Proactive Engagement in Africa", October 2, )

The long war can be won. But to facilitate its success and keep the U.S. focused for an extended period of time...................to enhance America's twenty-first century security – let's not miss it.

These organizations will gain access to nuclear weapons to be used against the US

Dempsey 06

(Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, )

Raising the Stakes: The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist Threat. The threat that terrorist hubs based ........................located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Impact is Extinction

Sid-Ahmed, 4

(Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, "Extinction!" August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, )

A nuclear attack by terrorists ..................pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Water Affirmative- Disease Add-on

Providing sanitized water access will eradicate diseases throughout Sub-Saharan Africa – multiple ways

FINDLEY & VOLK 00

[Meg & Richard, et al. USAID Water Team, "Towards a Water Secure Future: USAID’s Obligations In Water Resources Management For FY 2000," ]

In this chapter, we focus on the health ……..drainage and sanitation conditions.

Epidemics will cause human extinction – they are fast and historically likely

DISCOVER 00

[“Twenty Ways the World Could End” by Corey Powell in Discover Magazine, October 2000, ]

If Earth doesn't do us in, ……….transport as they migrated into the New World.

Water Affirmative- A/T: Bush Bad

1. Winners –Lose – Bush’s past success prove

Jeremy Weidenhof, writer for the Lone Star Times, 2007

The economy is probably one ………….of evidence to the contrary.

2. It would take massive political capital to implement any large water initiative – multiple obstacles

Peterson, 6-21-07 (Erik Peterson, Senior Vice President , CSIS. “Below the Surface: U.S. International Water Policy.” )

In a recent report to Congress mandated …………… political will to put a far-sighted strategy into place.

3. There is congressional opposition to increasing assistance for clean water and development

Citizens for Global Solutions, 5

("Foreign Aid, HIV/AIDS, Water, and Sanitation on Global Agenda for 109th Congress," 2-18-2005, , JMP)

In his most recent budget, President Bush ……………. to reduce overall spending in this budget.

4. Flip-Flop

A. The plan is a flip-flop – Bush has resisted expansion of African water programs

AP, 5-16-07 (“U.N. official tells U.S. Congress about worldwide water deficit.” )

Rep. Donald Payne, a Democrat …………… the spirit of the legislation.

B. Flip flops kill agenda

Reuters, 6 / 10 / 0 7 (No writer given, “It’s the year of the flip-flop in U.S. politics”, June 10, 2007, )

CONSISTENCY, RELIABILITY, PREDICTABILITY …………. playing gotcha has become much more prevalent," he said.

Water Affirmative- A/T: Bush Good

1. Plan is overwhelmingly popular – Water for the Poor Act of 2005 proves

GovTrack, 07 (GovTrack.us, database of federal legislation, H.R. 1973 – 109th Congress (2005), , accessed July 24 2007)

H.R. 1973 [109th]: Senator Paul …………… A record of each representative's position was not kept.

2. Popular acts don’t cost political capital – they boost it- Congress men and women will vote with the public

ROBERTS 11 – 9 – 04 Political Science BA, University of New Mexico

[Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire]

"Political capital" might be described as good ……….. will increase, not decrease, his political capital.

3. Bush proves winners will win.

FORTIER & ORNSTEIN 03 studies politics, the presidency, continuity of government, elections, the electoral college, election reform, and presidential succession disability & American Enterprise Institute

Fortier - Ornstein - American Enterprise Institute. 2003 (John C. & Norman J.)

George W. Bush has followed the motto ……………of his strong leadership began to suffer.

4. The plan has bipartisan support

Keating, 06 (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Laura Keating, Global Strategy Institute, March 22, 2006)

In late 2005, Congress ……………for the State Department and USAID.

5. Bipart key to the agenda – Clinton & Graham prove

Melton, 07 (Marissa Melton, VOA News, February 3 2007, “US Senators Stress Bipartisanship”, )

U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, a Democrat from ……………..Lindsey Grahams of the world can't work together, America's best days are over.

Milton BL – Affirmative – Methodology

Plan: The United States federal government should increase the amount of condoms given to topically specified regions

Contention 1 is the Status quo

The current political model for overpopulation is flawed. It uses a central sovereign decision maker which creates policies through abstract and technological ideologies. The impacts are exaggerated and often perceived as inevitable through this flawed dichotomy. To overcome the problems, we cannot disregard overpopulation but rather find another solution.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

The United States has exposed a foreign policy agenda that takes away choice from women by focusing on abortion based policy. The only way to solve is by overcoming its own values through discussion.

Ernst, Katzive, and Smock 04

[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, April 6]

This international countercurrent has been …………interpretation of U.S. abortion policies.

The Advantage is Methodology

The Status quo’s use of silencing of womyn through policy issues leads to feelings of disempowerment.

Delfs 96

[Elizabeth A., Attorney @ Cambridge, 17 Women's Rights L. Rep. 309, l/n]

In a groundbreaking and analogous article on the ………… emotional distress and feelings of disempowerment

The government’s current population management is flawed because it uses a sense of control to manage which ignores the differences in gender of men and womyn.

Abrams 97

[Paula, Associate Professor of Law, Northwestern School of Law of Lewis & Clark College, 27 Envtl. L. 1111]

The population-environment problem derives …………… and greater spacing between children. n73

China’s ideology in the construction of dams is similar to the US population growth ideology. China thinks they should build the dam so millions of people don’t starve, US thinks we should lower birth rates before the whole planet becomes extinct. The ideology behind the US and Chinese model is flawed because it uses government control to prevent overpopulation.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

Perhaps the most pervasive piece of …………China's dam should be Number One. n29

The current policy not only fails but justifies the Holocaust because it is a game of dominance which aims to control female fertility. This allows for the controlled to be murdered or raped into extinction. We must be able to empower womyn rather than control them.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

My jaw dropped. I still can't quite fathom that ……….., and their families, flourish with fewer births.

Overcoming the control mindset is necessary to evaluate impacts because the negative’ use of either/or dichotomy is equivalent to the control mindset our affirmative critiques.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

There are four major factors which the ………….all around the world - Africa, the U.S. Midwest, Europe.

The current population control is doomed to failure because it ignores the environment womyn live in, In order to actually develop policy we must open up a forum of discussion and understand the culture of each women. Condom distribution allows for us to discuss how we can equally apply population management to men and women- ending the dichotomy of the controlled and controller.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

Population policies which narrowly focus on ………..to approach the problem from a different ground. n78

Contention 3 is Role of the Ballot

There is a lack of focus on male fertility rates in the status quo and this creates a slippery slope view in which our view on policy impacts is flawed. The either/or dichotomy reinforces the idea of a controller and the controlled.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

The role of male sexuality is often virtually ……………statistical existence in male constructs of economic activity. n64 [*1317]

The Negative’s use of dire consequence with respect to the DA is what is flawed with the political system. We must shift our mindset before we can allow for a slippery slope technique.

Spahn 97

[Elizabeth Spahn, Professor of Law, New England School of Law, Winter 1997, 27 Envtl. L. 1295, l/n]

In the one child policy, we look through the ……………. China's dam should be bigger than Egypt's. China's dam should be Number One.

Voting Affirmative allows for you to end the control methodology that is prevalent in today’s population management. Society fails to recognize the manifestation of gender bias as a problem but rather a social norm. When we open up a discussion we are able to rid this norm.

Delfs 96

[Elizabeth A., Attorney @ Cambridge, 17 Women's Rights L. Rep. 309, l/n]

Many judges do agree that intervention …………….r society that they appear to be the acceptable norm." n186

Our Framework is best for a couple of reasons

1. Education- we are able to learn about the flaws in the current political system and what we have to do to fix them before we can weigh other policy options. Education is the most important- we get funded by our schools because we are an educational program.

2. Fairness/Err Aff- the neg has an easier chance to win because they have the neg block. That is why every team flips neg in an elimination round. Our framework levels the playing field and the negative must challenge the framework in the 1nc.

3. Counter- Interpretation- the negative can run CP’s and DA’s but we are just going to critique. They can get their Ks this solves back all of their education and fairness claims.

Heidegger K

By attempting to work through given conditions to solve their harms the affirmative engages in a calculative mode of thought that undermines our true relation to being and reduces all life to a standing reserve. Vote negative to engage in meditative thought, meditative thought is the only form of authentic doing and the only way to obtain a proper relationship to Being

Swazo 02

Norman k. swazo, Prof of philosophy and chair of department of philosophy and humanities at U Alaska, Fairbanks. 2002, crisis theory and world order heideggerian reflections ,72-73

In a memorial address delivered in 1955 in ………………… but more important, that (b) "the meaning that reigns in this change remains obscure."

The conception of life as a standing reserve is what enables all forms of violence

Zimmerman 90

[Michael, Professor of Philosophy at Tulane, Heidegger’s Confrontation With Modernity, Indiana University Press, 1990, p.43]

Nevertheless, in speaking of the Holocaust ……………….., created and destroyed, at will.

Milton BL - Negative

Consult Japan CP

The United States federal government will enter into binding consultation with the government of Japan on whether or not to and will implement the outcome of consultation. We’ll clarify.

Contention One Theory

1. The Aff must defend immediate, guaranteed plan action. The Aff can’t enact the plan unconditionally and condition it on Japan’s acceptance-

A) Fiat assumes the plan happens no matter what, otherwise the 1AC could spike out of all Negative offense by saying the plan is delayed or un-enforced

B) There’s no solvency for non-enforced plan action; the government would roll back the plan absent enforcement.

2. Not topical- the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also tests “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty”- counterplans that test the resolution are key to Neg ground [American Heritage Dictionary @ ]

Contention Two Solvency

Genuine and binding consultation prior to implementation strengthens and restructures the alliance

Mochizuki 97

Mochizuki, Senior Fellow @ Brookings Institute, 1997

As the U.S.-Japan alliance becomes …………with the major West European allies.

Contention Three The Net Benefit

The U.S.-Japan alliance is on the brink now- relations are tense as the political climate in the two countries changes

Brookes 07

(Peter Brookes, columnist for The New York Post and a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, “Japan: Coming of Age”, The Heritage Foundation, March 6, 2007, )

But deepening the Washington-Tokyo relationship …………. bring with it a similar shift in focus.

The U.S.-Japan alliance is key to coral reef protection

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Accessed 2006,

"The U.S.-Japan Cooperation on Global Challenges," p ~

Japan and the United States launched …………. civil society organizations (CSO's and NGO's).

And, foreign aid and public health assistance are issues that Japan needs to be and should be consulted on

Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye, February, 2007

(Armitage, 13th United States Deputy Secretary of State, the second-in-command at the State Department; Nye, Dean, Harvard Kennedy School of Government

Japan is ideally suited to be a ………….. and health challenges.

Weakening coral reef ecosystems destroys biodiversity and causes millions to starve

Dafna Hopenstand, 2002 , Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal, Global Warming and its Impact on Near-Shore Communities: Protection Regimes for Fish and Coastal People Affected by Coral Reef Damage, Spring, p L/N~

Coral reefs serve several important ecological ………….. by an enormous demand for food, particularly fish. n68

Ocean biodiversity is key to prevent extinction of all life

Robin Kundis Craig, 2003 , Associate Professor of Law @ Indiana University School of Law, Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection? Fishing and Coral Reef Marine Reserves in Florida and Hawaii, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, Winter~

The world's oceans contain many resources ………….. relatively intact to future generations. n2

Consult Egypt CP

Text:

The United States federal government will enter into binding consultation with the Arab Republic of Egypt on whether or not to __________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and will unconditionally implement the outcome of the consultation.

Contention 1 Theory

1. The Aff must defend immediate, guaranteed plan action. The Aff can’t enact the plan unconditionally and condition it on Egypt’s acceptance-

A) Fiat assumes the plan happens no matter what, otherwise the 1AC could spike out of all Negative offense by saying the plan is delayed or un-enforced

B) There’s no solvency for non-enforced plan action; the government would roll back the plan absent enforcement.

2. Not topical- the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also tests “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty”- counterplans that test the resolution are key to Neg ground [American Heritage Dictionary @ ]

Contention 2 U.S.-Egyptian Relations

U.S.-Egyptian relations are on the brink- effective management and building of trust through binding consultation are key to prevent its collapse

Aly 04

[Abed Monem Said Aly, Visiting Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy; Director, Al-Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies in Cairo, “The Future of U.S.-Egyptian Relations”, The Brookings Institution, 6/9/04, ]

At a time when Egypt is embracing political ………… Arab-Israeli conflict and non-proliferation.

Consultation with Egypt over African policy is crucial to U.S.-Egyptian relations

Council on Foreign Relations 02

[“Strengthening the U.S.-Egyptian Relationship”, Columbia International Affairs Online, May 2002]

The United States must set new goals and ……………. Middle East-Africa, for example.

U.S.-Egyptian relations are key to Middle East stability

Council on Foreign Relations 02

[“Strengthening the U.S.-Egyptian Relationship”, Columbia International Affairs Online, May 2002]

The U.S.-Egyptian relationship is…………the management of the Middle East.

Middle East instability leads to extinction

Steinbach 02

[John, Israeli Nuclear weapons: a threat to piece, 3/3 ]

Meanwhile, the existence of an ……………could trigger a world conflagration." (44)

European Union CP

The European Union should . We’ll Clarify

The EU’s human rights, democracy, and governance record makes it uniquely key for solving public health issues in Sub-Saharan Africa

European Union Development Policy 06

[Message from Commissioner Louis Michel, 2006]

This assertion is a belief I hold personally ……………..believe that we can, and will, make this happen.

EU Soft Power DA

EU soft power is high now due to a lack of U.S. influence in the developing world- plan reverses this trend

Khanna 1/27

[Parag, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony”, New York Times, 1/27/08, ]

And Europe's influence grows at ………..East Asian Community, the region's answer to America's Apec.

EU soft power is key to energy security

Ferrero-Waldner 07

[Benita, European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, “The European Union and the world: a hard look at soft power”, Columbia University September 24, 2007 ]

Those who believe the EU is still ……………. promoting the idea of an international agreement on energy efficiency.

Energy security is key to human survival

Makhijani 98

[Arjun, The Energy-Security Link Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, 1998. ]

Many crucial security, economic, and ………..long half-life (24,000 years) and its high radiotoxicity.

USIA CP

The USIA should be adequately funded and re-established- it is key for any sort of diplomacy and soft power

Rugh 04

[William A. Rugh, a career Foreign Service officer with the U.S. Information Agency (1964-1995). He served as U.S. ambassador to Yemen and to the United Arab Emirates. 2004 ‘Fixing Public Diplomacy for Arab and Muslim Audiences’, in S. A. Garfinkle (ed.) A Practical Guide to Winning the War on Terrorism, pp. 145-161. California: Hoover Press, ]

Several other tools have also proven useful in the past and ……………..public diplomacy for Arab and Muslim audiences.

The US should recommit to public diplomacy abroad – this is critical to building and sustaining soft power – this overcomes a weakness in policy by explaining the pro’s of American actions – independent studies & experts conclude – and this evidence includes a specific example about how current foreign aid can be improved just through diplomacy

Zwiebel 06 Director of Range Infrastructure and Investments, US Army Developmental Test Command

[Michael J. Zwiebel, “Why We Need to Reestablish the USIA,” Military Review, ]

Favorable perceptions of the United States …………effectiveness of public diplomacy in the Arab-Muslim world.

ACI Tradeoff DA

Funding for the American Competitiveness Initiative, or the ACI, will pass now- however, earmarks can’t be vetoed and would trade off with research and development spending

Boyle 08

[Alan, MSNBC Science and Exploration Reporter, “State of the Science”, MSNBC Cosmic Log, 1/29/08, ]

Bush, who isn't usually thought of as the most science-savvy president, ……………was thought to be a factor behind this year's R&D woes.

Increases in foreign aid allow for other lobbyists to push through earmarks for other programs

Faini 03

(Ricardo Faini, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Rome, “Foreign Aid and Fiscal Policy”, Center for Economic Policy Research, Paper #5721, June)

Advocates of greater spending on foreign aid ………… size of the budget deficit deteriorates markedly.

The ACI is key to maintaining American economic leadership

Morris 06

[Michael G., “Testimony of Michael G. Morris, American Electric Power, on the American Competitiveness Initiative/Science and Math Education”, Business Roundtable Newsroom, 3/2/06, ]

At the outset, I want to express our ………. America is to remain the leader it is today.

Collapse of the U.S. economy causes extinction

Witzche 02

[Rolf A. F. Witzsche Economic and Political Researcher and Analyst “Why is the World-Financial and Economic System Crashing? Jan 2002 ] MP

The currently outstanding debts have become …………….. becomes an unfullfillable dream for a long time to come.

Law of the Sea DA

A. Law of the Sea will pass now but it will be a fight

World Magazine 1-18

[“LOST cause,” ]

If President Bush and the Senate ………. legal support for maritime rights.

B.

C. Political capital is key to a floor vote

Boyer 10-29-2007

[Spencer P, issues/2007/10/sea.html]

Passing the Law of the Sea Convention ………….treaty to the Senate floor for a vote.

D. Ratification solves global wars and ocean destruction

Hamilton 8-27-2007

[Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington and director of the Center on Congress at Indiana University, p. Lexis]

Next month, the Senate will vote on whether the …………..It’s time to ratify this Treaty.

E. Ocean destruction risks extinction

Oceans at Risk 2005

[ 05 “Empty Oceans, Empty Nets,” ]

Oceans provide 95 percent of the …………..We must act now to preserve the earth’s web of life for future generations

New Trier (All Teams) – Affirmative – Kenya Family Planning

Contention One – Health

Initially note, the gag rule has resulted in drastic cuts in public health assistance in Kenya. There is a lack of contraceptives available and has been an increase in unsafe and illegal abortions

Margie Peterson, The Morning Call (Allentown, Pennsylvania), May 3, 2007

[“Gag rule keeps birth control from women in need,” Lexis]

When you have seen the mangled

Specifically, the gag rule has devastated HIV/AIDS prevention in Kenya. Few clinics are open and little contraception and ARVs are available

Global Gag Rule Impact Project, a collaborative research effort led by Population Action International in partnership with Ipas and Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 2006

[“Access Denied: The Impact of the Global Gag Rule in Kenya,” ]

By crippling the country’s primary

Future AIDS epidemics in Kenya will have devastating effects on the agriculture sector, harming food security and destroying the farming cycle, which is critical to the Kenyan economy

Robert K. Nyaga, Social Sector Division of the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2004

[“HIV/AIDS in Kenya: A Review of Research and Policy Issues,” KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 38, June, ]

Agriculture employs a large segment (80%)

Kenya economic growth is key to the region’s economy, solves terrorism, and proliferation

USAID, 2000

[“USAID/Kenya: Integrated Strategic Plan, 2001-2005,” ]

Kenya is the most important country

This crushes the global economy

Donald Payne, congressman D-NJ, 2003

["Congress and Africa: Perspectives of Congressman Payne and CBC," 4-30, Lexis]

From the war on terrorism to the supply

Bearden

Contention Two – Population

The lack of contraception resulting from the gag rule is causing a massive population explosion in Kenya

Jim Motavalli, Editor of E: The Environmental Magazine, 2006

[“Shaking the Baby Tree: If There's a "Depopulation Bomb, It Has a Very Long Fuse" The Environmental Magazine, Nov/Dec, Vol 17, Issue 6, pgs 26-32, Proquest]

Clearly, high birth rates contribute

The only thing that can prevent further population explosion is lowering the fertility rate

John Blacker, Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2007

[“Letter: Questions need to be raised about Kenya's population growth rate; Letters to the Editor,” The Independent (London), January 23, Lexis]

Sir: In your articles on the current drought

Conflicts over resources and land results in civil war and genocide

Bill Berkeley, Freelance writer in New York City who has been reporting in African on his Patterson fellowship, 1995

[“Kenya: Barely Escaping Rwanda,” The Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter, Vol 17, Num 1, ]

But this is none of those exhausted battlegrounds

Kenya stability is key to the stability of the region

Leonard H. Robinson Jr., President and CEO of the National Summit on Africa, based in Washington, D.C. He also is a former two-time deputy assistant secretary of state for African affairs, 1999

[“America's chance in Africa,” Baltimore Sun, October 24, Lexis]

If Albright is not successful, Kenya's

Deutsch

Contention Three – Terrorism

Kenya is suspicious of the proposed AFRICOM – this is harming US relations with Kenya

East African, Africa News, August 14, 2007

[“U.S. Allays Fears Over New Military Body,” All Africa, Lexis]

Africom represents a potential threat to the

US-Kenya relations are critical to prevent Kenyan terrorism – spreading US influence in the country through development programs is the only way to solve

The Nation, Africa News, 2003

[“'Secrets' behind US, UK Anti-Terror War in Kenya,” All Africa, June 22, Lexis]

A detailed review of the reflections on Kenya is quite revealing

Kenya is a breeding grounds for terrorism because if its strategic importance, easy targets, and lack of security in the country

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

Kenya’s geography and geographic location contribute to

Kenya is key to global war on terror

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

Kenya also joined the US in the GWOT, playing a pivotal

Terrorism causes human extinction

Yonah Alexander, Director, Inter-University for Terrorism Studies, 2003

[Jerusalem Post, 8-25, Lexis]

Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have

Independently, terrorism causes the U.S. to lash out, precipitating global war

Nicole Schwartz-Morgan, Assistant Prof Politics and Econ – Royal Military College of Canada, 2001

[Wild Globalization and Terrorism, ]

The terrorist act can reactivate atavistic defense mechanisms

Contention Four – Solvency

US family planning assistance is the anchor of the global population control regime – no other donor even comes close to US expertise and technical capacity

Wendy Turnbull, policy analyst at PAI, January 1996 []

Currently, about three-quarters of the roughly

The U.S. is the most important donor – it has 30 years of experience with on the ground provision of aid and networks that other donors can’t replicate

Population Action International, 1998

[“Paying their Fair Share - Donor Countries and International Population Assistance”, 3/8, ]

The U.S. population assistance effort still leads the way among

Plan:

The United States federal government should substantially increase its support of nongovernmental organizations located in the Republic of Kenya which do not comply with the Mexico City Policy

International Fiat Bad

A. 193 countries

Matt Rosenberg, professional geographer and the author of two books about geography, 5/9/2007

A very frequent geographical question is "How many countries are in the world?" Different numbers pop up when one inquires or reads about the number of countries in the world. Each source you use often yields a different answer. Ultimately, the best answer is that there are 194 countries in the world.

B. 55, 282 types of intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations

Union of International Associations, 2001 [

Even when the most predictable countries promise health aid to Africa they never actually give it

The Nation (Kenya) – AAGM 7/1/2007

Gordon Brown finally succeeded Tony Blair

Environment Add-On

Kenyan overpopulation destroys biodiversity

 

Phillip Cheborgei, The Nation (Nairobi), 1999

[“African development pegged to usage of biological resources,” Africa News, 4/22, Lexis] 

The prospects of successful economic development

Ecological imbalances in Kenya through overuse of land causes worldwide extinction

 

Miller and Yeager, Africa-Carribean Institute, 1994

[Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity] 

The ODA study warns: Everywhere there is competition

Kenya must curb population growth to save 5 keystone species

 

The Nation, Africa News, 1999

[“Depletion of Rare Plants Alarms Experts,” July 29, Lexis] 

Conservationists are alarmed by the fast pace of disappearance

Loss of a keystone species causes extinction

 

Edward O. Wilson, Professor and Curator of Entomology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, 1993

[“Building an Ethic,” ]

Humanity coevolved with the rest of life on this particular

Somalia Add On

US action in Kenya is critical to build trust with Somalia to have peace talks in Somalia – the lack of these talks would result in

conflict in Somalia that would draw in major powers

Strategic Survey, September 2007 [Volume 107, Issue 1, September, pages 251 – 282]

Who should broker any talks is an open question....Such an escalation may well be in the cards.

 

A2: Politics

The house and senate just voted to repeal the gag rule – the plan has bipartisan and public support

 

Tod Preston, Population Action International, September 7, 2007

[“Congress Votes to Repeal Global Gag Rule,” ] 

Last night, despite President Bush's veto threat, the

Kenyan assistance has bipartisan support in Congress

 

The East African Standard, Speech by Michael E Ranneberger, the American Ambassador to Kenya, 2006

[“‘I Will Support Kenya's Vision for Growth,’” Africa News, All Africa, August 7, Lexis] 

I am going to Kenya with a very positive 

Random A2: K Cards

Couching reproductive health in the context of overpopulation is crucial to mobilize resources and support – without this context, waning public interest will collapse effective family planning

 

Amy O. Tsui, population studies at Johns Hopkins, 2005

[Studies in Family Planning 36.4, December]

When it began, the family planning movement

Worldwide survey data disproves your coercion argument – rigorous opinion surveys show that women in Sub-Saharan African women voluntarily choose contraceptives – coercion is prohibited by US law

 

Susan A. Cohen, policy development associate at the Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1997 [] 

Coercive family planning practices are expressly

Permute – do both – do all of the plan and all of the alternative that doesn’t include vote neg. Only a combination of positive and negative imagery is effective – positive images alone create inattention to sacrificial atrocity and violence, resulting in African exploitation

 

Gbemisola Olujobi, Pulitzer Fellow at USC Annenberg School for Communication, 2006

[“The Africa You Need to Know,” ] 

Facts are sacred and the truth must be told. Despite generous

Reducing all issues to questions of representations ignores the real political and social issues on the ground that can be helped by the plan – there is more to the situation than just the discourse

 

Achille Mbembe, Executive Director of the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, used to be Asst. Prof of History at Columbia University, 2001

[On the Postcolony, p. 5-6] 

The first has to do with the extraordinary poverty

Exclusive focus on representations erodes meaningful reversal of the structures of exploitation – discursive focus must supplement, not replace, material discussion of reform

 

Giroux, Chair Professorship of Edcuation and Cultural Studies at Penn State, 2006

[Henry, “Dirty Democracy and State of Terrorism,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, 163-177] 

Abstracted from the ideal of public commitment,

Plan is the best form of biopolitics—we’re the middle ground between the overpopulation caused by the alternative and the eugenic policies of authoritarian governments

 

Purdy 6 (Jedediah, New America Foundation, July 1, The New Biopolitics,

) 

But, along with electronic commerce, transnational fanaticism,

New Trier (All Teams) – Affirmative – Kenyan Muslim Family Planning

The United States federal government should fund nongovernmental organizations associated with the Islamic faith located in the Republic of Kenya to assist in disease treatment and prevention

Contention One is Current Aid

Initially note, we’ve drastically increased our military aid to Kenya – it’s due to expand

Kevin J Kelley, The Nation (Nairobi), September 9, 2007

[“Steep Rise in U.S. Military Aid,” All Africa, ]

The United States has increased its… according to the CDI analysis.

The USAID already requested an increase in funding for Kenya in the 2008 budget

USAID 2007 [fiscal year 2008 budget request]

The FY 2008 budget for Africa… of the FY 2008 budget.

Contention Two is Religion

The closure of Muslim NGOs has harmed relations between Christians and Muslims in Kenya

Hassan Mwakimako, Zentrum Moderner Orient, Berlin, Germany, 2007

[“Christian-Muslim Relations in Kenya: A Catalogue of Events and Meanings,” journal Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Volume 18, Issue 2 April, pages 287 – 307, Taylor-Francis Informaworld]

During the early twentieth century… the propagation of Islam.

Religious disparities in Kenya result in anti-government resentment and conflict

David C. Sperling, Ph.D. Founder and Teacher, Strathmore University, Kenya, 2006

[“Islam and the Religious Dimension of Conflict in Kenya,” Dec 22, ]

Another basic premise of the paper… have been identified and addressed.

Ethnic conflict in Kenya results in civil war

Bill Berkeley, Freelance writer in New York City who has been reporting in African on his Patterson fellowship, 1995

[“Kenya: Barely Escaping Rwanda,” The Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter, Vol 17, Num 1, ]

But this is none of those exhausted battlegrounds… affiliation rather than competence.

Kenya stability is key to the stability of the region

Leonard H. Robinson Jr., President and CEO of the National Summit on Africa, based in Washington, D.C. He also is a former two-time deputy assistant secretary of state for African affairs, 1999

[“America's chance in Africa,” Baltimore Sun, October 24, Lexis]

If Albright is not successful, Kenya's… and in Rwanda and Burundi.

African conflicts go nuclear

Dr. Jeffery Deutsch, Founder – Rabid Tiger Project, 2001

[Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, ]

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that… some people love to go fishing.

Contention Three is Resentment

The ban of Muslim NGOs in Kenya has resulted in Muslim resentment against the US

Arye Oded, Institute of Asian and African Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000

[Islam and Politics in Kenya, , Questia]

On 8 September, nearly a month after… between Supkem and Imam Shee is paradigmatic

Scenario One is Terrorism

This resentment hinders effective terrorism operations in Kenya by denying cooperation and use of military bases

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

Diplomacy is the instrument of power… support contributes to the dissent.

This results in terrorism

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

By focusing on front organizations and… to correct this misconception.

Kenya is a breeding grounds for terrorism because of its strategic importance, easy targets, and lack of security in the country

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

Kenya’s geography and geographic location… infiltrate into the country.

Terrorists will get WMDs

Stephen Mbogo, Cybercast News Service Correspondent, July 6, 2007

[“Africa Faces Potential WMD Terror Risk, Security Analysts Say,” ]

With the "globalization" of terrorism and… or local strategic facilities.

Kenya is key to global war on terror

Hared H. Adan, Major in the Kenyan Army, 2005

[“Combating Transnational Terrorism in Kenya,” Thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, ]

Kenya also joined the US… recruiting grounds for terrorists.

Terrorism escalates to a nuclear exchange

Patrick F. Speice Jr., JD Candidate at College of William and Mary, 2006

[“Negligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation,” William & Mary Law Review, 47 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 1427, February]

Accordingly, there is a significant and… the use of nuclear weapons. 53

Scenario Two is Hegemony

Popularity in Kenya is key to establishing a lily pad in Kenya

Peter Halvorsen, US Naval Institute Proceedings, 2005

[“Making a Case for Naval Lily Pads,” Vol. 131, Issue 3, March 20, p. 84-86, Proquest]

The advantages of a lily pad are… Force for the Horn of Africa.

Lily pad bases are critical to military flexibility, power projection, and overall hegemony

Peter Halvorsen, US Naval Institute Proceedings, 2005

[“Making a Case for Naval Lily Pads,” Vol. 131, Issue 3, March 20, p. 84-86, Proquest]

Ongoing U.S. military operations in Afghanistan… liberal governments in the region.

Collapse of hegemony results in apolarity, risking multiple scenarios for nuclear war

Niall Ferguson, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, 2004

[“A world without power,” Foreign Policy 143, July-August, p. 32-39]

For more than two decades,… so-new world disorder.

War and instability can only occur in a world absent primacy

Bradley Thayer, Professor of Security Studies at Missouri State, 2006

[“In Defense of Primacy,” The National Interest, November/December, p. 32-37]

A grand strategy based on… of solving the world's ills.

Contention Four is Health

There is a massive shortage of health care workers and services in Kenya

USAID, Capacity Project Knowledge Sharing, 2007

[“The Capacity Project in Kenya,” March, ]

Kenya’s health care system suffers… in other essential areas.

Demand for HIV treatment equipment outstrips supply – more assistance is needed

Robert K. Nyaga, Social Sector Division of the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2004

[“HIV/AIDS in Kenya: A Review of Research and Policy Issues,” KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 38, June, ]

Drugs that prevent mother-to-child… incurring heavy negative externalities.

Health centers have had to close as a result of the US ban on aid to Muslim NGOs – more will close without aid. This also bolsters resentment against the US

Sheikh Hussein Ibrahim Burale, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims Garissa District, 2003

[“Open Letter to Heads of All Diplomatic Corps in Kenya,” December 15, ]

It is unfortunate and unfair that… funding the local Muslim projects.

And this also effects medical clinics

David C. Sperling, Ph.D. Founder and Teacher, Strathmore University, Kenya, 2006

[“Islam and the Religious Dimension of Conflict in Kenya,” Dec 22, ]

Sensitive to the needs (and… Saudi Arabia throughout Kenya.

Future AIDS epidemics in Kenya will have devastating effects on the agriculture sector, harming food security and destroying the farming cycle, which is critical to the Kenyan economy

Robert K. Nyaga, Social Sector Division of the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, 2004

[“HIV/AIDS in Kenya: A Review of Research and Policy Issues,” KIPPRA Discussion Paper No. 38, June, ]

Agriculture employs a large segment… survival (Loenwenson and Whiteside, 2001).

Kenya economic growth is key to the region’s economy, solves terrorism, and proliferation

USAID, 2000

[“USAID/Kenya: Integrated Strategic Plan, 2001-2005,” ]

Kenya is the most important… and threats to biodiversity.

Africa key to the US economy

Susan E. Rice, Senior Fellow in FPGS at the Brookings Institution, 2006

[“Africa’s Strategic Importance to the U.S., Speech at Reed College, March 20,

]

There are additional reasons for… for U.S. entrepreneurs and workers.

Economic collapse causes extinction

T.T. Bearden, Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000

[]

History bears out that desperate… at least for many decades.

New Trier GH – Affirmative – Sierra Leone Health Workers

Plan: The United States federal government should provide necessary support to substantially expand the public health worker sector in the Republic of Sierra Leone.

Contention 1 is Stability –

Sierra Leone is becoming more stable, but risks backsliding – moving towards longer-term development projects is key to maintaining peace

USAID, 5 (“USAID: Sierra Leone.” 6-14-05. ) 

The Development Challenge:.... development can take root

Subpoint A is Health –

Status quo public health aid to Sierra Leone fails due to poor healthcare infrastructure. Increased support is key to the viability of the public health sector

Kamara, 7 (Kenday S. Kamara, University of Sierra Leone, 3/30/07 “The Challenge of Sierra Leone's Health” ) 

More than five years … the population's general well-being.

Specifically, low health worker salaries devastate public health in Sierra Leone – increased compensation will prevent brain drain, eliminate corruption, and increase quality of care.

Kamara, 7 (Kenday S. Kamara, University of Sierra Leone, 3/30/07 “The Challenge of Sierra Leone's Health” ) 

The public health sector employs … presenting one of the worst-case scenarios.

Independently, targeted and effective public health assistance will improve the image of the U.S. in Africa and prevent terrorism

Tsang, 6 (Steve, PhD Philosophy University of Oxford, Intelligence and Human Rights in the Are of Global Terrorism, Praeger Security International, Westport Connecticut, London, Pg. 162-163.) 

A great deal can be done … find a material connection.

Improvements in the health sector are key to alleviate systemic suffering and preserve peace and stability

Patel et al., 2 (Ricken Paten, Harvard University. Abdul Kpakra-Massally, Executive Secretary of PRIDE, an NGO working with ex-combatants. Shirley Osho, BA in Political Science from Fourah Bay College. Tom Provda, consultatnt at the UN Development Program in New York. Lena Thompson, lecturer in political science at Fourah Bay Collage. “The Health Sector in Sierra Leone.”  Report for Monitor, a project of the Campaign for Good Governance, a human rights NGO. ) 

There is no more important public service … development and the maintenance of peace.

Subpoint B is Democracy –

Recent elections prove Sierra Leone is headed towards democracy, but government commitment is key

UN News Service, 7 (11/15, “Sierra Leone: 'Era of Hope' As New President is Inaugurated, Says Ban Ki-Moon.” ) 

Declaring that "Sierra Leone … root causes of the country's conflict."

America has ignored Sierra Leone due to its past failures in Africa – this destroys US influence and opens the door for Libyan interventions that will reverse democratic trends and destabilize the country

Tejan-Cole, 2 (Abdul Tejan-Cole, human rights lawyer and activist in Sierra Leone. Teaches law at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone and is Acting Coordinator of the Campaign for Good Governance, a national NGO. “Will the United States Learn From Britain In Sierra Leone?” 6-11-02. ) 

The distinction that reveals … Sierra Leone suffered after Lomé. 

Lack of democratic governance will cause another civil war in Sierra Leone

USAID, 6 (“Sierra Leone Strategy Statement 2006.” ) 

Analysts agree that the current … is needed to prevent backsliding. 

The impacts –

First, instability in Sierra Leone allows terrorists to obtain the financial and technical capability to deploy a nuclear weapon against the West

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas Dempsey Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College.   “COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICAN FAILED STATES: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS” April 2006 ]MP) 

The emergence of Al Qaeda in … Sierra Leone may be significant.

Nuclear terrorism causes extinction

Sid-Ahmed, 4 (Mohamed, Managing Editor for Al-Ahali, “Extinction!” August 26-September 1, Issue no. 705, ) 

What would be the consequences … we will all be losers.

Independently, terrorism causes the U.S. to lash out, precipitating global war

Schwartz-Morgan, 1 (Nicole, Assistant Prof Politics and Econ – Royal Military College of Canada, Wild Globalization and Terrorism, ) 

The terrorist act can reactivate atavistic defense … whether they be themselves merchants or terrorists.

Second, state collapse in Sierra Leone threatens 240 million people across West Africa. This compromises our oil interests in Nigeria as well as causing terrorism, environmental destruction, and disease spread.

Docking, 2 (Timothy Docking, program officer in the Jennings Randolph Program for  International Peace. “Responding to War and State Collapse in West Africa.” 2-1-02. ) 

The working group agreed that … peace and damages our national credibility abroad.

African conflict causes global nuclear war

Dr. Jeffery Deutsch, Founder – Rabid Tiger Project, 2001

[Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 7, 11-18, ] 

The Rabid Tiger Project believes … some people love to go fishing.

The global oil market couldn’t handle a supply disruption in Nigeria

Goldwyn, 4 (Chairman of the Goldwyn Group, Testimony before the subcommittee on international economic policy, export, and trade promotion, July 15, ) 

While the region’s geological prospects are good, …  trouble is on the horizon.

Higher oil prices will crush the world economy

IEA, 4 (International Energy Agency, energy policy think tank. “Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy” May 2004. ) 

Oil prices remain an important … current cyclical economic upturn.

Economic collapse causes nuclear war

Nyquist, 7 (Nyquist, economic expert, 07 [7-6-07,J. R. Nyquist, “The Path of Dissolution,” , accessed 7-6-07) 

The world is made up of armed nation states… overthrow the “balance of terror.”

Contention 2 is Missile Defense –

As British involvement in Sierra Leone has increased, US support has dwindled – the Brits are winning the image battle

Tejan-Cole, 2 (Abdul Tejan-Cole, human rights lawyer and activist in Sierra Leone. Teaches law at Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone and is Acting Coordinator of the Campaign for Good Governance, a national NGO. “Will the United States Learn From Britain In Sierra Leone?” 6-11-02. ) 

The distinction that reveals … with South Africa's ANC.

Sierra Leone is the key state in US-British competition over Africa – increasing US influence undermines cooperation

Mardsen and Talbot, 2000 (Chris Mardsen and Chris Talbot, columnists, WSWS. “Britain's military intervention in Sierra Leone part of a new Scramble for Africa.” 5-20-00. ) 

Britain's sending of over a thousand … main interest for the West in Africa.

US-British cooperation is vital to missile defense in Britain

Stocker, 4 (Jeremy Stocker, Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. “Britain's Role in U.S. Missile Defense.” ) 

Joseph Nye warns that “The bad … careful management by both Britain and America.

The brink and timeframe are minuscule – Bush must implement NMD before he leaves office and US and British diplomats are currently meeting to determine the future of missile defense. However, cooperation will cause terrorist lashout against Britain

WND, 8 (2/2, World Net Daily, conservative newspaper. “Britain fears al-Qaida retaliation” ) 

Britain's Secret Intelligence Service … said an intelligence source in London.

A terrorist attack in Britain kills two million people and provokes international backlash

Greenpeace, 6 (“Nuclear Power and Terrorism.” January 2006. ) 

The terrorist attacks of 9/11 … opportunities for terrorist organisations. 

US-British cooperation on missile defense sparks an arms race with Russia

Clegg, 7 (11/17, Nick Clegg, British MP. “Britain must pull out of US missile defence deal.” ) 

Russia's threats to place … and pull out of our deal with America

Arms race risks global nuclear war

Talbott, 7 (Strobe Talbott, President of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, The Brookings Institution October 30, 2007  "Building a Constructive U.S.-Russian Relationship: Russia, Energy Security, World Trade Organization, Energy, Arms Control" ) 

Finally, Mr. Chairman, I … potentially tragic and perilous.

US-Russian nuclear war is the biggest impact – it’s the only war that risks extinction

Bostrom, 2 (Nick, PhD and Professor at Oxford, March, volume9/risks.html) 

A much greater existential risk … humankind’s potential permanently.

New Trier (All Teams) – Negative

China Relations 

A) Uniqueness- Despite trade and currency issues, US-China relations are high now

South China Morning Post, July 4, 2007, p. Lexis 

The issue of air pollution was touched upon 

B) The Link-

1) China perceives US aid to Africa as an attempt to cut off raw materials and contain their peaceful rise

Thompson - Asst. Chair of China Studies @ CSIS and The Jamestown Foundation – 2004 (Drew, The Jamestown Foundation China Brief “Economic Growth and Soft Power: China’s Africa Strategy” 12/7/04 )  

But, as the U.S. and China seek to further 

2) Perceived attempts at containment hurt US-China relations

Fu Mengzi, Researcher at the China Institute of Contemporary International  Relations, BBC Worldwide Monitoring, November 20, 2005, p. Lexis 

Over the past few years, China and the United States 

C) China relations are key to prevent war, proliferation, North Korean aggression, Taiwan war and war over the South China Sea

The Straits Times (Singapore) in ‘97 (“Asean's ties with China, Japan and US”, August 15, L/N) 

However, the most important bilateral relations for 

Sweden CP

Sweden solves best – they have experience, influence, and empirical success in their African Aid programs

Pierre Schori, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1998

[“Africa on the Move. Revitalising Swedish Policy towards Africa for the 21st Century,” Government Communication 1997/98:122, March 5, ]

 

Sweden’s historical inheritance in Africa has had 

Consult NATO

A.  Text: The United States Federal Government should propose that it should [plan]

to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for binding consultation. The United States Federal Government should support its proposal during consultation. The United States Federal Government should abide by the results of this consultation. We’ll clarify.

B.  NATO Stability

1.  NATO is in the midst of a transitional period, failure to consult genuinely before foreign policy decisions will undermine the alliance

Gordon 04 (Philip, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution,June 24th

LETTER TO EUROPE, ) 

DEAR FRIENDS. How did it come to this?

2.  Consultation with NATO over African policy is key to redefine the alliance for survival in the 21st century – former commander James Jones agrees

Ames 05 (Paul, Associated Press Writer, 12-17)

“Top NATO commander urges growing role to confront terror threats in Africa, Associated Press Worldstream  

The United States and its NATO allies need to

3.  Impact – NATO is key to solve European nuclear wars

John S. Duffield, Assistance Professor of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia, 1995

NATO’s Functions After the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly, JSTOR 

Initial analyses of NATO's future prospects overlooked 

Neoliberalism CP

A. Text – The United States federal government should stop quota payments International Monetary Fund. We’ll clarify.

B. Solvency – The IMF is the catalyst of the neoliberal project – it is used to suck capital out of developing nations. The CP solves the case because it pulls the plug on neoliberalism on an international scale

Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in Communications at McMaster University, 2005

[“The Terror of Neoliberalism”, College Literature 32.1, muse] 

Abroad, neoliberal global policies have been used  

Soft Power CPs 

A. Text – The United States federal government should accede to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

B. Solvency – The ICC will boost US Soft power critical to future American security and prosperity

 

Sewall and Kaysen, professor at political economy at MIT and program director of HR policy at Harvard, 2000

(Sarah and Carl, “The United States and the International Criminal Court: The choices ahead” ) 

The U.S. attitude toward the ICC is 

A. Text – The United States Supreme Court, should rule that extraordinary renditions violate international law.  

B. Solvency – The image of the US is damaged by secret abductions and detentions. 

The Houston Chronicle 2005 (“The Italian Job; CIA’s capture and secret transport of terrorist suspects into the hands of cruel regimes should end,” June 29, Lexis Nexis) 

The United States' war on al-Qaida requires extraordinary 

Transformational Diplomacy 

A. Uniqueness- The U.S. is focusing on transformational diplomacy now but it requires an effective and efficient use of foreign assistance

Fore 7/4/07 (Henrietta H., Nominee for Administrator United States Agency for International Development, “Confirmation Hearing Testimony of Henrietta H. Fore, Nominee for Administrator United States Agency for International Development: Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee”, )   

Since May 7, 2007, I have served as Acting Administrator 

B. Link- Cuts in existing health assistance are vital to the effectiveness of transformational diplomacy – increased spending will trade off with the efficiency of current programs and disrupt existing prioritization

Tobias 3/28/07 (Randall L., US Director of Foreign Assistance and Administrator of USAID ) 

Based on the new country-driven process, we have prioritized resources 

C. Impacts- 

1. Transformational Diplomacy is key to effective global democracy promotion

Rummel 06 (R.J, professor of political science at the University of Hawaii, “The New Transformational Diplomacy,” Paraphrase of speech by Condoleeza Rice,  )  

I want to follow up my "Why foster Global Freedom" with 

2. Democracy promotion prevents war and extinction

Diamond, 95 (Larry, Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s”, December, ) 

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats 

Latin America Tradeoff 

A. Uniqueness-  

1. The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending

Sessions 06 (Myra, analyst at the Centre for Global Development, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, ) 

In a July 1 editorial, the Lancet (free registration required) praised 

2. US aid to Latin America is still strong

Hindustan Times 07 (Indo-Asian News Service, “Bush to increase Latin American aid ahead of visit”, 3/6, factiva) 

Indo-Asian News Service Washington, March 

B. Link- Increasing aid to Africa trades-off with Latin American development assistance

Menendez 2000 (Robert, US Senator, Testimony before HOUSE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, Federal News Service, 6/28, lexis) 

I have proposed a Development Fund for 

C. Impacts- 

1. Current USAID initiatives in Latin America make it critical to preventing deforestation in the Amazon

Franco 04 (Adolfo, Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean, USAID, "Foreign Assistance Priorities for the Western Hemisphere," 3/2, ) 

Overall, USAID is programming its development 

2. Amazon collapse risks extinction

Takacs 1996 (David, teaches environmental humanities (history, ethics, justice, politics) in the Institute for Earth Systems Science and Policy at California State, “The Idea of Biodiversity: Philosophies of Paradise,” 1996, pg. 200-201) 

So biodiversity keeps the world running. It has value 

Spending DA 

B. Links –  

1. Stand-alone spending bills create a dangerous precedent that breaks down fiscal restraint

Grams 95 (Rod, Senator, Congressional Press Releases 3/20)

 

As stand-alone legislation, particularly when 

2. Deficit spending causes a breakdown in fiscal discipline that will crush the economy

Copley News Service 03 (3/3) 

The spending discipline in Congress that 

C. Impact –  

1. Fiscal discipline is key to the economy

Maas 06 (Jim, member of the executive committee of the Libertarian Party of Wisconsin. Wausau Daily Herald. March 24,. Pg. 10A "Bipartisan spending is the real emergency") 

There is a real emergency in Washington 

2. Economic collapse causes extinction

Bearden 2000 (T.T, Director, Association of Distinguished American Scientists, ) 

History bears out that desperate nations 

Africa Reps K

THE AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP TO AFRICA IS DEFINED BY IMAGES.  SATURATED BY REPRESENTATIONS OF CONFLICT, DISEASE, AND THE PERMANENT AFLICTION OF CATASTROPHE AND CHAOS, POLICYMAKERS CAN’T HELP BUT SOLIDIFY THE DEHUMANIZING FRAME FOR INTERVENTION THESE IMAGES DEMAND

WALLACE, PHD STUDENT – ANTHROPOLOGY – OXFORD, 5 [JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, ] 

When we think of Africa, images of famine, poverty

THE ATTACHMENT TO IMAGES OF AFRICAN CATASTROPHE CASTIGATES AFRICANS TO A PERMANENT GLOBAL UNDERCLASS.  DEFINED AS HARBINGERS OF THEIR EVER-PRESENT DEMISE, AFRICANS BECOME THE OBJECTS OF A GENOCIDAL PROCESS OF DEHUMANIZATION THAT’S GROUNDED HISTORY’S MOST EXTREME ATROCITIES.

SANKORE, EDITOR – INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA, 5 [ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions of poverty projected

Our alternative is to reject the affirmatives representations of Africa as a continent in the state of permeate catastrophe in need of a savior.  This dismisses existing discourses and reassesses the west’s ability to simply assert the metaphore of darkness on an entire continent while opening space for more positive representations of Africa

Oguibe, Olu. PhD in Art History from University of London, March 2003.

[Exoticism, African Societies, Volume 4.]  

To reject the exoticization of Africa is to destroy  

Malthus DA

A. Uniqueness – Population is in check globally, only Africa is overpopulated.

Northern Territory News (Australia), July 21, 2005. “World population growth slowing.” Lexis.

 

World population growth is slowing because of

B. Links –

1. US assistance empirically creates rising expectations of prosperity in African states---this attitude is at the root of overpopulation

Abernethy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1993 ()

 

Between the end of World War II and 1970 fertility

2. Population momentum will ensure continued growth – only death can save SSA

Thomas J Coliber, Ph.D in history from Kent State University, is a senior fellow with The Futures Group International, [Population Bulletin – Population and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa] 1997

 

These high birth rates have kept the countries

C. Impacts –

1. Overpopulation leads to ecosystem collapse and extinction

Edward Otten, Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati, 2000-2001,

 

The exponential growth of the human population

2. The impact is linear – Each death now saves ten in the crunch

Paul Ehrlich, PhD Univ. Of Kansas, biologist at Stanford, June 16, 1979 NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE, p. 31

 

Sooner or later population would completely

3. Moral obligation to future generations

Bayless, Philosopher, [Morality and Population Policy] 1980

 

Moral principles are taken to be those which reasonable

4. In carrying capacity risk assessment always assume the worst – err on the worst of caution

Costonza 1991, prof at U of Maryland, [Calypso Log] pg. 22

 

Given all this, what can be said about the 

Malthus vs. Family Planning

1. Turn – US assistance empirically creates rising expectations of prosperity in African states---this attitude is at the root of overpopulation

Abernethy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1993 ()

 

Between the end of World War II and 1970 fertility

2. Turn – Population momentum will ensure the plan causes continued growth – only death can save SSA

Thomas J Coliber, Ph.D in history from Kent State University, is a senior fellow with The Futures Group International, [Population Bulletin – Population and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa] 1997

 

These high birth rates have kept the countries

3. Turn – Coercion –

A. Reproductive rights undermine the ability for a state to coerce its population

Kates – professor of Philosophy at Ithaca College – 2004 [Carol, Reproductive Liberty And Overpopulation, Reproductive Liberty, Environmental Values 13:1]

 

A “human rights” approach to reproduction would

B. The impact is extinction – coercive policies are key

Kates – professor of Philosophy at Ithaca College – 2004 [Carol, Reproductive Liberty And Overpopulation, Reproductive Liberty, Environmental Values 13:1]

 

In sum, population reduction appears to be necessary

4. No risk of offense – the aff cannot reduce fertility rates – economic, cultural, and agriculture situation in SSA is unique

Thomas J Coliber, Ph.D in history from Kent State University, is a senior fellow with The Futures Group International, [Population Bulletin – Population and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa] 1997

 

Why has fertility remained so high in

5. No offense – motivation is the only factor that explains fertility rates---all other indicators, including family planning, don’t change individual behaviors

Abernethy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1994 (The Atlantic Monthly 274.6)

 

Overpopulation afflicts most countries but remains

6. Empirically mortality has a larger impact on population growth than fertility

KIMBALL 2006 [John, professor of biology @ Tufts, “Human Population Growth”, ]

 

Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural

7. Decreasing fertility does not prevent population growth

GUNTHER FISCHER and GERHARD K. HEILIG, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, [The Royal Society] 1997

 

World population will grow significantly in spite

Farm Bill Politics

Bipartisan efforts ensure an override of Bush's farm bill veto.

Allbritton 12/17/07 (Jay, "Senate Passes Huge Farm Bill",



On Friday, the Senate approved a $286 billion farm bill...an

overwhelming majority."

Bipartisanship's key to override the veto and dissolve deadlock AND

issues spill over

Newsday 7 (If Democrats bend a little, they'll gain a lot, 10/07/2007,



In Washington, both Democrats...appears willing to stomach.

Farm bill's essential to offset economic devastation and the global

food supply – delays risk destroying it's benefits

Coynyn 12/26/07—serves on the armed services, judiciary and budget

committees. In addition, he is vice chairman of the Senate Select

Committee on Ethics. He serves as the top republican on the judiciary

committee's immigration, border security and refugees subcommittee and

the armed services committee's airland subcommittee.,

26.DEC.07—("Continuing agriculture policies that work", U.S. Sen. John

Cornyn,

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Five years ago, when commodity ...of our farmers and ranchers.

Bearden

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Global Health Service

The United States federal government should establish a Global Health Service to expand the capacity of community health workers in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief focus countries in the area designated by the resolution. 

 

Assistance is being increased but are useless and ineffective without a more robust health care workforce.

Mullan, et al – 05 – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University

(Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc ceb) 

Throughout history, human beings … insufficient human capacity in many developing countries to absorb, apply, and make efficient use of these new funds and critical health initiatives.  

In particular, Africa’s poor health infrastructure cripples efforts to prevent disease spread

Garret, 7 (Laurie, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Prepared Statement Before the Senate Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations and Related Programs,” 4-18-2007, publication/13130/) 

Public health systems keep babies and children alive. Medical … of public health and medical care 

In the short term, there will be millions of preventable deaths EACH YEAR

States News Service, 7 (“Bipartisan Group of Senators Introduce African Health Capacity Investment of 2007”, March 7, Lexis-Nexis Universe)  

Senators Dick Durbin (D-IL), Norm Coleman (R-MN) and … and ensuring our efforts to fight these diseases succeed." 

The impact outweighs any disadvantage – AIDS kills hundreds of millions of people, causes genocide, ethnic cleansing and economic collapse – this both makes war more likely and magnifies its impact

Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) 

At the start of the new century, the AIDS epidemic is … million more will be infected just by 2005.

The cycle of AIDS transmission and war will allow the virus to mutate, become airborne and spread worldwide

Singer, 2 (Peter W., Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution: Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative, PhD in Government Harvard University, Department of Defense-Balkans Task Force, “AIDS and International Security”, Spring 2002, Survival Vol. 44, No. 1, Spring 2002, Pg. 145-148, brookings.edu/dybdocroot/views/articles/fellows/2002_singer.pdf) 

New Disease Threats

Wars also lead to the uprooting and … traced back to some ignored conflict elsewhere.  

The impact is extinction

Muchiri, 2000 (Michael Kibaara; Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi; “Will Annan finally put out Africa’s fires?” Jakarta Post; March 6; Lexis-Nexis Universe) 

The executive director of UNAIDS, Peter …the black race and maybe the human race.

A Global Health Service will mobilize thousands of health workers – federal leadership is key 

Mullan, 7 (Fitzhugh, MD, Department of Health Policy, George Washington University, JAMA, “Responding to the Global HIV/AIDS Crisis: A Peace Corps for Health,” 2-21-2007, 297:744-746, American Medical Association Journals database) 

This modest level of mobilization is in sharp contrast to the clear … say something about the United States—a message the world needs to hear.  

Without the plan all current health workers will give up – the plan is key to solve for disease. 

Mullan, et al – 05 – Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University

(Fitzhugh Mullan, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005, Preface, nap.edu/catalog/11270.html#toc ceb)

Human beings are the heart of health care. It is … accomplish this task alone. 

 

The Global Health Service will quickly serve as a catalyst to build new healthcare capacity

Davis , 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, )

This paper seeks to describe initiatives to sustainably achieve health … members could supervise and train community members while integrating them into the local health system. 

Community health workers provide a long-term solution to Africa’s healthcare worker shortage – they won’t migrate from the country

Dovio, 5 (Dr. Delanyo Dovlo, Chief of Party @ Population Council, Accra, Ghana and Former District Director of Medical Services, Former Regional Director in the Western Region, and the Former National Director of Human Resource Development. “Filling the gaps: Introducing substitute health workers in Africa.”  id21 Insights Health, Vol 7, August 2005, insights/insights-h07/insights-issh07-art05.html) 

Massive shortages in trained health care professionals in sub-… for SHWs are lower than for the staff they are replacing.

The plan will create a sustainable health system that is not susceptible to brain drain

Davis , 5 (Paul Davis, Director of Government Relations @ Health Global Access Project,“Strategic US Initiatives for Health Workforce Self Sufficiency in Developing Nations,” Health Gap Global Access Project, 12-1-2005, ) 

It takes a long time to train the numbers of doctors and nurses necessary to meet US … to graduate new healthcare professionals.  

 

Finally, action against AIDS in Africa will lay the groundwork for stemming the spread of the disease globally

Morrison, 1 (J. Stephen, director of the Africa program at CSIS, The Washington Quarterly, Winter, “The African Pandemic Hits Washington,” ) 

We finally began to recognize, at the end of the 1990s, that HIV/… set back progress and redefine global perceptions of  what is possible in Africa. 

Contention 2- Public Diplomacy 

U.S. credibility is at an all time low – a commitment to public health is necessary to repair America’s image

Fortin, 7 (Fred, worked in health care delivery for over 35 years and his experience ranges from mental health crisis intervention, child abuse prevention, studying AIDS in Africa, to university teaching and corporate health care strategic policy development, World Health Care Blog, “Soft Power and U.S. Health Care Revisited,” 6-12-2007, 2007/06/12/soft-power-and-us-health-care-revisited/) 

I’ve argued previously that every health care issue confronting us today has underlying … are still burdened with living in this world and it still remains our job to make it work. 

Building upon the PEPFAR will help the U.S. rekindle international partnerships and create a sustainable foundation for benevolent hegemony

The Lancet, 5 (Editorial, “America at home and abroad,”  Jan 1-Jan 7, 2005, vol. 365, no. 945, Proquest) 

In international affairs, Bush's biggest task is to repair America's strained …, empathie, and secure superpower. 

Strategic humanitarianism will mute international criticism of U.S. unilateralism

Kassalow and Fox, 2001 (Jordan S. Kassalow, Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute and a Draper Richards Fellow and is on the Board of Lighthouse International, on the Medical Advisory Board of Helen Keller International, Daniel M. Fox, President of the Milbank Memorial Fund and advisor @ Health Sciences Center of the State University of New York, World Health News, “Making Health a Priority for US Foreign Policy”, October 26, 2001, ) 

This country's humanitarian commitment … political, economic, and ethical history of our country 

In particular, the Global Health Service will uniquely foster relationships and multicultural understanding to overwhelm anti-American abroad

Mullan, et al, 5 (Fitzhugh Mullan, Professor of Prevention and Community Health at George Washington University, Claire Panosian, Patricia Cuff, Editors, Board of Global Health at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Healers Abroad: Americans Responding to the Human Resource Crisis in HIV/AIDS, 4-19-2005 

Humanitarianism marks the recently augmented public … cross-border personal networks

Public diplomacy overcomes issues like Iraq by helping to justify and explain US actions

Gedmin and Kennedy, 3 (Jeffrey Gedmin, director of the Aspen Institute Berlin and Craig Kennedy, president of the German Marshall Fund of the United States; “Selling America – Short,” The National Interest, Winter 2003, ) 

Traditional diplomacy can only go so far. … consider what additional lessons history can offer 

A commitment to improving public health abroad is essential to reverse negative perceptions of the U.S. and sustain soft power leadership

Benatar & Fox, 5 (Solomon R. Benatar – Professor of Medicine and Bioethics at the University of Capetown, and Renée C. Fox – Professor of Sociology and Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, “Meeting Threats to Global Health: A call for American leadership,” 48.3 (2005) 344-361, Project Muse, JMP)  

Self-Interest as a Force for Improving Global Health

Just as America has sought widespread solidarity in its campaign against terrorism, so … the threats to and the potential for global health. 

Soft power is key to hard power – its decline will cause domestic isolationism

Nye, 4 (Joseph, dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, Political Science Quarterly, Summer) 

THE COSTS OF IGNORING SOFT POWER    … more effectively to explain our common interests.  

The collapse of U.S. soft power will shatter global cooperation – making nuclear proliferation, environmental destruction, failed states and diseases inevitable

Reiffel, 5 (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution,  The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, brookings.edu/views/papers/20051207rieffel.pdf) 

Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars

Thayer, 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) 

Contention 3 - Bioterrorism 

The threat of bioterrorism is real and growing

O’Toole 2007 (Tara, “Hearing on Bioterrorism Preparadness and the Role of DHS Chief Medical Officer,” testimony before Congress, Center for Biosecurity, March 29, ) 

Bioterrorism is an Urgent and Growing … with the national security implications of this analysis. 

The Global Health Service will allow the CDC and NIH to maintain expertise in diseases that are potential bioterrorist agents

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ] 

Improving the global capacity to …the microbial threats workforce). 

This expertise will lead to effective responses to both natural disease outbreaks and bioterrorist attacks

Smolinski et al. 03 – Director of the Global Health and Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative [Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ] 

REBUILDING DOMESTIC PUBLIC HEALTH CAPACITY

The U.S. capacity to respond to …epidemiologic expertise and laboratory capability 

Response ability and situational awareness is the best defense against bioterrorist attacks

O’Toole 2007 (Tara, “Hearing on Bioterrorism Preparadness and the Role of DHS Chief Medical Officer,” testimony before Congress, Center for Biosecurity, March 29, ) 

The ease with which bioweapons programs can be … to constructively engage the cooperation and collaboration of citizens in epidemic response.

The impact is extinction – outweighs nuclear use

Ochs – MA in Natural Resource Management at Rutgers – 2002 (Richard, “Biological Weapons Must be Abolished Immediately,” 6-9-2002, ) 

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY

Of all the weapons of mass destruction, the … If patriotism would extinguish humanity, then patriotism is the highest of all crimes. 

Add on 

Natural outbreaks will be perceived as terrorist attacks

Stern – 2003 – Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard

(Jessica Stern, International Security, “Dreaded Risks and the Control of Biological Weapons,” 27.3 (2002/03) 89-123, Project Muse) 

A particularly frightening aspect of … continue to increase the incidence of infectious diseases once thought to be under control. 

U.S. lashout will kill hundreds of millions

Easterbrook – Fellow at the Brookings Institute – 2001 (Greg, CNN, “America's New War: Nuclear Threats,” 11-1-2001, ) 

EASTERBROOK: Well, what held … in addition to being in our interests. 

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Affirmative – Africa Bridge

Africa Bridge 1AC 

Our debate activity currently functions and produces a teacher-student dichotomy in which education is sought solely for the purposes of imagining political action devoid of strategies FROM the oppressed. This form of narration strips individuals from any transformation power within their social location.

FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed) 

A careful analysis of …they are. 

 

These resolutional forms of education justify stripping the oppressed from ontological action. This year’s resolution creates an alienated education that increasingly protects the form of education that deposits information on the African nations that are depicted as ‘welfare recipients.’ Such a framework masks the worst forms of structural violence.

FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed)

The capability of banking … be more fully human.  

 

The condition of oppression that is perpetuated via current educational practices dooms us to a world where violence is a constant reality,  constitutes the foundation for subjugation and perpetual negation of life.

FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, “Chapter 1,” Pedagogy of the Oppressed.)  

The pedagogy of the first stage … the preponderance of the strong, but by the strong who have emasculated them. 

Therefore, it is necessary to establish a framework of “problem-posing” education that poses the resolution as a question to the oppressed where THEY create their own strategies for empowerment and liberation. Only a problem-posing education can establish a consciousness of emancipation from the worst structural conditions.

FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, Chapter 2, Pedagogy of the Oppressed) 

Those truly committed … education are “owned” by the teacher.

AFRICA BRIDGE 1AC 

The failure to establish a problem-posing education framework accentuates current AIDS assistance failures. AIDS awareness, treatment, and prevention campaigns lack cultural sensitive modes of transmission.

KWESI  2K4 (Yankah, Ph.D. in folklore from Indiana University and is currently Professor of Linguistics at the University of Ghana, “Narrative in Times of Crisis: AIDS Stories in Ghana,”Journal of Folklore Research, 41.2, May-August, pg. 181-198) 

Folk constructions of … of AIDS in their social locations.  

The following is an account of Sharon Stone, a donor of Africa Bridge, that visited Tanzania….

Starr November 26, 2007 ( Sharon "Mimi" Starr, Lake Oswego Rotarian, Monday, November 26, 2007, Impressions of Tanzania)

In late October, I had the …money will be well spent. 

 

The grant that has been devised by the oppressed has been officially drafted—Tanzanians and African Bridge workers are currently petitioning the United States federal government. This grant is necessary for a sustainable health assistance infrastructure.  

ZWICKEY, CHILDS, & MTULLU (Heather-Director of Resarch National College of Naturopathic, Barry-President of Africa Bridge, Samwel-Tanga AIDS Working Group, National College for Naturopathic Medicine and Africa Bridge and the Tanga AIDS Working Group, “AIDS in Africa: Bridging Traditional Healing with Modern Medicine,” Google.) 

Africa BridgeStaff: 2 Annual … as the larger global community.

   

And, the dialogical methodology of Africa Bridge is the best possible strategy. Tanzania’s entire health care system is at stake.

Global Vision 2003 (Date Posted on Global Envision: July 14, 2003, On the Other Side of Despair…Hope library/3/509, “When millions of people are dying and suffering from the consequences of AIDS, is there any reason to have hope?”)

When I look at the … doing work in Africa. 

 

We will defend that the National Institute of Health will approve the grant request of Africa Bridge for the building of an AIDS prevention and treatment infrastructure to Tanzania. 

Our plan text is a direct affirmation of the existential reality of the oppressed that we highlight in direct response to the AIDS pandemic and the resolution as a productive educational possibility. All counterplans and arguments that do not place such the agency of the oppressed at the forefront are doomed to oppressive paternalism.

FREIRE ’70 (Paulo, Brazilian Revolutionary, “Chapter 1,” Pedagogy of the Oppressed.)  

The same is true with respect to the …oppression must be transformed. 

 

And, our methodology establishes the groundwork for an epistemological approach that precedes politics proper. Rejecting our approach to exploitation results in macro-socioengineering, which makes all impacts inevitable.

RAJAN ‘92 (Roby, The Discourse of Exploitation and the Exploitation of Discourse.)  

How then are human …to change in the larger society. 

Notre Dame (All Teams) – Negative

A. Africa is a litmus test for China’s global power – its perceived imperialism is causing backlash in Africa. It must shift towards programs designed for the mutual benefit of Africa to solidify its soft power and global leadership 

Kurlantzick 2007 – Visiting Scholar in Carnegie Endowment’s China Program

[Joshua Kurlantzick, “Into Africa - As China becomes a major influence in Africa, it faces mounting resistance and a profound dilemma: How does a nation devoted to nonintervention become a global power?,” June 3, Lexis]

EMBARKING UPON … potentially, the world.

B. China is competing with the U.S. over influence in Africa—the counterplan boosts China’s ability to win African partnerships and Chinese soft power

Gill, et al, 06  (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding  Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, ) 

China, in its quest for a closer strategic … strategic  partnership.  

C. Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence

Gill and Huang 2006 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',” Volume - v4848 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, ) 

A most intriguing …on the mainland. 

D. Taiwanese push for independence will escalate into a global nuclear holocaust

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU

[James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless for an … peace in the Asia Pacific region 

Oak Park River Forest LS – Affirmative – AIDS Theater

Act One is The Plague:

In 1947 Albert Camus’s novel The Plague describes the extraordinary events in the ordinary African town of Oran. In this account, Camus showed how individuals should react to the absurdity of life, represented by a disease that killed randomly and indiscriminately. The novel proves that the reaffirmation of hope is the best action to take when faced with almost certain death.

We bring you to the moment Oran is diagnosed with the plague.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

The word "plague" had just been uttered for the first time…

If not, one would know it anyhow for what it was and what steps should be taken for coping with and finally overcoming it. X

And SHUT go the gates of Oran without warning—the town becomes an island, isolated from the rest of the world, separating the diseased townspeople from their own family.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

From now on, it can be said that plague was the concern of all of us. Hitherto, surprised as he may have been by the strange things happening around him, each individual citizen had gone about his business as usual, so far as this was possible…

And in the long run, to these sterile, reiterated monologues, these futile colloquies with a blank wall, even the banal formulas of a telegram came to seem preferable. X

Act Two is AIDS

Current AIDS discourse securitizes and individuates the disease along homophobic and racist lines, creating an ethic of exclusion. Our reading of The Plague is a demand for community in the arena of AIDS which counteracts the exclusionary logic of contemporary AIDS discourse by fostering a compassionate politics that realizes a community of difference.

Gomel 2000 (Elana, Lecturer in the Department of English at Tel Aviv University, “The Plague of Utopias: Pestilence and the Apocalyptic Body,” Twentieth Century Literature 46, 4, jstor)

But can such a body be an object of a (political) desire? Can the entropia of communal dying, inexorably dwindling toward the lone figure of the last man, be recast as utopia?…

But those who-perhaps understandably-seek a consolation in entropia should consider whether it does not skirt perilously close to genocidal utopia.

Act Three is the Theatre

Community theatre is dying out in Africa – more funding is needed

Johansson 2007 (Ola, Lecturer in Radical Theatre and Performance Analysis at Lancaster Institute for the Contemporary Arts “The Lives and Deaths of Zakia: How AIDS Changed African Community Theatre and Vice Versa” Theatre Research International 32, p. 85-100)

Some groups have simply given up; on my random revisits, villagers confirm to me that they have not taken part in theatre events for a long time, which usually indicates a general absence of prevention activities…

Soon, if they continue to be ignored and disrespected, the alienated youth will not tell us the truth any more but only mock us with a grinning death mask

AIDS theater creates community formed around the prevention of AIDS

Johansson 2007 (Ola, Lecturer in Radical Theatre and Performance Analysis at Lancaster Institute for the Contemporary Arts “The Lives and Deaths of Zakia: How AIDS Changed African Community Theatre and Vice Versa” Theatre Research International 32, p. 85-100)

The development of community theatre spread across Africa via international workshops and eventually led to a third phase of community theatre, elaborated in countries such as Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Tanzania.31 At this point most of the creative and edifying modus operandi was entrusted the community subjects themselves, who participated directly in the planning and performing of the theatre. Community theatre went from being a social event to becoming a social process. …

community theatre potentially is the most efficient form of HIV prevention for young people

Community theatre has the audience identify with the ill. This is the basis for a new ethical relationship with the sick, allowing us to challenge dominating discourses that portray AIDS only as a threat to those surrounding the afflicted.

Goldstein 1990 (Richard, executive editor of Village Voice, “The Implicated and The Immune: Cultural Responses to AIDS,” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 68, pg. 298-299)

But the parameters of representation do not end with the fine arts. Popular culture, too, has found itself drawn to depictions of the causes and consequences of HIV infection. …

If the arts have positioned themselves with the implicated, the mass media represent the immune.

The US controls the global policy toward and the discourse surrounding AIDS – our inaction in the face of the plague has prevented a global response to it. Now, we must step forward and take up the mantle of community building that only we are capable of

Behrman 2004 (Greg, coordinator for the Council on Foreign Relations Roundtable on Improving U.S. Global AIDS Policy, The Invisible People: How the U.S. has slept through the Global AIDS Pandemic, the Greatest Humanitarian Catastrophe of our Time, pg. xiii-xiv)

Throughout the rise of the AIDS pandemic, the United States has been the world's largest donor and its most vocal mouthpiece in the fight against the disease. …

It has been driven by a hope that history might evince the mistakes of the past, so they need not be the mistakes of the future.

And thus we reveal our advocacy:

The United States federal government should provide necessary resources for AIDS theatre companies to provide culturally sensitive education programs in parts of the topically designated areas which do not currently have access to AIDS theatre.

Act Four is Community: The Struggle is the Cure

Recognizing that the plague affects everyone must move us all to fight. Even at the peril of certain death, we cannot permit inaction. Instead, we must fight the plague in order to save as many people as possible.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

Those who enrolled in the "sanitary squads," as they were called, had, indeed, no such great merit in doing as they did, since they knew it was the only thing to do, and the unthinkable thing would then have been not to have brought themselves to do it. …

And to do this there was only one resource: to fight the plague. There was nothing admirable about this attitude; it was merely logical. X

This fight against the plague is a never-ending defeat. Death is a durable and horrible reality—it is only in our struggle against death and our refusal to give into failure that allows us to live through the absurd.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

Tarrou squared his shoulders against the back of the chair, then moved his head forward into the light.

"Do you believe in God, doctor?"

…

"Who taught you all this, doctor?"

The reply came promptly:

"Suffering." X

In the face of impending death we must strengthen our resolve in the fight against hopelessness. We must all take on the responsibility of resistance – even if success is in doubt. Refusing this duty hastens our inevitable extinction. There is no escape.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

But, Paneloux continued, there were other precedents of which he would now remind them. If the chronicles of the Black Death at Marseille were to be trusted, only four of the eighty-one monks in the Mercy Monastery survived the epidemic. And of these four three took to flight. …

No, there was no middle course. We must accept the dilemma and choose either to hate God or to love God. And who would dare to choose to hate Him? X

The end of the plague comes at the end of the tale—its lesson is one of community. The plague’s collective absurdity illustrates our shared fate of death, and, ultimately, the possibility for collective hope. The 1AC builds the community in the face of the plague that allows us to overcome this existential hell.

Camus 1947 (Albert, “Not an Existentialist”, The Plague)

For the first time Rieux found that he could give a name to the family likeness that for several months he had detected in the faces in the streets. He had only to look around him now….

, he was thinking it has no importance whether such things have or have not a meaning; all we need consider is the answer given to men's hope. X

Pace AL – Affirmative – Tanzania Aid

Bush promoting foreign aid now

THE SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER 10-11-07

So that official, Assistant Secretary of State Daniel Sullivan, is on a mini-domestic tour to promote free trade and tout the Bush

Bush doubling HIV aid now

National Review 6-25-07

"Compassionate conservatism" has not fared well as a presidential slogan. But if it is to have one lasting and worthy legacy, it would be the President's

African aid increased 50 percent recently

BILL EASTERLY , PROFESSOR, NEW YORK UNIVERSITY CQ Transcripts 10-11 -07

The G-8 summit in 2005 recommended a doubling of aid . The Chinese held a conference on aid to Africa. They agreed to double their aid to

Inherency

Tanzania is the epicenter of the epidemic

F amily H ealth I nternational,(FHI is a nonprofit public health NGO that manages field research in 70 countries) The Tanzania AIDS Project: Building Capacity, Saving Lives , 20 00

The East African nation of Tanzania would appear to have many strikes against it in the battle against HIV /AIDS. With its western provinces

Tanzania is limited by cost, human resources and implementation capacity

WHO 0 5 (December, Tanzania Summary Report p. 1 )

Overall health sector capacity in the United Republic of Tanzania is high compared with other countries in the region. However, the scale up of HIV/AIDS

Internal Link- Aids from Africa spreads globally-promotes conflict

Second Annual Report to Congress PEPFAR "ACTION TODAY, A FOUNDATION FOR TOMORROW: The President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief" 2006

As Atwood notes, HIV is much more than a social or developmental threat — it is a concrete threat to stability and security. Nelson Mandela, in a speech before the World Economic

Russia, China and India

Michael Pates, a lawyer, is director of the ABA AIDS Coordination Project. Jason Johnson, a third-year student at George Mason University School of Law, is a project assistant. Human Rights, Fall 2004, Vol. 31, No. 4, p.14

The AIDS pandemic's destabilizing effects have been keenly felt in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa . According to the

Harms: Attempts to outweigh the case will be both laughable and pathetic

Systemic- Aids will kill 97 million people by 2015

Dr. Rene Loewenson (Director, Training and Research Support Centre in Zimbabwe) and Professor Alan Whiteside (Director of Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division at University of Natal South Africa) 2001 "HIV/AIDS Implications for Poverty Reduction", UNITED NATIONS DEVELPMENT PROGRAMME POLICY PAPER, Date Accessed 7/9/2007,

However, despite intensifying efforts focused on prevention and care, the epidemic continues to spread unabatedly, and as people infected by HIV become ill and die, its

Magnitude-Kills more than war

Lester Brown Earth Policy Institute, PLAN B 2.0 – RESCUING A PLANET UNDER STRESS AND A CIVILIZATION IN TROUBLE, 2006 p. 103-4

Although diseases such as malaria and cholera exact a heavy toll, there is no precedent for the number of lives affected by the HIV epidemic. To find

200 MILLION INFECTED BY 2020—THIS TUBES IMMUNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES

NEWSDAY 5-31-200 1 ( )

Today, with the AIDS epidemic 20 years old, about 37 million people are suffering from various stages of HIV-induced immune system problems. Twenty years

D-rule

ZIMMERMAN AND ZIMMERMAN 1996 (Barry and David, both have M.S. degrees from Long Island University, Killer Germs p 132)

Then came AIDS …and Ebola and Lassa fever and Marburg and dengue fever. They came, for the most part, from the steamy jungles of the world. Lush tropical rain forests are ablaze with deadly viruses . And changing lifestyles as well as changing environmental conditions are flushing them out .

Nuke Wars-

AIDS HOLLOWS OUT AFRICAN MILITARIES AND MAKES DEPLOYMENT UNCERTAIN—THIS CAUSES DOMESTIC INSTABILITY, ALLIANCE COLLAPSE, AND INVITES AGGRESSION FROM OTHER STATES

SINGER 200 2 (Peter, John M. Olin Post-doctoral Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Survival, Spring. This is not the bioethicist/activist Peter Singer.)

The results are devastating for the military institution and can lead to a dangerous weakening of military capabilities. Besides the effect on

Weak African economies are the root cause of civil wars on the continent – strongest data proves, this will spillover to ethnic conflict

Paul Collier (Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre for the Study of African Economies at Oxford University) October 2004 "Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa." Crimes of War Project, the Magazine.

Why has Africa had so much civil war? In all other regions of the world the incidence of civil war has been on a broadly declining trend over the past

Ethnic conflicts lead to global wars

Lake and Rothchild 1999 , USC Political Science Profs., 99 (David and Donald, The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict)

Even before fears of nuclear Armageddon could fully fade, new fears of state meltdown and ethnic cleansing have rippled across the international community. In

WAR IN AFRICA WILL RESULT IN INTERVENTION AND NUCLEAR WAR

DEUTSCH 200 2 (Jeffrey, Political Risk Consultant and Ph.D in Economics, The Rabid Tiger Newsletter, Vol 2, No 9, Nov 18, )

The Rabid Tiger Project believes that a nuclear war is most likely to start in Africa. Civil wars in the Congo (the country formerly known as Zaire), Rwanda,

Unchecked AIDS will spread from Africa to Russia and the rest of Asia

Lowry 2003

Colin. "AIDS Plague Will Reach Peak in 40 More Years," Executive Intelligence Review, Vol. 30, Issue 4.

The AIDS epidemic is still increasing worldwide , and in Africa it threatens to literally wipe out entire nations. In December 2002, UNAIDS

Russian AIDS epidemic will collapse the Russian economy

Kester Kenn Klomegah on April 11, 2005, is former editorial staff of Moscow Times and writer for Inter Press Service. He was awarded the Golden Word Prize Inter Press Service, "Russia Counts the Cost of AIDS "

The Russian government is turning increasingly towards businesses to support its fight against AIDS. The move comes after health experts confirmed registration of

US-Russia Nuke War

David '99

STEVEN R. DAVID is a Professor of Political Science at The Johns Hopkins University. "Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars." Foreign Affairs January, 1999 / February, 1999.

If internal war does strike Russia, economic deterioration will be a prime cause . From 1989 to the present, the GDP has fallen by 50 percent. In a society where, ten

AIDS will kill China's Economy

China Daily 12-1-05

China must keep its number of HIV-infected people under 1.5 million in the next five years or risk social instability and a possible

Chinese economic collapse causes nuclear wars in all Asian hotspots

Chen '01

(Shuxen, RAND Corp, China the United States and The Global Economy)

Indeed, U.S.-Chinese relations have been consistently driven by strong common interests in preventing mutually damaging wars in

Plan: the United States federal government should restore the Tanzania Aids Project

Solvency

The TAP cluster system is a unique global model- it allows for incorporation of local knowledge and cooperative planning eliminating resource constraints

Family Health International,(FHI is a nonprofit public health NGO that manages field research in 70 countries) The Tanzania AIDS Project: Building Capacity, Saving Lives , 20 00

Yet it is also this threatened human capital from which HIV/AIDS prevention and care efforts draw strength. For decades, Tanzanians have live d within a

TAP engages the government structure producing better epidemiological decision making

Family Health International,(FHI is a nonprofit public health NGO that manages field research in 70 countries) The Tanzania AIDS Project: Building Capacity, Saving Lives, 2000

Educating Tanzania's leaders about the epidemic is an other important BCC activity that all TAP clusters undertake. Policy makers — from

TAP maximizes resources and builds capacity- its key to solve deficiencies in the indigenous health care system and free up resources

FHI 2k (Final Report for the AIDSCAP Program in Tanzania October 1991 to September 1997 )

Support for regional NGO clusters is the programmatic centerpiece of the Tanzania AIDS Project. The objective of this critical component is to enable

USAID Key-International Agent counterplans are a waste of oxygen

William Emmet, ET AL Team Leader, TAP/MTR, POPTECH/FUTURES TANZANIA AIDS PROJECT MIDTERM REVIEW REPORT POPTECH Report No. 97-096-053 (Souleymane Barry MD, Anne Fleuret MD, Senior research fellow-institute of African Studies, Alan Handyside MA PhD Scientific Director. Pioneered Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Prof. Of microbiology Univ. of Leeds, and others but this cite is getting to long) July 19 97

2.7.2 USAID's Comparative Advantage in Supporting a Positive Policy Environment From the perspective of USAID/T's results framework calling for ". . . increased knowledge of and access to HIV/AIDS information and services . . . , " there are significant opportunities for USAID to use its comparative advantages to support a positive policy environment in Tanzania

Pace AL – Negative

African Reps K 

Africa is a proxy- our subconscious colonial assumptions and fears are emptied into the Dark Continent. These representations create our policy making reality by establishing a discriminatory schema

WALLACE, PHD STUDENT – ANTHROPOLOGY – OXFORD, 5

[JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, ]

When we think of Africa, images of famine, poverty,……………… political power distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).  

 

Affirmative representations of Africa promote racist stereotypes that are a crucial cause of genocide

SANKORE, EDITOR – INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA, 5

[ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

Increasingly graphic depictions of poverty projected……………………… allow their people to freely define their future.  

 

Our framework is that representations of Africa should be evaluated prior to policy desirability. The role of your ballot should be to act as a responsible educator.  

Images are intimately tied to policy making- in order to create a better Africa policy we must first interrogate the 1AC’s representations

Azzedine Layachi, The United States and North Africa: A Cognitive Approach to Foreign Policy, 1990 p. 181-3

In the area of foreign policy study, this research……………. enhanced predictive capacity. 8  

Pos Peace K

The affirmative represents peace as an absence of war, endorsing a worldview that manages outbreaks of violence from flashpoint to flashpoint. But this only a negative peace which perpetuates the vicious cycle of violence and militarism that has been endemic to the last century; in contrast, positive peace recognizes mutual relations of non-violence which breaks the deadlock of militarism by creating the possibility of structural change.

Ha Poong Kim** Philosophy Department, Eastern Illinois University, USA Bulletin of Peace Proposals, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1987

Peace denotes a nonwarring condition………….. it is a relation humanity is fully capable of.    

Focus on war as an isolated event produces a politics of crises control that attempts to manage outbreaks of violence from flashpoint to flashpoint. This mode of being reproduces militarism and perpetuates the structural violence of “peacetime militarism”

Chris Cuomo. Ph.D., 1992, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Philosophy University of  Cincinnati  Hypatia Fall 1996.Vol.11, Iss. 4;  pg. 30

In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," Robin Schott introduces…………… appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism. 

Structural violence kills more than any war- our impact outweighs

Dr. Robert C. Gilman, Ph.D. President of Context Institute Founding Editor of IN CONTEXT, A Quarterly of Humane Sustainable Culture  One of the articles in The Foundations Of Peace (IC#4) Autumn 1983, Page 8

THE HUMAN TENDENCY toward, and preparations for………… suffering it supports, it is by far our most serious flaw.   

The representations of the 1AC inculcate a norm of negative peace, we should work to foster a more pacific discourse that promotes positive peace and social justice. It’s not what they do it’s what they justify- vote negative to reject the affirmatives description of peace as the absence of war

William C Gay. Ph.D. in Philosophy from Boston College, Prof. UNC,  Peace Review, Dec 1998.Vol.10, Iss. 4;  pg. 545-8

Many times the first step in reducing……………. whereby we overcome linguistic violence and social injustice.    

 

Representation must be evaluated prior to questions of policy

Doty, assistant professor of political science at arizona state university, 1996 [roxanne lynn, imperial encounters, p. 5-6]

This study begins with the premise that representation is ………………. the exercise of political, military, and economic power.  

 

 

 

NATO

Text: The United States Federal Government should propose that it should….  

… to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for binding consultation. The United States Federal Government should support its proposal during consultation. The United States Federal Government should abide by the results of this consultation. We’ll clarify. 

The counterplan is theoretically legitimate –  

It’s not topical – the counterplan tests the word “resolved” which means “to make a firm decision about,” it also test the word “should” which is “used to imply obligation or duty” – counterplans that test the resolution are key to predictable negative ground.

[American Heritage Dictionary at ] 

Consultation counterplans are legitimate – conditioning the plan is the only way to preserve the option of solving the case which checks unpredictable 2ac add-ons and plan clarifications. This risk is compounded by the aff monopoly on pre-round prep and structural advantages in late developing debates. 

The net benefit is NATO Cohesion –

NATO is in the midst of a transitional period, failure to consult genuinely before foreign policy decisions will undermine the alliance

Philip Gordon, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, June 24th, 2004

LETTER TO EUROPE, . 

DEAR FRIENDS. How did it come to this? ……………. exempts us from obligations to the global community

Consultation with NATO over African policy is key to redefine the alliance for survival in the 21st century – former commander James Jones agrees

Paul Ames, Associated Press Writer, 12-17-2005

“Top NATO commander urges growing role………………… having to rush to hotspots when they erupt.

Collapse of NATO causes superpower nuclear war

John O'Sullivan, editor of the National Review and founder of the New Atlantic, 6-1998 [American Spectator]

Some of those ideas--notably, dissolution………….. absence of the main guarantor of European stability.   

 

 

Dip cap

Rice’s involvement is moving the political reconciliation forward.   She is pushing the prime minister to make progress on the other reconciliation benchmarks

Hendawi 1/15/08 [HAMZA HENDAWI, “Rice Lauds Iraqi Reconciliation Efforts,” Associated Press, Jan 15, 2008, pg.

Rice left Riyadh, the Saudi capital………………. oil and gas resources among the different sects. 

 

Anderson & Grewell 01 - Senior fellow @ Hoover Institution & Research associate @ Political Economy Research Center [Terry L. Anderson and J. Bishop Grewell, “It Isn't Easy Being Green: Environmental Policy Implications for Foreign Policy, International Law, and Sovereignty,” Chicago Journal of International Law, Fall 2001, 2 Chi. J. Int'l L. 427]

Foreign policy is a bag of goods………………. resources, and ensuring access to foreign economies." n40 

 

 

Aid to Africa spends capital

Sen FeinGold 3-28-06

     We have long recognized the importance of Nigerian leadership………………….. before the Special Court to answer to the charges against him. 

 

Intensive engagement is key to consolidate political gains.  The alternative is an Iraqi slide into all-out civil war

Yates 1/24/08 [Dean Yates “INTERVIEW-U.S. envoy sees Iraq momentum on reconciliation,” 24 January 2008, 2:50:06 PM GMT, pg. Factiva]

BAGHDAD, Jan 24 (Reuters) - Reconciliation between Iraq's divided………… and job creation," he said. (Editing by Ibon Villelabeitia) 

 

Success is key to successful US global engagement 

Cordesman 07 – Military analyst and Iraq expert @ Center For Strategic And International Studies w/ 30 years experiece covering Iraq [Anthony Cordesman, “The Tenuous Case for Strategic Patience in Iraq: A Trip Report,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Updated: August 6, 2007]

America's performance in Iraq has………………………. even more than on what it has done in the past. Pg. 3-4 //1NC      

 

 

The impact is global wars

Kagan 07 – Senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [Robert Kagan (Senior transatlantic fellow at the German Marshall Fund), “End of Dreams, Return of History,” Policy Review, August & September 2007, pg. ] 

It is easy but also dangerous to underestimate………………… influence and global involvement will provide an easier path. // 1nc  

 

Spending

Unique link-Bush fighting spending and will win- plan KO’s his plans

National Review 10-22-07

With a resolute President Bush vowing to veto nine of the twelve appropriations bills making their way through  Congress,  the White House eagerly anticipates a spending showdown that will unite and enthuse its dispirited supporters. The bloated bills exceed the 

FOREIGN ASSISTANCE IS UNAFFORDABLE  --  CRACKS THE BUDGET

Susan Rice, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institute, “Africa’s Strategic Importance to the US”  Speech at Reed College, 3-20-2006   ()

Discerning~and~disaggregating~this~dangerous~dynamic~is~essential~to~ grasping~the~national~security~rationale~for~far~greater~U.S.~action~to~reduce~ 

THIS SHOCKS THE ECONOMY 

Patrice Hill, Washington Times, 4-23-2007 

Congress will have to steer carefully to avoid a shock to the economy as it strives to balance the budget by allowing tax cuts to expire in the next few years,  

 

NUKE WAR

Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research,

Times of economic crisis produce international tension and politicians tend to go to war rather than face the economic music 

Here are some more cards, though we may need to add a line into the CP about tax credits- basically they just say private better 

 

Panama FTA

Increasing health assistance to Africa expends political capital

Terry Carroll, Colonel US Army, 2001, "Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa," , p. 7-8

Remarkably, at a time of prosperity……….particularly with regard to Africa.  

 

PC Key to trade deals

Thomas McLarty, former Chief of Staff to President William J. Clinton  5-10-07

Thomas McLarty, former Chief of Staff to……………… prosperity is clearly linked to effective trade.” 

The FTA is key to- US Farming, economic growth, reducing poverty, promoting democracy, US leadership in Latin America, influence over the panama canal, and protecting the environment

US Fed News 9-12-05

The White House's Office of the U.S. Trade……………… overall growth and development of their nation. 

 

 

Economic decline leads to nuclear war 

Richard C. Cook, 6/14/07, Writer, Consultant, and Retired Federal Analyst – U.S. Treasury Department, "It's Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy has begun," Global Research, [ ]

Times of economic crisis produce international……………… debt any more, how about a few nukes? 

 

Wiretapping Politics 

Uniqueness and link dependent upon the round 

Permanent warrantless wiretapping leaves the U.S. vulnerable to cyber attacks

Susan Landau, Distinguished Engineer at Sun Microsystems Laboratories, 8-9-07, The Washington Post

Current administration policy is replete with……… endangers U.S. national security for the long term. 

Cyber attacks cause accidental nuclear war 

Stephen Cimbala, professor of political science at the Pennsylvania State University Delaware County Campus, Summer 1999, Armed Forces & Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal  

The nuclear shadow over the information…………. infowarriors and deterrers could have unfortunate byproducts.

.  

Accidental launch causes global escalation and nuclear war  

PR Newswire, 4-29-98 

An 'accidental' nuclear attack would create a …………….war with billions of casualties worldwide., 

 

Russia DA

A. Uniq - Proposed US missile defense system has put the US and Russia on the brink of nuclear war

 

Russia & CIS Military Newswire, Oct 11, 2007, “U.S. should not forget Cuban missile crisis – expert” 

 

The U.S. prospective deployment of a……….. tends to forget this lesson," he said. 

B. Link –

1. Russia will lash out at threats to their sphere of influence resulting in a drop in relations – proposed missile defense system proves

ROBERT BURNS, Oct 12, 2007 Robert Burns has covered military and national security affairs for The Associated Press since 1990 “US-Russia Negotiations Marked by Chill” AP

The spat over missile defense is particularly…………… could defeat U.S. missile defenses 

 

2. Russian investment in Sub Saharan Africa has brought the continent back into their sphere of influence 

 

Anna Smolchenko, March 2, 2006, “Russian Firms Urged to Invest in Third World” Moscow Times 

A World Bank agency on Wednesday……………. investment, he said, without elaborating. 

 

C. Impact - Drop in US Russian relations would lead to nuclear exchange – the two countries have 25,000 nuclear weapons on a hair trigger, the results would be catastrophic 

Joseph Cirincione, Center for American Progress expert in nonproliferation, national security, international security, U.S. military, U.S. foreign policy Uri Leventer, July23, 2007, “Nuclear summer” Center for American Progress

It’s summertime, and the nuclear ……………any further negotiated nuclear reductions.

Portage Northern GS – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Inherency

CDC, DOD, and USAID are currently conducting surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa but only to 42 of the 48 countries

U.S. Department of State, "U.S. Government Support to Combat Avian and Pandemic Influenza," 11/28/07 documents/organization/95934.pdf

To assist in responding to HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and to prepare for a

nonpharmaceutical commodities for surveillance and response efforts.

Current surveillance increases are ineffective and don't target crucial areas

Science Daily, 12/11/07 – Boyce is a UC Davis professor of veterinary medicine, "Bird-flu Expert Calls For Changes In Early-warning System", releases/2007/12/071207091915.htm

The international science community is not

data no more than 45 days after it is generated.

These measures leave crucial holes that enable worldwide spread – surveillance in every country is key

David Heymann and Guenael Rodier, WHO Communicable Disease Programs and the WHO Operational Support Team to the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network Global Surveillance, "National Surveillance, and SARS, Emerging Infectious Diseases," Medscape Today, 04, viewarticle/467371

The international response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak, from

response systems fail.

1AC – Plan

The Center for Disease Control should expand necessary disease surveillance in the topically designated area.

1AC – Disease

Bird Flu

Outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa is inevitable---surveillance is inadequate---kills twenty million fast

Mike Davis, author of The Monster at Our Door: The Global Threat of Avian Flu, PF history, UC Irvine, 2007

Just when most of us thought it was safe to go

genuine effort to develop a "world vaccine".

1AC

Key mutations make transmission likely

Forbes, "Key Viral Change Could Help Bird Flu Spread," October 4, 2007 (lexis)

U.S. scientists say they've spotted a crucial step the

to becoming a human virus."

Sub-Saharan surveillance is key to check mutations and human-to-human spread

Tiaji Salaam-Blyther, Coordinator Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of the Congressional Research Service, U.S. and International Responses to the Global Spread of Avian Flu: Issues for Congress, 2006

A number of analysts have argued that

that could be transmitted to and between humans."130

Mutation goes global, instantly killing billions

Mr. Satish Chandra, Deputy National Security Advisor of India – Center for Strategic Decision Research – Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, 2004, 2004book/chandra.htm

This scenario, as frightening as it is,

mortality rate is estimated.

1AC

Outweighs Nuclear War – probability and magnitude

Mark Edmonds, Director of the Centre for Defence and International Security Studies, U Lancaster; Julian Palmore, Department of Mathematics, U Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; both are Editors-in-Chief of Defense and Security Analysis -- Defense and Security Analysis – 6/1/06

Four times a year we, as Editors of Defense & Security Analysis, have not

avian flu and prepare for a pandemic. There is no time to waste.

1AC – Bioterror

Bioterror

CDC has a shortage of experts with first-hand experience with bioweapon pathogens, preventing rapid diagnosis and treatment

Katz – doctoral candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Office of Population Research at Princeton University – 2002 Rebecca, The Washington Quarterly, "Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense against Biological Weapons," Summer, Lexis

TRAINING When Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (Sin Nombre Virus)

and set up collaborative efforts.

Two Impacts

1. US Attack – the US is vulnerable

John Deutch, PF MIT, qualified in the evidence, Meeting the Bioterrorism Challenge, Testimony before U.S. Senate Committee on Health, & Pensions Subcommittee on Bioterrorism and Public Health Preparedness, 2005

I base my views on my experience as

improve our nation's biodefense posture.

Minimizing the death toll is crucial – large casualties ensure nuclear US response

Lt Col Harry Conley, chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command, Air & Space Power Journal, 2003

The number of

, whatever promises had been made."48

Surveillance maximizes lead time, minimizing death

Atlanta Journal and Constitution, quoting CDC authorities, April 28, 1998, Lexis

Viruses that cause human

Barbara Reynolds in Atlanta

2. East Africa---bioterror attack is likely, spreading globally without expanded surveillance

James Njuguna, masters in biotechnology, PhD in medical parasitology, U Bonn, worked for International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi on control of trypanosomosis and malaria. African Security Review, 2005

Terrorist groups

surveillance is done at present.33

Bioweapons outweigh nuclear war

John D. Steinbrunner, Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution, and Vice Chair, Committee on International Security and Arms Control, National Academy of Sciences, "Biological Weapons," 1997

More than 70 years later, revulsion

not necessarily its outer limit.

1AC – Solvency

Solvency

Expanding CDC surveillance is vital for US and SSA's ability to respond to bioterror and avian flu

William Fox, M.D., Commander of Bayne-Jones Army Hospital, Command Surgeon of the Joint Readiness Training Center, Parameters, 1998, p. 121-36.

The lack of US engagement with African nations in this process is

in the national interest to do so. History is scathingly unkind to those who fail to rise to such challenges.

Increasing CDC personnel is critical to create strong public health infrastructure

Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, '03, Marks. –

Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg – Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University, Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18,

The United States should take a leadership

, disease- or problem-specific areas.

Expansion of CDC surveillance is necessary to train rapid response teams, improve investigation, improve containment, and create superior data

Stephen B. Blount, Director of the Office of Global Health, May 2, 2k7 "Testimony before the Appropriations Subcommittee," asl/testify/2007/05/t20070502a.html

Currently, the US and the rest of the world are facing a very real

capacity, and communication channels so we can respond effectively.

Comparative international studies prove

National Advisory Committee on Public Health 3 Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada – October --

The members of the National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health were: Dr. David Naylor, Dean of Medicine at the University of Toronto (Chair); Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg)

3E. International Comparisons

surveillance system through earmarked state-level funding and partnerships.

And, Disease Securitization mobilizes political action to solve disease and bioterror

Enemark 5 (Dr. Christian Enemark is a Visiting Fellow of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU where he serves as Deputy Director of the National Centre for Biosecurity.'INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY', The Nonproliferation Review, 12:1, 107 – 125. March 1st)

In pursuing international cooperation,

to kill would far exceed that of SARS.

We do not link to the biopower and are the antithesis of securitizing state interventions

Fearnley 5 (LYLE FEARNLEY of ARC -- Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory is an experimental project in collaborative research in the human sciences.. Fearnley also received a Bachelor's degree in Anthropology from Columbia University in 2005. Currently, his work focuses on the development of syndromic surveillance, a technology designed to detect emerging epidemics without relying on diagnostic reports, which has emerged as a site where security and health practices are under re-formation. "Pathogens and the Strategy of Preparedness: Disease Surveillance in Civil Defense Planning" – November 29th -- .)

The extension and standardization of notifiable

not ensure maximum vitality.

BUSH GOOD 2AC

Bipartisan support

Anderson 6 (Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College, "The Looming Threat of an Avian Flu Pandemic", May, )

After addressing these broad issues,

variety of domestic and international agencies.

Turns your link

Light 99 Senior Fellow at the Center for Public Service [Paul C., the President's Agenda: Domestic Policy Choice from Kennedy to Clinton, 3rd Edition] p. 24-25

Call it push, pull, punch, juice, power,

to the table.

Use it or lose it – only risk plan boosts capital

Tod Lindberg Editor of Policy Review Magazine, Research Fellow at the Hoover Institute "Spending political capital," The Washington Times, December 7. 2k4 Pg. A21

Now, in the usual metaphor of political

capital. Who dares wins.

We haven't read link turns v Bush Bad

Soft Power Add On

Plan k/t SP

Thompson, Department of Health and Human Services Secretary, 2002 (Tommy, "Protecting the Nation's Health in an Era of Globalization: CDC's Global Infectious Disease Strategy", )

Providing diplomatic

and by eradicating diseases currently included in childhood vaccination programs.

Portage Northern GS – Negative

SPENDING DA---

More assistance cracks the budget

Susan Rice, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institute, "Africa's Strategic Importance to the US" Speech at Reed College, 3-20-2006 ( ice.pdf)

Discerning and

a rat-hole?"

This shocks the economy

Patrice Hill, Washington Times, 4-23-2007

Congress will have to steer

" for the economy, he said.

Goes global

Charles Stein, Business Columnist for the Globe, Boston Globe, March 31, 2k2, Lexis

A coincidence? No

. And growing.

Extinction

T Bearden Director Association Distinguished American Scientists EnergyCrisis -Bearden.htm 2k

History bears out that

, at least for many decades.

LOST DA---

PSI membership requires ratification

Inside the Navy, 9-3-2007

Capt. Patrick Neheer, the director and accepts the treaty, he said

PSI key to solve global prolif

Mark Shulman, 06, strategicstudiesinstitute .army.mil/pdffiles/PUB652.pdf

Weapons of mass destruction and prohibits the proliferation of WMD

Common 2NC Ev:

LOS no tech transfers

Taft IV, 2004, FDCH, 5-12

No technology transfers and its security

No tech transfer

Moore 2005, 9-22, J. of Int'l Affairs

The mandatory technology and fail to adhere

LOS key US economy

Sandalow 04, brookings.edu/comm/policybr iefs/pb137.htm

The U.S. economy depends and Convention's rules

Key to continental shelf

Sandalow

Under the Convention, coastal and Australia and Brazil

Revenue sharing doesn't hurt the US

Sandalow

Some opponents of ratification and serves U.S. interests

Doesn't hurt sovereignty

Negroponte, 9-28, hearing

Joining the Convention and commercial vessels

Fish extinctions on brink

Kunich 2005, Columbia J. of Envt'l Law, 30 Colum. J. Envtl. L. 1

What evidence can we glean and even more precipitous

Ratification key to solve

Talhelm 00, 25 N.C.J. Int'l L. & Com. Reg. 381

Overfishing is a tremendous and to the agreement

Billions at risk

LAT, 11-26-06

Much is at stake and sea life of oxygen

Diner

SQ Causes inevitable arctic conflicts, LOST key, turns Russia

Oregon statesman, 9-10

In 1982, the UN Convention and consumption and conflict

Huge risk of escalation

Security Innovator, 8-23

Huebert explained that he'd and start to harden

No negative effect on PSI

Yann-Huei Song, Ocean Dev. And INt'l Law, v. 38, iss. 1 and 2, Jan 2007

However, officials from the U.S. Navy and implementation of the Initiative

UNCLOS increases non-prolif cred

Song

This article concludes that and or not

UNCLOS helps PSI

Mullen, 5-12-04, FDCH

We are also laying and customary international law

UNCLOS doesn't hurt PSI

Moore 9-22-05, J. of Int'l Affairs

Myth: The convention is and not harm the PSI

UNCLOS doesn't all UN takeover

Moore

Critics also argue and U.S. troops in Haiti

More

Moore

Myth: the convention and national jurisdiction

Doesn't effect naval mobility

Walsh, 9-27-07, FNS

Admiral Walsh, would you agree that there's no portion and consistent on this point

US only party that constrains

Negroponte, 9-28, Testimony

No international tribunal and military activity

Can't stop military interdiction

Negroponte

The Tribunal has and U.S. military

CANADA DA---

A. Uniqueness

1. Canada is currently the world leader on aid to Africa – their edge relative to other G8 nations is barely "good-enough" to uphold their obsession with being perceived as a leader.

Black '05 (David, of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs – Beyond The Headlines – March 22nd – lexis)

Three years ago, in

leadership claims.

2. International Negotiations are under way for a new conventional weapons treaty – 2008 will be the key year. Press Trust of India '06 (December 7, 2006 – lexis)

"The Secretary-General

This will be considered by the Assembly's sixty-third session, which opens in September 2008.

3. Issue-specific uniqueness – The treaty will likely pass

Regehr '06 (Ernie Regehr – founder of Project Ploughshares, a peace-building agency in Canada – as quoted in The Record – October 28th – lexis)

The peace movement

be another victory.

B. Link -- Plan increases US aid.

This hurts Canada's Soft Power by eroding their distinctiveness relative to the US, and decreasing their edge in the vital area of development.

Rath '04 (Amitav Rath is a director at Policy Research International in Ottawa, specializing in science and technology policy, innovation, and energy and environment -- International Journal -- Oct 1st – lexis)

We live in a complex

neighbour and to acquire a large measure of "soft power" relevant in dealing with the US.

Soft power key to Canadian foreign policy – losing soft power in one area spills-over to unrelated objectives.

Grayson '06 (Dr Kyle Grayson -- Lecturer in International Politics @ Newcastle University --International Journal -- Spring 2006 – lexis)

Canada is a country that relies

style and goals.

C. Impact -- CWC

Canada's soft power contacts are vital to multilateral progress on the trade of conventional weapons.

The Treaty would solve and save many lives.

Common standards would check small arms – these kill far more people per year than WMD.

The Guardian '06 (Oct 28th -- /armstrade/story/0,,1933807,00 .html)

British officials said

arms trade treaty for several years now."

Representations K

Representations of conflict and suffering solidfy a dehumanizing frame of policy making towards Africa. Focus onhyperbolic imagery ensures a relationship based on dependency and exploitation- the result is a continent invisible to the public.

James Wallace, 2005 (ShowArticle .php?artId=101&catId=1

When we think… the ideology of the dominant forces

Negative imaging has been at the root of history's worst atrocities- positing US aid as necessary normalizes violence and stiprs entire peoples of their dignity

Rotimi Sankore 2005 ( r/2005/april05/opinion.htm

For decades, development.. define their future.

Reject the 1ac's negative, sensationalized representatiosn of Sub-Saharan Africa in favor of positive representations.

This representational focus produces a full, proper counter-image of Africa

Daniel Mezzana, 2005 ("A cancerous Image", .org/n4/eng/Dossier.htm)

The literature reported… occurring in the continent.

China DA:

A. There's A window for collaboration in Africa. Public health assistance jumps out in front of consensus building and crushes collaboration—causing US-Sino Conflict

Gill, 2007 (Bates, "China's Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States", A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-US Relations, January, /ubs/chinainafrica.pdf)

First and most importantly… workforce shortages better.

B.US involvement in sub-Saharan Africa causes China perception of oil competition – causes political tension and escalates to war

Peter Hatemi 2007 ("Oil and Conflict in Sino American Relations", Chian Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

As China's petroleum... serious geo-strategic conflict.

C. Nuclear Holocaust

Johnson, 5-14-01 (Chalmers, "Time to Bring the Troops Home," The Nation, Volume 272)

China is another matter… virtually no deterrent effect

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – Spivak/Debate Bad

Billions are affected everyday by the lack of access to adequate healthcare. Sub-Saharan Africa has been delegated to the periphery of Western consideration, with devastating consequences.

Gandy, 2k5



“the world is now experiencing the most profound public health………..the global politics of public health”

The other’spermanent lack of health care is directly linked to the exclusionary nature of modern population governance

Gandy, 2k5



“in order to understand better the political dynamics……….no value within the global economy”

Even our best intentions are inevitably enmeshed in the ongoing logic of colonialism and cultural imperialism. The more benevolent our purpose, the more subtly this logic becomes a normalized part of our relationship with the Other.

Kapoor, 2k4

“Hyper-self-reflexive development? Spival on representing the Third World ‘Other’”

Spivak underlines how we cannot encounter the Third World today……….the world is not to be fully global’

Our representations of the Third World is constantly informed by our institutional position. We create the subaltern as something that we can recognize, comprehend, and control

Kapoor

Of course, the above critique is not meant to pose as a…..we want to know it and control it.

Traditional approaches to the resolution beg us to locate ourselves outside of post-coloniality, in order to act as saviors to the Third World. This positioning allows us to duck our complicity in domination, and simultaneously claim to innocently represent the Other

Kapoor 2k4

But Spivak is quick to examine the other side of the equation. She reproaches Western researchers/academics for something……own ability to speak and be heard’

As such, perhaps the most important thing that we can do is be self reflexive about the institution that defines our knowledge and relationship to the subaltern; namely, debate. Our institution insist that we confront our representations of Otherness. THe problem is that all too often, we simplify this incredibly complex and diverse questions of differences into something the westnern imagination can quickly and esily comprehend. Either blindly insisting on “strait up’ policy stype with all tosrts of great essentialist solutions to the healthcare crisis in Africa; or we go K style, and try to distance ourselves from the social institutions that regulate and define existence. Both seem to either ignore or outright deny our complicity in a history of domination over the subaltern. Its almost as if the only true universal is the delpolyment of univeralsim

The question then is whether we recognize the way our rezolusiton and our activiey speaks to us, or chooses to passively accept the hierarchical representations and relationship with differene that our activyt ensures.

We affirm our resolution.

THe nature of the activity is to take difference and convert it into a commodity that can be quickly disseminated and understood. But our argument is not that debate is ‘bad’. We are as seduced by the acvitity as everyone else is, and that nothing else that compartes to this fourum for politial edu. Our arugment is that we are all a part of this institution, and as such we are all part of the discourses that it circulatioes and affirms if any of us are truly concerned about afirica and the health of its poupation, then our participation in this aitivy must begin with a criical examination of our relationship with diffence it may never be possible to ‘’accurately’’ represtn differe,nce, but we will always be haunted by domination, colonialism, and global mistery if we continue to view ourselves as a tanspantion window into the epeirnoce of the subaltern.

And to that end, we should affirmt the rez. We are in the beslly of the beast now foalks. We are in the middle o f our institution most protected practive = the debate round. It is only by embrascing the impossible position that this rez puts us in tat we can begin to hold this instutiotn accountable

Kapoor 04

“Taking Derrida’s lead, Spivak insits that deconsturtion….them accoutnale to the subaltnr.

Stepping away from our traditional assumptions about the subaltern and the debate insittiion is an essential steop in any attempt to learn from our encounrters with difference. We should strive for an approach to the problems outlined in the rz that emphasive open dialonge, instead of mastery and domination. In this sense, our affirmation of the rez should be seen as a pre-req for new forms of learnding

Kappor

‘Learning from below’ is a tired and tird formula, particularly………………………….reuqires yoru practice of responsibility as pre-originary right’.

Role of ballot

The ballot plays a cirical role in the way we realte to our institutional practices. It is literally the deciding factor in a system that insists on a competitive clash of knowelge, with the judge using the ballot to determine which type or use of knowege should advance, and ultimate rep the suceess of activity. In mayny ways, the hiarchinzation that this process entails is inev whitn the debate., instu but not make immunte from self rrs.

As a judge, you make investment every time you dip

Voet aff may not rez but offers acknowege relations hip with otherness.

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

Note – in a lot of our rounds the econ advantage here has been replaced with one of two add-on advantages, both at the bottom.

Contention I Inherency

The US and China are fighting a political war for regional interests in Sub-Saharan Africa, and China is winning control of regional anchor states. Absent action by the US, our interests will be lost

Lovelace 07 (Douglas, Director of Strategic Studies Institute, Forward to “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

Africa today has emerged as a continent…. And uses it seriously

We have political warfare capabilities – for example, air force MEDFLAG operations to give public health assistance

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

The U.S. Air Force also possesses…. Within its support units.

However, these programs don’t work – a lack of DOD interest in health operations keeps them under-sized

Carafano and Gardiner, 2003

(James Jay, Senior Research Fellow for National Security and Homeland Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Nile is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Center for International Trade and Economics, at the Heritage Foundation, “US military Assistance for Africa: A better solution,” )

U.S. military strategy is supposed…. EUCOM’s attention and resources.

The Department of Defense should establish yearly MEDFLAG exercises in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa.

Contention II is Hege

China is turned towards Africa as the key to it’s major foreign policy objective – the acquisition of global leadership and hegemony

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Chairman Mao Tse-tung…. Achieve great power status.

And, China is winning the political war – they are currently succeeding in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, which are the key strategic states in Africa

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and…. Technical and scientific fields.

These diplomatic exertions are tied to China’s military buildup and push for global leadership

Pan 06 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, May 18, “China’s Soft Power Initiative”)

Introduction

China's much-noted economic progress…. It’s China wielding a club

That devastates US leadership; it’s a zero-sum tradeoff

O’Connell 06 (Meghan, UPI, “China Threatens to Rival American Power Status”, June 22, )

China's rapid military expansion over recent…. Have a global impact.

Very bad

Thayer 06

Independently, Chinese hege collapses our ability to maintain trade deals and resource connections

Zweig and Jianhai 05 (David, director of the center on China’s Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Bi, postdoctoral fellow at the same location, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, )

The United States has recently… a Chinese military.

Africa is the future of global oil supplies – trade connections are key to prevent shortages

Shinn 07 (David, CSIS Africa Policy writer, “Africa, China, the United States, and Oil” May 8,)

The 53 countries in Africa possess… that comes from the Middle East.

Supply shortages cause oil price hikes

Williams 05 (James, WTRG Economics, “History and Analysis – Crude Oil Prices” )

Crude oil prices behave much… the late 1970s.

The Economist 04 (April 23)

 

China is already on the verge of overheating. But… frayed as in tatters

And that tanks the global economy

Stein 02 (Charles, Business Columnist for the Globe , Boston Globe , March 31, Lexis)

 

A coincidence? No way. More than any time …. Stop selling. And growing.

Impact is shootouts and extinction

Bearden 00 T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

History bears out that desperate nations… for many decades.

Contention III is Solvency

Military medical operations are a cheap and effective method of engagement and establish us politically – we control empirics on this question

Carroll 01 (Terry, Colonel in US Army, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa)

Just as the NSS provides grand… synchronize efforts worldwide.

MEDFLAG exercises are effective tools for political warfare and defense strategy – experts conclude they’re the single most important way for the US to access Africa

Fox 97 (William Jr, Army Lieutenant Colonel, Special Forces officer and flight surgeon, “Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa” June 24)

But, if such an overarching long-term… most recent MEDFLAG missions.

Also, US military intervention in sub-Saharan Africa is inevitable; the only question is how we shape our policy

Schaefer 07, Heritage Foundation, 2.7. (Brett, “Creating an Africa Command,” )

Africa is no longer a distant… in coming years.

And, Even they you win a world without hegemony is better, they still lose – getting there would mean massive transition wars across the globe

Posen and Ross 97

(Barry Posen, Professor of Political Science in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT, Andrew Ross,

Professor of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, Winter 1997)

The United States can, more… for those not directly involved.

The impact to these wars is extinction

Nye 90, Former Dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Bound to Lead p. 17 1990

Perceptions of change… history as we know it may end.

Finally, underestminating China is the single greatest danger and is a legitimate threat to security; their alternative would uniquely increase the possibility of war.

Mearsheimer 05 (John, prof. of polisci at U of Chicago, November 18, The Australian, “The Rise of China Will Not Be Peaceful at All”, lexis)

THE question at hand is simple and profound: will… between Beijing and Washington

ADD-ON/1AC ADVANTAGE – CHINESE HEGE BAD

a. Causes Japanese rearmament

Roy ’94 (Denny,-Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, “Hegemon on the horizon? China's threat to East Asian security,” International Security, Summer, Volume 19, Number 1)

For their part, the Japanese…. The previous cold war.

b. Immediate and escalatory global nuclear war

Khalilzad 95 (Zalmay, RAND Corporation, Losing The Moment? Washington Quarterly, Vol 18, No 2, p. 84)

Without U.S. protection, Japan… more catastrophic than the last

c. Asian arms races

Business Week ’03 (1-20, Lexis)

If Japan could get beyond the hurdles… ever more perilous future.

d. Impact is nuclear war

Cirincione 00 (Joseph, Dir – Non-Proliferation Project, CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis)

The blocks would fall quickest… nuclear weapon since 1945

Rowland Hall St Marks BL – Negative

China DA

A. China is winning the competition for influence in Africa – unconditional aid

Chau 07  (Donovan, Adjunct Faculty member  and member of the University graduate faculty in the  Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri  State University, “POLITICAL WARFARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:  U.S. CAPABILITIES AND CHINESE   OPERATIONS IN ETHIOPIA, KENYA,   NIGERIA, AND SOUTH AFRICA”, March, )  

PRC political warfare operations… interests abroad.207 

B. Public health initiatives are key to China's influence – aff challenges that

Gill et al 06  (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, “China’s Expanding  Role in Africa Implications for the United States”, 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, ) 

China, in its quest for a closer strategic.. future strategic partnership. 

C. U.S. and Chinese influence in Africa is zero sum – Africa will choose between one model of development at the expense of the other

McLeary, 07  (Paul, staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review, “A Different Kind of Great Game”, March, ) 

In such a fight, China’s unfettered… that the United States is promising.  

The Chinese model secures Chinese access to oil – key to their economy

Pan 07  (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, “China, Africa, and Oil”, 1/26, ) 

China's booming economy, which…. Oil from African countries 

That’s key to ruling party stability

Zweig and Jianhai, 05  (David, director of the Center on China's Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,  and Bi, post-doctoral fellow at the Center, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, proquest) 

An unprecedented need for resources…. Top rung of the communist party 

And, regime instability causes lashout and nuclear war

Renxing 05  (Sen, staff writer, The Epoch Times, (a privately owned Falon-Gong linked newspaper) August 3, 2005, “CCP Gambles Insanely to Avoid Death” ) 

Since the Party’s life is “above all else… hostage and gamble with their lives 

China CP

The People’s Republic of China should (do something related to the plan, probably) by accelerating its assistance to Africa through the Forum on China-Africa Co-operation. 

China has a longstanding history of health diplomacy with Africa – it can provide effective assistance

de Looy 06 – Voy African Studies Centre in Leiden- (July-Sep, Judith “Africa and China: A strategic partnership?” ) 

Today, relations between China… based on expertise and trust.  

And, the Forum on China-African Cooperation provides an effective mechanism for the PRC to multilaterally engage Africa to solve problems

PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs 06 – January 2006 (“China’s Africa Policy,” )

Launched in 2000, the Forum on China… Forum and the NEPAD.

Ontology K

The affirmative theory of international relations relies on the State as its ontological foundation. Their politics is rooted in sovereignty.

Bartelson 95 (Jens, Prof. at Dept. of Poli Sci at U Stockholm, A Genealogy of Sovereignty, p. 22-23 

To be sure, this line of criticism…. Whole; the international system.  

Ontology shapes our way of knowing, as well as being. It is the most fundamental pre-cursor for our actions

Dillon 99 (Michael; Professor of Politics, Lancaster, Political Theory, April 99 pages 197-198) 

As Heidegger – himself an especially… be technocrats of decision making.  

This model of sovereignty guarantees cycles of increasingly violent wars and atrocity.

Cavanaugh 99 (William T, Asst Proff of Theology, Cambridge, “The City: Beyond Secular Parodies” Radical Orthodoxy pages 192-193 

Alt text – changes depending on the aff…. Usually something involving rejecting a political understanding of being though 

And, their ontology narrows our way of understanding political problems and solutions because it is always intertwined with sovereignty discourse. We must rethink the given terrain.

Bartelson 95, Same Cite, Pages 1-2 

What is sovereignty? If there are questions… sovereignty right from the start.

Sacramento Jesuit MS – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

Contention I Inherency

The US and China are fighting a political war for regional interests in Sub-Saharan Africa, and China is winning control of regional anchor states. Absent action by the US, our interests will be lost

Lovelace 07 (Douglas, Director of Strategic Studies Institute, Forward to “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa”, March)

Africa today has emerged … warfare and uses it seriously.

And, this political warfare is waged through methods such as public health aid and education

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

A clear, concise, and …peoples and cultures.19

We have political warfare capabilities – for example, air force MEDFLAG operations to give public health assistance

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

The U.S. Air Force also …. within its support units.

However, these programs don’t work – a lack of DOD interest in health operations keeps them under-sized

Carafano and Gardiner, 2003

(James Jay, Senior Research Fellow for National Security and Homeland Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, and Nile is Jay Kingham Fellow in International Regulatory Affairs in the Center for International Trade and Economics, at the Heritage Foundation, “US military Assistance for Africa: A better solution,” )

U.S. military strategy is ,… attention and resources.

The Department of Defense should establish yearly MEDFLAG exercises in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa.

Contention II is Hege

China is turned towards Africa as the key to it’s major foreign policy objective – the acquisition of global leadership and hegemony

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Chairman Mao Tse-tung …achieve great power status.

And, China is winning the political war – they are currently succeeding in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa, which are the key strategic states in Africa

Chau 07 (Donovan, MOState Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Expert in threats emerging from Africa for AMTI (an ex-special ops security group), “Political Warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa” March)

Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, … and scientific fields.

These diplomatic exertions are tied to China’s military buildup and push for global leadership

Pan 06 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, May 18, “China’s Soft Power Initiative”)

Introduction

China's much-noted …; it’s China wielding a club.”

That devastates US leadership; it’s a zero-sum tradeoff

O’Connell 06 (Meghan, UPI, “China Threatens to Rival American Power Status”, June 22, )

China's rapid military … growth would itself have a global impact."

The collapse of US dominance causes an apolar power vacuum and multiple scenarios for nuclear transition wars

Ferguson 04 (Niall, Professor of History at New York University's Stern School of Business and Senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, “A world without power,” Foreign Policy 143, p. 32-39, July-August)

Independently, Chinese hege collapses our ability to maintain trade deals and resource connections

Zweig and Jianhai 05 (David, director of the center on China’s Transnational Relations at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Bi, postdoctoral fellow at the same location, Foreign Affairs, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, September/October, )

The United States has … assume that Australia would help it defend Taiwan against a Chinese military

Africa is the future of global oil supplies – trade connections are key to prevent shortages

Shinn 07 (David, CSIS Africa Policy writer, “Africa, China, the United States, and Oil” May 8,)

The 53 countries in Africa possess only 9 percent … comes from the Middle East.

Supply shortages cause oil price hikes

Williams 05 (James, WTRG Economics, “History and Analysis – Crude Oil Prices” )

Crude oil prices behave … reminiscent of the late 1970s. 


That decks the domestic economy – no more stable labor markets

The Economist 04 (April 23)

China is already on the verge of overheating. But inflationary much frayed as in tatters.

And that tanks the global economy

Stein 02 (Charles, Business Columnist for the Globe , Boston Globe , March 31, Lexis)

A coincidence? No waywhen we stop buying,… these countries stop selling. And growing.

Impact is shootouts and extinction

Bearden 00 T.E., LTC U.S. Army (Retired), [“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly,” , June 24]

History bears out that desperate nations take …for many decades.

Unchecked Chinese presence in Africa cause skyrocketing small-arms sales – US is key to human rights standards in weapons sales.

Pan 07 (Esther, Council on Foreign Relations, “China, Africa, and Oil” January 26)


Selling arms to African … and uses them as a foreign policy tool.

Unchecked small arms sales cause child soldier use

Human Rights Watch 06

Human Rights Watch, Facts About Child Soldiers, 2006

Children are uniquely … and can be used by children as easily as adults.

That’s dehumanizing and psychologically abusive in the worst ways

Stohl 00 Rachel, Child Soldiering is the Worst Form of Child Labor, Center for Defense Information, June 22, 2000

As with other … combat activities

Contention III is Solvency

Military medical operations are a cheap and effective method of engagement and establish us politically – we control empirics on this question

Carroll 01 (Terry, Colonel in US Army, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa)

Just as the NSS provides … synchronize efforts worldwide.

MEDFLAG exercises are effective tools for political warfare and defense strategy – experts conclude they’re the single most important way for the US to access Africa

Fox 97 (William Jr, Army Lieutenant Colonel, Special Forces officer and flight surgeon, “Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa” June 24)

But, if such an … recent MEDFLAG missions.

Also, US military intervention in sub-Saharan Africa is inevitable; the only question is how we shape our policy

Schaefer 07, Heritage Foundation, 2.7. (Brett, “Creating an Africa Command,” )

Africa is no longer a distant … in the region in coming years.

And, Even they you win a world without hegemony is better, they still lose – getting there would mean massive transition wars across the globe

Posen and Ross 97

(Barry Posen, Professor of Political Science in the Defense and Arms Control Studies Program at MIT, Andrew Ross,

Professor of National Security Studies at the Naval War College, International Security, Winter 1997)

The United States can, more …even for those not directly involved.

The impact to these wars is extinction

Nye 90, Former Dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, Bound to Lead p. 17 1990

Perceptions of … know it may end.

Underestminating China is the single greatest danger and is a legitimate threat to security; their alternative would uniquely increase the possibility of war.

Mearsheimer 05 (John, prof. of polisci at U of Chicago, November 18, The Australian, “The Rise of China Will Not Be Peaceful at All”, lexis)

THE question at hand is …… which is sure to infuriate China and fuel the security competition between Beijing and Washington.

Sacramento Jesuit MS – Negative

AFRICAN IMAGING KRITIK

 

The American relationship to Africa is defined by images---representations of conflict and disease solidify a dehumanizing frame for African policy

Jamie Wallace, Ph.D. Anthropology, Oxford, 5 () 

When we think of Africa, images … power distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).  

 

Impact---negative imaging castigates sub-Saharan Africans to a global underclass---makes Africans the object of dehumanization and genocide. This calculus has been at the root of history’s worst atrocities

Rotimi Sankore, editor of Int’l Fed of Journalists, coordinator of associated rights in Africa, 5 () 

Increasingly graphic depictions of …interests to allow their people to freely define their future.  

 

Text: Reject the affirmative’s representations of Africa.

Short-circuiting negative representations of Africa allows us to tell a new POSITIVE story about Africa, devoid from the colonialist impulse 

Daniele Mezzana, Sociologist and researches – CERFE groups African research, 5 () 

The literature reported in ….better in-depth and qualified information on the African reality.

 

CHINA DISAD 

Chinese Influence 

A. There’s a window for collaboration in Africa. Public health assistance jumps out in front of consensus building and crushes collaboration – causing US-Sino conflict

Gill, Freeman Chair in China Studies at the CSIS, 2k7 (Bates, “China’s Expanding Role in Africa: Implications for the United States,” A Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, January, )

First, and most importantly, there is a need for a more ….the weakness of infrastructural capacities and health workforce shortages better.  

B. US involvement in sub-Saharan Africa causes Chinese perception of oil competition – causes political tension and escalates to war

Peter Hatemi, Professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2k7 (“Oil and Conflict in Sino-American Relations,” China Security, Summer, Volume 3, Number 3)

As China’s petroleum consumption ….geo-strategic conflict. 

C. Nuclear Holocaust

Johnson, Journalist, 5-14-01 (Chalmers, “Time to Bring the Troops Home,” The Nation, Volume 272)

China is another matter…… the nationalistic challenge to China's sovereignty of any Taiwanese attempt to declare its independence formally, forward-deployed US forces on China's borders have- virtually no deterrent effect.

 

CANADA DISAD 

Canada leads aid to Africa – their edge relative to other G8 nations is barely “good-enough” to uphold their obsession with leadership

David Black, of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Beyond The Headlines – March 22, 2k5, lexis

Three years ago, in the context of the Kananaskis summit of the G8, Prime Minister Jean Chretien orchestrated an agenda that for the first tune focused the attention … sustaining leadership claims.  

Canadians tie their national identity to foreign policy issues like public health assistance – plan jacks Canadian pride and distinctiveness – galvanizes secession in Quebec

Mark Falcoff, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, also at work on a major study of U.S.-Cuban relations, October, 1998, The American Spectator

One of the defining characteristics of Canadian foreign policy…countrymen must hope we never find out. 

Quebec secession emboldens anti-US sentiments in Russia – nuke war through miscalc

Lansing Lamont, Time Correspondent and President of American Trust for the British Library, 1994, Breakup, p. 236

It might choose to believe that through ….apt to be disregarded or even removed.  

Shawnee Mission East MP – Negative

CHERNUS K

the aff depiction of nuclear apocalypse = bad

Chernus ’82, (Ira, Prof. of Religious Studies @ Colorado-Boulder Mythologies of Nuclear War, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 2. (Jun., 1982), pp. 255-273.)

In analyzing our images details or empirical realities?      

ALTERNATIVE = judge should vote negative to re-mythologize nuclear war

Chernus ’82, (Ira, Prof. of Religious Studies @ Colorado-Boulder Mythologies of Nuclear War, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 2. (Jun., 1982), pp. 255-273.) 

It is surely difficult-perhaps…. because it has no end.      

 

Security K 

Abrahamsen 05 (Rita, lecturer in African and Postcolonial Politics in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth; Alternatives 30, 55–80, dbm) 

Coviello 01 (Peter, Asst. Professor of English @ Bodwoin, Queer Frontiers, ed. Boone) 

Alternative

Ronnie D. Lipschutz, professor at UC Santa Cruz, After Authority, 2000, pg. 53-55 

 

Politics DA’s  - Usually change every week 

 

AID Tradeoff DA

no tradeoff now

Patrick in 6

Stewart, Research Fellow at the Center for Global Development, and former member of the State Department’s policy planning staff, US Foreign Aid Reform: Will it fix what is broken?, September,

Since 2001 the

foreign assistance is zero-sum – any increase in one area causes a decrease in another

Sessions in 6

Myra, program coordinator at Center for Global DevelopmentGD, July, The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?,  

Thanks for the comment and question,

specifically, the plan trades off with democracy funding

Patrick in 6

Stewart, U.S. Foreign Aid Reform: Will it Fix What is Broken?, Center For Global Development,    

On another level, however,

spending tradeoff from democratic aid undermines democracy promotion – no matter the efficacy of the aid

Diamond in 95

Larry, Professor @ Stanford, DEMOCRACY IN THE 1990s,  

At a time when every

nuclear war

Diamond 95

Larry Promoting Democracy in the 1990’s  

This hardly exhausts the

“THE” CP

1NC

Thrift 2k (Nigel, prof of geography @ U of Bristol, Geopolitical Traditions: A Century of Geopolitical Thought, p383-385)

Let us finally come to one more arena:

Campbell 98 (David, prof of international politics @ U of Newcastle, Writing Security, p.49-51)

In fostering an evangelism of fear

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Navy Medical Ships

NAVY 1AC

CONTENTION ONE—INHERENCY—

The United States has steadily increased naval presence around Africa and now intends to make it permanent

Flynn 11/12 (Daniel, Washington Post, 2007, "U.S. to woo Africans with naval diplomacy," )

As it steams down … aboard ship during its voyage.

Revisions in US naval strategy prove more humanitarian ops are inevitable

USA Today 10/17 ("Preventing wars tops new naval strategy")

In the first major revision of U.S. … as a show of force toward Iran.

And, just one week ago, the Navy deployed the USS Porter to Kenya for a military diplomacy mission

Rankin 11/10 (Nick, BBC News, 2007, "US Navy in Kenya goodwill mission," )

Last month the US officially … their own traditions and rules.

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase public health assistance provided by the United States Navy to the Horn of Africa.

CONTENTION TWO—DISEASE—

The Horn of Africa is at risk for disease spread—additional assistance is needed

WHO '6 (April 7, "Horn of Africa food crisis and health risks," )

Severe drought has …. This can lead to complications and death during childbirth.

Naval medical platforms are declining—readiness is at an all-time low—naval cession of public health to civilian providers sets the stage for rapid disease spread

HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Without some means to jolt it into … secular authorities, and gain basing or training rights.

Revitalizing naval medical engagement prevents disease outbreak and nuclear miscalculation

HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Coupled with a well-appointed, possibly … into larger urban areas.

Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction

South China Morning Post quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996 (Avi, "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis)

Despite the importance of the discovery of the …of the human race," he said.

CONTENTION THREE—TERRORISM—

Africa is the new key site for controlling terrorism—expansion of Navy involvement will be key

Paterson '6 (Pat, U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, May, "INTO AFRICA A New Frontier in the WAR ON TERROR," EBSCO)

Africa, long a haven and training … to a more radical approach."

Now is a critical time – the Horn of Africa has become a critical base for al Qaeda to launch its attacks

The Telegraph, October 24th (David Blair and Addis Ababa, "Al-Qa'eda target west from Horn of Africa," 10-24-2007, telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/22/wqaeda122.xml) JMP

In the rapidly changing battleground … at "Westerners", possibly tourists on the Kenyan coast.

African terror networks will gain access to nuclear weapons to use on the US.

Dempsey – Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College – 2006 (Thomas, Served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April)

The threat that terrorist hubs based in … are located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and world war three.

Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, "Extinction!" Al-Ahram Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1, /2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history where … infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

Increased naval deployments to the Horn of Africa are critical to build goodwill and prevent terrorism—the Navy refuses to commit hospital ships and naval medical personnel to the Horn

SALTA '6 (Remo, "Around the Horn," Naval Institute Proceedings 132:7, July, EBSCO)

The one thing I noted after reading …Navy gray of U.S. warships.

Naval humanitarianism is a crucial tool in the war on terror—this is feeding its expansion

Ballen '6 (Kenneth, flyin-high president of Terror Free Tomorrow, 12/20, 2006/1220/p09s01-coop.html)

The flagship for the war on terror …in the Muslim world.

Naval medicine is the best way to improve US image abroad

BOSTON GLOBE '6 (5/14, )

THE 1,000-BED US … by its enemies abroad.

Expanded humanitarian missions ensures access to littoral areas to disrupt terrorist activity

RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

CREATING MARITIME … which support U.S. GWOT goals.

Hospital ship deployment gains access to local intelligence which is critical to overwhelm terrorist activity

RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

BUILDINUILDING INTELLIGENCE NETWORKS Intelligence … several West African partner militaries.

CONTENTION FOUR—HEGEMONY—

Africa represents a critical strategic region for the United States—serious threats emanate from the region

Steven Metz, Research Professor of National Security Affairs in the Strategic Studies Institute, 2k (REFINING AMERICAN STRATEGY IN AFRICA, )

The tendency is thus to … which is in short supply across Africa.

Expanded naval medicine presence is necessary to project influence to Africa

GALRAHN '7 (7/15, naval analyst, )

If this report is accurate, the impact of the … to a region in need.

Hospital ship deployments provide unique vehicles for medical diplomacy

Hormats '7 (Dr. Robert, IFPA-Fletcher Conference, )

Can I just add one comment? The point … could be at the forefront of this initiative.

Solves power projection

GALRAHN '7 (6/6, naval analyst, )

The projection of power … national security strategy.

Hospital ships act as a force multiplier, providing unique platforms for naval warfighting

RAWLEY '7 (Chris, Navy Reserve Lieutenant Commander, "Naval Unconventional Warfare," Small Wars Journal 7, documents/swjmag/v7/rawley-swjvol7.pdf)

Mercy's deployment also … and direct fire weapons.

Deployment of medical-focused ships results in a greater commitment to broad naval medicine, solving readiness

HOOPER '3 (Craig, "Projecting Biomedical Security," Naval Institute Proceedings// 129:7, July, EBSCO)

Without some means to jolt it … doing medical work."[sup4]

Humanitarian assistance is necessary to win local support—regional support and power projection will be critical to success in the Asia-Pacific region and readiness

Roughead '6 (Admiral Gary, "Enhancing Asia-Pacific Sea Power," US Naval Institute Proceedings, May, Vol. 132, Issue 5, p. 48-50)

The Asia-Pacific region poses a … region and assure stability, peace, and prosperity.

Naval readiness is critical to deterring and preventing great power wars

Conway et al '7 (James T., General, U.S. Marine Corps, Gary Roughead, Admiral, U.S. Navy, Thad W. Allen, Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," October, )

Deter major power war. No … extended campaigns ashore.

St Marks BK – Affirmative – Djibouti

DJIBOUTI 1AC

Lack of funding for developmental assistance undermines HOA and AFRICOM—a new focus is key

Berrigan 9/19 (Frida, senior program associate at the Arms and Security Project of the New America Foundation, 2007, "The New Military Frontier: Africa,"

/archive/2007/09/19/3948/)

Even as these discussions continue,.... strategic interests than African needs

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially expand Africa based public health infrastructure programs of the United States Combined Joint Task Force based in Djibouti.

Contention 1—Health—

Lack of health infrastructure in Africa spurs drug resistant strains–there's no diagnostic testing.

Cohen '7 (Gary, President of BD Medical, 1-5-07, /newsroom/pdfs/3_HC_Infrastruct ure.pdf)

A primary thrust of these interventions … the public and private sectors toward this goal.

Unchecked drug resistant pathogens cause extinction

South China Morning Post quoting Dr. Ben-Abraham, called "one of the 100 greatest minds in history" by Mensa, 1-4-1996 (Avi, "Leading the way to a cure for AIDS," P. Lexis)

Despite the importance of the discovery of the "facilitating" cell, … imperil the survival of the human race," he said.

And, the task force builds up public health infrastructure throughout the region to improve stability.

CENTCOM, 12-06 (Fact Sheet, U.S. Central Command: Combined Joint Task

Force-Horn Of Africa Mission; /resources/english/facts.asp#)

The Combined Joint Task Force–Horn of Africa is a unit of United States … a four-story building in Kenya in 2006 and the capsizing of a passenger ferry in Djibouti in 2006.

And strengthening infrastructure assists public health.

Pekka Puska ("WHO Director—General election: public health infrastructures" 10/27/06 Pg. 1401 Vol. 368 No. 9545 ISSN: 0140-6736 p. Lexis)

Without a concerted effort by WHO and others …and other functions-is vital to success, in both chronic and infectious diseases.

Contention 2—Leadership—

Military outreach operations are a unique issue that develops soft power and trains troops for state building.

CSM, 6-22-07 (Ginny Hill, "Military focuses on development in Africa: In Djibouti, US forces combat terrorism with civil affairs work. Will this be a model for a future US military command in Africa?" /0622/p07s02-woaf.html)

Stephen Morrison, director of the Africa program at the Center for Strategic and … can be very useful as part of a broader strategy."

And, integration of civilian and military operations changes the American security paradigm, increasing American soft power Howard '7 (Peter, Professor at American University, School of

International Service, PhD SIS, May 31,

.com/2007/05/how-soft-can -power-be.html)

Second is the change in US bureaucratic politics:… the world, develops policy, and goes about its business as a national security state.

This new security paradigm is necessary to successfully combat terror and sustain hegemony

Richardson, '7 (Bill, Governor of New Mexico, Former US Congressman, Former US Secretary of Energy, Former US representative to the UN, "A New Realism," Summer, Harvard International Review, Cambridge, Vol. 29, Iss. 2; p. 26, Proquest)

An Unchanging Approach to a Changing Paradigm… US allies and for shared democratic values in order to coordinate international efforts for global problems.

Additionally, the HOA task force is the template that will spread throughout the military

Thomas P.M. Barnett, distinguished strategist at the Oak Ridge Center for Advanced Studies, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College, and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions; 6-24-07 ("Africa command: How America organizes to win war and peace,"

Knox News, /2007/jun/24/barnett-africa -command-how-america-organizes -win-w)

For years now, I've argued for … this strategic backwater, forging the obvious solution.

Overcoming fear of militaristic US action through developmental assistance is critical to the long term success of AFRICOM

Morrison 8/1 (J. Stephen, Executive Director, HIV/AIDS Task Force and Director, Africa Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007, "Africa: Testimony of Stephen Morrison - U.S. Senate Africom Hearing")

Most significant will be overcoming …in significant gains over existing U.S. security programs in Africa.

And, military medicine presents an alternative international strategy that is essential to maintain US leadership

Carroll '1 (Terry, Army Colonel, "Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa," March, stinet.dtic.mil)

We continue to grapple with the opposing forces … positive results from medical deployments enhance our value as an ally and partner.

Finally, the collapse of U.S. leadership will unleash conflicts – resulting great power wars

Thayer '6 [Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, "In Defense of Primacy", lexis]

A remarkable fact about international politics today…? They may have the desire, but they do not have the capabilities. Let's face it: for the time being, American primacy remains humanity's only practical hope of solving the world's ills.

Contention 3—Terrorism—

The current focus on hard line counter-terrorism fails. More resources are needed to address the root causes of terrorism.

Josh Meyer, LA Times Staff Writer, 3-18-7 (In Terrorism Fight, Diplomacy Gets Shortchanged,

.org/content/view/307/1/)

President Bush, members of Congress … publicizing U. S. military actions.

And, current military policy makes terrorism inevitable—the Task Force must place greater reliance on development aid

Prof. Thomas P.M. Barnett, Senior Strategic Researcher at the U.S. Naval War College and Senior Managing Director of Enterra Solutions, 6-27-07 (Esquire, "The Americans Have Landed,"

/africacommand0707)

"We could have solved all of East Africa in less … or this road show will close faster than you can say "Black Hawk down."

And, African terror networks will gain access to nuclear weapons to use on the US.

Dempsey – Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College – 2006 (Thomas, Served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, itute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub649 .pdf)

The threat that terrorist hubs based in … state in which they are located to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

Failure to prevent nuclear terrorism risks extinction and world war three.

Sid-Ahmed, Political Analyst, 2K4 (Mohamed, "Extinction!" Al-Ahram

Weekly On-Line, August 26 – September 1,

/2004/705/op5.htm)

We have reached a point in human history where … war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

The status quo counter-terror strategy will inevitably fail because it does not address the environment that produces terrorists

Princeton N. Lyman, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies at CFR, and J. Stephen Morrison, Director of CSIS Africa Program; Jan/Feb 04 (The Terrorist Threat in Africa., Foreign Affairs, 00157120, Vol. 83, Issue 1, Business Source Complete)

ON AUGUST 7, 1998, two massive bombs exploded … forever if U.S. security interests are to be advanced.

The plan does this by having the military build public health infrastructure. Other measures are impossible unless the military acts first

Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College; Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.6-8)

The eradication both of existing terrorist cells and potential … to the region and each of its countries.

The Task Force must be expanded to ensure the development of public health infrastructure

Robert I. Rotberg, president of the World Peace Foundation and director of the Program on Intrastate Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005

(Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Rotberg (ed.), More quals: professor of political science and history at MIT; academic vice president at Tufts University; president of Lafayette College;

Copyright: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution, p.21-22)

The countries of the greater Horn of Africa … of this crucial and endangered region.

Placing a priority on humanitarianism overcomes the current flaws with the Task Force and is critical to win hearts and minds

Lischer '7 (Sarah, Wake PoliSci Prof, "Winning Hearts and Minds in the Horn of Africa," Harvard International Review, /print.php?article=1481)

An examination of the goals and actions …the lessons of the "do no harm" ethic may prove valuable to the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa.

Finally, the issue of public health is empirically uniquely important in winning hearts and minds.

Raymond A. Zilinskas, directs the Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Program and Tamara R. Chapman, Monterey Institute for International Studies, 1-24-7 (Security and Public Health: How and Why do Public Health Emergencies Affect the Security of a Country?,

/e3_84.html)

In working to create a new framework of government in a … for nation-building becomes very difficult.

China Add-On

A. Djibouti serves as a template for other commands – PACOM would model

Shermerhornm 05 (Battling Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, "Djibouti: A special role in the War on Terrorism" p.48-9)

B. Changing PACOM diffuses Chinese misperception and avoids instability

Eland 06 (pdf/policy_reports/2006-01-20-china.pdf)

"From a Chinese perspective…more than does the United States."

C. Impact is Strait Times

Bush Good 2AC

Bush's pol cap is seriously diminished—lame duck

Bergerson Nov 6th ("Dr. Politics: If Bush walks, talks like an out-going wartime president is he a lame-duck?")

"In 1910 following the congressional…of his presidency."

Bush's vetoes and the continuing budget battles are highly controversial

The Frontrunner 07 ("bush veto seen as a forerunner of major showdown over spending"

"Media reports this morning…and other vital areas."

These controversial battles are getting worse

Virginian- 07 ("Bush rejects domestic spending bill")

"By signing a military spending bill…programs at home."

Pol cap is irreleveant – its empirically fails and popularity of the issue is more important

Financial times 07 ("Bush gambles on immigarion for domestic legacy")

"For months, the White House…costly endeavour."

Turn Bipart—

A. African military assistance is popular with congress and the public

Independent task force report 6 ("More than humanitarianism: A strategic U.S. approach Toward Africa", Council on Foreign Relations)

B. Bipart key to agenda --- lobbies and senate

Ap 7 (1/2)

"Some lobbyists concede…Chamber of commerce."

Popularity determining factor

Boston Globe 12/3

"republicans said they would…January's agfenda."

Turn Gop—

A. GOP salivates over plan – it's seen as an opportunity to win black voters

Ridgeway '3 ("liberia: ripe for colonizing?"

"Finally, Bush's foray into…from the Democrats."

B. Base support key to agenda

Washing Post 07 ("Base to Bush: It's Over")

"So now the president has…looking forward to Jan. 20, 2009."

African Aid stays under the radar far from political controversy – Iraq and Afghanistan proves.

Fletcher 06 (Washington post staff writer, "Bush has quietly tripled aid to Africa")

"President Bush's legacy is sure…increase in U.S. aid to Africa."

St Marks BK – Negative

JAPAN CP

Japan’s effective public health assistance to Africa secures international credibility

Asahi ‘7 (5/23, leading Tokyo newspaper, )

Africa is also home to 66 … public health improvements. 

CHINA CP

China is a significant figure in African health assistance and has empirical success

Xinhua ‘6 (8/16, /200608/16/eng20060816_293576 .html)

China's growing role in Africa …relieve disease, hunger and poverty.

Ministry of Health has jurisdiction over public health

Chinese Government’s Official Website, ‘5 ( -10/09/content_75326.htm, JB)

The Ministry of Health of the … of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 

REPS K

The American Relationship to Africa is defined by images. Saturated by representations of conflict, disease, and the permanent affliction of catastrophe and chaos. Policymakers can’t help but solidify the dehumanizing frame for intervention these images demand.

Wallace, ‘5 (Jamie, PhD Student of Anthropology at Oxford, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, /showArticle.php?artId=101 &catId=1)

When we think of Africa, images … power distribution in the world (Ebo 1992:17).

The attachment to images of African catastrophe castigates Africans to a permanent global underclass. Africans become the objects of a genocidal process of dehumanization that’s grounded history’s most extreme atrocities.

Sankore, ‘5 (Rotimi, editor – international federation of journalists – Africa and coordinator – freedom of expression and associated rights in Africa “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, r/2005/april05/opinion.htm)

Increasingly graphic depictions of … their people to freely define their future.

Our alternative is:

Reject the affirmative to short-circuit the cycle of pessimistic disaster imaging of Africa. Telling a new story of Africa, severed from the model of prejudicial portrayal, is crucial to disconnect American policymaking from the mechanisms of colonialism.

Mezzana, sociologist and researcher – cerfe group African research, ‘5 (Daniele, “a cancerous image”,

.org/n4/eng/dossier.htm)

The literature reported in this field… better in-depth and qualified information on the African reality. 

AID TRADEOFF DA

The budget climate is tight and Congress will require zero-sum offsets of health and development spending

Sessions ‘6 (Myra, analyst at the Centre for Global Development, Blog – “The PMI Turns One - How Will We Measure Success?”, Global Health Policy Blog, 7/6, alth/2006/07/the_pmi_turns_o .php)

Evaluators should also look…successes and opportunities of the initiatives. 

Latin America gets cut

Sanchez ‘6 (Marcela, “Linking foreign aid and security”, San Diego Tribune, 1/28,

/uniontrib/20060128/news _lz1e28sanchez.html

Secretary of State Condoleezza …it “a national security imperative.” 

Causes socialist expansion

Montaner ‘7 (Carlos, 8/8, __ _columbia_be_the_next_to_f .html)AS

Colombia must prepare to stand … who will promise people the moon. 

Causes terrorism, economic warfare, oil spikes, heg, and space mil

Mauro ‘5 (Ryan, renowned geopolitical analyst at Northeast Intelligence Network, guest on Al Franken and Dennis Prager shows, breaker of several important stories such as an interview with al-Tikriti, featured writer on MILNET, asked to speak about Iraq at the International Intelligence Summit, US Editor for the World Security Network, 3/7, ____)AS

Bolivar still commands vastly more … in its own backyard before a fatal surprise collapses the set. 

INFLATION DA 

Aid causes inflation, collapsing growth

Foster ‘7 (Mick and Tony Killick, Overseas Development Institute, “The Macroeconomics of Doubling Aid to Africa and the Centrality of the Supply Side,” Development Policy Review 25:2, March, Blackwell – Synergy, AS)

This reference to the danger of destabilizing the exchange rate brings us…fiscal deficits implicit in large aid inflows. 

Causes terrorism

Cilliers ‘3 (Jakkie, director, Institute for Security Studies, “Terrorism and Africa,” African Security Review 12:4, iss.co.za, AS)

Unrecognized by many its the extent…and facilitating environment for domestic and international terrorism alike. 

Sid Ahmed – extinction 

Peru Politics 

Peru FTA will pass by small margin

Eoin Callan, 11-7-07, Financial Times (London, England) Bush tells business to lobby for trade deals 

George W. bush yesterday urged….among elected officials. 

Foreign aid will cost capital

Lancaster ’00 [Carol, Former Deputy Administrator (USAID) “Transforming Foreign Aid: United sTates Assistance in the 21st Century” 

Chairs of the foreign….overall aid levels. 

Peru FTA key to check Chavez

Isabel Eiras, Senior Polciy Analyst for International Economics in the Center for International Trade and Economics

06 

The U.S.-Peru TPA was approved…for personal loyalty 

Guilt Bad K 

The affirmative is just an attempt to alleviate our guilt about African problems.  The result is that the suffering of Africans is flattened and reduced to mere objects for our pity and compassion. This pity becomes a form of hatred because it becomes our definition and image of the other.

Thornton ‘7 (Bruce, professor of Classics, California State University, May 2, Suffering Mascots, , AG) 

The first point .. African suffering. 

A politics of guilt causes a death drive culminating in extinction

Pascal Bruckner ’86 (French philosopher and novelist, The Tears of the White Man, p. 146-7, JB) 

The foregoing teaches …the end of the world. 

Vote negative to reject the affirmatives attempt to alleviate suffering by . Good intention isn’t enough. You must examine the nature of reality before taking action.

Simmer, ‘2 (Judith Simmer-Brown, “Remedying Globalization and Consumerism: Joining the Inner and Outer Journeys in “Perfect Balance”, Jstor, JB) 

When a view of perfect balance is asserted, it … full lens of Buddhist teachings. 

1NC T-Disease 

Topical affirmatives are limited to disease

NSS 2k (White House National Security Strategy, “A National Security Strategy For A Global Age,” ) 

• Public health assistance … public health services. 

And, Increase refers to a process, not an outcome. Therefore the plan itself must deal with disease.

Higher Education Funding Council '4 ( n43) 

Although the word "… to be ever- increasing.

Stephen F. Austin RB – Affirmative – Niger River Delta Energy Companies

Contention One: They Kill. They Drill. 

The Niger River Delta is in a state of environmental crisis. Blatant neglect from trans-national oil corporations has led to constant oil spills, destroying the water, agriculture, and killing organisms within the Delta. This threatens both the Delta and the people who live there.

 

Koriambanya S.A. Carew, Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, Summer, 2002, 7 Drake J. Agric. L. 493 

This ecological damage has put the Niger Delta on its deathbed. Oil companies within the Delta have launched a war on the environment-this environmental terrorism is the greatest threat to human survival.

Bassey, Executive Director, Environmental Rights Action- Nigeria, 2001.   (Nnimmo.   . “The Land is dying.”  November 2, 2001  

Thus the plan: 

The United States federal government, specifically the United States congress, should substantially increase its public health assistance to African countries south of the Sahara by imposing monetary sanctions on transnational energy companies operating in the Niger River Delta proportionate to the amount of profits that the corporation derives from its extraction of minerals and natural resources to force companies to use global uniform operating standards and clean up all pollution currently in the Niger Delta attributed to transnational energy companies . The revenue from the monetary sanctions should be used to financially compensate people and communities in regions of the Niger Delta affected by pollution from transnational energy companies, for the purpose of treating health problems caused by pollution within the Delta. We reserve the right to clarify.  

Contention two: The Deadly Delta 

The destruction of the Niger Delta destroyed the lives of those living in the Delta, forcing its citizens to respond. Yet peaceful protest resulted in violent response from the government. And demands for compensation or resource control were ignored. Left with no other option for peaceful resolution, the people turned militant.

Long, 2007 (Jessica, not a fan of corporate globalization, lived with the Lou tribe, “The Niger Delta crisis”, The Dissident Voice)  

More specifically, the lack of environmental safety has led to violent insurrection from the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta, also known as MEND. This group is more powerful and more lethal than previous insurgent groups. 

International Crisis Group 2006 (“The Swamps of Insurgency: Nigeria’s Delta Unrest”) 

In addition, militant instability risks state failures and destabilizes the whole of West Africa, risking the death of millions

Pham 5/6/07 (Peter, director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University, Africa News, lexis)  

 

We’ll isolate several impacts to this instability- 

Sub-point A: Global Oil Shocks 

The government cannot stop MEND- MEND is simply too powerful. Soon, MEND will shut down all oil production in the Delta 

Ashby, 2006 (Tom, The Scotsman, “Nigerian Oil Dispute Flares into Full-Scale Revolt,” Reuters) 

And, no other supplier will fill in- collapse of Nigerian oil output will result in a collapse of global oil supplies.  

Widdershoven, 2006, Cyril editor of Global Energy Security Analysis (GESA) and Institute for Analysis of Global Security associate fellow, 4-12-2006, Resource Investor,  

This causes massive global recession 

Robert F. Wescott, Ph.D., April 2006, What Would $120 Oil Mean for the Global Economy?  

The impact is extinction

Bearden, Tom, Director Association of Distinguished American Scientists, U.S. Army (retired), 2000 (“The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It”) 

Sub-point B: Red Spread 

Red Spread is real! Russia is reinforcing alliances, building missiles, and increasing its power projection in attempt to counter the US. A new arms race is upon us- made possible by high oil prices- Russia is coming to end the world if we can’t stop them. 

The Spectator, 2007 (“The new arms race is so deadly because Russia is so fragile,” July 14) 

 

And, ignoring the resurgent Russia is equivalent to global suicide 

Nyquist, 2k7 (Jeff, renowned geopolitical analyst, and regular columnist for worldnetdaily, newsmax, and other news sites, “The Assassins,” July 20) 

And, the plan lowers global oil prices. This uniquely checks back Russia’s new play for power dominance. 

Africa News, January 5, 2007  

Contention Three: Solvency

First, transnational companies should be held accountable for their abuses.  The use of criminal sanctions and global operating standards can end the environmental destruction.

Koriambanya S.A. Carew, Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, Summer, 2002, 7 Drake J. Agric. L. 493

Additionally, U.S. action is key to reform the strong grip on oil companies in the Nigeria.  We have the ability to reform oil companies within the Delta,  but oil company lobbies keep us from taking action 

Essential Action, June 2001   

And, only the US has the ability to influence key Oil producers in the region

Turner and McMurtry, Associate Professor of Sociology and Anthropology and Professor of Philosophy @ University of Guelph, Ontario, 1998 (Terisa E. & John.  “Brief to the Roundtable on Nigeria” February 23, pg. online.   

And, Nigeria is strong U.S. ally, and they welcome U.S economic reforms

Heflin, 2007 (Donald, office director of West African Affairs, member of Advisory Committee of International Economic Policy, July 31, U.S. Dept of State, “Political Dynamics affecting business climate in Nigeria”, lexis)  

Historically, sanctions have been successful against oil companies- the Exxon-Valdez spill proves 

Robert W. Adler, 1991, Senior Attorney with the Natural ResourcesDefence Council, The George Washington Law Review APRIL, 1991 59 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 781 

Finally. the people of the Delta are demanding compensation- yet oil companies have refused Nigerian court orders that require them to compensate victims of pollution 

Lindsay, 2006 (Hillary, International affairs, “Shell Shocked: People of the Delta Fight Back against violence and corruption”) 

2AC 

Politics— 

We haven’t read any link turns so far.  We’e impact turned most every politics disad. 

2AC Add-ons:  

Aid Key to soft power

Radelet 2004 

Heg good—Furgeson 2004 

Stephen F. Austin RB – Negative

THE T shell 

A) Interpretation—A topical affirmative must increase US-provided public health assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa.

      First, Public denotes government provision.

, 2007  

Second, Its modifies USfg.

, 2007("its” Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 06 Dec. 2007. .) 

      Third, To means Direct, OED 99

      And, Public health assistance is the provision of public health services to the population.  

 

            Hyde, 95  (Henry, US Senator, text of a bill introduced in the Senate, 3/22,

      ) 

 

T—Increase 

A) Interpretation—Increase implies pre-existing

Words and Phrases 59 [p384, ddi06]  

LOST DISAD

1. Law of the Sea Treaty will pass now.

Ian Williams, Guardian Unlimited, December 1, 2007

 

2. Plan drains Bush’s political capital

  Carol Lancaster 2000, “Transforming Foreign Aid: United States Assistance in the 21st Century”

pg12. [Bhattacharjee]                                                                                                                                                

3. Bush polcap key to LOST

Krause in 2007 (Don, VP, Citizens for Global Solutions, ) 

4.  The Law of the Sea treaty is crucial to United States’ environmental leadership and preventing the destruction of the oceans

Schlickeisen in 2007 (Rodger, Newsblaze News, ) 

5. Ocean collapse causes planetary extinction

Craig 03, Associate Professor at Indiana University School of Law  [Robin Kundis, “Taking Steps Toward Marine Wilderness Protection”, McGeorge Law Review, Winter, 34 McGeorge L. Rev. 155, p. 264-266, LN]

OIL 1nC

1. Uniqueness and internal link--Financial markets have survived the August credit shock, but highly-leveraged hedge funds are still at risk of implosion if their strategies go bad. Another severe shock to hedge funds could evaporate liquidity across global financial markets and collapse the global economy.

 

Rocker 9/17 – retired hedge fund manager

 

[David, “Wall Street Borrows, Main Street Pays,” Barron’s, Sept 17, 2007, ]

 

OIL 1nC

2. These hedge funds have placed large bets on high oil prices in an attempt to capitalize on the instability premium over Iran’s nuclear program.

 

Mufson 9/22 – (Washington Post staff writer ) 

3. Plan Increases foreign investment in African Oil 

Dr. Carol Lancaster, distinguished professor at Georgetown's School of Foreign Service and has been active in the U.S. government, “Economic development and investment in sub-Saharan Africa”, Law and Policy in International Business. Volume: 30. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 1999 

 

3. This drives down oil prices. 

John Ghazvinian, Washington Post, 4/3/07, “Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil”, l/n 

4. Nuclear war Walter Mead, NPQ's Board of Advisors, New Perspectives Quarterly, Summer 1992, p.30

Stratford CK – Affirmative – RFID’s

NEW PLAN AND CARDS READ AT NDCA (Update 4/18)

The United States federal government should ensure that necessary pharmaceuticals shipped to resolutionally designated areas are used to treat or prevent disease by providing a nanobarcode ePedigree

2. Nano-encryption enables pharma to separate real drugs and prevent counterfeiting or diversion

PR Newswire '6

(PR Newswire US, 4-7-06, NanoInk President and CEO, Cedric Loiret-Bernal, M.D., to Speak at BIO 2006 Annual International Convention, Lexis)

*Speaker's qualifications are internal to the card

Dr. Loiret-Bernal, a...and illegal diversion.

1. Nano-barcodes can be applied to pills to identify real ones—counterfeiters won't even know they're there

Converting Magazine '7

(Rebecca Roberts, Role of nanotechnology in brand protection, .com/article/CA6479787.html, September 1)

Despite its high cost...information on the products

1AC

Contention I is the current lack of Radio Frequency Identification:

Same as before…it’s fucking inherency people…

Contention II is the inability of Africans to obtain pharmaceuticals:

1-4 are same as before

5. USAID policies discourage the use of the most effective treatment methods simply because they are perceived as too complicated for Africans.

Kurlantzik ‘6

(Joshua, special correspondent for The New Republic and a visiting scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington Monthly, July 1, 2006, )

Stories about Africa frequently … deliver the help that he promised.

6. Rich nations must ensure Africans access to drugs to break the cycle of Global Apartheid

Brook and Minter ‘1

(Salih and William, Global Apartheid, July 9

Today's inequalities build … Brazil at the WTO, as it forms part of a strategy seeking to undermine those rights.

7. Nigerian-American public health personnel should become involved with solving African counterfeits to give back to their country

Orabuchi ‘7

(Acho, Lagos, “Nigeria: Akunyili On Drug Counterfeiting,” AllAfrica, 9-27-07, )

In the face of the daunting task …and regulated products in Nigeria.

Contention III is the danger of counterfeits to support terrorism:

1. African diseases make terrorism uniquely likely

Carfano and Gardener ‘3

(James Jay, PhD and Senior Research Fellow at Institute for Int’l Studies, and Niles, PhD and Fellow at the Heritage Foundation, Heritage Backgrounder #1697, )

Africa's troubles are many, and …cells are also operating in neighbouring Somalia.

2. Terrorists can currently use drug counterfeiting both to directly poison us, and to finance future operations

Liang ‘06

(Bryan, Executive Director and Professor of Law, Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law; Co-Director and Adjunct Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, San Diego Center for Patient Safety, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine; Adjunct Associate Professor of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University; and Adjunct Professor of Aviation, College of Aviation, Western Michigan University. Professor Liang also serves on the Board of Directors of The Partnership for Safe Medicines. B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Ph.D., University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Studies; J.D., Harvard Law School; M.D., Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, “STRUCTURALLY SOPHISTICATED OR LAMENTABLY LIMITED? MECHANISMS TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE MEDICINE SUPPLY,” Albany Law Journal of Science and Technology, 16 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 483)

It is apparent that the production of fake … same time the drugs we are paying for kill us. 187

3. Terrorism leads to extinction

Al Ahram Weekly ‘4

(“Extinction!” August 26-September 1, )

A nuclear attack by terrorists … infects the whole planet, we will all be losers.

2AC Bio-Terror Add-On

1. Not only do counterfeit products directly compete with legitimate ones, they also harm companies by lowering consumer confidence

KPMG ‘5

(Swiss cooperative that serves as a coordinating entity for a network of independent firms, “Managing the Risks of Counterfeiting

in the Information Technology Industry,” ELECTRONICS, SOFTWARE & SERVICES, kpmg.co.uk/pubs/050274.pdf)

For the company whose … and distribution of counterfeits

2. Loss of pharma profits deters companies from using R&D to help solve bioterror

Bandow ‘3

(Doug, senior fellow at the Cato Institute, Policy Analysis no 475, “Demonizing Drugmakers: The Political Assault on the Pharmaceutical Industry, May 8, )

Such highly visible … reasonable public stockpiles.

3. Biowarfare results in global extinction, which outweighs all else

Ochs ‘2

[Richard, MA Natural Resource Management at Rutgers University , Naturalist at Grand Teton National Park, June 9th, immediately," " target="_blank">"Biological Weapons must be abolished >immediately,")

Of all the weapons …highest of all crimes.

2AC Terrorism Add-On

A. RFID allows us to prevent WMD terrorism by tracking shipments and monitoring cargo containers

Koprowski ‘04

(Gene J, covers telecommunications for UPI Science News, “Wireless World: RFID to thwart terrorism,” United Press International, NewsTrack – Science, 8-13-04)

An associate of Osama … significantly less expensive."

B. WMD terrorism leads to extinction

Al Ahram Weekly ‘4

(“Extinction!” August 26-September 1, )

A nuclear attack … we will all be losers.

2AC Bee Add-On

A) Bee populations are on the decline because of Colony Collapse Disorder, CCD, risking crop failure and economic disaster

Shapley 07

(Honey Bee Collapse Recovery Plan Revealed USDA: Bee Crisis ‘Serious Problem Next Year And Beyond’ By Dan Shapley News Editor )

The Department of Agriculture … and other crops.”

B) Bees are key to pollination—CCD causes global annihilation in four years

Watson 07

(“Earth Day Notes” Captain Paul Watson Founder and President of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (1977-) Co-Founder - The Greenpeace Foundation (1972) Co-Founder - Greenpeace International (1979) Director of the Sierra Club USA (2003-2006) Director - The Farley Mowat Institute Director - Submitted by Steve Kelly on 24 April 2007 - 8:42am. , Montana green party website )

Albert Einstein once wrote… global ecological annihilation.

C) RFID solves Colony Collapse Disorder

07

RFID Entomology July 4th, 2007

An area that seems in its infancy … using RFID technology with insects[6].

Politics—Bush Good

Pharma likes RFID

Swedberg 06

(Claire, "Pfizer's RFID Pilot Is the Start of Something Big," RFID Journal, 10-2, google)

Pfizer, so far, … tagging, Staver said.

RFID gets terrorism spin

Baard 03

("Claim: RFID Will Stop Terrorists" Mark Baard Email 08.08.03 | 2:00 AM /security/news/2003/08/59624)

Facing increasing resistance … a terrorist attack.

Politics—Bush Bad

Plan Unpopular—Privacy

Hamblen 07

(Matt, Editor, "Privacy a hot topic as RFID tagging grows in use," Computer World, 9-21-07, .php/id;1033513715;fp;4;fpid ;1382389953)

Privacy concerns over … extensive, he said.

RFID jacks bipart

Lee 05

(Bryan, Prof. Peter Barton Hutt, Harvard Law School, Food and Drug Law, "Reimportation: A First Step or False Step Toward Transparency in the Prescription Drug Market," 4-15-05, google)

Prescription drug reimportation … in American lives.'"[8]

US Key Warrants

1. Jurisdiction:

A. US drugs are the ones getting ripped off, since they are the most vulnerable

Pharmaceutical Business Strategies ‘5

(“New defense against Rx drug counterfeiting gains traction,” .cfm?ID=153 February)

The advanced capabilities … help protect products."

B. Another country cannot put RFID’s on US drugs

2. Middleware:

A. US companies own the RFID middleware

O’ Connor ‘6

(Mary Catherine, Associate Professor; Director, Program in Applied Linguistics, Ph.D. Linguistics University of California, Berkeley, “GlaxoSmithKline Tests RFID on HIV Drug,” RFID Journal, 3-24, /article/articleview/2219/2/1 /definitions_off)

Once the label … in the future.

B. Middleware key to processing RFID data

Wiemer ‘5

(Graham, Associate Editor, “Food and Drug Packaging,” June, google)

In some cases… in its dust

Stratford CK – Negative

Doc-in-a-Box 1NC/2NC

Barnett, June 23, 2007 (Thomas, P.M., Phd., Senior Managing Partner Enterra Solutions, LLC, Strategic Planning for national security affairs )

Garrett, 2006 (Laurie, Senior fellow for Global Health, Council on Foreign Relations, RedOrbit Breaking News, June 17 )

Council on Foreign Relations, 2006 (June 14, www,content/global_health_nt/doc_in_a_box.pdf)

Garrett, 2007 (Laurie, Senior Fellow for Global Health at the Council on Foreign Relations, Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007, )

China DA

1nc Shell

A, China is winning the competition for African influence now because the US is not capitalizing on its political warfare weapons

Chau 07 (Donovan, Missouri State university, "Political warfare in sub-saharan Africa March,

strategicstudiesinstitute.arm.mil/pdffiles/PUB766.pdf)

PRC political warfare…interest abroad

B, Aid Projects are key to China's charm offensive – the plan causes competition

Kurlantzick 07

Joshua Kurlantzick author of "Charm Offensive. How China's Soft Power is Transforming the Globe" (Yale) 7/3/07 Sunday "The Boston Globe" Into Africa – As China becomes a major influence in Africa, it faces mounting resistance and a profound dilemma. How does a nation devoted to nonintervention become a global power?

"For years, China…resources to China"

C, Collapse of China's sphere of influence leads nuclear conflagration

Eland 05

Ivan Eland – Director of the Center on Peace & Liberty at The Independent Institute, Former Director of Defense Policy Studies at the Cato Institute – 4/11/05 ("Coexisting with a Rising China" )

"Although China is…a nuclear conflagration"

2nc stuff

Even if they win their impact defense that the china won't go into a hot war, a new cold war would devastate the world

Shirk 07 ( China: Fragile Superpower The page is 5. published 2007,

Publisher is oxford university press. ISBN: 978-019-530609-5)

Even if the two…warming, and terrorism

Our Multilateralism good CP avoids the China DA

Tanaka 06'

Akihiko Tanaka, prof IR+ dir Inst Oriental Culture U Tokyo, 2006,

Asian Economic Policy Review 1, Journal Compilation Japan Center for Economic Research, "Global and Regional Geo-strategic Implications of China's Emergence" p. 194

"The only conclusion…a positive trend"

A2 aid now: The plan fulfills what are now only promises. It's a unique link.

IC Publications 07 (10-28-07 Africa: China cashes in"

services/news/newsitem.php?area=africa&item=071028024602.vho2otey.php)

The plan is unconditioned aid which triggers a unique change in US policy

By Drew Thompson, Director of China Studies and Starr Senior Fellow at

The Nixon Center in Washington, DC CHINA'S SOFT POWER IN AFRICA: FROM

THE "BEIJING CONSENSUS TO HEALTH DIPLOMACY" Volume 5, Issue 21

(October 13, 2005) CHINA BRIEF [Jamestown Foundation]



"China's influence and…on the continent"

We consult with china now—SQ aid goes through this process

James Swan, Deputy Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Department

of State, CHINA'S ROLE IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE United States,

February 8, 2007,

"Attention devoted to China…the international system"

The plan is not consulted over and destroys relations

Robert, prof. of polisci at Boston College, Foreign Affairs,

March/April,

"There is no…more assertive pressure"

Plan is containment and containing china strengthens the hardliners and causes a Taiwan attack.

Robert Reich 06 "the fallacy of Chinese containment"

reich/20060322.asp

we also need...as our enemy

that goes nuclear

Strait Times 2k

Containment leads to war

William Perry "US strategy: engage china, not contain it"

dod.mil/speeches/1995/s19951030-kaminski.html.

we also have...they are probable

Containment fails to produce any positives

Strait Times (Singapore) Janadas Devan Oct 29 2005 "Containing China

an american conceit" (l/n)

what would be...would be cataclysmic

Mearsheimer is wrong about containment

Thomas J. Christiansen Prof of International Affairs Princeton 06

"Fostering stability or creating a monster?" International Secuirty

31.1 (2006) 81-126

there are counterintuitive... and diplomatic relations

Valley HR – Affirmative – IPR

Contention 1: Inherency

Recent TRIPS-plus measures and trade agreements have strengthened the power of Big Pharma and will prevent access to generic ARVs

Westerhaus and Castro-06 (Michael and Arachu, Plos Medicine-“How Do Intellectual Property Law and International Trade Agreements Affect Access to Antiretroviral Therapy”, Aug 6, )\

However recent US trade policy threatens… among other similar measures.

Inexpensive drugs are out of reach of developing countries because of a fear of devastating sanctions

Benvenisti and Downs-05 (Eyal and George W., Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, “Distributive Politics and International Institutions: The Case of Drugs”)

Despite the theoretical availability… consistent with the positions of disagreement.

The current neoliberal system protects the profits of the West over lives in developing countries

Boone and Batsell-01 (Catherine and Jake, Africa Today-“Politics and AIDS in Africa: Research Agendas in Political Science and International Relations”, Volume 48, No. 2, pp.3-33, summer, Project Muse)

AIDS is one of the manifestations…and rule of the World Trade Organization

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should authorize the use of the subject matter of patents regarding treatment for and prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome without the authorization of the right holder for use in sub-Saharan Africa.

Contention 2: The HIV/AIDS Pandemic

Intellectual property rights have prevented full coverage and have resulted in high ARV prices

Africa Action-07 (Stephanie Parker, Big Pharma and Big Profits: Denying Access to Aids Medication, August, )

A primary cause of low coverage… living with HIV in Africa.

Sub-Saharan Africa is most affected by the HIV/AIDS crisis-2 million have been killed in the past year

Avert, International Aids Charity,-07 (“HIV and AIDS in Africa” July 31, )

Sub-Saharan Africa is more heavily… and the economy in general.

Increased ARV usage is effective at reducing mortality and stigma from HIV/AIDS

Health Link Worldwide-06 (“HIV and AIDS-Background Reading” )

ARVs are only able to … people who are using treatment.

ARV prices decrease with the removal of patent protection-empirically proven

Wise-06 (Jacqui, “Access to AIDS medicines stumbles on trade rules” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, v. 84, n.5 )

Successful AIDS programs… is not available there at all.

High ARV prices make donations the only viable solution in the status quo, but this is unsustainable- strengthening developing countries capacity to manufacture generic drugs is the key

Guilloux and Moon-01 (Alain and Suerie, Medecins Sans Frontieres, Hidden Price Tags: Disease-Specific Drug Donations: Costs and Alternatives, February, )

Because donations are completely … to compete on fair terms.

Contention 3: Neoliberalism

US patent protection have created a political environment of neoliberalism where the profits of pharmaceutical companies are valued over the suffering of patients in developing countries

Useche and Cabezas, 2005 (Bernardo, Prof. at the University of Texas's school of public health, Amalia, Prof. at the University of California's school of women's rights. "The Vicious Cycle of AIDS, Poverty, and

Neoliberalism" )

Hundreds of millions of poor… patents by the trans-national companies.

TRIPS is the root cause of neoliberalism within intellectual property rights

Coombe-03 (Rosemary, Canada Research Scholar in Law, Communication and Cultural Studies

York University, Companion Guide to Law and Society- “Commodity Culture, Private Censorship, Branded Environments, and Global Trade Politics: Intellectual Property as a Topic of Law and Society Research, )

One of the myths of… and loss of US competitiveness.

Neoliberalism is the root cause of HIV/AIDS-it maintains poverty in developing countries

Useche and Cabezas, 2005 (Bernardo, Prof. at the University of Texas's school of public health, Amalia, Prof. at the University of California's school of women's rights. "The Vicious Cycle of AIDS, Poverty, and

Neoliberalism" )

Neoliberalism expresses the interests. .. defeating the neoliberal model.

Neoliberalism is the struggle to preserve the status quo-we destroy the other to maintain our own power. This increases the chance of our own collective suicide.

Santos-03 (Boaventura de Sousa, Prof. at the University of Columbia, “Collective Suicide?”, Bad Subjects. Issue #63)

According to Franz Hinkerammert… countries for four years.

US deviance from IPR would allow other countries violate patent laws

Resnik and Deville-02 (David B. and Kenneth A. Professors at East Carolina University, “Bioterrorism and Patent Rights: “Compulsory Licensure” and the Case of Cipro”, Project Muse)

The slippery slope implication… from US companies.

The shift to neoliberalism has been masked but can be combated through the action of state and social institutions

Bourdieu-98 (Pierre, Le Monde Diplomatique-‘ Utopia of Endless Exploitation-Essence of Neoliberalism’ )

The transition to liberalism… at and collectively ratified.

Political reform has empirically been successful at challenging entrenched systems like neoliberalism

McChesney-99 (Robert W., Professor of Communications at the University of Illinois, Global Policy Forum, Monthly Review-“Noam Chomsky and the Struggle against Neoliberalism”, )

Neoliberalism’s loudest message… and individual freedom.

State action is key-it is best positioned to challenge neoliberalism for many reasons

Graf-95 (William, Professor of Geography at the University of South Carolina, Socialist Register “THE STATE IN THE THIRD WORLD”, )

It is important… and whose state?

Defenses of neoliberalism are empirically denied-neoliberalism has failed many times in developing countries and has caused an apocalyptic situation in sub-Saharan Africa

Caffentzis-02 (George, Alternatives-Turkish Journal of International Relations- “Neoliberalism in Africa, Apocalyptic Failures and Business as Usual Practices”)

In this talk… AIDS in Africa.

Defenses of neoliberalism are false-they offer only circular logic and an infallible religious faith in the free market

McChesney-99 (Robert W., Professor of Communications at the University of Illinois, Global Policy Forum, Monthly Review-“Noam Chomsky and the Struggle against Neoliberalism”, )

The economic consequences… system possible.

Valley HR – Affirmative – Refugees

Plan

Resolved: The United States federal government should engage in Development Assisted Integration of refugees into local populations in topically designated areas.

Contention 1: Refugee Integration

--Currently, refugees are considered to be short term and are treated as such, leading to a reliance on a camp based approach. This causes tension between the refugees and the local population, health crises, and puts sever constraints on the refugees. Development Assisted Integration allows for voluntary entry of refugees into local populations, as well as strengthening of health services of everyone.

Feldman, 2007 (Sara J, works for Migration and Refugee Services at the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Development Assisted Integration: A Viable Alternative to Long Term Residence in Refugee Camps?” The Fletcher Journal of Human Security)

Since the inception of the refugee protection regime… host governments, local populations, donors, and refugees.

--Development Assisted Integration allows for much larger degrees of freedom for refugees to integrate into local populations while still maintaining the right to go home if wanted, all while expanding on local health service available to the entire population.

Feldman, 2007 (Sara J, works for Migration and Refugee Services at the US Conference of Catholic Bishops, “Development Assisted Integration: A Viable Alternative to Long Term Residence in Refugee Camps?” The Fletcher Journal of Human Security)

Like the other local integration schemes mentioned above, DAI is an approach…while donors and development organizations would need to put integrated refugee programs on their agendas.54

--The US is key- primary donor and everyone looks to them.

Ogata 2k (Sadako, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “Ten Years of Refugee Work: Lessons from the Past, Directions for the Future, 11-15-2000, )

Ladies and Gentlemen, I have highlighted some of the challenges I see facing UNHCR,…and a great honor to serve this cause as High Commissioner.

Contention 2: The Fun Stuff

--The refugee embodies the failure to meet our obligation to the Other. Only by allowing integration of the refugees are we able to overcome our own egoistic self interests, and heed the call of Being.

David J. Gauthier December 2004 MARTIN HEIDEGGER, EMMANUEL LEVINAS, AND THE POLITICS OF DWELLING

Like Heidegger, Levinas is concerned about the problem of modern homelessness…the self transforms the home into an instrument of ethical action.2

--We have an infinite obligation to the other, to deliberate on that obligation leads to violence.

Fryer 2004

David Fryer The Intervention of the Other: Ethical Subjectivity in Levinas and Lacan p. 219-220

For Levinas, an origin is an-archic – a proto-foundation…I am awakened to the ethical structure of my subjectivity.

--Our responsibility to the other comes before any questions of implementation and consequences. Even if our actions are counterproductive or our own death, we must attempt take action towards the other first.

Bauman 1992. (Zygmunt. Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds. “He is known worldwide for his recent work in the social theory of modernity and postmodernity.” Mortality, Immortality and Other Life Strategies ] Pp. 207-208

But one can also be ready to die for the Other not… because one cannot go on caring while trying to escape it.

--Statelessness leads to a lack of existence, a denial to the refugee’s value to life.

TUBB 2K6 (Statelessness and Colombia: Hannah Arendt and the Failure of Human Rights, DANIELLE, )

Hannah Arendt 10 identifies the most fundamental of all human rights … both loss of an Aristotelian polity and an expulsion from humanity (Arendt, 1985, p.297).

--Our obligation to the other should exclude any interests with the sovereign that contradict it. Risk of disad should be not be used to exclude the refugees.

Paul Miller, Australian National University 2004 Truth Overboard: What does it Mean for Politicians and Statesmen

to Assume Responsibility for their Words of Mass Destruction? Borderlands Volume 3 Number 1, 2004

Firstly, while Levinasian ethics is an ethics of particularity and cannot tell us …rather than how best to exclude them.

--GRANTING RIGHTS OF CITIZENSHIP IS THE ONLY ETHICAL WAY TO TREAT THE PALESTINIANS IN LEBANON - WE MUST COMBINE ETHICS AND POLITICS

SMITH 1997 (NICK, PHD, “Incommensurability and Alterity in Contemporary Jurisprudence,” 45 Buffalo L. Rev. 503)

Levinas claims that the political/ethical aporia is analogous to …and deconstruction is, at every turn, a political practice.

--REJECT UTIL IN THE CONTEXT OF REFUGEES- RIGHTS COME BEFORE AND THIS IDEA HAS CAUSED MASS REFUGEE SUFFERING AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY

BARKAN, Claremont Graduate University, 2K5 (FACTS, RIGHTS, AND REMEDIES: IMPLEMENTING INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE ISRAEL/PALESTINE CONFLICT SPONSORED BY THE TODA INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL PEACE AND POLICY RESEARCH: The Mirage of Rights – Response, 28 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 411

Rights famously exist beyond utilitarian considerations… that the refugees are made to carry the heavy burden.

--Err on the side of the systemic problems refugees face now- their political predictions are as accurate as dart throwing monkeys.

Menand 2005 (Louis ,phd Colombia and Robert M. and Anne T. Bass Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University., The New Yorker, 12-05-2005, )

people who make prediction their business… but heartened to think that there might be a way of raising the standard.

Valley HR – Negative

The world is a simulation

Baudrillard, 1985 (Jean, Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism, Simulacra & Simulation, )

The simulacrum is never … submerging the principle of truth.

This world of simulation leads to a detachment with death. It turns our deaths into nothing more than a simulation. To lose a sense of our death is to lose the boundary that gives life what makes it great.

Wilcox, 1991 (Leonard, Head of the Department of American Studies at the

University of Canterbury “Baudrillard, DeLillo's "White Noise," and the End of Heroic Narrative” Contemporary Literature, Vol. 32, No. 3. (Autumn, 1991), pp. 346-365, Project Muse)

Alternative is reversibility

Baudrillard, 1985 (Jean, Professor of Philosophy of Culture and Media Criticism, Simulacra & Simulation, )

Nihilism no longer wears the dark … This is where seduction begins.

Hyper reality makes our actions counterproductive.

Introna, 2002 (Lucas D, “The (im)possibility of ethics in the information age”, January 22, )

Walter Payton RT – Affirmative – Generic ARV’s

The Bush Administration has manipulated the patent system and FDA approval process to make sure that PEPFAR only uses expensive brand name drugs.

Lobe, 04 ( Bush's AIDS Relief Plan Will Delay Drugs, Reward Big Pharma, Jim Lobe | May 26, 2004 Foreign Policy In Focus, Political Analyst for FPIF).

Bush Administration's pledge to expedite its approval process for low-cost, generic anti-retroviral drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ….used to purchase the lowest-cost version of life-saving drugs, which would enable the treatment of many more people,” Booker said.

Status quo voluntary programs subordinate human lives to profits

Foreman 03- director of the AIDS Programme of the Panos Institute in London- 2003 (Martin, Perspectives in Health Magazine: 
The Magazine of the Pan American Health Organization, Volume 8, Number 1, “Don’t let TRIPS trip up access to essential drugs,” )

The pharmaceutical industry knows that high prices restrict sales…but the reality is that millions of people who need antiretroviral and other patented drugs still do not have access to them.

The US makes use of sanctions and trade leverage to coerce nations into refusing to accept generic ARVs from other countries

Crook, 05 (Boalt Hall School of Law, J.D. candidate 2005 [Jamie, “Balancing Intellectual Property Protection with the Human Right to Health,” Berkeley Journal of International Law, 23 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 524 lexis]

U.S. HIV/AIDS policy tends to prioritize the protection of intellectual property rights… patent-like barriers to generic anti-retroviral medication entering the market, even where no patent law had existed before.

Hence the plan:

The United States federal government should, through the executive branch, increase the amount of generic antiretroviral drugs sent to topical areas through the President's Emergency Plan for Acquired Immuno-Defficiency Syndrome Relief by changing its policies to purchase only the most cost effective drugs that meet the World Health Organization’s prequalification standards.

Advantage One: AIDS

25 million people are inefected with the AIDS virus now

Brown, 06 (Lester, Former International Agricultural Analyst for U.S. Department of Agriculture and President of Worldwatch Institute, Earth Policy Institute, Plan B 2.0 – Rescuing A Planet Under Stress And A Civilization In Trouble, Chapter Six, )

Although diseases such as malaria and cholera exact a heavy toll, there is no precedent for the number of lives affected by the HIV epidemic. ..we will have to fight them together, or we will succeed against neither.”

Failure of the US to adopt WHO qualifications undermines the credibility of all other AIDS assistance programs, creating resource inefficiency and mistrust towards all international efforts

Lynch, 05 (Sharonann, HIV/AIDS Treatment Literacy Coordinator for MSF’s Lesotho mission , Medicine Procurement of ARVs and Other Essential Medicines in the U.S. Global AIDs Program, PEPFARWatch November

A unilateral system risks undermining the WHO multilateral pre-qualification program …resulting in some countries barring the import or use of drugs approved only by the FDA.

And, Africa is a vital starting point for treatment—The impact is human extinction

The Jakarta Post, March 6, 2000, pg. – l/n

But his vision, unless backed up by the essential nitty-gritty from the United Nations and other countries, is somewhere off in cloud- cuckoo-land. The explosion of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is systematically wiping out Africa's best doctors, lawyers, lecturers, economists and businesspeople. … Africa's time has run out, signaling the beginning of the end of the black race and maybe the human race.

Bush is using PEPFAR as a slush fund for pharmaceutical companies to sell brand name drugs—a switch to WHO standards would save millions of lives and ensure better treatment compliance because generics are available in fixed dose combinations that are easier to administer.

Health GAP, 04 (3/29, Paul Davis, HIV/AIDS policy analyst at Health GAP Jen Cohn (MD) is "currently a third year resident in Internal Medicine at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania,” “PhRMA's Washington DC HQ Locked Down in Protest of Bush Assault on Generic AIDS Medicines, Activists arrested” )

"Under the cover of an ostensibly humanitarian program, Bush is using his AIDS plan to ensure big pharma's market dominance and destroy the access to generics,"…..bthe White House is attempting to lock developing countries into to using only branded drugs.

And, adopting WHO prequalification standards would allow increase the number of people receiving life saving ARVs by ten fold

Ismail, 06 (Asif, 12/31 “PEPFAR Policy Hinders Treatment in Generic Terms,” Center for Public Integrity, , Production Editor for Center for Public Integrity)

But like Rep. Waxman, some PEPFAR critics think the initiative's cautious approach toward generic drugs has its roots in big pharmaceutical companies' influence with the Bush administration…..Forcing manufacturers to register in 15 focus nations and dozens of other recipient countries, Baker said, creates another set of bureaucratic hurdles.

Access to ARVs is the prerequisite to any prevention efforts

Crook, 05 (Jamie, Boalt Hall School of Law, J.D. Candidate 2006. 23 Berkeley J. Int’l L. 524 p.L/N)

A daily cocktail of anti-retroviral medication has transformed HIV/AIDS into a "treatable and chronic" condition …..increased access to treatment is one of the most powerful incentives for individuals to learn their HIV status," which in turn assists prevention measures.

Advantage Two: Soft Power

U.S. leadership is rapidly declining now. Only a renewed commitment to soft power can reverse growing anti-Americanism and restore legitimacy.

Meyer, 07 (Marius, “An Exploration of the Role of Soft Power in Hegemony: the USA and China”, Stellenbosch University, March 2007, Google)

The decline of US hegemony (soft power) could also be attributed to……., indicate a decline in ‘soft power’ for the US-yet the damage is not irreparable.

hard power will inevitably fail without soft power

Reiffel, 5 (Lex, Visiting Fellow at the Global Economy and Development Center of the Brookings Institution, The Brookings Institution, Reaching Out: Americans Serving Overseas, 12-27-2005, brookings.edu/views/papers /20051207rieffel.pdf)

Internal pressure to turn America's back on the rest of the world is likely to intensify……defined as all instruments involving any kind of armed military or police force.

Prioritizing profits over human lives is an obstacle to hegemony-eliminating patents would increase the willingness of other nations to cooperate with U.S. strategic interests

Fidler, 04 (The Harvard Environmental Law Review, Spring, 2004, 17 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 99, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ARTICLE: Fighting the Axis of Illness: HIV/AIDS, Human Rights, and U.S. Foreign Policy, NAME: David P. Fidler, Professor of Law and Ira C. Batman Faculty Fellow, Indiana University School of Law--Bloomington.).

The hegemony dilemma does not mean that getting the United States to pay more attention to the global HIV/AIDS problem is impossible. …….the pandemic's potential to frustrate U.S. strategic interests in areas in which the United States, even as hegemon, needs cooperation, such as the war on terrorism and trade liberalization.

Hard power isn’t sustainable without soft power-increased foreign assistance through programs like PEPFAR is vital to increasing US soft power

Brainard and Schwartz, 6/12/2007 (Lael, Vice President and Director of Global Economy and Development at Brookings and Bernard, Chair in International Economies, “Foreign Assistance Reform: Successes, Failures, and Next Steps” Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, )

In a world transformed by globalization and challenged by terrorism, foreign aid deserves attention as a critical instrument of American soft power …….most notably the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).

The UN is the epitome of soft power and cooperation. Plan would bolster US credibility

Shashi Tharoor, UN Undersecretary-General for Communications and Public Information, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2003, “Why America Still Needs the United Nations,”

The United Nations is the preeminent institution of multilateralism. ….When the UN Security Council passes a resolution, it is seen as speaking for (and in the interests of) humanity as a whole, and in so doing it confers a legitimacy that is respected by the world's governments, and usually by their publics.

Soft Power key to leadership and is sustainable over time

Thayer, 2007 (Bradley A., “American Empire: A Debate”, Routledge, pp. 5-6)

The preferred instrument of the United States is to control indirectly, through countries that share its ideology and want to align their country with the United States. …..If countries share the same goals and have the same expectations about the same international politics, then cooperation between them will be easier.

The collapse of U.S. leadership would spark wars around the globe

Brookes – Senior Fellow at the Heritage Foundation – 7-4-2006 (Peter, New York Post, “Why They Need Us: Imagine a World Without America,” )

For all the worldwide whining and bellyaching about the United States, today - America's 230th birthday - provides an opportune time for them to consider for just a moment what the world might be like without good ol' Uncle Sam.

…….But let us never forget, especially today, that despite the name-calling, the jeers, the petty jealousies, we're the envy of the world - and rightfully so.

The fact is that no matter what anyone says: No country has given so much to so many so often - while asking for so little in return - for so little gratitude than this great country of ours.

Heg creates alliances that deter attacks

Thayer, 2007 (Bradley A., “American Empire: A Debate”, Routledge)

Third, our allies like Australia, Great Britain, Japan, Kuwait, Israel, and Thailand are protected by American military might…. Other states know this and, usually, that is sufficient to deter aggression against the allies of the United States.

Advantage Three: U.S./Thailand Relations

SUPPORTING GENERIC ARVs IS CRITICAL TO SOLVE THE COLLAPSE OF US-THAI RELATIONS

Ashley Wills, 5-11-2007, Ambassador Ashley Wills is former Assistant United States Trade Representative (USTR) for South Asia, Bangkok Post, “Thailand and the US: Back from the brink,”

In recent weeks, Thailand has been feuding with government and industry officials in the United States….. we should take steps now to put aside these recent differences. It is in the interest of both nations for their government ministers to come to agreeable terms quickly and in good faith.

US-THAI RELATIONS KEY TO US ENGAGEMENT IN ASIA

Royal Thai Embassy, April 1997, “Thai-U.S. Relations, An Overview of Thai – U.S. Relations,” politics/thaius/thusovw.htm

The mutual security agreements still continue to remain strong today. …….New and mutually beneficial areas of cooperation between the two countries should be sought out. 

US ENGAGEMENT IN ASIA IS CRITICAL TO PREVENT ASIAN PROLIFERATION

Ashley J. Tellis, April 2000, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, specializing in international security, defense, and Asian strategic issues, B.A., M.A.; University of Bombay; M.A., Ph.D., The University of Chicago, “Smoke, Fire, and What to Do in Asia,”

I believe that the commitment to U.S. regional preeminence remains the best solution to our multiple national security interests in Asia. …….a hegemonic strategy, whereby the U.S. continues to provide local security, remains the best strategy — not because it is by any means risk-free but because it is better than all the alternatives.

PROLIFERATION RESULTS IN EXTINCTION

Utgoff, 2002, Deputy Director of Strategy, Forces, & Resources Division of Institute for Defense Analysis (Victor A., “Proliferation, Missile Defence and American Ambitions,” Survival, Summer, p. 87-90)

Further, the large number of states that became capable of building nuclear weapons over the years, but chose not to, can be reasonably well explained by the fact that most were formally allied with either the United States or the Soviet Union. Both these superpowers had strong nuclear forces and put great pressure on their allies not to build nuclear weapons. ……….every once in a while we will all gather on a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

Walter Payton RT – Negative

Transformational Diplomacy DA

A. Transformational diplomacy is at the top of the agenda

Fore, 07 administer of USAID (Henrietta, Federal News Service, 6/12, “EFFICACY OF THE FOREIGN ASSISTANCE REFORM”, lexis)

Since assuming these roles four weeks///unified approach.

B. Cuts in existing health assistance are vital to the effectiveness of transformational diplomacy – increased spending will trade off with the efficiency of current programs and disrupt existing prioritization

Tobias 3/28/07 US Director of Foreign Assistance and Administrator of USAID [Randall L. ]

Based on the new country-driven process,…choices that they did.

C. Transformational Diplomacy is key to effective global democracy promotion

Rummel 06 professor of political science at the University of Hawaii [R.J. “The New Transformational Diplomacy,” Paraphrase of speech by Condoleeza Rice, ]

I want to follow up my "Why foster Global Freedom" with Secretary Rice's…terror as a weapon.

D. Democracy promotion prevents war and extinction

Diamond, 95 (Larry Diamond, senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, December 1995, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s, )

OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts…prosperity can be both.

WHO CP

Implementing the counterplan is necessary for the WHO to catalyze international health cooperation in the face of public health problems – The WHO’s agenda-setting capabilities make it the MOST effective agent for action

Taylor 04

(Allyn L., University of Maryland School of Law, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, Published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, v. 32, no. 3, Fall 2004, )

The WHO is the MOST effective international organization at mobilizing governments, other global health actors, and other organizations about global health issues

Taylor 04

(Allyn L., University of Maryland School of Law, Governing the Globalization of Public Health, Published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, v. 32, no. 3, Fall 2004, )

WHO takes a 6 prong approach that allows them to be the most effective organization in combating disease in Africa

no date given

()

Panama FTA

A. Uniqueness - Panama FTA will pass - provision concessions to Dems got them on board

Oppenheimer, 9/10 (Andres, from McClatchy Newspapers, “Congress’ shift on trade,” The Salt Lake Tribune, ,)

B. Link - Democrats oppose foreign aid – the plan makes them jump off board.

Ron Kampeas, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Dem Defectors May Turn Tables on Aid Vote”, 7/12/07,

C. Democrats are key to any new FTA – majority and past votes prove

Inside U.S. Trade, “Blunt Demands More Democratic Votes For Pending FTAs Than For CAFTA”, 7/13/07, l/n

D. Impact - Panama FTA passage is key to the Panama & world economy.

Tim Burrack, Special to the Des Moines Register, “Approve Panama trade pact, modernize canal”, 6/28/07,

E. Finally, Economic collapse causes extinction

Bearden 2K’ (Tom; Lt. Col. U.S. Army – Retired, “The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly” 6/24 accessed 8/6/04 wdc/wbw)

Global Warming Politics

1. A) Uniqueness—global warming bill will pass now—bipartisan support

Walsh, 01-28-08 (Bryan, “Is Congress Finally Ready to go Green?”, Time, Google)

B) And, the Lieberman-Warner bill is the strongest warming bill to date—concessions and dems support

NRDC, 12-6-07 (National Resource Defense Council, “Landmark Global Warming Bill Voted Out of Committee to Senate Floor”, YubaNet, Google)

2. Dems hate foreign aid—the elections have made them more fiscally conservative. Plan kills bipart

Kampeas, 7-12-07 (Ron, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Dem Defectors May Turn Tables on Aid Vote”, Google)

3. Empirically, bipartisanship is key to warming bill passage

Cohen, 11-1-07 (Stephanie, “Is The Latest Climate Change Bill Getting Warmer?”, Marketwatch, Google)

4. The Lieberman-Warner bill is a sustainable solution to global warming

Shapley, 12-6-07 (Dan, “Senate Starts Debate on Global Warming Bill”, The Daily Green, Google)

5. The margin of safety is thin—Even a 10 Celsius change in average Earth temperature risks extinction

Sagan and Turco, 1990 (Carl and Richard, astrophysicist and astronomer at Cornell University, and founding director of UCLA's Institute of the Environment, “A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race,” pg 22)

Kenya

Current Negotiations between Kenya’s Government and the opposition ODM party will work as long as their allowed to continue – key to ending post election violence

Barasa, Nairobi Correspondent for All , February 1, 2008

(Lucas, All Africa, “Kenya: Ban Ki-moon Urges End to Violence”, )

Tough US stance against Kenya is key to maintain compromise talks between Odinga’s ODM party and Kibaki’s after a hotly contested election - Plan violates this stance

Wrong, Correspondent for the New Statesman, January 17th, 2008

(Michela, New Statesman, “The Dilemma for Kenya’s Donors”, )

Conciliatory accommodation is key to Kenyan stability which is key to regional leadership and African satbility

Stevenson, Professor of Strategic Studies at US Naval Warfare College, January 6th, 2008

(Jonathan, Baltimoresun, “Kenya too important to let collapse”, )

African Regional Conflagration results in Nuclear War

Dr. Jeffrey Deutsch, Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project: An Organization Devoted to Political Risk Consulting and Related Research, Contributing Editor for Russian Politics, and PHD in economics from GMU, 11/18/02 ()

Imperialism

A. Uniqueness. Africa is increasing efforts at unification and representation in international organizations

Custers, PhD, ‘06 [Peter, “African Struggles Against Neoliberal Globalization”, September 8,

, accessed 6/30/06]

B. Aid to Africa is a Political Tool That Expands US Imperial Domination

Dembele, Director of the African Forum on Alternatives, ‘05 [Demba Moussa, “Aid Dependence and the MDGs”, September

8, , accessed 6/29/07]

C. Imperialism in Africa Perpetuates the AIDS Epidemic

Revolutionary Worker Online ‘00 [“Imperialism and AIDS in Africa”, ,

accessed 6/26/07]

CP – Exclude South Africa

A. US-South Africa Relations High

Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State, July ’07,

B. South Africa opposes U.S. unilateral extension of power

Suzanne Daley, Foreign Desk Writer, The New York Times, March ’98, “Clinton in Africa: The Next Stop,” , Lexis.

C. US-South Africa relations key to African stability

Eric M. Bost, US Ambassador to South Africa, Insight Africa, March ’07,

D. Instability in Sub-Saharan Africa supplies terrorists with resources and networking necessary to obtain nuclear weapons

Dempsey 06 [Thomas Dempsey Director of African Studies in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. “COUNTERTERRORISM IN AFRICAN FAILED STATES: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS” April 2006 ]

E. Nuclear terrorism leads to extinction

Stephens 07[Rex Stephens, idiot, 5-22-07 “The Preparation” ]

Reps K

We present the following criticism:

America’s relationship to Africa is instructed by images of otherness. Our ideological frame of Africa is saturated by representations of conflict, disease, and the permanent affliction of catastrophe and chaos, policymakers can’t help but solidify the dehumanizing frame for intervention these images demand.

WALLACE 5, PHD STUDENT – ANTHROPOLOGY – OXFORD

[JAMIE, “AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF AFRICA BASED ON MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS”, 2005, ]

Our language and representations have real world ramifications. The attachment to images of African catastrophe castigates Africans to a permanent global underclass. Africans become the objects of a genocidal process of dehumanization that’s grounded history’s most extreme atrocities and interventions.

SANKORE 5, EDITOR – INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS – AFRICA AND COORDINATOR – FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND ASSOCIATED RIGHTS IN AFRICA, 2005

[ROTIMI, “The Pitfalls and Consequences of Development 'Pornography'”, ]

In order to rethink the function of debate and the current and future methodologies used to deploy assistance in Africa we present th following alternative text: My partner and I advocate the rejection of not only the affirmatives negative representations of Africa.

MEZZANA 5, SOCIOLOGIST AND RESERARCHER – CERFE GROUP AFRICAN RESEARCH, 2005 [DANIELE, “A CANCEROUS IMAGE”, ]

Our criticism is a precondition to assistance. An elevated focus on representation is a prerequisite to any policy discussion in the context of Africa

HAWK 92, EDITOR AND ASST. PROF – POLITICAL SCIENCE – ALABAMA-BIRMINGHAM, 1992 [BEVERLY, Africa’s Media Image, pg. 13]

China DA

A. Chinese stability on the brink – concessions in international relations alleviates foreign pressure

[ASIA MEDIA NEWS DAILY, May 1, 2007, ]

B. U.S. aid programs in Africa are signs of political warfare—U.S. outpaces China in Africa

[Donovan Chau, Adjunct Faculty member and member of the University graduate faculty in the

Department of Defense and Strategic Studies, Missouri State University POLITICAL WARFARE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, March 2007, ]

C. Impact:

1. Foreign pressure means overthrow of the regime

[Susan Shirk, served as deputy assistant secretary for China at the U.S. State Department from 1997 to 2000.CHINA: FRAGILE SUPERPOWER, 2007, p. 62]

2. Regime collapse kills billions—CCP fights to keep political power in China

The Epoch Times ‘05

[8/3/05 ]

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – Chinese Medical Teams

First, both China and the US are increasing aid to Africa, however this aid is not coordinated

Gill, Huang & Morrison. 2k7. Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS. Chin-Hao, research assistant with the Freeman Chair. J. Stephen, director of the Africa Program at CSIS. “Assessing China’s Growing Influence in Africa” China Security, Vol. 3, No. 3.

For the United States, .., systematic or substantive reference to the other.

Chinese medical assistance is limited because of price constraints

Shinn. 2006. David Shinn, Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University. “An Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation” Washington Journal of Modern China, Spring/Summer, 2006

China’s capacity to send large numbers of … to different governments, industries, and enterprises.

Advantage 1: Taiwan

Price constraints don’t mean China goes away, just that the aid is uncoordinated and sparks resentment

Gill and Reilly. 2k7. Bates, the Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS & James, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee. “The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa” The Washington Quarterly • 30:3 pp. 37–52.

Second, China’s foreign aid policy is constrained by … subcontracting to a firm already approved by the MOC.

Successful medical assistance is key to Chinese relations with Africa

Gu 2005. Dr. Xuewu, Chair of East Asian Politics and Director of the Institute of East Asian Politics of Bochum University. “China Returns to Africa” Trends East Asia. February.

One of China’s most effective instruments for cultivating … every African family, at least on the statistical level.

Relations with Africa are key to Chinese stability. China’s economy depends on the export market and resources of Africa. International credibility depends on relations

Kurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari:

China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

Developing countries, and particularly African states, … international aid in 2004. By comparison, in an eight-year period between 1993

Oil shortages in China cause Chinese economic slowdown leading to CCP instability

The Economist 07/12/07

Acute energy shortages in China would have serious economic and political consequences … ensures that the effects of a serious energy-supply disruption or power shortage would be severe.

CCP instability causes a nationalist takeover and a lashout resulting in war over Taiwan

Paradise, 07 (James, “Underestimating China's "resilient authoritarianism"?”, ASIA MEDIA NEWS DAILY, May 1, 2007, )

Susan L. Shirk goes a long way to overcoming both of these problems (especially the latter) in regards to China. In her new book, … does not successfully adjust to China's rise -- which requires engaging in a partnership with China -- there could be serious implications.

A war over Taiwan escalates into global nuclear war

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU

[James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like Lind to be so oblivious of lessons from the past and of the reasons behind both the dogs barking and not barking. But decision-makers cannot afford such luxury. Lee Kuan Yew… clear why stability in the U.S.-China-Japan triadic relationship is a sine qua non for geopolitical peace in the Asia Pacific region.

Advantage 2: Sino-US Relations

a. Oil

Sino-US clash over Africa is inevitable without greater understanding and cooperation on public health

Gill, Huang & Morrison. 2k6. Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS. Chin-Hao, research assistant with the Freeman Chair. J. Stephen, director of the Africa Program at CSIS. “China’s Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States” A Report to the CSIS Delegation to China on US-Africa-China Relations.

China’s ambitious, new high-profile role in Africa challenges the United States to think far more comprehensively and strategically about how it will engage … only if there is the conscious political choice and exercise of political will by each government’s leaders.

Miscalculation over resource competition is the most likely scenario for US-China war

Hatemi & Wedamanis, 2k7. Peter, a professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Andrew,

associate professor and chair of Asian Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “Oil and Conflict in

Sino-American Relations” China Security, Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007, pp. 95 – 118. cs7_5.pdf

Because the economies of both the United States and China … security dilemma, wherein reciprocation of antagonistic actions may lead to war.

Resource wars culminate in extinction

Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, June 19, 04 ()

There are lots of recent 2004 reports speculating about the … species through global nuclear war and its companions famine and pestilence.

We have the fastest timeframe. Oil will run out in 2 years

Hatemi & Wedamanis, 2k7. Peter, a professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Andrew,

associate professor and chair of Asian Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. “Oil and Conflict in

Sino-American Relations” China Security, Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007, pp. 95 – 118. cs7_5.pdf

Although most countries rely on a combination of fuels, including coal and nuclear power… in the disputed Spratly and Paracel islands and East China Sea regions.

b. Relations

The current strategy of containment fails. It will lead to a US-China confrontation and destroy all current cooperation – this is crucial to maintain on all major international initiatives including stemming global proliferation

Bader and Bush, 8 [Jeffrey Bader, Director at the John. L Thornton China Center and Richard C. Bush III, Director of the Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies at Opportunity 08, The Brookings Institution – “Contending with the Rise of China: Build on Three Decades of Progress; China, U.S. Politics, Asia, Elections, Politics”]

Against this backdrop, Zoellick was right to acknowledge the need to “hedge” …with China for minimal or no security benefit.

Proliferation causes extinction

Victor Utgoff, Deputy Director for Strategy, Forces, and Resources Division, Institute for Defense Analysis, Summer 2002 (Survival) p. OUP Journals -

Widespread proliferation is likely to lead to an occasional shoot-out …we will all gather on a hill to bury the bodies of dead cities or even whole nations.

China will inevitably come to power – the question is whether or not we can adequately integrate them into the global order. A revitalized international system based on cooperation solves a risk of confrontation.

Ikenberry, 8 [G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Foreign Affairs – January/February 08 issue – “The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?”]

The rise of China will undoubtedly be one of the great … struggle is between China and a revived Western system, the West will triumph.

And Chinese aid to Africa is a test case for relations

Zurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari:

China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

China’s new safari may prove positive for Africa. Beijing offers …be replicated in other parts of the developing world.

Cooperation over public health in Africa is key to overall US-China relations

Kurlantzick 2k6. Joshua, visiting scholar in the Carnegie Endowment’s China Program. “Beijing’s Safari:

China’s Move into Africa and Its Implications for Aid,Development, and Governance” China Program, November. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. files/kurlantzick_outlook_africa2.pdf

If the United States, Europe, and the international financial … to flu issues and raised nearly $2 billion in pledges

Engagement through cooperation on global problems is key to avoiding a war with China. It increases understanding in order to avoid miscalculation

Bates 2k7. Scott, CNP Vide President. Speech, “China: Dangerous Nation or Peaceful Power?” Center for National Policy March 30, 2007

What will China’s rise mean to the world economy, international law … views today and in the days ahead.

Relations are key to solving terrorism

Saunders in ’01 (Phillip, Director of the Nonproliferation Program at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Can 9-11 Provide a Fresh Start for Sino-U.S. Relations?” October 23, )

China generally shares U.S. concerns about terrorism, … that refuse to cooperate in anti-terrorist efforts.

Terrorism Causes extinction

Corsi 05 - Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University [Jerome Corsi (Expert in Antiwar movements and political violence), Atomic Iran, pg. 176-178]

The United States retaliates: 'End of the world' scenarios The combination … while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.

Engagement key to relations and international stability – including nuclear proliferation, regional conflict, public health, terrorism, human rights, and the environment

Hills – Former US trade representative – 2007 (Carla A., The International Herald Tribune, “Engaging the New China; Power Diplomacy” April 27, 2007 LexisNexis)

The relationship between the United States and China will shape the future of …and actions in accordance international norms.

Plan: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase health assistance by purchasing the services of Chinese Provincial Health Bureau medical team programs for topically designated areas.

Solvency:

United States funding of Chinese health workers is an effective method of cooperation in Africa

Shinn. 2006. David Shinn, Adjunct Professor of International Affairs at George Washington University. “An Out of the Box Idea: China, Africa, and the United States Health Care Cooperation” Washington Journal of Modern China, Spring/Summer, 2006

Although there are legitimate reasons why …which otherwise has its share of negative pressures.

The plan transforms international relations. We have a unique opportunity to cooperate with China over health in order to integrate China into the international system

Haas 2k7. Richard N., Director, Policy Planning Staff “China and the Future of U.S.-China Relations” Remarks to the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations December 5,

For thirty years, American strategists have debated how … we intend to "dissuade future military competition."

Provincial Health Bureau medical teams are crucial to China’s hearts and minds campaign in Africa

People’s Daily, 6 – October 06, “Chinese Medical Teams Enjoy Reputation in Africa” -

A 34-year-old Cameroonian lady has experienced a miracle on herself in the … and "The Most Popular People".

These aid workers would be contracted by USAID from China

USAID 11/5/07 eastafrica. “usaid conducts competition for contracts, grants and cooperative agreements….overseas as American aid”

USAID conducts competition for contracts, grants … Assistance Act be identified appropriately overseas as “American Aid.”

US funding of Chinese health projects in Africa is key to improving relations

Wenping. 2007. He. “Sino-US cooperation can benefit Africa even more” Institute of Finance and Trade Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. 4/12/ 07

As China increasingly puts its political, economic and trade ties … increasing benefits for the African people.

There’s no point in arguing Chinese presence in Africa bad. It’s inevitable

Amosu 2k7. Akwe, senior policy analyst for Africa at the Washington Office of the Open Society Institute and a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus “China in Africa: It’s (Still) the Governance, Stupid” Foreign Policy in Focus, March 9, 2007,

In its engagement with Africa, China certainly aims to build a political … there seems little chance that they could do so.

No Link to your corruption disads – USAID contracts aid to ensure effective aid

Engber, 05 “on Thursday, the u.s. state department announced a 50 million….if often minimally involved”

On Thursday, the U.S. State Department announced a … government is often minimally involved.

Westminster (All Teams) – Affirmative – MEDFLAGS

First, Africom will be operational by September—it has the potential to help

 

Mpuga, 1/23/08 (Douglas, VOA News, U.S. Africa Command Not About Large Troops Or Bases, )

The United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) will … regional command headquarters that managed that security assistance.

 

But, its misperceptions are blocking access to Africa and are inspiring backlash. The US lacks strategic communication and action is necessary to reverse negative perceptions

Trevelyen, 1/29 (2008, Mark, Security Correspondent, Reuters, US defers sensitive Africa HQ decision for now, )

STUTTGART, Germany (Reuters) - A year after President George W. Bush … and acknowledging that Africom had much work to do on its strategic communications.

However, this command won’t help U.S.-African relations because its humanitarian focus is too transparent and not supported enough by African governments 

Africa News. 8/1/07. “Africa: Questioning Africom” No Author Lexis.

In October 2008, the United States Africa Command (…source mentioned. For a full archive and other resources, see

U.S. African relations prevent extinction – 2 scenarios:

A.  Terrorism

Terrorism is increasing throughout Africa and Africa is a key source of funding for global networks 

Lyman et al.  04.  (Princeton N., former U.S. Ambassador to South Africa and Nigeria; Ralph Bunche, Senior Fellow and Dir. of Africa Policy Studies @ Council for Foreign Relations; J. Stephen Morrison, Dir. of Africa Program @ CSIS, “The Terrorist Threat in Africa”, Foreign Affairs, January-February, pg. 75, lexis)

At the same time, however, the United States has failed …cannot be kept at the back of the

queue forever if U.S. security interests are to be advanced.

Effective counterterrorism cooperation requires maintaining stable partnerships with African governments

Johnson 06  - formerly Commander in Chief Allied Forces, Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH) and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe (COMUSNAVEUR). (Gregory,  “The “Long War” Demands Proactive Engagement in Africa”, October 2, ) 

The long war can be won.  But to facilitate its success and keep … let’s not miss it.

These organizations will gain access to nuclear weapons to be used against the US

Dempsey, 6 (Thomas, Director of African Studies @ U.S. Army War College and served as a strategic intelligence analyst for Africa at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and as Chief of Africa Branch for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorism in African Failed States: Challenges and Potential Solutions, April, ) 

Raising the Stakes:The Nuclear Dimension of the Terrorist …to apprehend or destroy them will be a complex and difficult task.

U.S. global retaliation causes multiple scenarios for nuclear war

Corsi, 05  (Jerome, phD in political science from Harvard, excerpt from Atomic Iran, ) 

The combination of horror and outrage that will surge upon the… would feel a price had to be paid while the country was still capable of exacting revenge. 

B. Hegemony

Stable military relationships with Africa are vital to preventing the collapse of failed states and sustaining U.S. hegemony globally

Hall, Colonel in the USAF and US Joint forces command, 03 (Brian, "Air Expeditionary Access The African Connection", ) 

The NSS notes that, "together with our European allies, we must …form the greatest foothold once the boots hit the ground.11

U.S.-African relations are vital to sustaining support for U.S. leadership globally

Pham, 07  - Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison  University (J. Peter, “America in Africa:  Securing U.S. Interests and  Promoting a Continent’s Development”,  )

U.S. foreign policy should acknowledge the importance of Africa in the  realm of global multilateral diplomacy… level, winning African  support will be key for international support for U.S. global action in the  future.

US leadership solves all other impacts – collapse of primacy results in great power wars 

Thayer, 6 (Bradley A., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, The National Interest, November -December, “In Defense of Primacy”, lexis) 

A remarkable fact about international politics today--in a world where American primacy is clearly and … may have the desire, but they do not have the capabilities. Let's face it: for the time being, American primacy remains humanity's only practical hope of solving the world's ills.

This could result in global nuclear conflicts in every region of the world

Kagan, 07 - senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Robert, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, ) 

This is a good thing, and it should continue to be a primary goal of American foreign policy to perpetuate …Difficult as it may be to extend American predominance into the future, no one should imagine that a reduction of American power or a retraction of American influence and global involvement will provide an easier path.

Hege is key to decease excess American interventionalism

Kagan and Kristol, 2000

(Robert and William, “Present Dangers”, Kagan is a Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Kristol is the editor of The Weekly Standard, and a political analyst and commentator, page 13-14 ) 

It is worth pointing out, though, that a … power that awaits a dramatic challenge before it rouses itself into action.

U.S. hegemony isn’t threatening the majority of world powers because it’s focused on preventing shared threats—it makes balancing impossible

Lieber and Alexander, 05  (Keir, professor of political science at Notre Dame, and Gerard, professor of politics at the University of Virginia, “Waiting for Balancing: Why the World is not Pushing Back”, International Security, 30.1, 109-139, projectmuse) 

Why Countries Are Not Balancing against the United States…they nonetheless shared with their allies the goal of containing the Soviet Union.61

Instability in Africa makes military humanitarian intervention is inevitable – The plan decreases the risk of coercive military action

BOND, LT COL – US MARINE CORPS, 2002  (Gregory, 1/5, “"Keeping the PEACE?" Can the United States Military Balance the Need to Train for War and Peace?” ) 

With the end of the Cold War came the proliferation of local wars by smaller countries….will inevitably continue involvement with peace operations in the future.

Professionalization of African militaries is vital to preventing state collapse

 

Terry Carroll 2001 (Col. US Army; US Army War College Strategy Research Project, Engagement of Marraige: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role In Africa; March 27; ) 

34 Militarily, the continent's conflict prevention, … economic, by creating stability and conditions for national growth and development.

State failure leads to massive destabilizing migrations, contagious disease spread and proliferation to terrorists and rogue nations culminating in nuclear war

 

The African Studies Centre et al 2K3 (The Transnational Institute, The Center of Social Studies, Coimbra University, and The Peace Research Center – CIP-FUHEM, “Failed and Collapsed States in the International System,”

December, found at: ) 

In the malign scenario of global developments the number of … - could be faced with direct attacks on their national security.

The Department of Defense should substantially increase military medical health assistance through continuous joint military medical cooperation in topically designated areas.

Contention 2: Solvency

Expanding Medflag is key -  military to military exercises will only have a positive impact if they are focused on humanitarianism, which uniquely resonates with African governments and will spill over to other aspects of foreign policy. 

 

Henk 98 (Dan, member of USAF Institute for National Security Studies and professor of African Affairs at USMA/Army War College, March, “Uncharted Paths, Uncertain Vision: US Military Involvements in sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of the Cold War, , March 1998)

MEDFLAGs. In 1987, the Joint Chiefs of Staff directed … leadership. It builds precisely the kind of relationships that the United States would  want in all its regional involvements.

Medflag already has the trust of African governments and has achieved a level of sophistication unmatched by any other exercise.  Military cooperation on addressing diseases that effect the community is key to increasing understanding between the US and African governments

 

Fox ’98 (C. William, M.D., Command Surgeon – Joint Readiness Training Center, “Phantom Warriors”, Parameters, Winter, ) 

Addressing the root causes of regional health problems in Africa should become a higher priority for … MEDFLAGs demonstrated on a national scale what might be achieved by similar cooperative efforts involving entire subregions.

Only military public health assistance wins the hearts and minds of African populations.  That’s key to support for US presence in the region and pressure for African governments to build relations with the United States.

 

Elspeth cameron ritchie, md and robert l. Mott, md. 2003. “Military Humanitarian Assistance: The Pitfalls and Promise of Good Intentions” . 

A photograph of a US medic caring for a needy child …military and respect for human rights.

Short-term military medical cooperation is counterproductive and actually destroys relations by generating rising expectations for long-term medical presence.  Only a public health approach that involves military medicine targeted at civilian populations can create a sustainable basis for relations

Logee, 07  - Lieutenant Colonel, Army Pediatrician who is currently assigned to Brooke Army Medical Center and director of the San Antonio Military Pediatric Center's civil military-medical training program in Honduras  (Douglas, The DISAM Journal, February 2007, "Can We Build a Better Medical Civic Assistance Program?" )

Note: HCA = Humanitarian Civic Assistance, SSTRO = Security, Stabilization, Transition, and Reconstruction Operations 

A common interpretation of military doctrine governing medical HCA is that benefit to host  nation… military training-all of which  will improve security for U.S. and allies.   

 

Military humanitarianism and the pursuit of soft power creates a liberal democratic check on the military that prevents the worst forms of violence

Heins, 05  (Volker, visiting professor of political science at Concordia University and Senior Fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt, 6 German Law Journal No. 5, May,

) 

According to this basic Principle of Distinction, modern humanitarian …now that it is possible to identify reliable evidence for war crimes from exhumed bodies.[39] 

Politics Link Turns

Turn -  Solving Diseases in Africa is popular in congress and costs Bush ZERO political capital

BALKO   6 – 23 – 3    Freelance Writer from Virginia – Writes for Fox / Tech Central Station / & The Agitator

[Radley, “President Bush's $15 Billion Package to Fight AIDS in Africa,” ]

You'll think I'm off my trolley when I say this… the AIDS bill are the least worst way to go.

Concessions to dems – not political capital – is key to the agenda

CHICAGO TRIBUNE  11 – 8 – 6

The last time that Bush held a post Election Day-press conference, … that direction, it’s going to be a long and difficult two years.’’

The humanitarian aspect of africom stops it from effecting other political issues

J. Peter Pham, Director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs and a Research Fellow of the Institute for Infrastructure and Information Assurance, 2-15-07, World Defense Review,

In a period when the many within the …divisions stopping at the water's edge.

Powerful lobbies drive bipartisan support for increasing aid to Africa and improving relations

J. Stephen Morrison, Director, Africa program, Center for Strategic and International Studies. 12/5/05. More than Humanitarianism: A Strategic U.S. Approach to Africa—CFR Task Force Report Release [Rush Transcript; Federal News Service, Inc.]

Good policy cannot be made without good information… as to where we should go as a country and as a nation.

Turn - Country selection for MEDFLAG exercises will spark a political battle

Carroll ’01 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

More basically, the selection of countries for …opportunity to maximize our African investment.

4. Turn -Congress hates military humanitarianism – they want a traditional military role

Peter W. Rodman. 2k 11 December Former United States Secretary of Defense, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute, Fellow at the Foreign Policy Institute“U.S. Leadership and the Reform of Western Security Institutions:NATO Enlargement & ESDP” Conference of the German Foreign Policy Association (DGAP) Berlin,. .

The Republican instinct is also to reserve U.S. combat … crisis, including those of more humanitarian than strategic import

Concessions with the democrats are useless –their only goal is to see the Bush administration fail

Samuel, 2005. [Terence, January 24, “Democrats Still get a Vote.” US News and World Report. Vol 138, No. 3, Pg. 22. pg. lezis] 

 

There are now expanded GOP majorities …both sides, the realities on the ground suggest a sharply divided, very contentious session ahead.

6. Expanding Medflag operations requires political capital

Carroll ’01 (Colonel Terry, “Engagement or Marriage: The Case for an Expanded Military Medical Role in Africa”, Army War College Strategy Report)

Transnational disease alone compels the U.S. to engage with Africa…again for our neglect and shortsightedness.’5°

Turn - Plan takes away focus from Bush’s Agenda, the White House Legislative Office is only able to focus on one major piece of legislation at a time.

Andres, et. al.  2K.  [Gary, former deputy assistant to the president for Legislative Affairs for the Bush administration, Septement.  “Contemorary Presidency: managing White House- Congressional Relations: Observations from inside the Process.” Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume 30 page 553.  ]

The constraint of “time” is another trade-off the …… White House-congressional agenda.

 

Westminster (All Teams) – Negative

Politics—Law of the Sea Good

Russia impact—

Failure to ratify makes US-Russian conflict and miscalculation inevitable over sea bed resources.

The Statesman Journal (Oregon), 9/10/2007. "U.S. should sign sea treaty to stake claim in the Arctic," .

The hypothetical Northwest ... clean it up

Miscalculation causes nuclear war.

Arnold Kanter et al, Senior Fellow at the Forum for International Policy, 9/13/1999. "A Deal With Russia On Arms Control?" Boston Globe, .

Second, we want ...pay the price

Iran impact—

Ratification of the Law of the Sea is vital to preventing naval miscalculation with Iran – this risks massive oil price spikes

Richardson, 1/24/08 - energy and security specialist at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Michael, The Straits Times (Singapore), "High stakes for Asia in Persian Gulf security", lexis)

THE United States ...critical to Asia

Iranian retaliation would close the Strait of Hormuz and cause Iraq to explode

Giraldi, 5/2/07 (Philip, former US CIA officer, "A High Price to Pay for Ignorance," )

Poor intelligence also ...aircraft carrier

Super spike causes global depression

Douthwaite '03

(Richard, "Oil and the Irish Economy", )

In April, the ...a barrel again

Bearden

War in the Gulf could start by miscalculation – it will escalate throughout the region

Turkish Daily News, 07 (2/2, "US-IRAN TENSIONS MIGHT LEAD TO WAR", lexis)

Citing Iranian involvement ...large confrontation

War with Iran would increase global terrorism and destroy the global economy

Cirincione and Grotto, 07 - Vice President for National Security of the Center for American Progress AND Senior National Security Analyst of the Center for American Progress (Joseph and Andrew, Contain and Engage: A New Strategy for Resolving the Nuclear Crisis with Iran, 2/28, )

Iran Would Retaliate

There would also ...combat fitness

Law of the Sea key to the war on terror—all your turns are wrong.

John Negroponte, Deputy Secretary of State, Testimony Before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 9/27/2007. s/d/2007/92921.htm.

Myth: The Convention ...cooperative partners

LOST accession vital to protect oceanic biodiversity.

Brent Wagner and Philip Lofrumento, Research Assistant and Intern in Maritime Studies at CSI, 1999. The Washington Quarterly, Summer, Lexis.

Last but not least...environmental groups

Ratification of the treaty is crucial to hegemony to deter Russian influence in the region

CHOSSUDOVSKY, ECONOMICS PROFESSOR AT UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, 08-20 [Michael, "North American Integration and the Militarization of the Arctic", CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON GLOBALIZATION, ]

The Battle for the Arctic

...through unchallenged

EU Soft power

1nc:

Promoting EU health assistance to Africa is vital to effective EU foreign policy – this is vital to global environmental protection, terrorism, and disease prevention

Owen, 06 - Chair, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, and adjunct professor of public health, University of Sydney (John, Health and Conflict Prevention, ed: Andrew Melbourn, )

There is a need… modern foreign policy.

The plan will collapse EU foreign policy – anti-Americanism and foreign assistance are the glue that holds the EU together and attempts to boost the U.S. image will destroy the EU as an effective global model

Melvin, 05 (Don, Austin American-Statesman, 5/15, “The United States of Europe”, lexis)

* Europe, with its…foreign policy, he said

The EU model of governance is vital to forming transnational linkages between states – this de-emphasizes the need for military force as a solution to conflict

Rifkin, 04 - founder and president of the Foundation on Economic Trends (Jeremy, The Utne Reader, Sept/Oct, "The European Dream"

While the American spirit… welfare of the planet.

Enhancing transnationalism will transform global political divisions and prevents global nuclear war

Seita, 97 (Alex, Professor of law at Albany Law School of Union University, 30 Cornell Int'l L.J. 429, lexis)

 

Because globalization… the risk of nuclear war.

Warming 1nc Impact:

EU soft power is key to solve global warming.

Alem, 06 - Ambassador of the Mission of Morocco to the EU (Menouar, DEFINING EUROPE’S SOFT POWER, 25/04/2006 )

However, Europe, as… tackling climate change."

Warming will trigger climatic oscillations that kill billions and collapse the global economy

Milbrath, 1994 – Director of Research Program in Environment and Society at SUNY-Buffalo [Lester W., “Climate and chaos: Societal impacts of sudden weather shifts,” The Futurist, May/Jun, ProQuest]

The most-probable… a house of cards.

Balkans 1nc Impact:

EU soft power is vital to Balkan stability

Carl Bildt, prime minister of Sweden 91-94, Financial Times: 1 June 2005 ” Europe must keep its soft power”

Yet, in recent years… the EU has caused.

Balkan instability spreads throughout Europe – the impact is WWIII

Paris in ’02 (Roland, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at University of Colorado, Political Science Quarterly, “Kosovo and the metaphor war”, Volume 117, Issue 3, Fall, Proquest)

At this early stage in…, before it is too late.

This causes nuclear escalation

Glaser, 1993 (Charles, professor of public policy studies at the University of Chicago, International Security, Summer, ebsco)

The ending of… the American homeland.

2nc Cards

Environment 2nc:

EU soft power is vital to global environmental protection – it is modeled globally

Islam, 07 (Shada, The Business Times Singapore, 10/16, “EU can be a role model - once it sorts out reforms”, lexis)

But Europe's 'soft power'… and safeguarding the environment.

The impact is extinction.

David Diner, Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army, Winter, 1994 (Military Law Review, ln)

The prime reason… closer to the abyss.

Terrorism 2nc:

EU soft power is key to fighting terrorism

Joseph S. Nye Jr. is professor of international relations at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and author of "The Power Game: A Washington Novel." , 11/15/04, “Tapping Soft Power: America Needs a Strong Europe”, International Herald Tribune.

European soft power…coordinate their strategy

Alexander

Malthus

Africa’s carrying capacity is low – population growth is exceeding it because of declines in mortality

Sai-04 - physician, long-time public health activist in Africa, and advisor to the president of Ghana on HIV/AIDS (Frederick, World Watch “Population, Family Planning, and the Future of Africa”, Vol 17, Issue 5; September/October, p g34)

These are all…health care

Death checks are the only way to forestall extinction – they are the only reason we’re currently alive

Brown, 06 professor of physiology at West Virginia University (Paul, Notes from a Dying Planet, p. xvi)

This book is…soon enough

Population is decreasing globally because of the perception of resource constraints – the provision of foreign aid reverses this and increases birth rates

Abernethy, Professor of Psychiatry at Vanderbilt,-04 (Virginia Deane, World Watch- “Not Tonight, Sweetie; No Energy”, Washington Sept/Oct)

Worldwide, the dynamics…fertility levels

Population growth exploits natural resources, destroys the environment, increases terrorism, and increase mass migration spurring chaos worldwide

Cassils – Director of the population institute of Canada – 2004 (J. Anthony, “Overpopulation, Sustainable Development, and Security: Developing an Integrated Strategy,” Population and Environment, January)

Population growth…people expect

Conspiracy K

AIDS conspiracy theories undermine real world prevention

ross 6 - WHO center for health promotion and prevention research, "conspiracy beliefs about the origin of HIV/AIDS in four racial/ethnic groups" - pubmedcentral.articlerenderfcgi?artid=1405237

their conspiracy theory arguments prevent real world solutions

dervarics 5,

articles/2005/conspiracybeliefsmaybehinderinghivpreventionamongafricanamericans.aspx

a new national survey...prevention says thorburn

aids conspiracy theory is based on faulty science - gilbert no date –

caq/caq58/trackgenocide.html the most common...are not retroviruses

the timing of aids conspiracy theories is off - empirically false

gilbert no date - same there is another...proposed parent viruses

their entire 1ac is based on conspiracy theory that prevents real world change

gilbert no date - same in light of this...propel the epidemic

1nc K:

their methodology is flawed - conspiracy theory relies on non falsifiable data, is self referential and anything used to disprove htem is part of a larger conspiracy -t his is a worldview that encourages witchunts against anyone that disagrees with them. vote neg on presumption because the aff hasn't advanced a warrant for their 1ac's truth value s

silverstein 2 - "An Excess of Truth: Violence, Conspiracy Theorizing and the Algerian Civil War" Anthropological Quarterly, 75.4 - 2002, 643-74, ebsco generally speaking, communicative...neglecting the rest

our argument isn't that conspiracies dont exist but that their specific conspiracy is stpuid and buys into fascist tthinking - utilize specific standards of evidence to evaluate truth claims and not accept the "expertise" of their authors. they must prevent you with verifiable claims to win

berlet, 99 - rightwoo/rwooz9-45.html#698_280450 investigative reporting and...than reagan or bush

social change - conspiracy theory is so illogical that it discredits legitimate attempts to investigate how power operates and prevents developing effective strategies for resistance. we agree that the world needs changing and that power operates behind the scenes but its not due to the actions of a few powerful individuals but instead is a structural phenomenon that requires a focus on social justice to correct. focusing on conspiracy theory lets institutions responsible for inequality off the hook

berlet, 4 - zmagsite.Sept2004/barsamian0904.html for millenia there's...would be heterosexism

not only is their evidence not qualified it makes massive leaps in logic and evidence and employs racist scapegoating techniques to cover up its flaws - its the ultimate fascist worldview and promotes racism and totalitarianism

berlet no date - _conspire.html every major traumatic...oppression can flourish

alt - advocate resistance to oppressive governmental practicies through organized non cooperation and to question authority - this is the only check to coming totalitarianism, perm is impossible - refusing intellectual standards of analyzing truth claims makes it easy for the government to stamp out opposition bc the govt employs the logic of conspiracy theory as an excuse for the never-ending war on terrorism and destructuion of individual liberty

shivani 3 - shivani02222003.html in recent days...enough to overcome more

2nc cites

perm is political suicide - focus on conspiracy theory trades off w/ real attempts to combat structural violence

berlet 4 - zmagsite cite, above with all the hard...diversity and equality

args about political use of conspiracy theory dont reflect current us culture

pasley 2k - conspiracy.CT_an%20American_Exceptionalism_web_version_Main.htm on one level...and professional scholarship

RFID Neg Cites

Solvency: 1nc –

repackaging easily circumvents the plan and undermines incremental steps at reform – this takesout the entire case

Christian, 05 - vice president and head of global corporate security for Novartis International (James, Federal News Service, 6/15, lexis)

Pharmaceutical companies…and in the United States

The failure rate is sky-high

Liang, 06 - Executive Director and Professor of Law, Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law (Bryan, 32 Am. J. L. and Med. 279, “Fade to Black: Importation and Counterfeit Drugs”, lexis)

The bill attempts…private industry perspective

The lack of international cooperation undermines solvency

Gilbert and Halwani, 05 - attorneys (Tim and Sana, 36 Cal. W. Int'l L.J. 41, “Confusion and Contradiction: Untangling Drug Importation and Counterfeit Drugs”, Fall, lexis)

The FDA has advocated…codes and standards

Plan is extremely longterm – complete harmonization must occur first

Demetrakakes, 05 (Pan, Food & Drug Packaging, 6/1, “Pharma fakes”, lexis)

  The problem with RFID…to individual packages

Fake RFIDs circumvent

Scalet, 07 - senior editor (Sarah, CSO Online, “The 5 Myths of RFID”, 5/1, )

The crucial point…identifying the duplicates

Turn – innovation

a. pharmaceutical companies are weighing RFID against all other technological alternatives – they’ll crack down but will invest in what works best for them

NGP, 06 (Next Generation Pharmaceutical, “Does RFID have a place in pharma’s future?”

)

In addition to..he acknowledges

b. government regulations always fail – they lack market information and the plan kills innovation

Adler, professor at Case Western Reserve University and former director of the Environment Program at the Competitive Enterprise Institute, 2000 (Jonathan, “Introduction to Ecology, Liberty and Property”, June 5, ) 

 

Baden cautioned critics…free market environmentalism

Regulations fail – industry noncompliance

Sunstein, professor of law at the University of Chicago, 1990 (Cass, 57 Chicago Law Review 407, Spring, lexis)

Despite the stringency…other settings

Noncompliance turns the case – it depends on uniformity

Quirk, 07 - attorney at the Venable law firm with a specialty in telecommunications regulation and policy (Ronnie, Traffic World, 3/26, “RFID's New Challenge;

Tracking technology improves, but legislation threatens to further hold up widespread implementation” lexis)

Despite all these…and future regulations

2nc

Repackaging means that counterfeit drugs will be put into RFID packages

Christian, 05 - vice president and head of global corporate security for Novartis International (James, Federal News Service, 6/15, lexis)

And so what we have…of a counterfeiter

Other industry examples don’t apply at all

Patton, 06 (Susannah, “Cracks in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain”, CIO Mag., Jan. 15, )

Celantano acknowledges…by the radio waves

RFIDs have to go in the packaging – no technology exists to mark the pills

Scalet, 07 - senior editor (Sarah, CSO Online, “The 5 Myths of RFID”, 5/1, )

When RFID boosters…anyone’s guess

Too many ways to circumvent the 2ac evidence – infiltrating distribution networks, cloning packaging, and inevitable damage to RFIDs mean its easily circumvented – and Liang’s conclusion is to vote neg on presumption because duping the system would shatter all confidence in it

Liang, 06 - Executive Director and Professor of Law, Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law (Bryan, 16 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 483, “STRUCTURALLY SOPHISTICATED OR LAMENTABLY LIMITED? MECHANISMS TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE MEDICINE SUPPLY”, lexis)

Industry spokespersons…the drug supply

Regulations empirically fail because a lack of information for central planning

Stewart, professor of law at New York University School of Law, 1996 (Richard, 15 Journal of Law and Commerce 585, Spring, lexis)

Throughout the world…other societal needs

RFID isn’t coming: They predicted the same thing in 2004, its false because the technology still sucks and they will still listen to industry

Scalet, 07 - senior editor (Sarah, CSO Online, “The 5 Myths of RFID”, 5/1, )

Given all these..

Politics

RFID adoption is being blocked by the pharmaceutical lobby – it perceives the technology fails

EE Times Asia, 11/16/07 (“RFID hits roadblocks in war vs. fake drugs”, )

The electronics industry…engineering problems

The fear of the plan means that pharmaceutical companies will wage a political battle against it

CBS News,4-1-07 (L/N)

KROFT:…didn’t disagree

2nc

This link outweighs their turns – even if some pharma companies like the plan – 76% of them oppose it because of the perception of poor physical security for RFID tags

Labor Law Weekly, 10/5/07 (“Physical Security Essential for RFID Pharmaceutical E-Pedigree Certainty”, lexis)

MIKOH Corporation…reading device

Fears that RFID signals destroy the drugs themselves drive industry opposition – perception outweighs reality

Liang, 06 - Executive Director and Professor of Law, Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law (Bryan, 16 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 483, “STRUCTURALLY SOPHISTICATED OR LAMENTABLY LIMITED? MECHANISMS TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE MEDICINE SUPPLY”, lexis)

n129. Industry representatives…30% unusable

Industry studies confirm massive fears of reliability and unforeseen costs

Liang, 06 - Executive Director and Professor of Law, Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law (Bryan, 16 Alb. L.J. Sci. & Tech. 483, “STRUCTURALLY SOPHISTICATED OR LAMENTABLY LIMITED? MECHANISMS TO ENSURE SAFETY OF THE MEDICINE SUPPLY”, lexis)

RFID suffers from…fake or tainted drugs

the plan would enrage early adopters of RFID that invested tons of money in the technology for competitive advantage. The plan pays for RFID adoption for Pfizer’s competitors – which makes Pfizer’s prior investments useless

RFID Update, 06 (“What the FDA Announcement Means for RFID”, 6/12, )

One important thing…ROI-driven adoption

The vast majority of companies haven’t invested in RFID – only the big players like Pfizer have – and Pfizer has invested millions. The plan subsidizes Pfizers competitors

Whiting, 06 (Rick, “FDA Scolds Drug Industry For Anemic RFID Adoption”, Information Week, 6/19,

)

RFID in the industry…to be done yet

Technological lockin is a link - there’s still a big debate over appropriate technology – bar codes vs. RFID – and the plan would force manufacturers that have invested a lot in bar codes to lose those investments since they have to use RFID instead

DeMarrais, 10/24/07 (Kevin, The Record, “A Cure for Fake Drugs?”, lexis)

Bar codes, which…to carry RFIDs

Hegemony Bad

Hegemonic temptation –

A. MAKES MILITARY AGGRESSION INEVITABLE

LAYNE 6 (THE PEACE OF ILLUSIONS: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present , pp. 152-3)

There is another road to US oversxtension…more than they can chew

B. Policymakers will exaggerate threats to justify hegemony

Layne 6 (Same as above, p 185-6)

Proponents of offshore balancing…too many times in the past

C. This creates self-fulfilling prophecies and perpetual wars, causing extinction

Valunzuela 6 ("Perpetual War, Perpetual Terror", )

Today the Us is responsible for 40%...we fear most, a terrorist state.

Multipolarity is inevitable

Lyne 6 (Same as above, page 149)

Although balance-of-power theorists…multipolar between now and 2020

Hegemony fuels terrorism

Layne 6 (page 189-90)

the events of 9/11 are another example….a lightning rod for muslim anger

Extinction – Alexander 3

Us hegemony on balance generates greate instability than retreat

Kolko 6 (The Age of War: The United States confronts the world, page 173-8, Gabriel)

the obsession with power and the conviction that armies…only produced endless misery and upheavals of every kind

Hegemony is unsustainable – multiple economic costs

Layne 6 ("Impotent Power? Re-examining the nature of America's hegemonic Power", the national interest, ebsco)

The real issue is not if American primacy will end…no longer could afford to maintain its primacy

Delaying the transition makes the economic costs worse – collapses the economy

Layne 6 (Ebsco Article, form above)

During the past 15 years or so since the Soviet Union…economic base upon which it rests

Mead 92

Airpower DA

1nc:

A. AFRICOM will be rejected now – the plan ensures AFRICOM sustainability by focusing it on threats to African insecurities instead of the US’s

Africa News. 8/1/07. “Africa: Questioning Africom” No Author Lexis.

In October 2008…

B. AFRICOM overstretches the Air Force – it’s on the brink now and current calculations for hiring and cutting personnel don’t assume AFRICOM’s huge needs

Inside the Air Force, 12/21/07 – “Air Force may need more personnel to fill troop support roles” lexis

The Air Force may…the three-star said

C. The Air Force is in the midst of an equipment crisis – every plane and every dollar counts. And, budget caps force tradeoffs

US Fed News, 7 – lexis – “TOP AIR FORCE GENERALS ADDRESS AIRMEN'S CONCERNS”

Recapitalization, creation…Lichte said

And, current recapitalization is key to continued air dominance

Wynne and Mosely, 10/24/07 – Michael Wynne, secretary of USAF and Gen. Michael Mosely, Air Force Chief of Staff Dept. CQ congressional Testimony: “AIR FORCE STRATEGIC INITIATIVES” – lexis

Our final priority is…our current dominance

D. Airpower readiness is the only internal link to deterrence, solving counterinsurgencies, and preventing a US-China conflict; escalation means extinction

Dunlap, 6 (Maj. Gen Charles Dunlap Jr, Armed Forces Journal, deputy judge advocate of the Air Force, has 30 years of service and graduate of the National War College, “America’s Assymetric Advantage”)

So where does that leave us… U.S. is at risk

2nc:

And, airpower readiness prevents multiple scenarios for nuclear conflict in Asia

Khalilzad and Lesser, 98 (Zalmay Khalilzad and Ian Lesser, eds. Ashley J. Tellis, Chung Min Lee, James Mulvenon, Courtney Purrington, and Michael D. Swain, “Sources of Conflict in Asia” RAND Corp)

This subsection attempts…already broken out

this is the most probable scenario for a nuclear war:

Dibb, 1 (Paul, Naval College War Review, Winter 01, “Strategic Trends – military and political in Asia”)

The areas of maximum danger… when confronted with major crises.

Tradeoffs are inevitable – budget caps force it

AFA, 6 (Air Force Association, December 06 – Air Force Magazine, Vol 28 no 12, “Investing Now in Airpower for Tomorrow” AFA 2007 Statement of Policy, )

All signs are…to 28 years

The current political climate proves- Congress is resisting giving the Air Force free reign over their own recapitalization budget

Defense Daily, 10/26/07 – “Air Force Makes Renewed Case For Managing Inventory Without Legislative Restrictions” Lexis

The Air Force's leadership…bill, he said

The Air Force is experiencing an enormous budget crunch – the overall budget isn’t increasing and all funds require some kind of internal tradeoff

Air Force Times, 7 (James Hannah, AP – “Air Force Looking For Ways to Cut Costs”)

Air Force bases…in fuel a year

AFRICOM involves Air Force equipment and basing

BBC Montitoring, 12/8/07 – “Tanzanian Islamic paper rejects proposed US Africa command” – Lexis

Dangers of Africom…also be needed

Empirically proven – current efforts have involved the Air Force

Inside the Air Force, 11/16/07 – “USAF TO BEGIN FORMAL STAND UP OF AFRICOM AIR ARM IN DECEMBER” Lexis

AMSTEIN AIR FORCE…quick,” he said

Airpower is key to sustain US leadership and maintain a credible deterrent

Hazdra, 1

(Maj Richard J Hazdra, USAF, “Air Mobility – the Key to the US National Security Strategy” August 01 )

In shaping the international…to be successful

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Disease Surveillance

Plan— 

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should provide the necessary assistance to expand infectious disease surveillance in topically designated areas.   

ADVANTAGE ONE: DISEASE 

WE HAVE TWO SCENARIOS FOR EXTINCTION— 

FIRST, EMERGING DISEASE— THE CDC IS HAS ALREADY INCREASED FUDING DEVOTED TO SURVEILLANCE, UNFORTUNATELY THIS TARGETS THE MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA, NOT AFRICA. 

US Department of State, 11/28/07

() 

Nearly 53 percent of the $13.5… emerging infectious disease threats. 

ECOLOGICAL CLIMATE AND UNIQUE MIXTURE OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS MAKE AFRICA THE MOST LIKELY SPOT FOR GLOBAL SPREAD.  

Africa News, 2006

(“Animal and Plant Diseases a Growing Threat”, April 27, lexis) 

A UK government programme… contributed to the 18-month study. 

AND, THESE DISEASES CAUSE EXTINCTION. 

South China Morning Post, 1996

(Dr. Ben-Abraham is the former chairman and chief executive officer of Biosante Pharmaceuticals Inc., January 4, lexis) 

THE CDC’S INVESTIGATIVE EXPERTISE AND LABORATORY SUPPORT IS COMPARATIVELY BETTER THAN THE REST OF THE WORLD’S—THE PLAN IS KEY TO ROBUST INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK MISSIONS. 

Government Accountability Office, 2001

(“Global Health: Challenges in Improving Infectious Disease Surveillance Systems”, August, ) 

Ineffective routine surveillance… likely in developing countries. 

CDC POSSESSES A BROAD SCIENTIFIC BASE THAT EFFECTIVELY COORDINATES GLOBAL ACTION—THIS IS EMPIRICALLY PROVEN IN AFRICA. 

Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007

(Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) 

The GDD program effectively… monitoring of avian influenza cases. 

CDC’S COORDINATION WITH ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES IS KEY TO DETECT ZOONOTIC OUTBREAKS. 

Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007

(Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) 

Approximately 75% of recently identified… health and animal health sectors.

SECOND, AVIAN FLU—SUCCESSFUL POLICIES IN ASIA HAVE NOT BEEN IMPLEMENTED IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA—THIS MAKES IT A UNIQUE SPOT FOR AVIAN FLU SPREAD. 

Davis, Professor of History at U of California and author on the Avian Flu, February 7, 2007

(Mike, THE GUARDIAN, “The plague of bird flu will erupt out of Java, not Suffolk”, ) 

However, since the original outbreak… fiasco to the international science press. 

AND, AFRICA IS THE KEY SPOT FOR AVIAN FLU SPREAD—MIGRATORY BIRDS, LACK OF PREPAREDNESS, AND OPEN-TRADE.  

Ababa, Commissioner of Rural Economy and Agriculture at the AU, 2006

(Addis, “Avian Flue: Possible Outbreak, Economic Importance and Emergency Preparedness Intiative in Africa” ) 

Emergency Preparedness in Africa is highly… hardships particularly to rural communities. 

AND, AFRICAN FLU VIRUSES DISPLAY MUTATIONS THAT ENABLE AVIAN FLU TO SPREAD BETWEEN HUMANS. 

Forbes, October 4, 2007

(“Key Viral Change Could Help Bird Flu Spread”, ) 

U.S. scientists say they've spotted… are the ones closest to becoming a human virus." 

THIS MAKES A GLOBAL SPREAD IN 2008 A CERTAINTY.. 

Caplan, Ph.D., is director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania. 12/31/07 () 

Anyone remember pandemic flu?… this time bomb that has not stopped ticking. 

AVIAN FLU SPREADS GLOBALLY IN MONTHS—KILLING BILLIONS AND COLLAPSING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. 

Chandra, Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2004

[Satish, Global Security: A broader Concept for the 21st Century, May 7th  ] 

This scenario, as frightening… mortality rate is estimated. 

ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES EXTINCTION. 

Bearden, Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000

(T. E.,  Fellow Emeritus of the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study "The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly," June 12)

EXPANDING CDC SURVEILLANCE IS CRUCIAL TO PROVIDE THE NECESSARY LAB SUPPORT, EXPERTISE, AND TRAINING TO PREVENT AND CONTAIN AVIAN FLU OUTBREAKS. 

Blount, Director of the Office of Global Health, May 2, 2007

(Stephen B., “Testimony before the Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, HHS, Education, and Related Agencies, May, 2, ) 

Currently, the US and the rest of the… channels so we can respond effectively. 

CDC TRAINING IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PREVENTING AVIAN FLU OUTBREAKS. 

Arthur, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 10/4/2007

(Ray, STATES NEWS SERVICE, “CDCS Global Disease Detection Program: Safeguarding Our Nation”, lexis) 

CDC's comprehensive Global… contain pandemic influenza strains. 

ADVANTAGE TWO: TERROR 

THE US IS CURRENTLY FACING A SHORTAGE OF EXPERIENCED PUBLIC HEALTH OFFICIALS—THIS PREVENTS RAPID DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK.. 

Katz, doctoral candidate at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, 2002

(Rebecca, THE WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, Vol. 25, No. 3, “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense against Biological Weapons,” Summer) 

TRAINING When Hantavirus Pulmonary… and set up collaborative efforts. 

AND, INCREASING CDC PERSONEL CREATES A STRONG DOMESTIC PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE CAPAPBLE OF MINMIZING THE CASUALTIES AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK. 

Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2003

(Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ) 

As described earlier, surveillance of and… disease- or problem-specific areas. 

CDC SURVEILLANCE IN AFRICA PROVIDES UNIQUE TRAINING AND REAL-WORLD EXPERTISE. 

Cole, 2005

(Matt, CDC Foundation Program Officer, “Perspectives: On-the-Job Training for Disease Detectives in Kenya”, ) 

One of the reasons developing… who share this passion. 

TWO SCENARIOS FOR EXTINCTION.  

FIRST, BIOTERRORISM--BIOTERRORISM IS THE MOST PROBABLE SCENARIO FOR TERRORISM—MOTIVATION EXISTS AND IMPLEMENTATION IS EASIER THAN EVER. 

Njuguna, Masters in Biotechnology and prominent contributor on bioweapons to Bonn International Center, 2005

(James Thuo, AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW, Vol. 14, No. 1, “Evaluating the threat of biological weapons in Eastern Africa”, ) 

Terrorist groups exist to promote… biological weapon.32

BIOTERRORISM CAUSES EXTINCTION

Ochs, member of the Depleted Uranium Task force of the Military Toxics Project and the Chemical Weapons Working Group, 2002

(Richard, “BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS MUST BE ABOLISHED IMMEDIATELY”, 7/9, ) 

AND, RETALIATION AFTER A TERRORIST ATTACK SPARKS MULTIPLE SCENARIOS FOR NUCLEAR WAR. 

Corsi, Best Selling Author on Terrorism, 2005

(Jerome, THE NEW YORK TIMES, 4/20, ) 

EXPERT STUDIES CONCLUDE THAT CDC RESPONSE SPEED AND ASSISTANCE CAPABILITIES ARE UNMATCHED GLOBALLY.

Naylor et al, Dean of Medicine at the U of Toronto, 2003

(Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, “Learning From SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada”, October 23, ) 

The CDC has 12 centres… is unmatched globally 

SECOND, AGRO-TERRORISM—TERRORISTS WILL TARGET FOOD SUPPLIES CAUSING MASSIVE DEATH, CONTAMINATE FOOD, AND PYSCHOLOGICALLY DEVASTATE THE U.S—OUR EVIDENCE CITES EXPERTS IN FOOD SECURITY. 

Business Community Report, 2006

(“Is SA prepared for bioterrorism?”, 11/1, ) 

It has now become a vital responsibility… industry itself," Buchanan emphasised. 

HIGH FOOD PRICES KILLS BILLIONS OVERNIGHT AND COLLAPSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. 

Brown, 1998

(Lester, THE FUTURIST, “Food scarcity: an environmental wakeup call”, January 1, ) 

The food system is likely to be the… between 1959 and 1961. 

THE CDCS ZOONOTIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PROVIDES RAPID ALERT SYSTEMS, UNIQUE DATABASES AND TRAINING ABROAD TO PREVENT AGRO-TERRORISM—ONLY THE CDC CAN RAPID COMMUNICATION OUTLETS. 

King, Senior Veterinarian at the Department of Health and Human Services, 2006

(Lonnie, “CDC Agroterrorism and Zoonotic Threat Preparedness Efforts”, August 24, ) 

A possible target of agroterrorism… pathogen like pandemic influenza.

Politics Link Turns

DEMOCRATS SUPPORT INTERNATIONAL DISEASE SURVEILLANCE.

Anderson, 2006

(Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College, “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flue Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security”, May, ) 

In contrast to viewing vaccines…that it could wait another year” 

AID TO AFRICA TRANSCENDS PARTISAN POLITICS

Ruddy, 2006

(Christopher, NEWS MAX, March 29, lexis) 

The press rarely speaks about it…globally, especially in Africa. 

BIPARTISAN SUPPORT FOR EXPAND CDC SURVEILLANCE

Mabee, 2007

(Marcia, PhD and Executive Director of the Health Funding Council, “The CSTE Washington Report”, June 22) 

Discussion draft of CSTE surveillance bill done…activities across federal agencies” 

BIPART SUPPORT FOR AVIAN FLU PREVENTION

Anderson, 2006

(Jamie, Bachelor of Arts in International Studies at Boston College, “The Looming Threat of an Avian Flue Pandemic: Concepts of Human Security”, May, ) 

After addressing these broad issues…variety of domestic and international agencies 

CDC FUNDING UNPOPULAR—PERCEIVED INEFFICIENCES. 

Matus, 07-(Kate, "Ryan Wins Overwhelming Bipartisan Support to Stop Wastefbl CDC Spending: House Approves Amendment to Prevent

Squandering Funds on Luxuries and Unnecessary Programs," July) 

First District Congressman Paul Ryan…to advance this goal.” 

CDC SPENDING IS UNPOPULAR-CORE FUNCTIONS ARE EXPERIENCING BUDGET CUTS 

Nesmith 2-7-2007 (Jeff, Cox News Service, "CDC Budget For Core Activities is Cut",

ht~p://c~~vw.coxwashin~to~~.corn/h~lcontentire~orterslstorie~/2F0E0U7/B0U2/'I0I 7C/D CO6.htmI) 

WASHINGTON - The core Programs of the Centers for…and local health departments. 

CDC SPENDINGIS UNPOPULAR-BUDGET CUTS PROVE 

Effect Measure, 2006 ("Bush Slashes Into CDC Bone and Muscle," March 24) 

Under President George ("Keep Us Safe") Bush's…safety and health conerns. 

CDC BIOTERRORISM SPENDING IS UNPOPULAR-BIPARTISAN BUDGET CUTS PROVE 

Newsday 6-6-07 (Glenn Thrush, Schumer changes tune on bioterror cuts: Schumer leads push to reclaim lost funding for bioterror programs he previously voted to cut, records show," 

In December. Schumer didn't obiect…according to a spokesman.

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Somalia

The United States federal government should provide the necessary assistance to the Center for Disease Control to establish a Global Disease Detection Center and syndromic surveillance in Somalia.

INHERENCY—CURRENT SURVEILLANCE INCREASES ARE PIECEMEAL AND DON’T TARGET CRUCIAL AREAS LIKE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA. 

Science Daily, 12/11/07

(Boyce is a UC Davis professor of veterinary medicine, “Bird-flu Expert Calls For Changes In Early-warning System”, ) 

The international science community is not doing enough to track the many avian influenza viruses that might cause the next pandemic, a UC Davis researcher says….than 45 days after it is generated. 

ADVANTAGE      : FOOD SECURITY 

FIRST, SOMALIA IS ON THE BRINK OF AN OUTBREAK IN ZOONOTIC DISEASE—THIS WILL SPREAD CONTINENT WIDE AND DEVASTATE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY. 

Agence France Press, 1/15/07

(“Conflict, disease threaten Horn Africa food security: monitors”, lexis) 

Fighting in Somalia…would constrain large-scale livestock vaccination programs," the statement said. 

ZOONOTIC DISEASE ERODE FOOD SECURITY—CRUSH CONSUMER CONFIDENCE AND FOOD TRADE. 

Domenech et al, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006

(Joseph , ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Vol. 1, “Regional and International Approaches on Prevention and Control of Animal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,” October) 

TADs impose major social and economic costs and risks to infected countries, their neighbors, and trading partners….commodities, and products of animal origin. 

SECOND, TERRORISTS WILL TARGET FOOD SUPPLIES CAUSING MASSIVE DEATH, CONTAMINATE FOOD, AND PYSCHOLOGICALLY DEVASTATE THE U.S—OUR EVIDENCE CITES EXPERTS IN FOOD SECURITY. 

Business Community Report, 2006

(“Is SA prepared for bioterrorism?”, 11/1, ) 

It has now become a vital responsibility of Government… of the food industry itself," Buchanan emphasised. 

FOOD INSECURITY KILLS BILLIONS OVERNIGHT AND COLLAPSES THE GLOBAL ECONOMY. 

Brown, 1998

(Lester, THE FUTURIST, “Food scarcity: an environmental wakeup call”, January 1, ) 

The food system is likely to be the sector…30 million people to death between 1959 and 1961. 

ECONOMIC COLLAPSE CAUSES EXTINCTION. 

Bearden, Director of the Association of Distinguished American Scientists, 2000

(T. E.,  Fellow Emeritus of the Alpha Foundation's Institute for Advanced Study "The Unnecessary Energy Crisis: How to Solve It Quickly," June 12)

AND, INDEPENDENTLY—THESE DISEASES CAUSE EXTINCTION. 

South China Morning Post, 1996

(January 4, lexis) 

ADVANTAGE __: SOMALIAN TERRORISM 

TWO INTERNAL LINKS: FIRST---BLOWBACK. THE RISING TIDE OF ANTI-AMERICANISM IN SOMALIA MAKES IT A MAJOR HUB TERRORISTS—SPECIFICALLY  AL-QAEDA. ONLY SWITCHING TOWARDS A MORE NUANCED COUNTER-TERRORISM APPROACH THAT BUILDS PUBLIC SUPPORT AND RENEWED STABILITY IS KEY.  

International Crisis Group, 2005

(“Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and Minds?”, 7/11, ) 

During the 1990s, jihadism in Somalia was synonymous…strengthen the jihadis. 

EVERY FOREIGN POLICY EXPERT CONCLUDES THAT THE PRE-EMPTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY OF THE CURRENT WAR ON TERROR HAS EXACERBATED THE THREAT OF TERRORISM. INSTEAD, WE MUST FOCUS ON BUILDING BETTER DEFENSIVE METHODS OF PREVENTION. 

Cole and Lobel, Professors of Law at Georgetown and Pittsburgh, September 6, 2007

(David and Jules, THE NATION, “Why We’re Losing the War on Terror”, ) 

President George W. Bush is fond of reminding us that no terrorist attacks have occurred on domestic soil since 9/11. But has the…When Russia feels the need to distance itself from the United States out of concern that its human rights image might be tarnished by association, we have fallen far. 

 

SECOND, RELATIONS: US ACTION IS CRITICAL TO FACILITATE AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO THE HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IN SOMALIA—ONLY THROUGH INCREASING AID TO SOMALIA CAN THE US CREATE GENUINE AND SUSTAINABLE RELATIONS WITH BOTH THE SOMALIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS CITIZENS. THIS IS CRUCIAL TO EFFECTIVE TERRORISM PREVENTION.

 

Arman, 11/28/07 

(Abkur, Writer for the Media Monitors Network, MEDIA MONITORS NETWORK, “Shifting Policy or a Face-saving Gimmick, Somalia Cannot be Ignored”, Media Monitors Network, ) 

By all standards, the situation unfolding in Somalia is horrifically grim…humanitarian and political mayhem at hand.

TERRORISTS WILL DETONATE NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE UNITED STATES. EVEN IF THE MAGNITUDE OF ANOTHER IMPACT IS GREATER, THE PROBABILITY OF A NUCLEAR TERRORISM MEANS IT OUTWEIGHS. 

Posner, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, 2005

(Richard, SKEPTIC, January 1, lexis) 

The gravest nuclear threat today comes not from rogue states but from terrorism…already, they probably willhave them soon. 

SURVEILLANCE IS AT THE HEART OF THIS NEW PARADIGM OF TERRORIST PREVENTION. OUR USE OF SURVEILLANCE IS SUBVERSIVE AND THE BEST WAY TO DECREASE INTERVENTION.  

Fearnley, a member of the Anthropology of the Contemporary Research Collaboratory an experimental project in collaborative research in the human sciences, 2005

(Lyle, “From Chaos to Controlled Disorder: Syndromic Surveillance, Bioweapons, and the Pathological Future”, March 25, wp/publications/2007/01/fearn_chaos_to_disorder.pdf) 

Determining the normal syndromal patterns…monitored and controlled. 

SOLVENCY 

THE CDC’S ZOONOTIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM PROVIDES RAPID ALERT SYSTEMS, UNIQUE DATABASES, AND TRAINING ABROAD TO PREVENT AGRO-TERRORISM. ONLY THE CDC CAN RAPIDLY COMMUNICATE FINDINDS WITH U.S. AGENCIES. 

King, Senior Veterinarian at the Department of Health and Human Services, 2006

(Lonnie, “CDC Agroterrorism and Zoonotic Threat Preparedness Efforts”, August 24, ) 

A possible target of agroterrorism is the nation's food supply. Surveillance of and epidemiologic response to disease are the foundation of CDC's activities…infectious pathogen like pandemic influenza.

INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONEL IN THE CDC IS CRUCIAL TO CREATE A STRONG PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS CAPABLE OF MINIMIZING THE CASUALTIES FROM A BIOTERRORIST AND DISEASE OUTBREAK. THE CDC’S GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM PROVIDES A CRUCIAL SPOT FOR THIS TRAINING. 

Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, '03

(Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ) 

As described earlier, surveillance of and…career paths in infectious disease prevention and control.  

INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TRAINED PERSONEL IN THE CDC IS CRUCIAL TO CREATE A STRONG PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE THAT IS CAPABLE OF MINIMIZING THE CASUALTIES FROM A BIOTERRORIST AND DISEASE OUTBREAK. THE CDC’S GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM PROVIDES A CRUCIAL SPOT FOR THIS TRAINING. 

Smolinski et al, Director of the Global Health & Security Initiative at Nuclear Threat Initiative, '03

(Marks. Smolinski (Former Senior Program Officer at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academics of Science and Epidemic Intelligence Officer for the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Margaret A. Hamburg (Vice President for Biological Programs at Nuclear Threat Initiative), & Joshua Lederberg (Directs the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Informatics at The Rockefeller University) Editors, Board on Global Health at the institute of  the National Academics, Microbial threats to Health: Emergence, Detection, and Response, 3-18-2003, ) 

As described earlier, surveillance of and…career paths in infectious disease prevention and control.

THE CDC’S RESPONSE SPEED AND ASSISTANCE CAPABILITIES ARE UNMATCHED GLOBALLY—A STUDY DONE BY THE WORLD’S LEADING SCIENTISTS PROVE.

Naylor et al, Dean of Medicine at the U of Toronto, 2003

(Dr. Sheela Basrur, Medical Officer of Health, City of Toronto; Dr. Michel G. Bergeron, Chairman of the Division of Microbiology and of the Infectious Diseases Research Centre of Laval University, Quebec City; Dr. Robert C. Brunham, Medical Director of the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver; Dr. David Butler-Jones, Medical Health Officer for Sun Country, and Consulting Medical Health Officer for Saskatoon Health Regions, Regina; Gerald Dafoe, Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa; Dr. Mary Ferguson-Paré, Vice-President, Professional Affairs and Chief Nurse Executive at University Health Network, Toronto; Frank Lussing, Past President and CEO of York Central Hospital, Richmond Hill; Dr. Allison McGeer, Director of Infection Control, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Kaaren R. Neufeld, Executive Director and Chief Nursing Officer at St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg; Dr. Frank Plummer, Scientific Director of the Health Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON SARS AND PUBLIC HEALTH, “Learning From SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada”, October 23, ) 

The CDC has 12 centres, institutes and offices. The Director…infectious outbreak is unmatched globally. 

Woodward MN – Affirmative – Children’s Health Care

Plan—

The United States federal government should provide the necessary assistance to non-abstinence based treatment and prevention programs in topically designated areas through the Joint Learning Initiative on Children and Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

THOUGH JONATHAN SWIFT WROTE A MODEST PROPOSAL IN 1729, WE ARE SEEING EERIE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE U.S.’ CURRENT ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILDREN AND THE PROPOSAL THAT SWIFT IRONICALLY OFFERED IN THE 18TH CENTURY, TO HAVE THE IRISH EAT THEIR CHILDREN. OUR SOCIETY HAS COME TO VIEW CHILDREN AS A WASTE OF OUR TIME. COMPLICITY WITH THIS NEW FORM OF POLICYMAKING ALLOWS ONE CHILD TO DIE OF AIDS EVERY MINUTE AND LAYS THE FOUNDATION FOR ENDLESS DEATH AT THE HANDS OF IGNORANCE. 

Africa News, 2005

(“Children: the Missing Face of Aids”, October 31, lexis) 

UNICEF said that children affected by the disease…way we allocate and use resources." 

 

AGE BASED EXCLUSION PERMEATES INSTITUTIONS AND PUTS GLOBAL LIFE AT RISK. WE MUST TAKE STEPS TO PREVENT THIS AVERSION TOWARDS ALTERITY AT THE EARLIEST AGE POSSIBLE 

Gullette, Resident Scholar with the Women’s Studies Research Center at Brandeis U, 2006

(Mararet Morganroth, THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A NATURAL DISASTER, p. 115-6) 

THE AMERICAN COMPLICITY IN MASS SUFFERING IS MANIFESTED THROUGH OUR IGNORANCE OF AIDS IN AFRICA. ACCEPTING OUR OBLIGATION DEMANDS AN END TO EXCUSES REGARDING INACTION—THE PLAN ESTABLISHES A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR THE WAY AMERICA VIEWS AFRICAN PROBLEMS.  

Sachs, Director of the Center for International Development at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, 2002

(Jeffrey, BOSTON GLOBE, “AIDS overwhelms Africa, tests U.S. national morality”, 3/17, ) 

AIDS has overtaken the hospital. Seventy percent…individuals and as a country. 

THE AMERICAN SOCIAL LANDSCAPE PROVIDES US WITH A UNIQUE LENS TO VIEW THE EXCLUSION OF CHILDREN ON A BROADER SCALE. HOW WE VIEW CHILDREN ENABLES US TO TRANSFORM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE U.S. FROM APATHY TO INTEREST REGARDING OTHER INSTANCES OF EXCLUSION. 

Fass, Professor of History at Berkeley, 2003

(Paula S., JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY, Vol. 36, No. 4, “Children and Globalization”) 

[It is odd that children and childhood…youth complex" with a powerful symbolic fuse.] 

THE AMERICAN POLITICAL ARENA PROVIDES US WITH A UNIQUE TIME TO ADVANCE ROBUST CHILDREN-FIRST POLITICS.  

Schmitt, Senior Fellow at the New American Foundation, November 19, 2007

(Mark, THE AMERICAN PROSPECT, “’Kids First Politics’: Round Two”, ) 

A couple of years later, a memo from pollster Stanley…fight between tax cuts and children, children will prevail. 

TRANSFORMING GOOD INTENTIONS INTO POLITICAL COMMITMENTS IS CRUCIAL TO GENERATE MEANINGFUL AND GENUINE RESPONSES TO THE CHILD—WE MUST EMBRACE CHILDREN-FIRST-POLITICS TO REMOVE CHILDREN FROM THE BACKBURNER OF SOCIETY.  

Bell, Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Harvard, 2006

(Peter, President of CARE USA, THE LANCET, “The Joint Learning Initiative on Children and HIV/AIDS”, December 1, lexis) 

This growing political commitment could provide a crucial opportunity…ready to make common cause with all people committed to children's flourishing. 

THE COMPLEXITY OF OUR OBLIGATION TO THE CHILD DEMANDS US TO TAKE A MORE NUANCED APPROACH TO ENGAGEMENT.  TRADITIONAL METHODS OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO MEANINGFULLY ENGAGE WITH CHILDREN. THE IMPACT IS INFANTICIDE AND COMPLICITY WITH MASS DEATH.  

Lokan, Professor of Law at the Quinnipac College School of Law, 1999

(Gregory, ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL, 31 Ariz. St. L.J. 1121, “Gratitude and the Map of Moral Duties Toward Children”, Winter, lexis) 

Yet for all its virtues as an analytical…turns out to be objectively terrible. 

UNILATERAL, SELF-BINDING COMMITMENTS CAN INTRODUCE AND PROMOTE NORMS OF BEHAVIORS BETWEEN STATES. THIS SELF-CONSCIOUS PROCESS OF ACTION BUILDS TRUST AND FACILITATES RADICAL CHANGE. 

Wendt, Professor of Political Science at U of Chicago, 1992

(Alexander, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Vol. 46, No. 2, Spring) 

SOLVENCY: 

USAID ASSISTANCE TO CHILDREN WITH AIDS IS CRUCIAL TO REDUCE TRANSMISSION AND ENSURE LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY. 

Peterson, Assistant Administrator of Global Health, 2002

(Anne, “USAID Works to Help Youngest Victims of HIV/AIDS; Agency funds 60 projects in 22 countries”, April 18, lexis) 

The fundamental principle underlying…those affected and a vision of how to do it. 

US ASSISTANCE IS KEY TO SPUR A GENUINE GLOBAL EFFORT TO PREVENT AIDS—INTERNATIONAL ACTION NOT DRIVEN BY AMERICAN LEADERSHIP FAILS. 

Morrison and Moore, Executive Director of the CSIS Task Force on HIV/Aids and Senior Fellow with the Global Health Council, May 5, 2007

(Stephen and Allen, CSIS REPORT, “Advancing US Leadership on Global HIV/AIDS”, ) 

The White House and Congress should…multiyear plans based on reliable future funding flows. 

USAID POSSESSES A UNIQUE STOCKOF EXPERTISE AND IMPLEMENTATION KNOWLEDGE—OPEN-ENDED ASSISTANCE FACILITATES THE INVOLVEMENTOF US CIVIL SOCIETY IN CREATING BOTTOM-UP ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 

Windsor, Executive Director of Freedom House, 2003

(Jennifer, WASHINGTON QUARTERLY, Vol. 26, Issue 3, Summer)

• USAID should be involved.

Ensuring strategic use of assistance also means bringing resource experts to the table. USAID is always the favorite target of…government’s greatest asset in promoting democracy.

Woodward MN – Negative

WHO CP

 

THE COUNTERPLAN SPARKS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION WITH KEY ACTORS THAT’S CRUCIAL TO SOLVE THE CASE. 

Taylor, Professor of Law at U of Maryland, 2004

(Allyn, MEDICINE AND ETHICS, Vol. 32, No. 3, “Governing the Globalization of Public Health”, ) 

WHO can catalyze more effective and…to promote more coordinated and rational development of the legal regime. 

THE WHO IS THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE FOR TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND EXPERTISE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION—IT WORKS IN REAL TIME AND COORDINATES SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE. 

Khardori, Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at Southern Illinois, 2006

(Nancy, INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA, Vol. 20, Issue 2 “Bioterrorism and Bioterrorism Preparedness: Historical Perspective and Overview”) 

With the level and state of global interconnectedness…remains a challenge for the WHO.

CHINA DA

 

 

A. Africa is a litmus test for China's global power – its perceived imperialism is causing backlash in Africa. It must shift towards programs designed for the mutual benefit of Africa to solidify its soft power and global leadership

Kurlantzick 2007 – Visiting Scholar in Carnegie Endowment's China Program

[Joshua Kurlantzick, "Into Africa - As China becomes a major influence in Africa, it faces mounting resistance and a profound dilemma: How does a nation devoted to nonintervention become a global power?," June 3, Lexis] "EMBARKING UPON A 12-day tour of Africa . . . repeated across the African continent and, potentially, the world. 

China is competing with the U.S. over influence in Africa—the counterplan boosts China's ability to win African partnerships and Chinese soft power

Gill, et al, 06 (Bates, Center for Strategic and International Studies, "China's Expanding Role in Africa Implications for the United States", 12/1, Report of the CSIS Delegation to China on China-Africa-U.S. Relations, /pubs/chinainafrica.pdf) 

"China , in its quest for . . . for a future strategic partnership." 

C. Chinese soft power is critical to preventing a Taiwanese push for independence

Gill and Huang 2006 (Bates holds the CSIS Freeman Chair in China, Yanzhong is an assistant professor at the John Whitehead School of Diplomacy and International Relations, Survival, "Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power'," Volume 48 Issue 2 June, pg 17-36, /smpp/section?content=a74798500 0&fulltext=713240928 ) 

"A most intriguing example of China's soft power. . . more than $100bn on the mainland." 

D. Taiwanese push for independence will escalate into a global nuclear holocaust

Hsiung 01 – Professor of Politics and International Law at NYU

[James, 21st Century World Order and the Asia Pacific, p. 359-360]

"Admittedly, it is harmless for an analyst like Lind to be so oblivious. . . peace in the Asia Pacific region." 

 

CHINA CP 

China has strong relations with Africa and can increase public health and infrastructure assistance 

Gill and Reilly, 07 (Bates, Freeman Chair in China Studies at CSIS, and James, East Asia representative for the American Friends Service Committee, The Washington Quarterly, Summer, "The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa," __http__://07summer/docs /07summer_gill_reilly.pdf ) 

"China 's expanding engagement . . . interests and deserves far more nuanced and in-depth analysis.1"

The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation provides a framework to provide any kind of assistance to Africa

Business Day, 04 (Focus is on Aid and Support for Africa, - 12/30, .za/eng/znjl/t177585.htm)

" The Forum on China-Africa Co-operation (FOCAC) - launched . . . including a proposed "China-Africa Youth Festival" to be held in China in 2004.

"

Law of the Sea DA

LOST is on the Agenda, and it’s likely to pass despite conservative opposition, but Bush’s support is key

World Magazine 1/26 “LOST Cause”

If President Bush and the Senate

Bush pushing LOST—capital key to passage

NOAA News, 2/11, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, noaanews.stories2008/20080211_arctic.html

Coastal nations have sovereign,,, administration supports approval of the convention. 

LOST assures maritime access and mobility --- key to U.S. economy 

Negroponte and England ‘07

      (John, Deputy Sec. State and Gordon, Deputy Sec. Defense, “Reap the Bounty”, Washington Times, 6-13)

From the earliest days of its history, the United…extend out to 600 nautical miles. 

Global nuclear war 

Mead ‘92

European Influence DA

Current European perceptions don't see AFRICOM as threatening to regional interests

Daniel Korski, 12/19/07, Senior Fellow – European Council on Foreign Relations, EU Observer, l/n

In sum, AFRICOM may represent...driving the quality of assistance down.

 

The AFF's attempt to win the hearts and minds of Africa undermines European influence souring relations

James J. Hentz, 2004, Associate Professor of International Studies – Virginia Military Institute, "Regional Policies for the Post-9/11 World" in The Obligation of Empire p. 94

Neo-isolationists, and their extended Jeffersonian family...the Iraq War has exacerbated these tensions.

 

That creates an incentive for increased European Defense

Parag Khana, 1.27.08, Senior Research Fellow – American Strategy Program – New American Foundation, New York Times, l/n

In Europe's capital, Brussels, technocrats...the region's answer to America's Apec.

 

The Impact is violation of International Law

Cazeau 2002 (Jeff P. H.; J.D. Miami 2002) Fall 10 U. Miami Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 51 l/n

Unfortunately, all indications are that ESDP...international law and the U.N. Charter.

 

International Law key to prevent nuclear war and environmental and economic collapse

Mullerson 1989 (Rein A.; Head, Department of International Law, Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) July 83 A.J.I.L. 494 l/n

In spite of different class approaches...self-interest of certain influential groups.

 

Transatlantic relations are key to counterterrorism, global stability, and disease spread

Moravsick 2003 (Andrew; Professor – Government and Director – European Union Program at Harvard) "Striking a New Transatlantic Bargain" Foreign Affairs July/August l/n

The transatlantic partnership remains...like the UN, the EU, or NATO.

 

US/EU relations key to solve all the AFF

Blinken 2001 (Anthony J.; Senior Fellow – CSIS) "The False Crisis Over the Atlantic" Foreign Affairs May/June l/n

Americans come to this view from the lessons...Cooperation in Europe, and of course, the EU.

 

Relations are key to preventing domestic Isolation – we control the internal link to entire case

Philip Gordon and Jeremy Shapiro, Senior Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution and Director of Research and Fellow in Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution, Allies at War: America, Europe, and the Crisis over Iraq, 2004, p. 221

We strongly disagree...U.S. military power could overcome.

 

No Offense – US/EU relations prevent global conflict

Asmus 2003 (Ronald D.; Senior Fellow – Council on Foreign Relations) "Rebuilding the Atlantic Alliance" Foreign Affairs Sept/Oct

Meeting in Washington in the spring of 1999...world will be much the better for it.

ESDP spurs quick US pullout of NATO

Cazeau 2002 (Jeff P. H.; J.D. Miami 2002) Fall 10 U. Miami Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 51 l/n

The basic premise that Europe must contribute...as a pretext for abusive intervention.

 

The Impact is Nuclear War 

Farndale 90, 20 Year Veteran of the UK Army and former Commander in Chief [General Sir Martin, Graduate of the Royal Military Academy, "Could NATO Cope Without US Forces," Europe After American Withdrawal, ed. Sharp, pg. 448-449]

Although it is conceivable that in the very...done on an all-NATO European basis.

 

ESDP will duplicate and undermine NATO

Cazeau 2002 (Jeff P. H.; J.D. Miami 2002) Fall 10 U. Miami Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 51 l/n

With the demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Warsaw Pact...international law and the U.N. Charter.

 

 

 

Plan undermines relations with Europe

Dr. Ernest J. Wilson III, 7/28/05, Senior Research Fellow, Center For International Development And Conflict Management University of Maryland, CQ Congressional Testimony, l/n

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Sub-Committee...approach to China's influence in Africa.

France DA

France (links are the same as the EU just underlined differently to highlight france):

 

A French boost in troops for Afghanistan is coming because of good relations with the U.S.

Gulf News 3/7/08 l/n

French President Nicolas Sarkozy will attend the next Nato summit...being pointed out as a weak ally by the White House.

 

U.S.-French relations are key to prevent a French pullout in Afghanistan

New York Sun 5/17/07 "Sarkozy Accedes" l/n

At the moment French troops are bogged down...former socialist foreign minister, Hubert Vedrine.

 

French troop commitments key to overall NATO presence in Afghanistan

Captain's Quarters 2/14/08 "France to the Rescue?" l/n

As early as Thursday, Sarkozy's top brass...Germany and others to consider a shift as well.

 

The impact is full blown civil war that will draw in regional powers, lead to a Pakistani coup, and fuel global terrorism

International Herald Tribune 12/1/06 l/n

The abysmal failure of NATO countries...NATO countries are failing the world.

 

The Impact is global nuclear war

S. Frederick Starr 2001 (Chairman Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University; Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus, 13 December 2001; )

However, this does not mean that US actions...world peace that the U.S. cannot ignore.

***At-Large Teams***

Brophy MM – Affirmative – South Africa Human Trafficking – At-Large Team

Contention One: The Status Quo… 

South Africa is one of the largest hubs for international trafficking, however, the South African government cannot adequately respond to the problem at hand

Inter Press Service 2005 (Human Rights, “South Africa, A Major Player in Human Trafficking,” Africa Growth and Opportunity Act Online, October 3, 2005)  

South Africa is …best they can.  

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should send Federal Bureau of Investigation agents to South Africa with the purpose of increasing public health assistance.

Contention Two: Welcome to South Africa… 

Trafficking is out of hand in South Africa—nine people are trafficked everyday

Xinhua 2005 (News Service, “Human Trafficking Extensive in South Africa: A Report,” People’s Daily News Online, May 24, 2005) 

Each day, nine…prohibit human trafficking.  

Therefore it is critical that that US assist South Africa in fighting human trafficking

Hilton 2007 (Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007) 

Victims of sex…to a court. 

We continue with a horrifying experience from a girl named Susannah—she is only one of the millions of victims that are raped and beaten, and left to die

Tiefenbrun 2002 (Susan, Associate Professor of Law at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law, “The Saga of Susannah: A US Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000” Utah Law Review, 2002) 

This is a…horrifying living hell. 

And all of your impact calculus is irrelevant—trafficking is a fate worse than dying

Thoms 2005 (Karen, Lieutenant Colonel of the US Army and Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the United States Military Academy at West Point, “Human Trafficking A Foreseeable Consequence,” 2005) 

But there are…are never rescued. 

And in the midst of such obvious human rights’ abuses, we must eradicate the last vestige of every instance of this new form of modern day slavery

Pahad 2007 (Dr. Essop, Minister in the Presidency at the Global Initiate to Counter Human Trafficking, International Forum, Cape Town, South Africa, March 10, 2007)

Trafficking in persons…all of you.  

And focus on improbable impacts only works to prolong the suffering in the status quo

Charlesworth 2002 (Hillary, Director at the Center for International Public Law and PF Law at the Australian National University, “International Law: A Discipline of Crisis,” 2002) 

A concern with…within the state. 

Contention Three: Action is Mandatory… 

Firstly, trafficking requires cooperation between countries such as the US and South Africa

Hilton 2007 (Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007) 

Trafficking in persons…to be done. 

And there are three reasons as to why FBI is critical to solvency

Hilton 2007 (Luke, Faculty of Humanities located in the Centre for African Studies, University of Connecticut, “Contemporary Slavery: Sex Trafficking in South Africa,” Postamble Report, 2007) 

When providing for…says protected witness 

And South Africa is waiting for the US to respond to its cry for help

McCarthy 2002 (Leonard, Directorate of Special Operations, Ministry of Justice in South Africa, “Tackling Cross Border Crime,”

Ladies and gentlemen…defeating this scourge.  

And none of your Disads are unique—the FBI is currently helping South African Police Forces

Gadebe 2007 (Themba, Staff Writer for the South African News, “FBI Trains South African Police Ahead of 2010,” August 30, 2007) 

Johannesburg law enforcers…that release them. 

And the FBI and South Africa have empirically been successful and they only want the US for cooperation

New York Times 1998 (Donald G McNeil Jr., “After the Attack: in South Africa FBI Invited,” The New York Times, 1998) 

The Government today…with the Americans.''

And an international response is necessary—Africa cannot solve the problem on its own

Eisenstein 2007 (Zoe, Staff Writer for Reuters, “Africa Wants Global Fight Against Trafficking,” Reuters, July 15, 2007) 

Africa cannot stamp…mechanisms," he added. 

 

And the FBI is absolutely crucial in solving for transnational crime

FBI 2008 (”The FBI’s International Presence,” , 2008) 

As Director Mueller…and human rights.

And to sit by and do nothing while thousands are trafficked is tantamount to being the pimp

Bell 1993 (Linda, Professor of Feminist Ethics at Georgia State “Rethinking Ethics in the Midst of Violence,” pg. 35 1993) 

To combat the…way they turn.

And the US has empirically fixed South Africa’s public health problems

Joseph 1997 (James, Ambassador of the US to South Africa, “US South African Relations,” African Security Review, Volume Six, Number Three, 1997)

Identify a problem…that is important.

 

And rights come first, any alternative framework justifies totalitarian evil

Kateb 1992 (George, Professor of Philosophy at Princeton, “The Inner Ocean,” 1992) 

I do not…some other principle.  

Therefore utilitarian cost benefit analysis doesn’t apply in light of these rights violations

Katyal 1993 (Neal, Professor of Law at Yale, Yale Law Journal, 1993)

Opponents may argue…Thirteenth Amendment lawsuits. 

And major war is obsolete due to trade, deterrence, and the cost of war

Mandelbaum 1999 

And, international cooperation is necessary when it comes to fighting trafficking

GAO 2007 ()  

Moreover, trafficking in…evidence from overseas.

Brophy MM – Affirmative – Marines in Equitorial Guinea – At-Large Team

CONTENTION ONE IS THE US ADDICTION TO MIDDLE EASTERN OIL… 

UNLESS ACTION IS TAKEN, THE US DEPENDENCE ON MIDDLE EASTERN OIL WILL SKYROCKET IN UPCOMING YEARS

LUFT 05 (Dr. Gal, Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, “America’s oil dependence and its implications for U.S. Middle East policy,” Presented before the Senate Foreign Relations Sub-Committee on October 20, 2005). 

"As consumer of...the world economy." 

AND WE MUST EXPECT FURTHER TERRORIST ATTACKS BECAUSE OF INTELLIGENCE GAPS

QDR 06 (Donald, Secretary of Defense, “Chairman’s Assessment of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review,”, 2006) 

"It is extremely...and abet them." 

THEREFORE IT IS IMPERATIVE THAT THE US SHIFT ITS DEPENDENCY ON OIL FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO AFRICA

IVES 05 (Ryan, projects analyst with Novonics Corporation, has an Master’s degree in national security studies from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, “Diversifying The Oil Supply,” International Affairs Review, 2005) 

“The Bush Administration…on the Gulf region.” 

THUS THE PLAN: THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES SHOULD ISSUE AN EXECUTIVE ORDER MANDATING THAT A CONTINGENT OF MARINES BE ESTABLISHED ON BIOKO, EQUATORIAL GUINEA.  

CONTENTION TWO IS TERRORISM AND WE OUTLINE TWO SCENARIOS… 

SCENARIO ONE: DOMESTIC ATTACKS 

US PETRODOLLARS ARE FINANCING MIDDLE EASTERN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS

LUFT 05 (Dr. Gal, Executive Director of the Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, “America’s oil dependence and its implications for U.S. Middle East policy,” Presented before the Senate Foreign Relations Sub-Committee on October 20, 2005). 

“These projections require… and its allies.” 

AND A TERRORIST ATTACK WOULD KILL MILLIONS, THRUST MILLIONS INTO POVERTY, AND COLLAPSE THE WORLD ECONOMY, AND THE MAGNITUDE OUTWEIGHS THE PROBABILITY           ALLISON 06 (Graham, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Founding Dean of Harvard’s JFK School of Government and Former Assistant Secretary of Defense in the first Clinton Administration, “The Ongoing Failure of Imagination,” 2006) 

“A nuclear terrorist… be fractured husks.” 

AND TERRORISM IS A REAL THREAT BECAUSE IT IS EASY FOR TERRORISTS TO GET WEAPONS AND DETONATE THEM 

HERBERT 07 (H. Josef Hebert, Associated Press Writer, 9/26/07, Washington Dateline, “Report: Nuclear Terror Threat Realâ€?, Associated Press Online) 

“While there has… steal such material.” 

AND TERRORISM OUTWEIGHS ALL SYSTEMIC IMPACTS PROVING MAGNITUDE OUTWEIGHS THE TIMEFRAME   LAQUEUR 96 (Walter, Chairman of the International Research Council at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, “Postmodern Terrorism,” Foreign Affairs, Sept.-Oct. p.36 1996) 

“All that leads… has yet experienced.“

SCENARIO TWO: FOREIGN ATTACKS 

UNLESS THE US STOPS BUYING MIDDLE EASTERN OIL, TERRORIST ATTACKS ON MIDDLE EASTERN FACILITIES WILL LEAD TO CATASTROPHIC OIL SHOCKS THAT WILL TANK THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY                       COHEN 07(Ariel, Ph.D, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, “The National Security Consequences of Oil Dependency,” May 14, 2007) 

“The Middle East's…for the global economy” 

AND OIL SCARCITY AND PRICE SPIKES FROM ATTACKS WILL TRIGGER GLOBAL RESOURCE WARS

KLARE 05 (Michael T. Klare is a professor of peace and world security studies at Hampshire College and the author of Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Dependency on Imported Oil (Metropolitan Books) among other works, The Intensifying Global Struggle for Energy. By Michael T. Klare. , May 9, 2005) 

“From Washington to…to be addressed” 

AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE LEADS TO EXTINCTION

BEARDEN 00 (Tom, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “The Unneccessary Energy Crisis and How to Solve It,”, June 24, 2000) 

“History bears out…for many decades” 

AND THE ONLY WAY TO AVIOD THIS GLOBAL ECONOMIC MELTDOWN IS TO SECURE OIL FROM AFRICA AND ALL CLAIMS THAT AFRICAN OIL IS DIFFICULT TO ATTAIN ARE FALSE BECAUSE IT WOULD BE EASIER TO GET THAN IRAQI OIL     MARKOV 07 (Dr. Marko, Ph.D. in Biophysics, Associated Dean and Chair of Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology at Sofia University, “The Coming Oil Crunch,” Research International and the ODAC, October 8, 2007)  

“Read between the lines…the Middle East” 

CONTENTION THREE IS SOLVENCY… 

BECAUSE EQUATORIAL GUINEA IS UNSTABLE THE US NEEDS TO INCREASE MILITARY ASSITANCE IN ORDER TO INCREASE PUBLIC HEALTH AND SECURE OIL RESERVES WHICH IS KEY TO DECREASING DEPENDENCE ON MIDDLE EASTERN OIL

IVES 05 (Ryan, projects analyst with Novonics Corporation, has an Master’s degree in national security studies from Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service, “Diversifying The Oil Supply,” International Affairs Review, 2005) 

“Equatorial Guinea’s oil…effective defensive skills” 

AND IMPORTING OIL FROM WEST AFRICA IS BETTER THAN GETTING IT FROM THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE AFRICANS WOULD REAP MANY BENEFITS FROM IT                    COHEN 07(Ariel, Ph.D, Senior Research Fellow in Russian and Eurasian Studies and International Energy Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies, “The National Security Consequences of Oil Dependency,” May 14, 2007) 

“As the 2001…to its dictates” 

AND INCREASED OIL INVESTMENT EQUALS INCREASED PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS                      EQUATORIAL GUINEAN EMBASSY 07 (Publishing of the Equatorial Guinean Embassy, Washington DC, October 30, 2007) 

“In 1995 Equatorial…of the country” 

Grapevine BP – Affirmative – Debt Relief

Adv 1- Diseases- First, IMF/World Bank loans require structural adjustment programs resulting in the destruction of African public health and health care.  The impact is incalculable- millions die each year from AIDS, TB, and famine.  Three thousand die each day from malaria.  Our impact is systemic and probable- yet also preventable and treatable.  Years of African success have been undone by SAPs- the U.S. must use its influence to promote unconditional cancellation of the debt.  Colgan; 2k2; Dir Policy Analysis and Comm @ Africa Action; “Hazardous to Health”;

Health is a fundamental human right, …

end the harmful policies of these institutions.

And, There is a hierarchy of grief and mourning that places Africans with diseases at the bottom.  Those in the lowest rungs are ungrievable and unmournable- denied their humanity!  The impact is a discursive dehumanization that leads to violence and denies the value of the lives we don’t grieve or mourn for.  Butler, Prof Rhetoric and Comp Lit @ Berk; 2k4; Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence; P. 32-35

      A hierarchy of grief could no doubt be enumerated…

      , for the most part unmakable and ungrievable.

Finally, The terminal impact to dehumanization is global nuclear apocalypse. Fasching; 1993; The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima; P. 155-158 

      Although every culture is inherently utopian in its potentiality, …

religion and culture and come back with new insight into our own. 

And, our impact has the highest probability- The number of deaths b/c of diseases historically out numbers war.  Fidler, Professor of Law, Indiana University School of Law, 2003, George Washington International Law Review, 35 Geo. Wash. Int'l L. Rev. 787, p. 807-8

From a public health viewpoint, … agrees to cooperate in a collective response to pathogenic threats.n97

Adv 2- Global Civil Society-

Bush’s response to 9/11 was a return to Cold War models of inseide-out. The US initiatied it’s War on Terror and global unilateralism, undermining international treaties and global civil society, and marking a return to realism and new focus on worst case scenarios which narrows the space for dissent. Global civil society is needed more than ever to help set a new global agenda that reaches out to excluded groups Kaldor 2003 Global Civil Society: An Answer to War

So what are the implications of this argument of what happened on September 11…..’You are either with us or against us,’ said Bush.

Second, public health and global civil society are co-productive.  Global civil society advances health rights, health care, patients rights, treatment access, resisting globalization and privatization, while building equity and social justice through strong public health systems.  These successes and failure constitute global civil society.  South African Equity Network on Health et. All; Nov 2k4

During 2002/3,  EQUINET , Peoples Health Movement (PHM), International People’s Health Council (IPHC) and Community Working Group on Health (CWGH) identified a need for closer … we are seeking to build or of the wider changes needed to achieve health goals.  

The operative logic of preemption combines an epistemology of uncertainty, of potential threats, with an ontological premise that the threat can’t be specified. This logic of preemption is fundamentally different from the logic of prevention. Prevention of diseases assesses threats empirically and identifies their causes. Since preemption always  counters a potential threat, their nature and motives are incomprehensible. This leads to the dehumanization of those labeled evil because that which we don’t understand must be inhuman. The only way for the threat to emerge is if the state goes on the offensive in order to produce it. Massumi 07 Theory and Event 10:2 “Potential Politics and the Primacy of Preemption”

It is certain that there will be adjustments….to actively contribute to producing it 

Plan: The United States federal government should substantially increase its grants for the prevention and treatment of communicable diseases to topically designated areas in Africa by unconditionally canceling all bilateral debt owed to the US by those African nations.   

(We will clarify.)

Solvency- First, The call for debt cancellation should be inserted into our debates, decisions, and demands.  Instead of viewing debt cancellation as either a single issue demand or failing to address the underlying economic structures that produce debt, we use debt cancellation as a prism to analyze global financial relations.  Coalitions could be built b/t anti-debt campaigners and other international economic, social, political, or whatever issues.  Keet; Aug 00; Development and Practice; 10: 3, 4; “The International Anti-Debt Campaign- an Activist View From ‘The South’ to Activists in ‘The North’…and the South”

      At one end is the view that … in shaping the ‘global economy’.

Second, Debt cancellation would be a double victory for anti-debt social movements since the Bush administration has already stated its interest in removing the funds from structural adjustment programs in favor of grants. US action is key to reforming the practice of loan giving.  Ambrose, US Network for Global Economic Justice Senior Policy Analyst; Summer 2k5; Chicago Journal of International Law; 6: 1; “Social Movements and the Politics of Dent Cancellation”

Observers have had little choice…worth a great deal more than the additional aid money

Debt cancellation is cheap, for every 1 dollar we provide in cancellation 27 dollars will come from international actors Colgan “Africa’s Debt- Africa Action Position Paper” July 01

The cost of canceling the outstanding debts is actually far less…..while the cost of acting is truly minimal

Fifth, Ghana, Tanzania, and Zambia proves Sub-Saharan African nations would put repayments towards public health.  ; 2k7;

The impact on peoples’ lives is already becoming clear:

• ..enrollment from low-income families

Finally, Contextual evidence proves we’re a grant and that our grant IS THE ASSISTANCE- prefer our evidence b/c it about the OECD interpretation of grants.  Yi; 9/14/2k7 

The "folk wisdom" or casual assumption … both debt relief and pure grant.

Framework- First,

Any atrocity can be justified in the name of a consequentialist utilitarian calculus- including boiling babies and nuclear war.  Utilitarianism reduces people to numbers, the necessary step of dehumanization required to drop the bomb.  Holt; 95; The New York Times; August 5; “Morality, Reduced to Arithmetic”

In the debate over the question, participants on both sides have been playing the numbers game… reducing innocents to instruments and morality to arithmetic. 

Third, Reject their disad framework of high magnitude and low probability- this is the logic of the Cheney Doctrine that ignores a preponderance of evidence to the contrary of what they define as a threat- this divorces analysis from action.  Suskind; 2k6; The One Percent Doctrine; P. 61-62 

“If there’s a one percent … sketching the implications.     

 

We use the time remaining to read our latest cards on assistance now/inevitable.

Grapevine BP – Negative

Negative Strategy: (We are not really sure what the mandates of the Neg disclosure are, anyone can email toniabeglari@ if they need further assistance) 

We usually read

Topicality- Public Health Assistance is grants loans and tax incentives for disease prevention and treatment  (US EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PREOR

             Public Health Assistance is limited to immunizations, screening, and treatment for communicable disease (SCHOLSBURG) 

 

Aspec- 

Africa CP- The national governments of topically designated areas shoulddd – insert mandates of the plan- with a dependency net benefit that basically serves as a case turn 

Africa K- representations of Africa and public health aid there are racist (Mbembe 01) and racism takes away dignity (Sankore 05) and results as justifications for imperialist interventions (Razhack4). There is no alternative 

Framework- The debate should be judged solely on questions of discourse, ethics, or ontology.

Groves GM – Affirmative – Generic ARV’s – At-Large Team

Contention One: The Status Quo

Access to antiretroviral drugs rare now in Africa – most nations don’t have legalized generics

Mullin, ’02 (Thomas, J.D., Nova Southeastern University, Fall, ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law, lexis)

Tens of millions of Africans …the requirements under the agreement.

Most nations have not issued compulsory licenses out of fear of the U.S.—this makes ARV medication expensive and difficult to access.

Shoell, ’02 (Samantha, J.D. candidate, Columbus School of Law, Minnesota Intellectual Property Review, lexis)

The developing countries' draft, … prevent compulsory licensing.

Thus we offer the following plan,

The United States federal government should manufacture and export generic antiretroviral medication to Africa south of the Sahara through the authorization of the use of the subject matter of patents regarding treatment for and prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome without the authorization of the right holder, for use in Africa south of the Sahara by the United States government.

Contention Two: HIV/AIDS

Without essential antiretroviral medication access, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has become the most serious crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Crewe, ’04 (Mary, Director, Centre for the Study of AIDS, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Winter, Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics, lexis)

The statistics describing the HIV/AIDS epidemic … but thus far little has come of this.

The impact of ignoring any facet of HIV/AIDS in Africa is akin to being complicit with mass-murder – HIV/AIDS will kill more people in Africa then all wars combined and devastate the entire continent.

Brown, 06 (Lester, Former International Agricultural Analyst for U.S. Department of Agriculture and President of Worldwatch Institute, Earth Policy Institute, Plan B 2.0 – Rescuing A Planet Under Stress And A Civilization In Trouble, Chapter Six, )

Although diseases such as malaria and cholera … or we will succeed against neither.”

The refusal to bring affordable, generic drugs to the developing world kills 10 times as many people who die per year as a result of war.

Bradol, 03 (Dr. Jean-Hervé, MD, President of Doctors Without Borders, France, “Invisible: Do sick people with no money need to become rich before we see that we can keep them alive?,” )

Outside of armed conflict, victims … (vaccines) or curative (antimicrobial) treatments.

Contention Three: Neoliberalism

Western pharmaceutical companies refuse to provide affordable ARV treatments not because of production costs, but to maximize profits. Furthermore, this practice is justified by racist propaganda saying that Africans don’t understand the medication

Bradol, 03 (Dr. Jean-Hervé, MD, President of Doctors Without Borders, France, “Invisible: Do sick people with no money need to become rich before we see that we can keep them alive?,” )

The very first treatments capable … short-term interests of the pharmaceutical industry.

Intellectual property rights prevent ARVs from being affordable—the same neo-liberal ideology justifies neo-colonialism, human rights violations, war, and chaos

Than, ’02 (Nguyen Van, president of the Vietnam Italy Friendship Association, member of the presidium of the Vietnam Union of Friendship Associations and board member of Focus on the Global South, “From Seattle to Doha: Solidarity is the Only Weapon of Developing Countries,” , 10/26)

A recent report by the World Bank … neo-colonialism, a "super-colonialism."

Neo-liberalism legitimizes the destruction of all humanity—it sacrifices whole populations on the altar of market fundamentalist dogma and squelches any attempts of alternatives

Santos, ’03 (Boaventura de Sousa, Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra, Bad Subjects, Issue #63, April, bad.issues/2003/63/santos.html)

According to Franz Hinkelammert, … world's poorest countries for four years.

Contention Four: Solvency

ARV drug prices drop and access increases without patent protection—empirically proven.

WHO, ’06 (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, “Access to AIDS medicines stumbles on trade rules,” , May)

Successful AIDS programmes, such … then prices may stay high.”

Production of ARV drugs reevaluates the dichotomy between rights within neo-liberal ideology—this guarantees the right to life.

Aginam, ’06 (Obijiofor, associate professor of law, Carleton University, Summer, North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, lexis)

I propose three possible scenarios … Judge Weeramantry's dissenting opinion

Studies claiming that patents are irrelevant are published by the pharmaceutical industry and are widely disputed by nonpartisan sources. Moreover, even if other barriers exist to treatment, the availability of generic drugs would spur necessary infrastructure development.

Ferreira, ’02 (Fordham Law Review December, 2002 71 Fordham L. Rev. 1133 ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE HIV/AIDS DRUGS: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MULTINATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATIONS, Lissett Ferreira, J.D. Candidate, 2003, Fordham University)

The drug industry denies that …the building of health infrastructure.

Africa already has the infrastructure in place to distribute ARVs and regulate compliance with drug regimes—their standards are the same as those in the West, and have been empirically proven to save lives and prevent the spread of disease.

Chien ‘03 (University of California at Berkely School of Law, “Cheap Drugs at What Price to Innovation: Does the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Hurt Innovation?” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Summer 2003) Lexis.

While high drug prices comprise …more pressing and realistic objective.

The state is key to solvency—it is the institution most sufficient and best positioned to negotiate with international capital and challenge the neo-liberalist paradigm

Graf, ‘95 (William, Professor of Geography at the University of South Carolina, “The State in the Third World,”

)

It is important, finally, to recall …must start from the state.

Even if we only increase treatment by 1% of those infected in SSA, we save 280,000 people

Hanefield, ’02 (Johanna, volunteers for HIV/AIDS programs in the developing world for a non-governmental organization, Feminist Review, "Patent rights to patient rights: Intellectual property, pharmaceutical companies and access to treatment for people living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa", Iss. 72, pg. 84)

HIV/AIDS is a disease of poverty: 95% … to 280,000 lives being improved and prolonged.

Contention Five: United States Action is Key

The U.S. is the key barrier that prevents more compulsory licenses from being issued for HIV/AIDS drugs.

Aginam, ’06 (Obijiofor, associate professor of law, Carleton University, Summer, North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation, lexis)

TRIPS, which was one of the agreements annexed … complaint against Brazil at the WTO. n40

The US is the powerhouse in restricting compulsory licensing—other nations fear litigation and sanctions

Weissman, ’03 (Robert, editor of Multinational Monitor magazine and codirector of Essential Action, a corporate accountability group, Foreign Policy in Focus, “AIDS and Developing Countries: Facilitating Access to Essential Medicines”, , 9/4)

Throughout the world, … out access-to-medicines policies.

US action key – they control the rights to many important HIV/AIDS treatments

Weissman, ’03 (Robert, editor of Multinational Monitor magazine and codirector of Essential Action, a corporate accountability group, Foreign Policy in Focus, “AIDS and Developing Countries: Facilitating Access to Essential Medicines”, , 9/4)

Sixth, the U.S. should immediately …important HIV/AIDS treatment pharmaceuticals.

The United States continues to favor big pharma by threatening trade sanctions if other nations do not comply with patent protection—your international counterplan will be denied by US action without the plan

New Internationalist, 03 (“The Great Health Grab,” Dinyar Godrej, November, )

But patents are the icing on the cake, …way of breaking Big Pharma's stranglehold.

US policies for patent protection block other multilateral organizations from distributing ARVs as well—this patent law must be eliminated to allow ARV access

Outterson, 05 (Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law 2005

[Kevin, “Pharmaceutical Arbitrage,” Winter, 2005. 5 Yale J. Health Pol'y L. & Ethics 193).

With South Africa stymied, generic ARVs … to cheap ARV therapy in Africa.

Groves GM – Affirmative – Zimbabwe – At-Large Team

Contention One: The Status Quo

The United States provides public health assistance to nearby countries but continues to ignore Zimbabwe

Plus News, ‘6 (Plus News is a service of the Integrated Regional Information Networks, a project of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “HIV-positive people floundering as economy sinks,” , 5/10)

Zimbabweans have had … as we can on a day-to-day basis".

And, the few drugs people do have are expired, risking drug resistance

Voice of America, ‘7 (“Zimbabwe's HIV-Positive Concerned About Expired Antiretroviral Drugs,” )

Some HIV-positive Zimbabweans .. advice of a qualified physician.

Thus we offer the following plan:

The United States federal government should export all necessary antiretroviral medication to the Republic of Zimbabwe for the treatment and prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome for use in the Republic of Zimbabwe.

Contention Two: HIV/AIDS

Lack of access to antiretroviral treatment in Zimbabwe has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths

Action Contre la Faim, ‘6

(“Zimbabwe Insight into the Humanitarian Crisis and Food Politics,” , p10, 4/4)

The life expectancy has dropped … and the impact of HIV/AIDS.

The AIDS crisis in Zimbabwe has created massive food insecurity by crippling the agriculture sector. The most productive members of rural communities die early and traditional farming knowledge is lost.

Sokwanele Reporter, ‘5 (Sokwanele is a Zimbabwean civic action group, “Zimbabwe's food security threatened by HIV/AIDS and ZANU PF policies,” , 1/3)

Life expectancy at birth … for Zimbabwe's food security.

The agriculture industry is key to restoring Zimbawe’s economy – any other solution is doomed to failure

Timmer, ‘6 (Peter, Senior Fellow at the Center for Global Development and Visiting Professor in the Program on Food Security and Environment at Stanford, “Why Zimbabwe Cannot Leapfrog Agriculture,” )

Suppose Zimbabwe's leaders … while dependent on food aid.

We’ll isolate two impacts:

First, stability

Restoring Zimbabwe’s economy is key to ensuring regional stability

The Herald, ‘7 (“Southern Africa: SADC Cannot Ignore Zimbabwe,”

, 8/22)

The major point being, … and ensure regional stability.

African instability escalates into nuclear war

Deutsch, ‘2 (Dr. Jeffrey, PhD in Economics from GMU, Founder of the Rabid Tiger Project (Political Risk Consulting & Research Firm), The Rabid Tiger Newsletter vol. 2 no. 9, November 18, )

The Rabid Tiger Project … some people love to go fishing.

Second, biodiversity

Zimbabwe’s economic decline has hurt the environment

The economic meltdown has led … are spreading through Zimbabwe.

Every loss of biodiversity risks extinction – the fact that we can’t bring the species back after they are gone means that we must attempt to protect as many as possible

Chauhan, research scientist at Griffith University – Brisbane, ‘1 (Surender, Singh, Biodiversity, Biopiracy, and Biopolitics: The Global Perspective, p. 29-30)

Apart from Nuclear War … survival of humanity)

Contention Three: Hidden Sanctions

Our failure to provide Zimbabwe with health assistance to fight AIDS is politically motivated, condemning the innocent for the Government’s transgressions

Guni, ‘5

(Dr. Frenk, HIV/AIDS and public health policy expert and consultant, winner of the 2003 Jonathan Mann Award for Global Health and Human Rights, recipient of the 2002 International Award for Leadership in HIV/AIDS Programming, has provided services for UNAIDS, WHO and many more the Organization of African Unity, US Department of Health and Human Services, USAID, Emory University Faculties of Public Health and Medicine, PACT, AED, The Synergy Project, The Futures Group, Doctors Concerned About AIDS, Global Council on Foundations, US State Department, the Global Fund for TB, Malaria and HIV/AIDS and, most recently, Georgetown UniversityÕs Institute for Health Care Research and Policy. Guni has served as an expert on various HIV/AIDS panels including the Human Resources Services Administration Clinical Experts on HIV/AIDS and Public Health, CDC Special Emphasis Panel of Reviewers, Indiana University School of Medicine-continued medical education & HIV/AIDS and Clinical Considerations for Rolling out HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy, 3/30, “Death by Denial: A Case for Mugabe”, )

Across Zimbabwe over a million … reform and redistributing program.

Placing sanctions on Zimbabwe to achieve political ends conceals the instrumentalization of people in euphemism, making nuclear war inevitable. Furthermore, wealthy people can evade the sanctions anyway.

Davidsson, (Revised in) ‘3

(Elias, editor for The Centre for Research on Globalization,The Mechanism of economic sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms, , Original from March 2002)

In order to effectively … included in the trade ban.

The reduction of people’s health to mere calculation – using techno-rational modes of thought to evaluate who “deserves” aid destroys any value to life and justifies the worst atrocities of the Holocaust

Dillon 99 (Michael, Professor of IR @ Lancaster, “Another Justice” Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2. April, pp. 165)

Economies of evaluation … whatever exceeds measure."

Furthermore, sanctions do nothing to stop Mugabe’s power, they only give him the “foreign devil” he needs to retain power

Laurson, ‘7 (Jens F. “For Zimbabwe, the World Cup Beats the World Bank” June 15,

)

Western sanctions … advice from the bank.

Contention Four: Solvency

The WHO concludes that Zimbabwe’s HIV/AIDS distribution system could work with more resources

WHO, ‘5 (“SUMMARY COUNTRY PROFILE FOR HIV/AIDS TREATMENT SCALE-UP: ZIMBABWE,” who.int/hiv/HIVCP_ZWE.pdf)

In 1987, the government … care of people infected and affected by HIV.

Mugabe empirically allows unconditional aid when needed

The Telegraph, ‘5 (“Mugabe admits he needs food aid to rescue Zimbabwe,” 5/20, )

President Robert Mugabe … help if it came without conditions.

We solve all your alt causes – lower drug prices are the internal link to alleviating all problems related to HIV/AIDS

Chien ‘3 (University of California at Berkely School of Law, “Cheap Drugs at What Price to Innovation: Does the Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceuticals Hurt Innovation?” Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Summer 2003) Lexis.

While high drug prices … pressing and realistic objective.

Studies claiming that patents are irrelevant are published by the pharmaceutical industry and are widely disputed by nonpartisan sources. Moreover, even if other barriers exist to treatment, the availability of generic drugs would spur necessary infrastructure development.

Ferreira, ‘2 (Fordham Law Review December, 2002 71 Fordham L. Rev. 1133 ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE HIV/AIDS DRUGS: THE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF MULTINATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL CORPORATIONS, Lissett Ferreira, J.D. Candidate, 2003, Fordham University)

The drug industry denies … building of health infrastructure.

US action key – they control the rights to many important HIV/AIDS treatments

Weissman, ‘3 (Robert, editor of Multinational Monitor magazine and codirector of Essential Action, a corporate accountability group, Foreign Policy in Focus, “AIDS and Developing Countries: Facilitating Access to Essential Medicines”, , 9/4)

Sixth, the U.S. should immediately … HIV/AIDS treatment pharmaceuticals.

The United States continues to favor big pharma by threatening trade sanctions if other nations do not comply with patent protection—your international counterplan will be denied by US action without the plan

New Internationalist, ‘3 (“The Great Health Grab,” Dinyar Godrej, November, )

But patents are the icing on … manufacturing could be one way of breaking Big Pharma's stranglehold.

US policies for patent protection block other multilateral organizations from distributing ARVs as well—this patent law must be eliminated to allow ARV access

Outterson, ‘5 (Kevin, Associate Professor of Law, West Virginia University College of Law 2005, “Pharmaceutical Arbitrage,” Winter, 2005. 5 Yale J. Health Pol'y L. & Ethics 193)

With South Africa stymied, … last decade for access to cheap ARV therapy in Africa.

Highland Park PY – Affirmative – ARV’s – At-Large Team

The US continues to defend a policy that bans the most cost-effective ARV medications from Africa. These medications are safe, help minimize resitance, and deliver the best offense against the spread of AIDS worldwide. The US should change it's policy.

Dr. Cohen and Schiff 2004

[Chicago Sun Times, May 5, 2004, pg. 63]

“Poor people dying from … least expensive medications”

 

Excluding sub-Saharan African peoples from generic ARVs is a form of state sponsored violence maintained in the interest of protecting big pharmaceutical companies.

Gandy 2005

[“Deadly alliances: Death, Disease, and the Global politics of public health”]

“In order to understand … drugs in the US).”

 

Bush’s policy destroys effective ARV distribution – shifting standards would vastly increase effectiveness internationally.

Lobe 2004

[ “Bush’s AIDS relief plan will delay drugs, reward big pharma” ]

“Africa and AIDS activists say … for the FSC market”

 

Thus Collin and I stand firmly resolved: The United States federal government should unconditionally increase its distribution of generic antiretroviral drugs to the African countries south of the 18 degree north parallel. We'll clarify.

Today’s Groupings And Artificial Categories Of At Risk Groups To HIV Include Africa, Which Is Represented As A Distant Continent That Has Nothing To Do With Us. The Unspeakable HIV Crisis Is Based On A Fundamental Fear And Stigmatization Of Those With HIV.

Shapiro, 2002

Drawing Lines In The Sand: The Boundaries Of HIV Pandemic In Perspective, p. 2189-2191

“now that heterosexual…for fear of rejection or abandonment”

 

The Current Representations Of HIV In Africa Represent It As A Plague Or Invasion From An Alien Other. These Representations Amount To A Denial Of Unconditional Hospitality And Ethics.

Worth, 2006

Unconditional Hospitality: HIV, Ethics And The Refugee ‘Problem’, p. 223-232

“the ‘threat’…this is what unconditional hospitality is based on”

 

Failure To Acknowledge The Vulnerability Of All Humans Leads To A Fantasy Of Mastery And Control That Fuels The Instruments Of War By Making Some Lives Grievable And Worthy Of Mourning While Others Are Not.

Butler, 2004

Precarious Life: The Powers Of Mourning And Violence, p. 28-31

“mourning, fear, anxiety, rage…for the most part unmakable and ungrievable”

 

There Is A Hierarchy Of Grief And Mourning That Places Africans With HIV At The Bottom. Those At The Bottom Are Ungrievable And Unmournable! The Impact Is A Discursive Dehumanization That Leads To Violence And Denies The Value Of The Lives We Don’t Grieve Or Mourn For.

Butler, 2004

Precarious Life: The Powers Of Mourning And Violence, p. 32-35

“a hierarchy of grief could…that qualifies for recognition”

 

Politics Is The Decision Or Invention In The Name Of The Other That Is Not Reducible To Some Sort Of Moral Calculus. Our Ethics Are Defined As The Infinite Responsibility Of Unconditional Hospitality. This Infinite Ethical Demand Is A Response To The Singular Demand Of The Other, Yet Is Never Reducible To The Singular Context Because Of Its Infinity.

Critchley, 2003

Political Theory, 32:3

“the absence of a plausible deduction from ethics to politics…and calls for political invention, for creation”

 

The Impact To A Framework Where Moral Criteria And Justifications Are The Determination Of our Ethics Is The Devaluation Of All Life To The Zero Point, Where Holocaust Is Possible. The Alternative To Calculability Is Infinite Responsibility For Otherness.

Dillon, 1999

Political Theory, 27:2

“economies of evaluation…is attended by a responsibility that can similarly never be discharged”

 

Racism And Genocide Are Not Aberrations Performed By Perverse People – Nor Are They Predestined. The Kill To Save Mentality And The Attribution Of Threatening Qualities To The Strange And Foreign Enemy Stem From The Failure To Recognize Our Vulnerability In The Face Of The Other And The Devaluation Of Difference.

Burrgrave, 2005

Human Rights Review, 6:2

“according to levinas…which is precisely the kernel of our conatus essendi”

 

The Ethics Framework Must Come First. The Basis For Obligation To The Other Shouldn’t Come From Knowledge, Even Knowledge Of The Instrumental Consequences Of One’s Actions. Knowledge As The Foundation Of Our Relation To Others Will Inevitably Obliterate The Other By Reducing It To An Agent Of Sameness.

Gottlieb, 1994

Ethics And Trauma,

“levinas seeks to overcome…coexist with an agent of sameness”

 

Freedom Is Constituted By Our Obligation To The Other. This Freedom Allows Radical Novelty, An Opportunity To Begin Anew, To Have Another Chance, Not The Continuation Of The Same.

Rosenthal, 2003

A Time For Being Ethical, The Journal Of Speculative Philosophy

“this position gives a new meaning…I have another chance”

 

The State Is Inevitable – Our Only Option Is To Make It As Ethical As Possible. Rather Than Placing Limits To The Extension Of Our Hospitality, The Law Must Make Unconditional Hospitality To The Other Concrete. Our Affirmation Is Constantly Trying to Move The State Closer To The Side Of Justice, And As Such, Is Always A Democracy To Come.

Simmons, 2002

Toward A Postmodern Anti-Foundational Foundation For Human Rights, p. 13-15

“unconditional hospitality implies…and anti-foundationalism and justice”

 

Justice Is Not Calculable Because It’s Always Searching For An Even Better Justice – It Is A Project With No End. When The State Claims To Achieve Justice It Risks Becoming Totalitarian.

Burrgrave, 2005

Human Rights Review, 6:2

“in this regard…dominated by a political apparatus”

 

 

 

no add-ons read yet

 

no consistent link-turns on politix. we might pull a card or two that says "increases pol cap/decreases pol cap" whatever. nothing unique, and no particular cards.

 

Highland Park PY – Negative – At-Large Team

Capitalism K

 

A. Link

1. The plan is a single issue campaign which can't destroy capitalism. The victories won by the aff will be lost in successive years by new governments. Just wait ill Jeb Bush gets elected!!!! We can't address the problems of capitalism because they make them quicker than we can fix them. THe only alternative to piece-meal reforms of capitalism is to get rid of the system itself. Capitalism has uprooted and abstracted our resistance. Our survival is at stake.

Herod 2004 (James, January, "Getting Free")

 

2. In today's world order, today's United States federal government, any call to action occurs within the terrain and coordinates of dominant capitalist order. The left succumbs to temptations of progressivism and compromise, unable to break out of the existing political framework. The only way to lay the foundation for a true, radical change is to withdraw from the compulsion to act, to "do nothing" - thus opening the space for a different kind of activity.

Zizek 2004 (Iraq: The Borrowed Kettle; p.71-74)

 

B. Impact

mass genocide

Internationalist Perspective 2000 ("For Anders, the...mass death and genocide.")

 

C.

The Alternative is to withdraw from the compulsion to act - to refuse participation within the terrain of capitalism in order to hollow it out. In the context of the affirmative this means doing nothing.

Herod 2004 (James, "Getting Free")

Nietzsche K

i'd be happy to post it, but we've only run/gone for it 3 times this year. i'm not really sure why we have the reputation of going for nietzsche a lot. here are the cites if you'd like to post them:

 

 

 

 

The modern age is characterized by a disavowal of tragedy. The triumph of Socratic reason manifests in our attempt to resolve the chaotic aspects of life and avoid suffering. This requires the construction of an ideal “Real” world toward which our apparent world aspires. Enter the affirmative. In the modern drive toward certainty and security, and in an attempt at renouncing disorder and insecurity, the plan labors to mold and order the world ot make it dupilicate our idealized image of order

Paul Saurette, 1996 I Muststrust all Systematizers and Avoid them Neitzsche, Arendt and the Crisis of the Will to Order in International Reltionas Theory, MIllenium Journal of International Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, 3-6

According to Nietzsche, the philosophical foundation…philosophical principle of modernity

The affirmative will always be able to locate some external threat to world order.International politics are unpredictable. The insecurities cited by the affirmative are not unique; international terrorism is in our neighborhoods and there might just be poison in our children’s Halloween candy. The uncomfortable yet irresistible truth is that uncertainty and risk art part and parcel of human life. Rather than coming to terms with this, the affirmative encourages us to stay glued to the television screen, stocking up on duct tape and water. At issue here is not just life itself but what makes life valuable. We encourage indifference and carelessness in a world inherently characterized by insecurity in an attempt to reclaim joy from the affirmative’s world of paranoid tiptoeing.

James Der Derian, 1993, The political Subject of Vioelence, 101-105

One mus begin with Nietzsche’s idea of the will to power…risks and benefits

The alternative is to do nothing

Nietzsche, 1879, Human, All Too Human, Maxim #284

The means to real peace. … and from up high.

Head Royce BZ – Affirmative – Water – At Large Team

Observation 1: Inherency 

The Water for the Poor Act is receiving large amounts of funding in the status quo, yet the majority of it is being channeled away from sub-Saharan Africa.

WaterAid 2007 (June 26, 2007 “Responses to the U.S. State Department Report to Congress 2007” ) 

WaterAid and other international … (approximately $22 million).13  

Thus we present the following plan: 

The United States federal government should provide the necessary funding to fully implement the mandates of section 135(8)(c) of the Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005 to topically designated areas. 

We’ll Clarify.  

Observation 2: Disease

In addition to directly killing millions through diarrhea, a lack of clean water exacerbates the harms of all other diseases.

FINDLEY & VOLK  2k PhD Director, Water Initiatives Chemonics International, Inc & CHAIRMAN, ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAMS, MS Environmental Management Texas U. [Meg & Richard, et al.  USAID Water Team, "Towards a Water Secure Future: USAID’s Obligations In Water Resources Management For FY 2000," ]

 

In this chapter, we focus on …  drainage and sanitation conditions.

And, failure to implement a sustainable solution now will allow the diseases associated with a lack of clean water will kill 135 million by 2020

Eliasson and Blumenthal 05 (Jan, former Swedish ambassador to the United States, and Susan, clinical professor at the Georgetown and Tufts University schools of medicine. “Dying for A Drink of Clean Water” , Tuesday, September 20, 2005; Page A23 )  

In the United States … for want of clean water.

And, Unclean water is at the root of the ability for HIV/Aids to spread because puts huge pressure on families and communities.

Thirst Relief International, 2006 “Water Supply Statistics and Facts: AIDS/HIV and Clean Drinking Water” Accessed 17 2007  

The lack of clean … progress out of their terrible plight. 

 

And, lack of clean water produces enormous suffering, devastates the health capacity of sub-Saharan Africa, and is responsible for over 50% of hospital bed occupancy.

UNDP 2006 (United Nations Development Programme, “Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis,” Human Development Report, UNDP, [Online] )  

Poor water and sanitation … new cases of blindness each year.  

 

And, clean water is the equivalent to a vaccine for water borne diseases

WATKINS  06  lead author of the UN Human Development Report Kevin, Africa Focus, Africa: Water, Health, and Development,

 

Women, Water and Development  … Africa is a glass of clean water. 

And, providing access to clean water allows for more effective and accessible health system by freeing up over 610 million dollars of the health budget annually in sub-Saharan Africa.

UNDP 2006 (United Nations Development Programme, “Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis,” Human Development Report, UNDP, [Online] )  

Clean water and sanitation … the region’s health budget. 

Observation 3 Poverty: 

On top of the millions of children who die each year due to water-borne diseases, those who survive are too sick to attend school, guaranteeing a cycle of poverty in Africa

UNDP  2006 (United Nations Development Programme, “Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis,” Human Development Report, UNDP, [Online] ) 

Premature mortality may …. the lower productivity and diminished human capital.  

Poverty is a form of institutional violence that not only inflicts suffering, but also silences attempts to allow the voices of the oppressed to be heard.

Paul Farmer, medical anthropologist and physician @ Harvard Med School, 1996, “On Suffering and structural violence: a view from below”, )." Daedalus 125.n1 (Wntr 1996): 261(23), p. find articles

Any distinguishing characteristic, … finding a balm in Gilead.30

 

And, disease and poverty is a form of structural violence that is responsible for more deaths than a hypothetical nuclear war.

Gilligan 96

James Gilligan professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Director of the Center for the Study of Violence, and a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the National Campaign Against Youth Violence. Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes. 1996. P. 191-196

The finding that structural violence … as cause to effect.

And, the status quo’s focus on large scale wars as the driving motivation for action has justified the racist complacency in the face of structural violence like disease and poverty

Cuomo 96-- activist, artist, and Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She is the author of The Philosopher Queen: Feminist Essays on War, Love, and Knowledge-- (Chris, “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence!” hypatia, 1996, Proquest,) 

Ethical approaches that … inevitability of war and militarism. 

 

And, Absent a transition away from this lens of political calculation in the face of structural violence, the very wars that are used to justify inaction become inevitable. Responding to structural violence absent the motivation of a contrived war is necessary to transition away from the crisis based politics.

Sandy and Perkins, 02 (Leo R. veteran of the U.S. Navy and an active member of Veterans for Peace, Inc., co founder of Peace Studies at Plymouth State College and at Rivier College, Ray; teaches philosophy at Plymouth State College, The Nature of Peace and Its Implications for Peace Education”, Online journal of peace and conflict resolution, Issue 4.2, Spring 02,  

Any attempt to articulate … causes of conflict that produce violence" (Woolman, 1985, p.8). 

And addressing the scarcity of clean water is the only way to break free from the immense poverty and discrimination of the status quo

Bonn 01 (Recommendations of the International Conference on Freshwater. Took place in Bonn in 2001. Was a UN conference. ) 

Ten years after the … dimension of poverty reduction.  

Observation 4: Solvency

The effectiveness of US water assistance programs is predicated on increased funding for the Water for the Poor Act of 2005

Lochery 07 (Peter, Water Team Director, Bringing Down Barriers to Water and Sanitation Provision in Africa through Implementation of the Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, )  

The low-level priority … been sidelined for far too long.  

 

Additionally, US investment in Africa’s water sector is key. It is like an immunization to the cycle of disease and poverty that entraps so many of Africa’s poor. 

UNDP 2006 (United Nations Development Programme, “Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis,” Human Development Report, UNDP, [Online] ) Losses are greatest in some of the poorest countries.  

Sub-Saharan Africa loses about …water and sanitation.    

And US water assistance is best; it builds the capacity of local governments, consults and co-operates with local governments and international donors and integrates ad hoc projects that exist in the status quo into a cohesive response.

State Department, 07 (Bureau of Oceans and International Affairs and Scientific Affairs, Department of State Publication 11425. Report to Congress; “Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act 2005” June 2007. ) 

The U.S. government works… implemented in other areas. 

 

 

Also note that the US water policy was established after months of consultation with all relevant actors, creating a policy that makes everyone happy.

Blumenauer 05 Earl, Congressman, E-Townhall, 11 8 2005,  

The Water for the Poor Act … won’t do much good. 

And, US leadership on clean water assistance is key to spurring a greater international response.

Purvis and Sahni 04 (Nigel and Nalin, - Brookings Scholar on Environment and Development, Foreign Policy Studies –  “Financing Water Toward an L20 Action Plan”, The Center for International Governance Innovation, Dec. 1-2, 2004, [online] , accessed 7/25/07) 

Political will is lacking … targeted towards Afghanistan and Iraq.

And, a cohesive, and collaborative international response is the vital internal link to solvency. No one country or international institution has the ability to solve on it’s own

C.S.I.S.  05   Center for Strategic Int’l Studies – Sandia National Laboratory [“Global Water Futures: Addressing Our Global Water Future,” 9/30/05, White Paper, ] 

Finding 7: Sustainable strategies …effective resource planning and implementation. 

And US expertise in tracking the effectiveness of water projects allows for adaptability to problems that may arise during implementation.

State Department, 07 (Bureau of Oceans and International Affairs and Scientific Affairs, Department of State Publication 11425. Report to Congress; “Senator Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act 2005” June 2007. )

 

A key component of … for success and failure.   

 

And, Only the US has the watershed data necessary to conduct effective assistance.

CSIS 5 (9-30, Center for Strategic & Internat’l Studies, Global Water Futures, ) 

Long-term data on … themselves are few and far between.

 

Ptx Link Turns

(_) Link Turn:

A. Congress loves the plan, promoting clean water is a priority

Wilson Center 05  December 02, 2005, President Signs Water for the Poor Act  Bill Shows US Commitment to Global Access to Water, Sanitation  

“This bill is a critical … in favor the Water for the Poor Act. 

B.  Popular acts don’t cost political capital – they boost it

ROBERTS  11 – 9 – 04  Political Science BA, University of New Mexico [Dane, “Democrats need sharp vision,” Daily Lobo, via University Wire] 

"Political capital" might … his political capital.  

 

(_) Turn:

A. Water assistance is extremely popular in congress and with the American public

Millennium Water Alliance 2005 (History, Strategy and Funding, ) 

Underpinning these principles …the environment, and security. 

B. Passing Popular policies with the public insures victories in congress – studies prove

SPITZER  93 Prof of Poli Sci, State University of New York [Robert J., President and Congress:  Executive Hegemony at the Crossroads of American Government] 

An important empirical …standing is by no means inevitable. 

 

Surprisingly, we haven’t debated a political capital bad scenario all year.

Head Royce BZ – Negative – At Large Team

Japan CP – No Cites

Oil DA

1nc Shell

 

A. High oil prices are driving a transition to renewables now  

Skirble 1-25-2008 [Rosanne, “US Renewable Energy Market Reports Record Year in 2007,” VOA News, ]

Last year was a record year …. them in the marketplace.  

B. Focusing on African health problems creates durable ties that allow for US access to African oil.

Padraig Carmody, 2005 lecturer in Geography at St. Patrick’s College in Dublin City University, Ph. D in Geography, author, “Transforming Globalization and Security: Africa and America Post–9/11”, Africa Today, Project MUSE,  

Africa has traditionally… dimension to globalization. 

C. Africa has the largest amount of untapped oil in the world. It also uniquely causes price drops because it is not subjected to OPEC regulations.

Ghazvinian April 3, 2007 (John, doctorate in history from Oxford,  “Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil Does Africa Measure Up to the Hype?” Slate Magazine. ) 

Yet another strategic … ever really bothered to check. 

D. Decreased price of oil would kill government transition to alt energy

Alhajji and Longmuir, 07

(Gavin, AF, Energy Economist and Associate Professor at Ohio Northern University, Need For A Balancing Act: Reducing Oil Dependence Without Triggering A Global Crisis," Middle East Economic Survey, VOL. XLIX No 9, Feb 26, 2007)

Oil exporters could …. energy resources, and increase wastage. 

 

E. Alternative energy is key to mitigate impact of the peak

Heinberg August 2007 (Richard, [journalist, educator, editor, lecturer, and a Core Faculty member of New College of California] The View from Oil’s Peak ) 

Moreover, even though …with less petroleum.

 

F. Peak Oil will cause nuclear extinction

Dr. Malcolm Riddoch, Faculty of Communications and Creative Industries, Edith Cowan University, June 19, 2004,  

There are lots of …. and its companions famine and pestilence.

 

2nc Links:

1. Risk Premium---

A. African stability drives down the cost of investment risk premium charged by banks

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 2006 (Hidden Gems: When risks are mitigated, Africa offers EU investors intriguing opportunities. ) 

Most African countries … Industries sector head. 

B. Instability causes no profit

Barnes 1/22/05, Sandra T., “Global Flows: Terror, Oil, and Strategic Philanthropy” African Studies Review,  

Local military forces … undermine their investments (Goldwyn & Morrison 2004:12–15). 

2. Relations---

US aid addresses health and corruption issues and creates ties with government that will drive down the cost of oil

Krilla 2005 [Jeff Regional Program Director for Africa,

International Republican Institute, JULY 28, , CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN AFRICA, ]  

Yet as oil exports … increased investment will be profound. 

3. Perception---

Perceived increase in stability increase oil investment

KIRKLAND, 03, President of ChevronTexaco Overseas Petroleum (George L. Kirkland, “Energy, Trade and Investment” 16 July 2003, ) 

[[Many of us know … will find its courage.

 

Internal link 2nc card

 

And, new cheap oil causes prices to fall rapidly 

Leonard 8/21/06, tech/htww/2006/08/21/oil_bubble/index.html 

The theory goes like this … the air rushes out.

China DA

A. Uniqueness: China is using its soft power to convince African nations to block Taiwanese entry into the World Health Organization

Brookes and Ju-Yung, Senior Fellow in National Security Affairs and Fellow for Policy Studies, 2k7

[Peter and Chung. “Into Africa: China’s Grab for Influence and Oil” March 26, ]

Across the planet, China is aggressively seeking new friends and allies and proving to be a less demanding alternative to the more scrupulous relationships nations must have with the U.S. and Europe.

One of the places China … Commission on Human Rights. 

And, The US is supporting Taiwan’s bid to join the WHO

Taipei Times 2007 (Apr 21, Charles Snyder ) 

The eight-page report … observer status at WHA, the report said.  

 

B. Links—

The plan increases US soft power in Africa

IHD 06 (The Institute for Human Dignity, Global Poverty & National Security Accessed 8/14/07) 

The final category, soft power, … out to help the developing world. 

And, Sino-US soft power in Africa is zero-sum.

Thompson – Assistant Director of the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in DC.– 05

(Drew, “China’s Emerging Interests in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa and the United States, Holler Africa, Jun 2005, [online] , accessed 7/30/07)   

As China’s domestic … security and stability in Africa. 

And, Increasing humanitarian assistance allows the US to control the African voting blocs at the UNGA

Pham 07 (J. Peter, Director of the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs at James Madison University. “America in Africa: Securing U.S. Interests and Promoting a Continents Development” ) 

U.S. foreign policy … major states, such as China. 

C. Impacts—

China would interpret Taiwanese entry into the WHO as an attempt to promote independence and lash out

Japan Economic Newswire, 2k7 [China objects to Taiwan's bid to join WHO, April 25, Lexis] 

China believes Taiwan … campaigns in previous years. 

Nuke War

Strait Times 2k (No one gains in war over Taiwan; June 25, lexis) 

The high-intensity scenario … sovereignty above everything else.

Lexington LS – Affirmative – LGBT – At-Large Team

Contention 1: Inherency

Throughout Latin America and Asia the US provides assistance to Gay Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender organizations to prevent AIDS. Yet despite small programs funding is insufficient in Africa

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , p81-83)

In almost every country … men who have sex with men in Ghana.21

This lack of funding actively marginalizes GLBTQ Africans from critical health services

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , p57)

With some notable exceptions, ... pass their STIs on to others.143

Contention 2: A Deadly Silence

American conservative funding policies propagate the belief that there are no African homosexuals

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , p1-3)

With slightly more than … restrictive funding policies of the United States.

This erasure of African homosexuality establishes an African heterosexual AIDS distinct from American Gay AIDS. This splitting of the epidemic allows the west to continue blaming AIDS on Africans and Gays through imperialist myths of hypersexuality and racist origin stories.

Cindy Patton, assistant professor of communications @ Temple University and long time activist in the Lesbian/Gay community, 1993

(The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, p127-136, )

Current AIDS-control efforts…exorbitant factors

And a genocidal nuclear family model is imposed onto these myths. PATTON 93 (same cite)

In order to … controllable bourgeois family units

This Imperialist location of blame along racial and sexual lines forces violent modes of containment while allowing the underlying cause of disease to go unchallenged. This causes extinction through slate wiping epidemics and the normalization of nuclear weapons, economic oppression, and environmental destruction

Steve Eckhardt, writer for Z Magazine, 1994



Today viruses of …And if the prospect of human extermination doesn't pose the need for revolutionary change, what does?

And the genocidal attempt to prevent AIDS by eliminating gays and others outside the perceived protection of the nuclear family attempts eliminate the permanent causing extinction

[pic]

A global system cannot be built on calculations that allow the sacrifice of whole populations. Such notions of disposability historically have proven to be false excuses for mass murder that accelerate the trend towards extinction

Santos, 2003

[Boaventura de Sousa, Professor of Sociology at the School of Economics, University of Coimbra (Portugal) and Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School., Collective Suicide?, ] RG

According to Franz Hinkelammert, … the real axis of evil: neoliberalism plus war.

Such a system is a perversion of utilitarianism, turning it into an irrational method of legitimizing atrocity

Michael WILLIAMS Int’l Politics @ Aberystwyth ‘5 The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations p. 172-173

If viewed simply as … would have little resonance in the realist tradition

Plan: The United States federal government should provide all necessary grants for Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome prevention services in West, East, Central, and Southern Africa that include services for men who have sex with men and women who have sex with women.

Contention 3: Solvency

Increased grants to African GLBT groups helps prevent AIDS and challenge discriminatory views of homosexuality

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , p97-102)

As soon as the … and the state itself.

Our advocacy of increased AIDS assistance for gays and lesbians breaks the oppressive silence on homosexuality in Africa

Edwin Cameron, South African Supreme Court of Appeal Justice and Rhodes Scholar, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , pvii-ix)

Across Africa, for too many … engage in that struggle.

US action is critical, it defines the discourse surrounding AIDS

Cary Alan Johnson, Senior Specialist for Africa at the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, 2007

(Off the Map: How HIV AIDS Programming is Failing Same-Sex Practicing People in Africa, , p72)

External funding constitutes … deciding how AIDS money will be spent.

And our responsibility cannot be passed to others, doing so reproduces the split in the epidemic and sustains exclusionary policies

[pic]

AIDS is not my problem … and you create your own media

Lexington LS – Negative – At-Large Team

SSA K

A. Their Spike is a Link

The use of Topically Designated Areas maintains the concept of a division across the Sahara, but tries to minimize the word’s offensiveness by cloaking it in euphemism

Random House Dictionary, 2006



The act or … business" (Jessica Mitford)

Their euphemism normalizes the racialized division of the continent, and causes nuclear war by ignoring cruelty

Elias Davidsson, editor for The Centre for Research on Globalization, Revised November 2003

(The Mechanism of economic sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms, , Original from March 2002)

In order to effectively describe a … to achieve their declared purpose?

B. The Colonial Division

The delineation of a sub-Saharan region is a tool of colonial ideology, which homogenizes Africa, confiscates culture to portray a one way movement of ideas, and enforces subordinating racial divisions.

Owen 'Alik Shahadah director, African academic, writer, musician, photographer and music producer, 2005 linguistics_african.php

The notion of some … (which it annexed in antiquity).

Aid agencies use the term sub-Saharan’s power to extend the colonial mentality into history, sanitizing colonialism’s image while legitimizing new colonial acts

Olu Oguibe, Associate Professor of African-American Studies, U Connecticut, 2003

(In the 'Heart of Darkness', )

Prehistory. History. … of the West.

This colonialism is a result of the concept of a bioregional division of the continent not the words alone

Ekwe-Ekwe 7 Professor of History and Politics and Director of the Centre for Cross-Cultural Studies, leading scholar on conflicts and change in contemporary Africa, (Herbert, 5/28, What is "sub-Sahara Africa"?, , AG)

Rather than some … African task of the contemporary era.

Imperialism causes extinction, and has empirically killed more than war

Eckhardt 90 (William, Lentz Peace Research Laboratory, “Civilization, Empires, and Wars,” Journal of Peace Research 27:1, p 15-6, AG)

Wright looked at … Life itself may depend upon our choice.

C. The alternative

Our 5 region division avoids the racism and homogenization of the two region division

Exploring Africa, No Date ()

Nodal regions: … nor will the integrity of our curriculum be compromised.

Colombia FTA Bad

Unique Internal: Columbia FTA not passing now – Bush doesn’t have enough influence with democrats – concessions are key.

Federal News Service, 1/30/8

[“MEDIA ROUNDTABLE WITH THOMAS SHANNON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR WESTERN HEMISPHERE AFFAIRS, AND DANIEL SULLIVAN, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE FOR ECONOMIC, ENERGY AND BUSINESS AFFAIRS (AS RELEASED BY THE STATE DEPARTMENT)”;LOCATION: WASHINGTON, D.C., p. Lexis]

STAFF: I think we're … cross-section of issues

Link: Health assistance is popular with democrats

Dugger – journalist for The New York Times – 2/2/7 (Celia Dugger, “Bush Gets Aid of Democrats in Fighting Pandemics,” )

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