CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY

The severity of opioid withdrawal can be evaluated by using the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS).14 The use of COWS can help clinicians make an objective assessment of the severity of withdrawal and it also involves patient input. Table 4: Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale. Resting heart rate: a. 0 - 80 beats/min or below. b. 1 - 81-100 ... ................
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