An Empirical Study on Current trends of Clinical ...

[Pages:13]Dr. G. C. Bhimani et al. / International Journal for Research in Management and Pharmacy

Vol. 3, Issue 4, May 2014 (IJRMP) ISSN: 2320- 0901

An Empirical Study on Current trends of Clinical Significance Approach to Heart Diseases Disorder

DR. G.C.BHIMANI

Professor, Head of Statistics Department Saurashtra University, Rajkot

Gujarat (India)

JAYANTILAL G. RAMANI

Associate Professor, (in Statistics), C. U. Shah Commerce College, Ahmedabad

Gujarat (India)

Abstract: Heart disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though since the 1970s, heart mortality rates have declined in many high income countries. Heart disease is a broad term that includes all types of diseases affecting different components of the heart. Heart means 'cardio.' Therefore, all heart diseases belong to the category of cardiovascular diseases. In the world, India has one of the highest numbers of case related to heart diseases. According to the California-based CADI (Coronary Artery Disease among Asian Indians) Research Foundation, India will have 62 million heart patients by 2015. Many studies have examined the individual effects of smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and drinking alcohol, and have established that they are independently associated with poorer health. This study was conducted in Gujarat state to see the current trends of clinical significance approach to heart disease disorder.

Keywords: Cardiovascular, Diseases, Health, Heart, Mortality

1. Introduction Heart disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though since the 1970s, heart mortality rates have declined in many high income countries. Heart disease is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels, that is, arteries, capillaries and veins. Heart disease refers to any disease that affects the heart system. Principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of heart disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and orhypersystension are the most common.

2. Factors Responsible for Heart Disease Heart disease is a broad term that includes all types of diseases affecting different components of the heart. Heart means 'cardio.' Therefore, all heart diseases belong to the category of cardiovascular diseases. In the world, India has one of the highest numbers of case related to heart diseases. According to the California-based CADI (Coronary Artery Disease among Asian Indians) Research Foundation, India will have 62 million heart patients by 2015.The most common cause of all heart diseases is the inadequate pumping of blood and oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body and vice-versa.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also known as coronary artery disease, it is the most common type of heart disease across the world.

Angina pectoris in a medical term for chest pain that occurs due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart. Also known as angina, it is a warning signal for heart attack.

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Dr. G. C. Bhimani et al. / International Journal for Research in Management and Pharmacy

Vol. 3, Issue 4, May 2014 (IJRMP) ISSN: 2320- 0901

Congestive heart failure condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to the rest of the body. It is commonly known as heart failure. Cardiomyopathy is the weakening of the heart muscle or a change in the structure of the muscle due to inadequate heart pumping. Congenital heart disease is also known as congenital heart defect, it refers to the formation of an abnormal heart due to a defect in the structure of the heart or its functioning. Arrhythmias are associated with a disorder in the rhythmic movement of the heartbeat. The heartbeat can be slow, fast, or irregular. Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle usually caused by viral, fungal, and bacterial infections affecting the heart.

3. Life Style Influence Many studies have examined the individual effects of smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and drinking alcohol, and have established that they are independently associated with poorer health. However, few studies have examined the combined influence of these behaviours. This is important because people often engage in multiple poor lifestyle choices that could shorten their life span. "To fully understand the public health impact of these behaviours, it is necessary to examine both their individual and combined impact on health outcomes."

4. Eating Habits and Disorder A person used to eat at home 2-3 times/day and because of rapid transformation in the lifestyle of Indians, particularly those living in urban India, has resulted in dramatic increase in the demand for processed food. The main reason why processed food is luring the urban Indians is the convenience that it offers to cooking, as they don't need to spend hours in kitchen to get that appetizing food. Growth in working women's population and prevalence of nuclear families with double income are other trends causing this change in the lifestyle of Indians.

Bad eating habits are common. It is easy to operate on automatic when it comes to food. Living in a fast-paced society often makes it so you have to eat on the run, skip meals, eat whatever is fast and easy or use food to relieve stress.

Eating on the Run If you live a busy life, there may not be enough time to prepare meals or sit down to eat. Eating in the car or going through a fast food drive-thru may be part of your eating habits. The challenge with eating on the run is that you don't have a chance to pay close attention to what you're eating.

Eating Large Portions As bad eating habits go, eating more food than the body needs is a common behavior. This can happen for a variety of reasons. If you're distracted by the television, you might eat more. Some people eat more when they're feeling lonely.

Using Food to Relieve Stress Many people use food to relieve stress. After a long and difficult day at work, eating many slices of pizza and drinking beer may be an attractive option. Using food in this way, however, leads to greater weight gain. When feeling stressed out, find ways to relax yourself that don't involve food. Spending time in nature, talking with friends, meditating and exercising are a few options.

Skipping Meals Many doctors and nutritionists will tell you repeatedly to avoid skipping meals. When you don't eat regularly, your hunger increases and you may also experience drops in blood sugar level. Many people compensate for this by eating larger meals later in the day or by excessive snacking. Be sure to eat breakfast, lunch and dinner every day.

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Dr. G. C. Bhimani et al. / International Journal for Research in Management and Pharmacy

Vol. 3, Issue 4, May 2014 (IJRMP) ISSN: 2320- 0901

Late Night Eating Eating late at night is one of the bad eating habits is very common. Nighttime eating often consists of snacking and excessive calorie consumption. This may be due to boredom or being distracted by sedentary activities such as watching television or surfing the web. To avoid eating late at night, find interesting things to do that take away the boredom. Possible options may include a fun hobby, an interesting book, meditation, an exercise DVD or a conversation with a good friend.

5. Disorder ? An Unavoidable Hereditary Problem According to the American Heart Association, however, the capability of the body to resist a genetic predisposition to heart disease can be explained by lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, avoiding chronically stressful conditions and smoking.

5.1 Stressful Life and Disorder The stresses of life have long been thought to increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease or a serious coronary or cerebral event. But it is not universally agreed which stress causes heart disease. In Australia, an expert group concluded that there is strong and consistent link between depression, social isolation and lack of quality social support and heart disease. These factors were as risky to heart health as abnormal blood lipid levels, smoking and high blood pressure.

5.2 Disorder due to class difference Indian rural population and urban poor are facing a "double burden" ? with incidences of acute diseases continuing, there has been a rapid growth in incidences of chronic diseases. Given the issues of affordability, accessibility, and quality of healthcare, mortality rates from heart diseases are much higher in the economically underprivileged population.

6. Review of Literature 6.1 A literature review of cardiovascular disease management programs in managed care populations A total of 20 studies conducted in managed care populations were reviewed: 5 in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), 9 in hypertensive patients, and 6 in hyperlipidemia and/or coronary artery disease (hyperlipidemia- CAD) patients. Management of CHF involved multifaceted programs that included the participation of multiple health care professionals, patient and physician education, promotion of intensive drug therapy and lifestyle modifications, and close patient monitoring. The most common CHF management strategies were case management and physician education, with an emphasis on close patient monitoring. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia-CAD intervention programs focused on chronic outpatient management and regular follow-up, with an emphasis on self-management skills. These programs were managed through regular and periodic interventions, including pharmacist-managed clinics and automated provider notices. Many of the studies employed "before-after" comparisons in the absence of a truly experimental design and posed significant limitations due to variations in the outcomes measured, lack of transparent disease severity stratification, and variation across types of managed care organizations.

6.2 A literature review of the cardiovascular risk-assessment tools: applicability among Asian population Methods: A systematic search was performed using keywords as MeSH and Boolean terms. Results: A total of 25 risk-assessment tools were identified. Of these, only two risk- assessment tools (8%) were derived from an Asian population. These risk-assessment tools differ in various ways, including characteristics of the derivation sample, type of study, time frame of follow-up, end points, statistical analysis and risk factors included.

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RET Academy for International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research (RAIJMR)

Dr. G. C. Bhimani et al. / International Journal for Research in Management and Pharmacy

Vol. 3, Issue 4, May 2014 (IJRMP) ISSN: 2320- 0901

6.3 Social support, depression, and heart disease: a ten year literature review Method: PubMed and PsychINFO were searched for quantitative studies assessing the multiple effects of low social support and depression on prognosis outcomes in patients with heart disease. The following search terms were used: social relation*, cardiac disease, support quality, relationship, and relational support. Results Five studies (three prospective cohort studies, one case-control study, and one randomization controlled trial) were selected and coded according to the types of support (social and marital). The majority of findings suggest that low social support/being unmarried and depression are independent risk factors for poor cardiac prognosis. However, all analyzed studies have some limitations. The majority of them did not focus on the quality of marital or social relationships, but assessed only the presence of marital status or social relationship. Moreover, some of them present methodological limitations.

7. Research Objective The purpose of Research is enlightenment and updating the knowledge for the area chosen. The scientific approach combined with systematic and planned academic activity is the purpose of research. It can be said that if the purpose or the objective of research is not clear, a person may not get the desired result or even that a person may get lost in the way without reaching destination. Defining the objective for Research is like becoming a traffic policeman on the middle of a heavy traffic road and making a sense by avoiding confusion. 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this

object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies); 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies

with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies); 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or which it is associated with

something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies); To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

8. Statistical Analysis 8.1 People influenced with Heart Diseases & Disorder In India, estimated people who are having heart diseases is around 25 lakhs with confidence interval of 18.3 to 29.4 lakhs for the year 2009. Children ( ................
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