Paper One: MACVSc



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Australian College of Veterinary Scientists

Membership Examination

June/July 2009

Veterinary Pathology

Paper 1

Principles

Perusal time: fifteen (15) minutes

Time allowed: two (2) hours after perusal

Answer all four (4) questions

All questions are of equal value

Marks allotted to each question equate to the number of minutes that are suggested be assigned in answering.

Four questions: Question 1 (1 x 30 min), Question 2 (2 x 15 min), Question 3 (3 x 10 min), and Question 4 (6 x 5 min)

Paper 1: Principles of veterinary pathology

1. Answer one (1) from the following three (3) questions (30 marks):

a) It is important for pathologists to be able to distinguish antemortem from postmortem changes. Discuss the progression of postmortem autolysis to putrefaction, and how you can distinguish postmortem from antemortem changes at a macroscopic and microscopic level.

b) The cells and tissues of vertebrates are limited in the ways they can respond to injurious agents; these are commonly referred to as ‘pathological processes’. Depending on how you categorise them, there are about eight pathological processes. List the main categories of pathological processes and provide a brief description of the important defining pathological features of each category.

c) List the pigments that may be found within the cells and tissues of animals. Describe their appearance, both macroscopically and microscopically, their origin and possible significance, and how they may be distinguished.

2. Answer two (2) from the following three (3) questions (30 marks total; 15 marks each):

a) During a severe allergic reaction to an insect bite, the patient collapses with breathing difficulty. What cells and chemical mediators are involved in acute allergic reactions and how do they cause the clinical signs of collapse and breathing difficulties?

b) List the components of the innate immune system. Discuss briefly, using examples, how each acts and interacts to protect against infectious disease agents.

c) Outline the role of an intact and damaged endothelium in haemostasis.

Continued over page

3. Answer three (3) from the following six (6) questions (30 marks total; 10 marks each):

a) Compare and contrast the mechanisms of metastatic and dystrophic calcification, including the clinicopathological, gross and histological appearance of metastatic and dystrophic calcification. What tests can be used to discriminate between metastatic and dystrophic calcification?

d) Write short notes, with examples, about the many different ways by which benign or malignant tumours can cause disease.

e) Explain how innate and adaptive inflammation can lead to the lysis of host cells and foreign organisms.

f) Describe the formation of granulation tissue over time, and what tissue factors are important in its development.

g) Explain in pathological terms the most plausible relationship between the following changes: septicaemic infection with a Gram-negative bacterium, and disseminated petechiae and ecchymoses.

h) Outline the macroscopic and microscopic features of hyperplasia using a cell type of your choice. Outline briefly the pathogenesis of the hyperplastic response.

4. Answer six (6) from the following eight (8) questions (30 marks total; 5 marks each):

a) Describe the role of collectins in the immune response.

b) Discuss the pathophysiologic processes that enable cardiac muscle cells to respond to an increased workload.

c) Draw a diagram to illustrate the key events in nonreceptor-mediated apoptosis.

d) Define jaundice and explain, using examples, the major ways by which jaundice can develop, and the tests that can be used to identify the main causes of jaundice.

e) Define type III hypersensitivity, and outline, using examples, how this type of reaction may cause tissue injury.

f) List the categories of chronic inflammation, and the cell types that characterise each category.

g) Discuss the pathogenesis of arthrogryposis. Include in your discussion a specific cause of arthrogryposis as an example.

h) Outline in point form the mechanisms that occur in cells already undergoing an adaptive tissue response that lead to neoplastic transformation.

End of paper

[pic]

Australian College of Veterinary Scientists

Membership Examination

June/July 2009

Veterinary Pathology

Paper 2

Application

Perusal time: fifteen (15) minutes

Time allowed: two (2) hours after perusal

Answer all four (4) questions

All questions are of equal value

Marks allotted to each question equate to the number of minutes that are suggested be assigned in answering.

Four questions: Question 1 (2 x 15 min), Question 2 (3 x 10 mins), Question 3 (3 x 10 mins) and Question 4 (3 x 10 mins)

Paper 2: Application of veterinary pathology

1. Answer two (2) of the following three (3) questions (30 marks total; 15 marks each):

a) For both acute and chronic renal failure, in any species of your choice, discuss one (1) of the following :

i.     the gross and microscopic changes , or

ii.    the clinical pathology changes.

 

b) A veterinarian phones you and reports that he is dealing with a middle-aged cross-breed female dog showing signs of depression. The dog has presented with fluid in the abdominal cavity. Outline in a logical fashion the tests that would be helpful in defining the cause of the fluid accumulation, and explain why these tests would be useful.

c) Outline the range of readily available diagnostic tests that may be performed during or within 15 minutes of the end of a necropsy. Explain how they may be useful, using examples from both small animals and production animals.

2. Answer three (3) of the following six (6) questions (30 marks total; 10 marks each):

a) Discuss how you can distinguish the various categories of sterile canine histiocytic diseases based on the clinical presentation, gross pathology and either cytologic or histopathologic appearance. Include in your discussion the likely clinical progression and prognosis for each of the categories of sterile canine histiocytic diseases if they were not treated.

b) Discuss the clinical findings, gross pathology and histopathological changes in primary dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs.

c) Contamination of animal feeds with melamine has been associated with renal failure in a number of animal species. What is the pathogenesis of the renal failure resulting from food contamination with melamine?

d) Write short notes on prion diseases, including examples, lesions and pathogenesis.

e) List the expected clinical pathology findings in two (2) of the following:

i. ethylene glycol toxicosis in a cat

ii. hyperadrenocorticism in a dog

iii. exertional rhabdomyolysis in a horse (after three days)

iv. acute septic mastitis in a cow.

f) Outline the clinical presentation, gross and histologic findings that may be associated with a case of Hendra virus infection in a horse.

Continued over page

3. Answer three (3) from the following six (6) questions (30 marks total; 10 marks each):

a) Define Fanconi syndrome. List the clinicopathologic findings that are associated, and the known or suspected causes.

b) Describe briefly the pathogenesis and histological findings in a case of bovine listerial CNS infection.

c) List the steps involved in a standard urinalysis, and outline the limiting factors for interpretation of a standard urinalysis.

d) Describe the gross and histologic lesions that may be seen in piglets infected with porcine circovirus-2.

e) List, in logical order, the samples that may be taken at gross post-mortem from i) a bovine abortus and ii) an equine abortus. For each sample listed, state the test(s) that could be performed on the sample.

f) List the gross and microscopic lesions that may be associated with mycobacteriosis in aquarium fish.

4. Answer three (3) from the following six (6) questions (30 marks total; 10 marks each):

a) List the expected clinical pathology findings in two (2) of the following :

i. canine diabetes mellitus

ii. feline hepatic lipidosis

iii. acute equine salmonellosis

iv. right-sided abomasal displacement, bovine.

i) Outline the gross and histologic differences between bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia in a species of your choice, listing specific causes.

j) Describe the anatomic distribution, and either the cytologic or histological appearance of the common canine round cell tumours.

k) Briefly outline the clinical pathology and histological changes seen in canine parvovirus-2 infection.

l) Osteochondrosis is a common disorder of growth cartilage in domestic animals and humans. Define osteochondrosis and discuss its aetiology and pathogenesis.

m) List the gross and histologic changes seen in animals affected with broiler ascites syndrome.

End of paper

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