Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions



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|The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 – 2013). Questions on the same topic have been separated to |

|provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often over |

|the years. |

| |

|N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result. |

|E.& O.E. |

|No. |Question |Answer |

|1 |State a function of the cell membrane |Control entry into and exit from |

| | |cell of substances |

|2 |Explain how Rhizopus gets its food. |Secretes enzymes / digests / onto |

| | |bread / absorbs products |

|3 |State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell |Has a membrane bound nucleus |

|4 |Name a human cell that is haploid |Sperm, ovum |

|5 |What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones?|Catabolic |

|6 |By which type of cell division does the zygote divide? |Mitosis |

|7 |What process results from the contraction of the muscles of the small intestine? |Peristalsis |

|8 |Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi. |Any two correct |

|9 |In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1? |Hydrogen:Oxygen |

|10 |What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup? |Genotype |

|11 |What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? |Saprophytic. It breaks down dead |

| |Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. |organisms or recycling of nutrients|

| | |or reusing |

|12 |Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next developmental stage after the |Blastocyst |

| |morula? | |

|13 |Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection |Darwin |

|14 |Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of the small intestine: Acidic. |Alkaline |

| |Neutral. Alkaline. | |

|15 |Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a function of each of these |Muscle – contractile tissue |

| |tissues. |Elastin – return to orig. shape |

|16 |Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than heterotrophic. |Parasitic |

|17 |What is an hypothesis? |Educated guess |

|18 |The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles of the placenta. |Makes progesterone / barrier or one|

| | |(barrier) example / material |

| | |transfer (or one example) |

|19 |What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant temperature? |Respiration of carbohydrates |

|20 |Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide. |Composed of many sugar units |

|21 |Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine. |Pancreas, Liver |

|22 |To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? |Fungi |

|23 |To which group of molecules do enzymes belong? |Proteins |

|24 |In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes that distinguish the sexes but |Secondary sexual characteristics |

| |are not essential for reproduction. To what term does the definition in italics refer? | |

|25 |Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term heterotrophic mean? |Obtains food from other organisms |

| | |or does not make its own food |

|26 |To which kingdom do yeasts belong? |Fungi |

|27 |State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted |Meristem |

|28 |1. What are symbiotic bacteria? |1. Bacteria living on or in another organism |

| |2. Give two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the human alimentary canal. |involving benefit |

| | |2. Vitamin production / compete with pathogens /|

| | |reference to digestion / inhibits cancer cells |

|29 |Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme. |Efficiency not affected. Easily |

| | |recovered from the product. |

| | |Reusable this cuts costs |

|30 |What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes take place? |Puberty |

|31 |Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. |Weed-killers |

|32 |Name one economically harmful fungus. |Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or |

| | |blight or Dry rot (fungus) or athlete’s |

| | |foot (fungus) or any other correct |

|33 |The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic. |Feeding on dead matter |

| |What does the term saprophytic mean? |Breakdown of dead matter or |

| |Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of nature. |breakdown of organic matter or |

| | |recycling |

|34 |State a role for cellulose in living organisms. |Support in plants. Roughage in |

| | |human diet |

|35 |Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed? |Colon or large intestine |

|36 |Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a male. |Testosterone |

|37 |Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose. |Starch |

|38 |Describe a test for a named polysaccharide. |Starch + Iodine ( Blue/black colour|

|39 |What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics? |Separation of a pair of allelic |

| | |genes during the process of meiosis|

| | |and gamete formation |

|40 |In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription. |the making of RNA from a single |

| | |strand of DNA |

|41 |State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. |Digestion or secretion or |

| | |absorption or anchorage |

|42 |Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote formation, 3. Implantations occur?|1. Ovary; 2. Fallopian tube; 3. |

| | |Uterus |

|43 |State two ways, other than colour, in which red blood cells differ from white blood cells. |Smaller / more of them / biconcave / disc|

| | |(shape) / no nucleus (when mature) / no |

| | |mitochondria / transport oxygen / contain|

| | |haemoglobin / transport CO2 |

|44 |Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to collect and cook wild mushrooms from a|Some could be poisonous |

| |local forest. | |

| |Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea. | |

|45 |Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis. | |

| | |light energy |

| | |6CO2 + 6H2O ( C6H12O6 + 6O2 |

| | |chlorophyll |

|46 |In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form? |Light stage |

|47 |Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose? |Cell wall |

|48 |Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the valves? |Prevent back flow of blood |

|49 |Name a group of white blood cells, other than lymphocytes. |Phagocytic (white cells) or |

| | |monocytes |

|50 |Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model of transport. |Dixon & Joly |

|51 |Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the events of the menstrual |Oestrogen: Endometrium repair / stimulates |

| |cycle. |LH / inhibits FSH; Progesterone: Endometrium|

| | |maintenance / inhibits LH / inhibits FSH |

|52 |Distinguish between breathing and respiration. |Breathing = the physical inhalation and |

| | |exhalation |

| | |Respiration = the controlled release of energy|

| | |from food, within cells |

|53 |What structures attach a muscle to a bone? |Tendons |

|54 |What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme? |An enzyme (highly specific organic protein |

| | |catalysts) that has been destroyed by |

| | |excessive heat, pH, etc. It will not 'work' |

| | |again. |

|55 |Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function? |Where: Trachea |

| | |Function: propulsion of mucus |

|56 |Lymphocytes may be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies |1. To inactivate antigens |

| |1. What is the role of antibodies in the body? |2. Helper / killer / suppressor / memory |

| |2. Name any three types of T cell. |3. Helper: recognise antigens or secrete |

| |3. State a role of each of the T cell types that you named in part 2. |interferon or stimulate B-cell (or antibody |

| | |production) or activate killer cell; Killer: |

| | |attack infected cells or secrete perforin; |

| | |Suppressor: stop immune responses; Memory: long |

| | |term protection or remember antigens (to which |

| | |they have been exposed) or explained |

|57 |Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar. |Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s |

|58 |Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is starting. |Mucus show or contractions or |

| | |waters break |

|59 |Plants have evolved certain adaptations that protect them from adverse conditions. List two such |Waxy layer or opening and closing |

| |adaptations. |of stomata or Thorns or Stings |

|60 |Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension model. |Water molecules stick together / due to H-bonding / continuous |

| | |chain of water molecules / water tends to adhere to xylem walls|

| | |/ transpiration or water loss ‘pulls’ the column of water up |

|61 |Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a reducing sugar. |Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s |

|62 |State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis. |Asthma: of pollen, house mites, dog and cat dander or vigorous |

| | |exercise |

| | |Bronchitis: bacteria, viruses and long-term exposure to irritants |

| | |such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants |

|63 |Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm? |Biceps |

|64 |Explain the term homeostasis. |Maintenance of a constant internal |

| | |environment |

|65 |From what does a seed develop? |Ovule |

|66 |Give a short account of the birth process. |Contractions or amniotic sac breaks|

| | |or cervix dilates / Baby delivered |

| | |/ Afterbirth delivered |

|67 |Give two examples of the use of plant growth regulators. |Ethene – fruit ripening |

| | |Gibberellin – speeds up germination|

|68 |Name an enzyme and matching substrate |Amylase + starch |

| | |Maltase + maltose |

|69 |The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water movement in plants against a particular |Gravity |

| |force. Name this force. | |

|70 |Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the human female? |Half way along the Fallopian Tube |

| | |(Oviduct) |

|71 |What is a disaccharide? |A carbohydrate composed of two |

| | |monosaccharide units |

|72 |Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange materials between different |Diffusion: movement of substances with (along) a |

| |tissues or between itself and the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and |concentration gradient or explained |

| |active transport. Explain each of the underlined terms. |Osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable |

| | |membrane from a high water concentration to a low |

| | |concentration |

| | |Active transport: movement of molecules against a |

| | |concentration gradient or movement of molecules using |

| | |energy |

|73 |When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct? |2. Heat but do not boil |

| |1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil. | |

|74 |What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles? |(Two) muscles that work in |

| | |opposition to each other |

|75 |What are growth regulators in plants? |Chemicals that control growth (in |

| | |plants) |

|76 |What term is used for the type of asexual reproduction that produces a daughter plant by runners? |Vegetative propagation |

|77 |Where precisely does water enter a plant? |Through root hairs |

|78 |Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves. |Xylem |

|79 |Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis. |Asthma: steroid tablets or inhalers|

| | |Bronchitis: bronchodilators |

|80 |State one way in which each of the following contributes to homeostasis. |Absorption of glucose or release of glucose or heat |

| |1. Liver. |generation |

| |2. Lungs. |Excretion of water or excretion of CO2 or release of |

| |3. Nephrons of kidneys. |heat |

| | |Excretion of water or reabsorption of water or |

| | |excretion of salts (or ions) or reabsorbtion of salts |

| | |(or ions) |

|81 |What might a hypothesis develop into? | A Theory |

|82 |What do the letters ATP stand for? |Adenosine triphosphate |

|83 |Explain the term transpiration. |Loss of water(vapour) through |

| | |leaves of plant |

|84 |Would you expect a daughter plant produced by a runner to be haploid or diploid? Explain your answer. |Diploid. Product of mitosis or |

| | |genetically identical (to parent) |

| | |or clone |

|85 |State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats. |C, H and O in different proportions|

|86 |Name the type of joint at the elbow. |Hinge or synovial or moveable |

|87 |Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water. |Narrow or lignified (or rigid) or |

| | |continuous lumen or wettable |

|88 |Describe the role of the skin in controlling body temperature. |Too hot: Sweat / dilation of blood vessels / hair flat|

| | |Too cold: Constriction of of blood vessels / hair |

| | |stands up |

| | |Insulation by (subcutaneous) fat |

|89 |From which structure in the seed does the root develop? |The radicle of the embryo |

|90 |Give one method, other than runners, and not involving seeds, that is used by horticulturists to produce |Cuttings or layering or grafting or|

| |new plants. |micro-propagation or tissue |

| | |culture |

|91 |What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant? |Active transport |

|92 |By what process does water enter a plant? |Osmosis |

|93 |State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans. |Baking and Brewing industries |

|94 |State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in respect of the dominant allele A. |A and a |

|95 |What is meant by the term immunity? |The ability of the body to resist |

| | |infection |

|96 |Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in flowering plant reproduction. |Attracts insects (or other pollinators) |

| |1. Petal. |(Site of) pollen manufacture or (site of) pollen |

| |2. Anther. |release |

| |3. Stigma. |Pollen lands on it or pollen sticks to it or |

| | |pollen germination |

|97 |Give a precise location of xylem in the stem. |In vascular bundles or next to |

| | |phloem |

|98 |Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton. |Protection or body support or |

| | |shape or blood cell production or |

| | |muscle attachment |

|99 |When investigating digestive activity during seed germination: 1. How did you supply a substrate suitable |1. Milk agar or starch agar; 2. |

| |for the digestive enzymes? 2. How did you ensure that no digestive enzymes were available on the control |Boiled seeds |

| |plate? | |

|100 |Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? |Root hairs |

|101 |Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms. |Glucose – energy |

| | |Ribose - RNA |

|102 |Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response. |Maximise the amount of light |

| | |trapped for photosynthesis |

|103 |When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete? |When the gamete nuclei fuse. |

|104 |Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach the embryo sac. |Stigma or style or ovary or |

| | |micropyle |

|105 |State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli. |Gaseous exchange. O2 from alveolus |

| | |to blood and CO2 from blood to |

| | |alveolus |

|106 |State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport. |Support or other transport function|

|107 |A virus has been described as a piece of genetic material that has escaped from a cell. Give one piece of |Composed of nucleic acid (or DNA or|

| |evidence that supports this description. |RNA) |

|108 |Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the breathing system. |Asthma: Avoid triggers /dust |

|109 |How are the alveoli adapted for their function? |Have a large surface area |

| | |Walls of alveoli are elastic and |

| | |only one cell thick |

|110 |Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow. |To be light or to allow flight |

|111 |Name the reagents used to test for a protein. |Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide |

|112 |Within the pollen tube the generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes. |1. mitosis |

| |1. What type of division takes place? |2. egg [allow ovum or female |

| |2. With what does each male gamete fuse in the embryo sac? |gamete] |

| |3. Name the product of each fusion. |polar nuclei |

| | |3. Zygote |

| | |endosperm (nucleus) |

|113 |Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved in blood. Which gas is this?|Carbon dioxide |

|114 |Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast. |Glucose solution |

|115 |Viruses are examples of obligate parasites. Explain why this is the case. |Can only replicate (or reproduce) |

| | |inside a cell (or host) |

|116 |Suggest a possible cause of a named disorder of the breathing system. |Asthma: Dog dander / Dust |

|117 |What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear? |Posture or balance |

|118 |Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth. |abscisic acid and ethene |

|119 |Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from? |C, H and O |

|120 |As the seed forms following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two structures. Name any one of |Endosperm or cotyledon (or seed |

| |these structures. |leaf or embryonic leaf) |

|121 |Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? |Root hairs |

|122 |Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during photosynthesis. What is an energised |Electrons containing additional |

| |electron? |energy which was picked up from the|

| | |sun |

|123 |In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a triplet. |Triplet = a sequence of three nitrogenous|

| | |bases of mRNA |

| | |Role = it codes for a specific amino acid|

|124 |Give an example of how a virus might be beneficial to mankind. |Genetic engineering or vaccine |

| | |(production) or cancer treatment or|

| | |pest control or disease control |

|125 |Name one disorder of the human breathing system. |Asthma |

|126 |What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear? |Pressure equalisation |

|127 |Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place. |Chloroplast |

|128 |1. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo. |1. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |

| |2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from it. |2. ectoderm: e.g nervous system |

| | |mesoderm: e.g skeletal system |

| | |endoderm: e.g. digestive system |

|129 |Why is a control important in an experiment? |For comparison purposes |

|130 |Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture. |Producing seedless fruit |

| | |Promote ripening |

| | |Selective Weed killer |

|131 |By what process does water enter a plant? |Osmosis |

|132 |What term is used for glands that secrete hormones? |Endocrine |

|133 |Describe in detail how we inhale air. |Intercostal muscles contract / to move Ribcage up |

| | |and out / Diaphragm contracts or moves downward / |

| | |Lung (Volume) increases / Pressure decreases / Air|

| | |moves in |

|134 |Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise the effects of asthma or |Avoid smokey atmospheres |

| |bronchitis. |Avoid their symptom ‘trigger’ |

|135 |Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated. |Cochlea or semi-circular canals |

|136 |From which tissues does the placenta develop? |Embryonic and Uterine or |

| | |endometrium |

|137 |State the Law of Independent Assortment. |During gamete formation each member of a |

| | |pair of genes may combine randomly with |

| | |either of another pair |

|138 |In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative propagation. |A type of reproduction in plants |

| | |that does not involve the |

| | |production of seed |

|139 |Distinguish between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds. |Endospermic: a seed whose main food store is in the endosperm |

| | |(nutritive tissue found within the embryo sac of a seed plant) |

| | |Non-endospermic: main food store for developing embryo is in |

| | |cotyledons |

|140 |How do these glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones? |Ductless |

|141 |Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers that appear in early human |Layer of cells / in the blastula (embryo) / |

| |development. |(potential to) give rise to (specific) tissues (or|

| | |organs) |

| | |Three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm |

|142 |One large muscle and one set of muscles are involved in inhalation. Name both. |Diaphragm / Intercostal (rib) |

| | |muscles |

|143 |Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant. |Xylem or Dermal or Ground or |

| | |Vascular or Phloem |

|144 |1. What is the amnion? |1. A membrane (or sac) that |

| |2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus. |surrounds the embryo (or foetus) |

| | |2. It contains (or secretes) |

| | |(amniotic) fluid or protects embryo|

|145 |In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated? |Retina or named part of retina |

|146 |Define predation. |The act of killing and eating |

| | |another animal (or organism) for |

| | |food. |

|147 |Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. |Selective weed killer |

|148 |Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant. |Osmosis |

|149 |In which tissue does water ascend through the plant? |Xylem |

|150 |When we breathe we inhale air. What gas in the air is essential for respiration? |Oxygen |

|151 |Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland. |Hormone (or insulin) secretion & non-hormone|

| | |(enzyme) secretions or has endocrine and |

| | |exocrine function (or described) |

|152 |Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse environmental stimulus. Suggest one |Dehydration or other named |

| |such stimulus. | |

|153 |How do phospholipids differ from other lipids? |Are lipids with one of its fatty |

| | |acids replaced with a phosphate |

| | |group |

|154 |Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected. |Skull (or bone) or wax or wear ear |

| | |protection or avoid noisy |

| | |environments |

|155 |Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant. |Root pressure or cohesion or |

| | |adhesion or capillarity or |

| | |transpiration |

|156 |To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong? |White blood cells |

|157 |Explain the term niche. |The functional role of an organism |

| | |(in an ecosystem) |

|158 |Give two advantages to Rhizopus of zygospore formation. |Can survive drought (or named |

| | |adverse condition) / dispersal |

|159 |Explain in detail how the eye works. |Light through Cornea / Pupil / Lens / |

| | |Accommodation / Focus / onto Retina / |

| | |Rods / cones / nerve impulse / Optic |

| | |Nerve |

|160 |What is the chemical nature of many hormones? |Protein |

|161 |Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis. |It traps and transfers energised |

| | |electrons and hydrogen ions. |

|162 |Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism. |non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can |

| | |reproduce in host cell only or obligate |

| | |parasite / do not possess organelles or named |

| | |organelle |

|163 |Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision works. |Named defect |

| | |Corrective measure or how this |

| | |works to correct named defect |

|164 |Distinguish between active and passive immunity. |Active = When the body produces its own antibodies – long term |

| | |protection |

| | |Passive = The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection |

| | |– short term protection |

|165 |Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. |(The amount of water moving through|

| |Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant and give a reason for your answer.|the plant) decreases (Because) |

| | |photosynthesis stops or stomata |

| | |close in darkness or night-time is |

| | |cooler |

|166 |In the case of each of two named hormones secreted in the human body state: 1. The precise location of |e.g.1 thyroxine, 1. Thyroid gland in |

| |the gland that secretes it. 2. A function of the hormone. |neck; 2. Controls rate of metabolism; |

| | |e.g.2 Insulin, 1. islets of Langerhans |

| | |I pancreas; 2. Controls sugar levels of|

| | |blood |

|167 |The eye is filled with fluid. What is the function of this fluid? |Give shape to eye or support lens |

| | |or transmits light |

|168 |What term is used to describe the process of asexual reproduction in yeast? |Budding |

|169 |The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the … |Middle ear |

|170 |Name an anabolic process carried out by plants. |Photosynthesis |

|171 |In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA. |Carries specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the |

| | |ribosomes where they are joined together, in an order |

| | |determined by the sequence of bases on the mRNA attached to |

| | |the ribosomes. |

|172 |State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells. |Immediately inside the cell wall |

|173 |Bile is secreted by the … |Liver |

|174 |In the case of one non sex hormone 1. Give a deficiency symptom. 2. Give a symptom of excess secretion. |e.g. 1. Deficiency of growth hormone |

| |3. Give a corrective measure for either its deficiency or its excess, clearly stating which you have |causes pituitary dwarfism; 2. Rate of|

| |chosen. |growth reduced; 3. Deficiency |

| | |corrected by injections of growth |

| | |hormone |

|175 |What happens to the new cells of Rhizopus formed during the process of asexual reproduction? |Forms a colony or break away (from |

| | |the mother cell) |

|176 |Name and give a function of the coloured part of the eye. |Name: Iris Function - control |

| | |amount of light entering eye |

|177 |Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf. |Stomata |

|178 |State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves. |Thorns / stings / bad taste / |

| | |poison / mimicry / cuticle / heat |

| | |shock proteins |

|179 |Bones are joined to other bones by … |Ligaments |

|180 |An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an … |Omnivore |

|181 |With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles? |Eukaryotic |

|182 |How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast? |(Rhizopus) produces spores |

|183 |What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form? |A structure attached to the inner surface of the |

| | |womb (uterus) of pregnant mammals, which helps to |

| | |nourish the foetus, and discharges its waste. |

|184 |List two methods of contraception. |Barrier (or named, e.g. condom) / contraceptive |

| | |pill / vasectomy / abstain |

|185 |Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses. |Hormones travel in blood or are |

| | |chemical, electrical transmission |

| | |in nerves |

|186 |Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey. |Predator = fox, |

| | |Prey = rabbit |

|187 |Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo. |May digest skin |

|188 |What is meant by fertilisation? |Fusion of gametes or formation of |

| | |zygote |

|189 |Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell. |Attaches to host. Inserts nucleic acid into cell – |

| | |takes over cell’s DNA. Makes numerous copies of it –|

| | |new viruses assembled and cell bursts to release |

| | |them. |

|190 |Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Include a clear reference|CNS: brain and spinal cord |

| |to each in your answer. |PNS: nerves leading to and from CNS|

| | |or nerves not in CNS |

|191 |What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound organelles? |Prokaryotic |

|192 |Distinguish clearly between antibodies and antibiotics by writing a note about each. |Antibodies – proteins / produced by body / in response |

| | |to antigen (or to infection); |

| | |Antibiotics – produced by micro-organisms / kill (or |

| | |destroy or stop growth of) other micro-organisms / do |

| | |not affect viruses |

|193 |What is meant by the term contraception? |Prevention of pregnancy |

|194 |Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role of the polysaccharide that |Starch |

| |you have named? |Role: storage carbohydrate |

|195 |Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different parts of a plant. |Rhizomes (Stem), Bulbs (Leaves), |

| | |Tubers (Root & Stem) |

|196 |What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria? |Binary fission |

|197 |Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against pathogenic micro-organisms. |Continuous unbroken layer |

| | |Sweat contains bactericidal agents |

|198 |Give one way in which a nervous response differs from a hormonal response. |Faster or shorter-lived or |

| | |electrical |

|199 |Name the part of the flower in each case |1. Embryo sac or ovule or ovary or carpel|

| |Where fertilisation occurs |2. Carpel or ovary or receptacle |

| |That becomes the fruit. | |

|200 |The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does this mean? |Only some substances are allowed |

| | |through |

|201 |Where in the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur? |Testes |

|202 |Explain the term edaphic. |Factors relating to the soil [which|

| | |affects the distribution of |

| | |organisms in a (terrestrial) |

| | |ecosystem] |

|203 |In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity. |Active - antibodies produced in |

| | |body; Passive – antibodies given |

|204 |What is meant by the diploid number of a cell? |Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of |

| | |chromosomes). |

|205 |In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for carbohydrate formation? |Dark Stage |

|206 |Give one function each of any two parts found only in neurons. |Dendrites: which receives impulses and transmits them towards the cell|

| | |body |

| | |Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body |

| | |Myelin sheath: Speeds up impulse transmission |

| | |Schwann cells: secretes the myelin sheath |

|207 |State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and dicotyledons other than the number |Monocotyledon: Parallel venation, scattered |

| |of seed leaves. |vascular bundles, petals in multiples of 3 |

| | |Dicotyledon: Network venation, vascular |

| | |bundles in a ring, petals in multiples of 4 or|

| | |5 |

|208 |Name the two main chemical components of a virus. |Protein coat and |

| | |DNA or RNA |

|209 |Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport? |No (or little) energy (or ATP) |

| | |required |

|210 |Suggest a reason why the structure containing the testis must be kept below body temperature. |Sperm production better if cooler |

|211 |State two ways in which growth regulators in plants are similar to hormones in animals. |Made at one site & function at another /|

| | |Transport slow / in vascular tissue or in|

| | |blood and phloem (or xylem) / chemical |

| | |(nature) |

|212 |Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One function of fruit is to aid |(Embryo): (part of seed that) |

| |dispersal. |becomes the new plant |

| |Explain each of the underlined terms. |(Dispersal): Spreading of seeds. |

|213 |What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria? |Disease causing organism |

|214 |Name and state the role of any two types of neuron, other than the motor neuron. |Sensory neuron carry impulses to CNS (or |

| | |to named part of CNS) |

| | |Interneuron carry impulses within CNS or |

| | |carry impulses from sensory to motor |

| | |neuron |

|215 |Give an example of an edaphic factor |Available (soil) water, mineral |

| | |content, pH, humus |

|216 |Name a plant growth regulator that promotes growth and give a precise location for a site of its action. |e.g. IAA (auxin), Just behind shoot|

| | |(or root) tip or meristem or zone |

| | |of elongation |

|217 |What is an enzyme? |Highly specific organic protein |

| | |catalysts |

|218 |What is the function of the prostate gland? |Release liquid or nourish or |

| | |support sperm |

|219 |What is meant by the germination of a seed? |Is the beginning of the growth |

| | |after a period of dormancy |

|220 |Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why. |Movement of water or (osmosis) |

| | |requires a membrane |

|221 |Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation. |Varieties maintained |

| | |Pollination, Dispersal & |

| | |Germination eliminated |

|222 |Through which part of a stem are growth promoters transported? |Vascular bundles or vascular tissue|

| | |or phloem or xylem |

|223 |State one function for each of the following parts of the human brain. |language or reason or consciousness or senses |

| |Cerebrum; |or memory or intelligence or emotions or |

| |Hypothalamus; |other |

| |Cerebellum; |homeostasis or example of homeostasis or |

| |Medulla oblongata. |endocrine function or other |

| | |movement or balance or coordination or |

| | |example |

| | |involuntary muscle control or example |

|224 |By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore fruit dispersed? |(Blackberries): Animals |

| | |(Sycamore fruit): Wind |

|225 |State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that increases it. |Decrease = low body temperature / fitness / |

| | |sedatives |

| | |Increase = high body temperature / dehydration / |

| | |exercise / fear / pain / caffeine / stress |

|226 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease caused by it. |Fat-soluble: Vitamin D |

| | |Source: Liver, Eggs, Sunlight |

| | |Deficiency: Rickets & Osteomalacia |

|227 |Name one male sex hormone. |Testosterone or FSH or LH |

|228 |Where are the discs in the human backbone? |Between the vertebrae |

|229 |Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has entered by osmosis. |Contractile vacuole |

|230 |Outline two uses of growth promoters in horticulture. |Encourage rooting in cuttings / |

| | |promote ripening / weed killer / |

| | |seedless fruit / micro-propagation or|

| | |tissue culture |

|231 |In relation to the nervous system, distinguish between grey matter and white matter. Include a clear |Grey: few axons or little myelin or|

| |reference to each in your answer. |mostly cell bodies |

| | |White: many axons or much myelin or|

| | |few cell bodies |

|232 |Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood. |Coronary artery |

|233 |What is meant by the term DNA profiling? |Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s |

| | |DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted |

| | |by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code. |

|234 |What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant? |Germination |

|235 |Some people receive vaccinations to protect them from disease. What is meant by the term vaccination? |Receiving a non disease causing |

| | |dose of a pathogen |

|236 |Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each. |T-cells: do not produce antibodies but are |

| | |either helper, killer, suppressor or memory |

| | |cells |

| | |B-cells: produce antibodies |

|237 |To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood? |To the lungs |

|238 |In the case of either paralysis or Parkinson’s disease state: |Parkinson’s |Paralysis |

| |1. a possible cause, other than accident; |Cause: |Cause: |

| |2. a method of treatment. |Treatment: |Treatment: |

|239 |What is meant by the term metabolism? |All the chemical reactions in |

| | |living cells |

|240 |Give an example of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. |IAA / auxin / ethene (ethylene) / |

| | |abscisic acid |

|241 |What is meant by the term evolution? |The way organisms change |

| | |genetically from pre-existing forms|

| | |to produce new species over long |

| | |periods of time. |

|242 |What is the function of the discs in the human backbone? |Prevent vertebrae rubbing off each |

| | |other. To allow a little movement. |

| | |To act as shock absorbers |

|243 |What is a tissue? |Group of similar cells. |

|244 |Viruses cause disease in plants, humans, and other animals. Name any two diseases caused by viruses. |AIDS / Common cold / Flu |

|245 |In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions must be present. Name any two |Suitable temperature / moisture / |

| |of these conditions. |O2 |

|246 |From the following list, Write any term that describes the nutrition of a typical plant: parasitic; |Autotrophic |

| |heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic. | |

|247 |Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative propagation clones? Explain |Yes. They only have one parent and |

| |your answer. |their genotype is that of their |

| | |parent. |

|248 |“Enzymes are essential for metabolism”. |Enzymes are catalysts |

| |Explain why this statement is true. |Enzymes control rate of metabolic |

| | |reactions |

|249 |What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become unfavourable? |Endospores |

|250 |In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the dog? |Endothermic |

|251 |State three functions of a root. |Absorb water and minerals |

| | |Support the plant |

| | |Sometime to store food |

|252 |What is a cotyledon? |A seed leaf, a food store. |

|253 |Which type of immunity is the longest-lasting? |Active immunity |

|254 |Suggest how a commercial grower might try to increase crop yield in his glasshouses or tunnels. |Use violet (or blue or orange or |

| | |red) light |

|255 |Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow. |Yellow: Contains fat-storage tissue|

| | |Red: Produces blood cells |

|256 |Describe the process of birth. |Oxytocin increases / Progesterone decreases / Uterus|

| | |contracts / waters break / cervix dilates / baby out|

| | |/ usually head first / cord cut / placenta out |

|257 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis. |Anabolic |

|258 |What is the function of the bicuspid valve? |Prevents blood flowing from the |

| | |left ventricle to the left atrium |

| | |when the ventricle contracts |

|259 |What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute? |72 |

|260 |What is the main source of a dog’s body heat? |Respiration or metabolism or |

| | |carbohydrate (or named |

| | |carbohydrate) or fat (or named fat)|

|261 |Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity by defining each. |Active - (body) produces antibodies; |

| | |Passive - antibodies given or |

| | |administered (produced by another |

| | |organism |

|262 |What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of photosynthesis? |Air (or atmosphere) or respiration |

|263 |Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions |Iron – haemoglobin formation |

| | |Calcium – bone & teeth growth |

|264 |State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination. |Water, Oxygen, Suitable temperature|

|265 |What is the purpose of vaccination? |To introduce antigens causing the body to|

| | |produce corresponding antibodies to gain |

| | |immunity to that infection |

|266 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP. |Anabolic |

|267 |Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature and environmental temperature.|(Temperature always suitable) for |

| | |good enzyme activity or metabolism |

| | |or activity independent of |

| | |environment |

|268 |Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding. |Ideal nutrient or antibodies or |

| | |mother-baby bond or reduced |

| | |infection |

|269 |State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of photosynthesis. |NADP: to transport electrons / to |

| | |transport energy / H-carrier |

| | |ATP: Energy source or energy store |

|270 |The general defence system tries to prevent disease-causing organisms entering the body. List two parts of |Skin or Cilia or Stomach acid or |

| |the general defence system in the body. |Tears or WBC or Blood Clotting |

|271 |What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms? |Reproduction |

|272 |Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for flowering plants. |Cuttings, Layering, Grafting, |

|273 |Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration. |Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O |

| |C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( | |

|274 |State two uses of DNA profiling. |Paternity disputes, Forensic |

| | |Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic|

| | |Archaeology |

|275 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product molecules are larger than |Anabolic |

| |substrate molecules. | |

|276 |Write a brief note on in Glycolysis relation to respiration. |First stage of respiration / in cytoplasm (or |

| | |in cytosol) / anaerobic / starts with glucose |

| | |(or indicated) / produces pyruvate / low |

| | |energy release |

|277 |In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the lizard? |Ectothermic |

|278 |What term is used to describe organisms that cause disease? |Pathogen |

|279 |Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you have studied (not domesticated|Herbivore: rabbit |

| |or farm animals). |Carnivore: fox |

|280 |List two methods of contraception. |Condom / pill / IUD / cap / diaphragm / Spermicide / mucus |

| | |monitoring / sympto-thermal / vasectomy / tubectomy / |

| | |Surgical / chemical / mechanical / natural / rhythm / |

| | |implants |

|281 |Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms. |Growth of organism |

|282 |Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread fertilizers if heavy rain |To prevent nitrates from entering |

| |is forecast. Why do you think they are given this warning? |streams and rivers. To prevent |

| | |eutrophication. |

|283 |What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems? |Sun |

|284 |Write a brief note on in Acetyl Co-enzyme A relation to respiration. |Aerobic / formed from pyruvate / |

| | |2-carbon (group) / joins Krebs |

| | |cycle / in mitochondrion |

|285 |State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured. |High temperature or high (or low) |

| | |pH or agitation (or described) or |

| | |high salinity or alcohol |

|286 |What is the main source of a lizard’s body heat? |Environment or the sun or |

| | |metabolism |

|287 |Suggest one cause and one treatment for a named disorder of the |Name: Arthritis / osteoporosis; Cause: Arthritis – injury / hormonal |

| |human musculoskeletal system. |imbalance / genetic / immune response; Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / |

| | |lack of exercise / genetic / dietary /menopause; Treatment: Arthritis – |

| | |anti-inflammatory drugs / analgesics / rest / exercise / replacement of |

| | |joint / steroids or named / immuno-suppressants; Osteoporosis: HRT / |

| | |exercise / diet / dietary supplements or named |

|288 |Explain what is meant by pollution. |The harmful addition to the |

| | |environment (by humans) that leaves|

| | |it less able to sustain life |

|289 |To what structure does the ureter link the kidney? |Bladder |

|290 |Give two functions of the placenta. |To allow nutrients / O2 / antibodies to pass to child / to allow|

| | |CO2 out / waste to pass to mother / to synthesise progesterone / |

| | |prevent mixing of blood / protect foetus from mother’s blood |

| | |pressure |

|291 |Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion takes place. |Lungs, Skin |

|292 |Write a brief note on in Adenosine triphosphate relation to respiration. |High energy bonds (or high energy molecule) / |

| | |energy store / releases energy / forming ADP |

| | |(or formed from ADP) / large ATP production in|

| | |stage 2 |

|293 |Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants. |Meristematic zones |

|294 |Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. |Monera |

|295 |Name one disorder of the human musculoskeletal system. |Arthritis / Osteoporosis |

|296 |Give two features of a denatured enzyme. |Changed structure |

| | |Loss of function |

|297 |Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. |Baking & brewing industries |

|298 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? |Fungi |

|299 |State a function of the sepal. |Protects the flower when it is a |

| | |bud |

|300 |Write a brief note on in Electron transport chain relation to respiration. |Aerobic / in mitochondrion / carries high-energy |

| | |electrons / from NADH or from Krebs cycle / to |

| | |protons / formation of water / ATP produced or high |

| | |energy release |

|301 |From what tissues is the placenta formed? |Mother’s and child’s |

|302 |To which kingdom does the organism used in industrial fermentation belong? |Fungi |

|303 |Where does filtration occur in the kidney? |In the glomerulus. |

|304 |What general name is given to places in the body where two or more bones meet? |Joints |

|305 |Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always present in the building blocks of|Nitrogen |

| |enzymes. Name that element. | |

|306 |Name the liquid part of blood. |Plasma |

|307 |What is genetic engineering? |Manipulation or alteration of genes|

|308 |Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Include a clear reference to each in |Chain: One species at each trophic (or feeding) level or|

| |your answer. |described or diagram |

| | |Web: Interconnected food chains or described or diagram |

| | |or more than one species at each trophic (or feeding) |

| | |level |

|309 |Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled. |Example & Control measure |

|310 |1. Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore? |1. Harsh conditions or example; |

| |2. Describe briefly how an endospore forms. |2. DNA replicates / thick wall (or |

| | |described) / encloses / shrinkage (or water |

| | |loss) / of cytoplasm |

|311 |Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted to a usable form. |Photosynthesis |

|312 |Describe the roles of the biceps and triceps in raising the forearm. |Biceps contracts / Triceps relaxes |

|313 |Describe the process of natural selection. |The way nature selects organisms with advantageous |

| | |genes which allow them to adapt to the environment, |

| | |and pass them on to successive generations |

|314 |In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable |Counted bubbles (or measured |

| |investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis measured? |volume) / per unit time OR |

| | |datalogging / named sensor (or |

| | |mention of time) |

|315 |From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop? |Radicle |

|316 |What do ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbers? |Diagram that shows the number of |

| | |organisms at each trophic level |

|317 |Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants. |Xylem and Phloem |

|318 |Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria. |Saprophytic and Parasitic |

|319 |Name three processes involved in genetic engineering. |Isolation, Cutting, Ligation, |

| | |Insertion, Transformation, |

| | |Expression |

|320 |Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates. |Proteins |

|321 |Name the structures that attach muscles to bones. |Tendons |

|322 |Name two male secondary sexual characteristics. |Deep voice / enlarged testes / enlarged penis / facial hair /|

| | |chest hair / underarm hair / pubic hair / extra sebum / |

| | |distinctive musculature / Sexual aggression / Increase sex |

| | |drive |

|323 |In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable |Light (if CO2 addressed) or CO2 (if|

| |investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant |light addressed) or temperature |

| |during this investigation. | |

|324 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic |Food source or biological control |

| |species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a |or aesthetic or sporting or other |

| |species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |

| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |

| |Suggest a reason for attempting to establish an exotic species in a new country. | |

|325 |Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the cytoplasm. Where does the |Mitochondria |

| |second stage take place? | |

|326 |Using your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria, suggest why a person is more likely to pick up an |Antibiotic resistance strains / |

| |infection in hospital than at home. |more pathogens / more people (or |

| | |poor hygiene) / patients weaker |

|327 |Name an autotrophic organism |Grass |

|328 |Give an example of a catabolic reaction |Respiration |

|329 |If two muscles form an antagonistic pair. What does this mean? |The two Work Opposite to each other|

|330 |The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called … |Nitrogen fixation |

|331 |Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of the following cases: 1. A |M/O: Production of human insulin |

| |micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant. |Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors|

| | |Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible |

| | |solution to Vitamin A deficiency |

|332 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic |Failure to adapt / example of |

| |species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a |failure to adapt / preyed upon / |

| |species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. |insufficient numbers / dispersal / |

| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. |competition |

| |Suggest two reasons why the great majority of attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |

|333 |Give a source of evidence for evolution. Briefly outline the evidence from the source referred to. |Fossils or embryology or anatomy or|

| | |adaptation of plant or animal or |

| | |genetics |

|334 |What is meant by the term evolution? |Inheritable change within a population (or |

| | |species) / in response to change in the |

| | |environment / by natural selection / over time|

|335 |Name the principal male sex hormone. |Testosterone |

|336 |What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate? |H:O::2:1 |

|337 |A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ... |Symbiotic |

|338 |Suggest what might happen to lactic acid in the muscles after anaerobic respiration. |Broken down or Diffuses away or |

| | |Turns to fat (Respired aerobically)|

|339 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? |Anther of the stamen |

|340 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic |Seed dispersal or fruit |

| |species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a | |

| |species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |

| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |

| |Use your knowledge of the life cycle of flowering plants to suggest how an exotic plant may escape from | |

| |captivity. | |

|341 |Give the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase. |Joins nucleotides together (to give|

| | |mRNA product) or to make RNA |

|342 |An example of a protein that has a structural role is ... |Keratin, myosin |

|343 |Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection. |Darwin or Wallace |

|344 |What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population with respect to features such |Variation |

| |as height? | |

|345 |What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)? |To carry sperm or semen |

|346 |What is the name of the acid produced in the muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration? |Lactic acid |

|347 |Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? |Because it contains two seed leaves|

|348 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic |Increased competition or |

| |species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a |(increased) predation or example of|

| |species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. |increased competition or example |

| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. |of increased predation |

| |Use the knowledge that you have gained in your studies of ecology to suggest how the introduction of an | |

| |exotic species may: 1. impact negatively on an existing community. 2. impact positively on an existing |Control of nuisance species or food|

| |community. |or shelter or other |

|349 |What is meant in genetics by the term sex linkage? Name two common sex-linked traits. |Gene(s) on sex or on X or on Y |

| | |chromosome. Haemophilia / colour |

| | |blindness |

|350 |What is a mutation? |Change in the genetic make up |

|351 |What is the function of the stomata? |To allow gaseous exchange |

|352 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each |Gene: a section of DNA that codes |

| |member of each pair: Gene and allele. |for one polypeptide (or protein or |

| | |trait) or unit of heredity |

| | |Allele: an alternative form of a |

| | |gene |

|353 |Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood. |Glucose, minerals, vitamins, |

| | |hormones, etc. |

|354 |Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage |Tulip, daffodil, etc. |

|355 |In anaerobic respiration, is a little or a lot of energy produced? |Little |

|356 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as exotic |1. Role of organism (in an |

| |species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a |ecosystem) or explained e.g. ‘how |

| |species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. |it fits’ |

| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. |2. + 3. Yes, because it is adapted |

| |It has been stated that an exotic species has a good chance of becoming established in a new environment if|(or is suited) or explained OR No, |

| |there is a vacant niche. |because it is not adapted (or is |

| |1. Explain the term niche in this context. |not suited) or explained |

| |2. Do you agree with the above statement? | |

| |3. Explain your answer. | |

|357 |Human males and females differ in one of their twenty three pairs of chromosomes. What name is given to |Heterosomes or sex chromosomes |

| |this pair of chromosomes? | |

|358 |From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood? |Small intestine or duodenum or |

| | |ileum or jejunum |

|359 |Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or water |Air: Burning fossil fuel |

| | |Water: excessive use of fertiliser |

| | |- eutrophication |

|360 |Name a dicotyledonous plant. |Broad bean, chestnut, peanut, etc. |

|361 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each |Homozygous: identical alleles |

| |member of each pair: Homozygous and heterozygous. |Heterozygous: different alleles (of|

| | |a gene) |

|362 |What is peristalsis? |Method of moving substances (e.g. food) through |

| | |tubes (e.g. intestines) by waves of rhythmic |

| | |contractions and relaxations of muscles |

|363 |Explain the terms 1. Flora, 2. Fauna. |Plants |

| | |Animals |

|364 |Which type of respiration results in the production of acid in our muscles? |Anaerobic |

|365 |In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term complementary as used here. |Each base has a (different) |

| | |corresponding (or matching) (base) |

|366 |Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation. |Yes |

| |Is this process affected by temperature? | |

|367 |Where would you find a meristem in a root? |At the tip – immediately behind the|

| | |root cap. |

|368 |State |1. (Pancreas) -Makes enzymes or makes |

| |1. One role of the pancreas in digestion. |neutralising secretion or makes NaHCO3 |

| |2. One role of the gall bladder in digestion. |2. (Gall bladder) - Stores bile or releases |

| | |bile |

|369 |Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment. |For comparison |

|370 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a |Genotype: genetic makeup or genes (alleles) present|

| |sentence about each member of each pair: Genotype and phenotype. |Phenotype: the expression of the genotype (and |

| | |environment) or physical makeup (or appearance) |

|371 |Name one animal from your named ecosystem and describe how you carried out a quantitative study of that |Named animal |

| |animal. |Details of method |

|372 |Name the two types of respiration. |Aerobic / Anaerobic |

|373 |Name the complementary base in RNA for: 1. Adenine, 2. Cytosine. |1. Uracil or U; |

| | |2. Guanine or G |

|374 |Explain what is meant by conservation. |The wise management of the |

| | |environment or organisms |

|375 |What is meant by germination? |It is the beginning of the growth |

| | |of seeds, spores or pollen grains |

| | |after a period of dormancy. |

|376 |Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit. |Ovary |

|377 |Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning of the underlined term. |Capable of shortening or |

| | |contracting |

|378 |Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver. |(Hepatic) portal vein |

|379 |Suggest one way in which marking an animal might endanger it. |More conspicuous (to predators) or |

| | |social outcast or toxic marker |

|380 |What is meant by the term respiration? |Release of energy / from food |

|381 |Name a carbohydrate that is a component of nucleotides. |Ribose or deoxyribose |

|382 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence |Linkage: genes on the same chromosome |

| |about each member of each pair: Linkage and sex linkage. |Sex-linkage: (located) on sex-chromosome or |

| | |on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome |

|383 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: biosphere, habitat and niche. |Biosphere: the part of the planet where life occurs |

| | |Habitat: The place where an organism lives. |

| | |Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an |

| | |ecosystem) |

|384 |ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? |Adenosine triphosphate |

|385 |Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat |Lipase |

|386 |What is an agar plate? |Petri dish containing a jelly (or |

| | |solid medium) |

|387 |Ecosystems are subject to changes, both natural and artificial. Mention one of each type of change as it |Natural: relevant matching example |

| |applies to your named ecosystem. |Artificial: relevant matching |

| | |example |

|388 |Name a component of a nucleotide that is neither a carbohydrate nor a nitrogenous base. |Phosphate (group) or P |

|389 |From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of improving the rate of photosynthesis of plants |More light (intensity or hours) / |

| |in a greenhouse. |more carbon dioxide / more heat |

|390 |Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not carrying out their normal |Dialysis |

| |functions. | |

|391 |What is meant by the term excretion? |Eliminating waste / made in the |

| | |body |

|392 |State two functions of the liver – other than the processing of digested |Heat generation / vitamin storage / iron storage / makes |

| |food. |cholesterol / bile manufacture / deamination of amino acids / |

| | |detoxification of poisons / plasma protein synthesis / Blood Cell|

| | |breakdown |

|393 |State one cause of mutation. |Chemicals, Radiation |

|394 |What is homeostasis? |Maintaining a constant internal |

| | |environment |

|395 |Nucleic acids are composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is formed from a sugar, a |Purines |

| |phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Name the two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA. |Pyrimidines |

|396 |What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA? |Messenger |

|397 |In photosynthesis, water is split into three products. Name these three products. |Proton (hydrogen ion) / electron / |

| | |oxygen |

|398 |What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant internal temperature? |Respiration |

|399 |What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an animal? |Egg cell – haploid |

| | |Somatic cell – diploid |

|400 |Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants. |Diffusion or leaf fall or |

| | |transpiration or through lenticels |

| | |(or through stomata) |

|401 |Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed? |To make (food) soluble or to make |

| | |(food) transportable |

|402 |The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ bacteria. State two benefits we |They synthesise vitamins / they out-compete |

| |get from these bacteria. |pathogens or complement immune system / break down|

| | |fibre / more vitamins / more minerals |

|403 |Give both of the specific base pairs in DNA structure. |A + T and G + C |

|404 |Give one difference between RNA and DNA, other than the nitrogenous bases. |RNA has ribose or RNA is single stranded or |

| | |DNA has deoxyribose or DNA is double |

| | |stranded |

|405 |Give a brief account of a conservation practice with which you are |Preserving lands as wild life parks ensures that: existing |

| |familiar. |environments are maintained, endangered species are preserved for |

| | |reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained and pollution and |

| | |its effects are reduced |

|406 |Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis. |Carbon dioxide / Water vapour |

|407 |What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel? |Both fertilised by male gamete |

| | |nucleus to form the triploid |

| | |endosperm nucleus |

|408 |What is a germ layer? |Layer of cells / in the blastula |

| | |(embryo) / (potential to) give rise|

| | |to (specific) tissues (or organs) |

|409 |Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney. |Renal artery |

|410 |What is an auxin? |A chemical that is a plant growth regulator or a plant growth hormone |

| | |(e.g. IAA), produced in the meristematic tissue of shoots, roots, |

| | |young leaves and developing seeds. It stimulates cell elongation and |

| | |cell division in plants. |

|411 |State the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. |Segregation: Traits are governed by pairs of factors (or alleles |

| | |or genes) / that separate at gamete formation (each gamete |

| | |receiving one factor) |

| | |Assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or factors or |

| | |genes or chromosomes) can combine (or transmit) with either |

| | |member of another pair (in gamete formation) |

|412 |What name is applied to the period of the cell cycle in which division is not taking place? |Interphase |

|413 |State one function of the liquid part of blood. |Transport dissolved substances |

|414 |Name the openings in the lower surface of the leaf that are used for gas exchange. |Stoma(ta) |

|415 |Explain the word digestion. |The breaking down of food |

|416 |To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? |Proteins |

|417 |List three types of tropism. |Phototropism, Thigmotropism, |

| | |Chemotropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism |

|418 |From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise? |Aorta |

|419 |What is meant by the term genetic engineering? |Manipulation of genes or alteration|

| | |of genes or alteration of genotypes|

|420 |Give a cellular process that occurs during the period in the cell cycle in which the nucleus is not |Replication or growth or protein |

| |dividing. |synthesis or respiration or |

| | |photosynthesis |

|421 |State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom Fungi. |No chlorophyll, no stamens, no flowers. |

| | |Has stolon, rhizoids, mycelium, hyphae, |

| | |sporangium, spores |

|422 |The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the … |Liver |

|423 |Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in the upper part of the leaf, that are needed for |Chloroplast |

| |photosynthesis. | |

|424 |A tendon joins … to bone. |Muscle |

|425 |Give one role for each of the following types of teeth: |1. Cutting (food) |

| |1. Incisors |2. Chewing/grinding (food) |

| |2. Molars. | |

|426 |Hormones are secreted by … glands. |Endocrine |

|427 |Briefly explain the term Isolation in the context of genetic engineering. |Locating or identifying or removal |

| | |of a gene (or a piece of DNA or a |

| | |plasmid) |

|428 |What term is used for the group of disorders in which control has been lost over the rate of mitosis? |Cancer |

|429 |In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located? |Abdominal (cavity) or Abdomen |

|430 |State Mendel’s Law of Segregation. |States that characters (traits) are controlled by pairs |

| | |of genes (e.g. Tt) that separate (segregate) at gamete |

| | |formation. Each gamete carries only one gene for the |

| | |trait. |

|431 |Give an account of the evidence for evolution from |Comparative embryology: comparing the developing embryos of vertebrates shows a similarity |

| |a named source. |between certain structures, e.g. the position of the brain, eyes, gill slits and tail of |

| | |the fish, tortoise, rabbit, bird, chick and human. This suggests that organisms descended |

| | |from common ancestors. |

|432 |Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis. |Chlorophyll |

|433 |In which part of a flower does a seed form? |Ovule |

|434 |Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the … |Stomata |

|435 |Briefly explain the term Cutting (restriction) in the context of genetic engineering. |Cutting the DNA (or plasmid) with |

| | |an (restriction) enzyme |

|436 |In relation to structures such as the cell membrane, explain the term selective permeability. |Only certain substances (or named) |

| | |allowed through |

|437 |Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus. |(muscular) contractions /in the |

| |What is meant by peristalsis? |walls of the alimentary canal/to |

| | |move food |

|438 |Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine. |Urea or salt or uric acid |

|439 |True or false. Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei |True |

|440 |What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? |Light or Sunlight |

|441 |Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol. |Glucose, Sucrose, Starch |

|442 |Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme. |Temperature, pH, substrate and |

| | |product concentration |

|443 |Briefly explain the term Transformation (ligation) in the context of genetic engineering. |Transformation: uptake of DNA (or plasmid or |

| | |gene) |

| | |Ligation: the joining of DNA (or plasmid or |

| | |gene) |

|444 |Suggest an advantage to the cell of having a selectively permeable membrane. |Substances can be kept in (or out) or substances|

| | |can be let in (or out) |

|445 |What is fertilisation? |The fusion (union) of a male gamete|

| | |and female gamete [or two haploid |

| | |gametes] to form a diploid zygote |

|446 |Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the body when urine is being |Glucose, Amino acids, Red and White|

| |formed. Name two of these substances or cells. |blood cells |

|447 |Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland. |Has ducts or does not produce |

| | |hormones |

|448 |Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach: |1. Churned |

| |1. Mechanical changes |2. pH changes or broken down by |

| |2. Chemical changes. |acid or broken down by enzymes or |

| | |proteins → peptides |

|449 |State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Respiration. |Catabolism |

|450 |Name the type of joint at your elbow. |Hinge |

|451 |Briefly explain the term Introduction of base sequence changes in the context of genetic engineering. |the order of bases in the host DNA |

| | |is now different |

|452 |Name two substances that enter a human muscle cell by diffusion. |Oxygen / glucose / water / amino |

| | |acids / phosphate (or P) / iron |

|453 |Fats are composed of fatty acids and … |Glycerol |

|454 |Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals. |Ensures that existing environments are maintained, endangered|

| | |species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature|

| | |is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced |

|455 |Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA. |Chloroplast, Mitochondria |

|456 |Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the collecting duct. |Anti-diuretic hormone or ADH or |

| | |vasopressin |

|457 |State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Photosynthesis. |Anabolism |

|458 |State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis. |To help maintain a constant |

| | |internal environment by controlling|

| | |the concentration of water and salt|

|459 |Briefly explain the term Expression in the context of genetic engineering. |the activation of the inserted gene|

| | |(in its new position) or production|

| | |of product |

|460 |Explain the term turgor. |Pressure / of cell contents (or |

| | |described) / on cell wall |

|461 |What is the pH of the stomach contents? |0 - 3 |

|462 |State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat. |Subcutaneous fat = a layer of |

| | |thermal insulation |

| | |Hair = Traps air |

|463 |Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata. |CO2 and light |

| | |Low CO2 conc and light causes them |

| | |to open |

|464 |Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall? |Left ventricle |

|465 |A sample of urine was found to contain protein. |No |

| |Would you consider this to be normal? |Protein molecules too big (to pass |

| |Explain your answer. |into the filtrate) |

|466 |How are hormones carried around the body? |In the Blood on in the Lymph |

|467 |Give one application of genetic engineering in any two of the following. |1. Animal example |

| |1. An animal. |2. Plant example |

| |2. A plant. |3. Micro-organism example |

| |3. A micro-organism. | |

|468 |Give a feature of a plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for long periods. |Vacuole or cell wall or cell sap |

|469 |Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your answer. |By insects. They are drawn to the |

| | |flower for the sugary nectar. |

|470 |Explain the terms alleles and dominant. |Allele: An alternative form of a |

| | |gene |

| | |Dominant: One allele masks the |

| | |expression of the other |

|471 |Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach? |Duodenum or small intestine |

|472 |Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female? |About half way along the Fallopian |

| | |tube or oviduct |

|473 |List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed to an organ or system in |Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails |

| |the adult body. |Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton |

| | |Endoderm: linings of the alimentary|

| | |canal, trachea |

|474 |Where in the human body is the pancreas located? |Abdomen or under the stomach or |

| | |near duodenum |

|475 |Answer the following in relation to enzymes. |Protein |

| |(i) What is their chemical nature? |Folded |

| |(ii) Comment upon their molecular shape. | |

|476 |Suggest a way in which turgor is of value to plants. |Support (or described) |

|477 |A sample of urine was found to contain glucose. |No |

| |Would you consider this to be normal? |Glucose (in the filtrate should |

| |Explain your answer. |have been) reabsorbed |

|478 |Define tropism |The growth response of part of a |

| | |plant to an external unidirectional|

| | |stimulus |

|479 |True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes |True |

|480 |Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these. |Red: Carry oxygen |

| | |White: Protect against disease |

|481 |What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet? |(One which contains) all the food |

| | |types / in correct or suitable or |

| | |optimum proportions |

|482 |Name an enzyme and its substrate. |Name of enzyme & Matching |

| | |substrate, e.g. amylase & starch |

|483 |What is meant by the term endocrine? |Ductless or Not having tube(s) |

|484 |When demonstrating osmosis: 1. For what purpose did you use Visking tubing, potato tissue or some similar |1. As a selectively permeable |

| |material? 2. At the end of the demonstration, how did you conclude that osmosis had occurred? |membrane; |

| | |2. Change (increase or decrease) in|

| | |mass (volume) or described |

|485 |What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome? |Linked |

|486 |What do you understand by the term adverse external environment? |Surroundings that are harmful to |

| | |organism(s) |

|487 |State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach |To facilitate the action of pepsin |

| | |and rennin |

|488 |Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage. |Stem tuber: potato |

|489 |What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature? |Lipids |

|490 |Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |Eukaryotic |

|491 |Suggest a means of treating a named disorder of the human nervous system. |Parkinson's: Treatment - drugs |

|492 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Krebs Cycle. |Occurs in second stage of respiration / in mitochondria / when |

| | |O2 present (or aerobic) / starts with Acetyl Co-enzyme A / ATP |

| | |produced / hydrogen (pairs) produced or energised electrons / |

| | |CO2 produced |

|493 |In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced by abiotic and biotic |Abiotic = non-living |

| |factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms. |Biotic = living features |

|494 |Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. |Autotrophic nutrition: Food synthesised from simple |

| | |molecules or produces own food |

| | |Heterotrophic nutrition: already synthesised food consumed |

| | |from other organisms or food from other sources |

|495 |Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external environments. |Thick cuticle / changed |

| | |transpiration (rate) / leaf fall / |

| | |toxic parts / thorns / stings / |

| | |dormancy / perennating organs / |

| | |heat shock proteins |

|496 |An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes … |D, Dairy products, Rickets |

|497 |Explain the term species. |Organisms capable of interbreeding |

| | |and producing fertile offspring. |

|498 |Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi. |Chloroplast |

|499 |Explain the term fermentation. |Anaerobic respiration |

|500 |Give one cause of a named disorder of the human nervous system. |Parkinson's: Cause - lack of |

| | |dopamine |

|501 |What are the products of fat digestion? |Glycerol and fatty acids |

|502 |If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of the objective lens is X 40, |400 |

| |what magnification results when a slide is viewed using both of these lenses? | |

|503 |State a site of auxin secretion. |Tip of shoot or buds or meristem / |

| | |developing leaves or seeds or |

| | |other correct location |

|504 |Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external stimuli. |Plant growth regulators or auxins |

| | |(or other named group) |

|505 |What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the light intensity or the carbon |As either light intensity or CO2 |

| |dioxide concentration. |conc. increases, the rate of |

| | |photosynthesis increases. |

|506 |What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the laboratory? |Source of nutrients or substrate |

| | |for growth or medium or visibility |

|507 |Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation. |Yeast |

|508 |Name one disorder of the human nervous system. |Parkinson's |

|509 |Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. |Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen |

|510 |What are secondary sexual characteristics? |The physical characteristics that |

| | |distinguish male from female apart from the |

| | |sex organs themselves [that develop during |

| | |puberty]. |

|511 |What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation. |Difference between members of |

| | |species or population |

|512 |Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species. |endangered species are preserved |

| | |for reproduction, the balance of |

| | |nature is maintained |

|513 |What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are produced? |Meristems |

|514 |Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March |More leaves or more suitable |

| | |temperature or more reproduction |

|515 |Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in industrial fermentation. |Any named carbohydrate |

|516 |True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid |False |

|517 |What substances carry nerve impulses across the synapses? |Neurotransmitter(s) |

|518 |Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial producer could increase her/his |Extra CO2 / increase temperature / |

| |crop yield of tomatoes. |growth promoters / increase light /|

| | |add fertilizer |

|519 |Where are sperm produced? |Seminiferous tubules in the testes|

|520 |What is the function of a semilunar valve? |They prevent the backflow (reflux) |

| | |of blood into the heart |

|521 |From what structures does the placenta develop? |uterine tissue and embryonic tissue|

|522 |How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar? |Pink (colonies) |

|523 |When investigating the effect of either carbon dioxide concentration or light intensity on the rate of |CO2 – vary NaHCO3 conc. OR Light – |

| |photosynthesis: How did you vary your chosen factor? |vary lamp (or plant) distance or |

| | |vary lamp wattage; |

|524 |Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants. |Root tip / shoot (or stem) tip / bud / |

| | |embryo (or named part) / fruit / seed / |

| | |between xylem and phloem (or vascular |

| | |bundle) |

|525 |Tiny gaps are found where one neuron ends and the next one begins. What are these gaps called? |Synaptic cleft / Synapse |

|526 |What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species? |Produces new genotypes or allows |

| | |natural selection |

|527 |Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to … |Light |

|528 |The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place in different parts of|Stage 1. Cytoplasm |

| |the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs. |Stage 2. Mitochondria |

| |Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy? | |

| | |Large |

|529 |State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the male. |In Female: hormonal, blockage or |

| | |failure to ovulate |

| | |In Male: low sperm count (or reason|

| | |for) or hormonal |

|530 |How did you safely dispose of the agar plates at the end of an investigation? |Immerse in disinfectant or |

| | |autoclave |

|531 |Give the name of the first stage of photosynthesis. |Light (dependent stage) |

|532 |Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata. |Lenticels |

|533 |Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term. |Growth towards light |

|534 |Nerve impulses are carried around the body by neurons. Name any two types of neuron. |Sensory or Motor or Inter/Relay |

|535 |True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile offspring. |True |

|536 |Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature rises above the normal level. |Vasodilation (or explained) / |

| | |(secretion of) sweat / |

| | |hairs lie flat or less air trapped |

|537 |State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. |Fossils or embryos or anatomy or |

| | |genetics |

|538 |In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: |Observations or results or other |

| |(i) Data. |Repeats (or copies) of experiment |

| |(ii) Replicates | |

|539 |In the first stage of photosynthesis, pathways I and II relate to the passage of energised |1. Electrons picked up by acceptor / passed |

| |electrons. 1. Explain what happens to these electrons in pathway I. 2. Describe the events |through carriers / back to chlorophyll / electrons|

| |of pathway II. |lose energy; |

| | |2. H2O split / protons to pool / NADP- formed / |

| | |NADPH formed / (electrons) picked up by acceptor /|

| | |passed through carriers / O2 released / ATP |

| | |produced |

|540 |Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen. |(Glucose →) Ethanol (allow alcohol)|

| | |+ CO2 + energy |

|541 |What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? |Carbon dioxide |

|542 |Give one example of a plant response to a stimulus. |Growth towards / away from |

| | |stimulus, e.g. Phototropism |

|543 |How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response? |Increased photosynthesis |

|544 |Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results from a mutation. |Down’s syndrome, cancer or stripe |

| | |in eye colour |

|545 |What is the function of the prostate gland? |Production of (seminal) fluid or |

| | |nutrition (of sperm) |

|546 |How did you expose the semi-lunar valves when dissecting the sheep’s or ox’s heart? |Cut (open) the aorta or cut (open) |

| | |the pulmonary artery |

|547 |Give the name of the second stage of photosynthesis. |Dark (stage) (or light-independent |

| | |stage) |

|548 |How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a hormone in the human body? |Made in one place / transported to |

| | |other part / causes response / |

| | |slow acting /long lasting |

|549 |State two functions of fats in the human body |Source of energy and thermal |

| | |insulation |

|550 |Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen. |e.g. Brewing or bread making |

|551 |Plants and animals respond to some outside stimuli. Name two stimuli to which plants respond. |Light or Water or Gravity or Touch |

| | |or Chemicals or Temperature |

|552 |Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external stimulus. |Named stimulus / diffusion of growth regulator /|

| | |unequal distribution (of growth regulator) / one|

| | |side grows faster / results in bending |

|553 |What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? |The wise management of the |

| | |environment or organisms |

|554 |How did you show that alcohol was present when investigating the production of alcohol by yeast? |Named chemicals or named test |

|555 |Explain why the second stage of photosynthesis is given its name. |Light not needed |

|556 |Name two common blood-grouping systems |A, B, O |

| | |Rhesus |

|557 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; dominance, |dominance – one allele masking the expression of its partner |

| |genotype, phenotype. |genotype – all the genes of an individual or genetic makeup or genome|

| | | |

| | |phenotype – the expression of a genotype (the appearance or the |

| | |characteristic(s) of an organism) |

|558 |Name the gas used in photosynthesis. |Carbon dioxide |

|559 |Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey on a species of plant in its habitat. |Quadrat / random or how achieved /|

| | |count / number of times |

|560 |Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of a bulb. |Starch |

|561 |Give one reason why the second stage of photosynthesis cannot happen without the first stage. |Product (or named product) (of 1st |

| | |stage) required. |

|562 |What is a hormone? |A chemical messenger or product of |

| | |endocrine (or ductless) gland |

|563 |What type of agar plates did you use when investigating the digestive activity of seeds? |Milk or starch |

| |How did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place in this investigation? | |

| | |Does not give a positive result |

| | |where digestive activity occurred |

| | |or described |

|564 |When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main product is produced. Name this product. |Lactic acid |

|565 |State a function of each of the following parts of a flower: petal; sepal; |Petal - Attracts insects to effect pollination |

| |anther. |Sepal – Protects the flower when it is a bud |

| | |Anther – (part of the stamen) produces and stores pollen until it |

| | |is ripe |

|566 |Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture or fisheries or forestry.|Fisheries: Net size. |

| | |Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature|

| | |and breed ensuring continuation of species and stock|

|567 |What is the role of bile in fat digestion? |Emulsifies fats |

|568 |A quantitative survey was carried out to show the effect of poor waste management on the plants in an |Counting / Numbers / How many |

| |ecosystem. What is meant by the term quantitative? | |

|569 |Explain what is meant by pollination. |The transfer of pollen from the |

| | |anther of the stamen of one flower,|

| | |to the stigma of the carpel of |

| | |another flower |

|570 |Outline the major events of the second stage of photosynthesis. |Sugar formed from CO2 / ATP |

| | |provides energy or NADPH provides |

| | |hydrogen (or H) |

|571 |How did you demonstrate the requirement for oxygen when investigating the factors necessary for seed |Anaerobic jar (or described) or |

| |germination? |boiled water + oil or one with O2 |

| | |and one without O2 (and compare) |

|572 |State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators. |Produced in one location / acts in |

| | |different location / prolonged |

| | |effect |

|573 |From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic factor that influences the |Abiotic factor: Light intensity |

| |distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem. |Plant: Moss |

|574 |Which biological process is represented by the following word equation: |Aerobic respiration |

| |glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy? | |

|575 |What is meant by DNA profiling? |Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s |

| | |DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted |

| | |by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code. |

|576 |Mention two ways of minimising the amount of waste produced. |Reduce or Reuse or Recycle |

|577 |Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation. |Water |

|578 |What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your investigation of osmosis? |Visking tubing or named plant |

| | |tissue |

|579 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: ADP. |Adenosine Di-phosphate / a low |

| | |energy (molecule) / + phosphate (P)|

| | |/ + energy / ATP formed |

|580 |What is meant by the term omnivore? |An animal that eats both animals |

| | |and plants. |

|581 |What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action? |When the level of a hormone (in the|

| | |blood) controls (the production) of|

| | |another (or itself) |

|582 |Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops. |Ovary |

|583 |True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of oxygen |False |

|584 |What is meant by metabolism? |(The sum of all) the chemical |

| | |reactions (in an organism) or |

| | |catabolism + anabolism |

|585 |Give two problems associated with waste disposal. |Smell, Unsightly, Vermin, Disease, |

| | |Pollution, illegal dumping |

|586 |What growth regulator did you use when investigating plant growth? |IAA |

|587 |Distinguish between Enzymes and Hormones |Enzyme – a catalyst (or explained);|

| | |Hormone – a (chemical) messenger |

| | |(or explained) |

|588 |What is meant by germination? |Is the beginning of the growth |

| | |after a period of dormancy |

|589 |Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would you expect to find this |Cellulose |

| |carbohydrate in a living organism? |Cell wall |

|590 |Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone. |Named hormone |

| | |inhibits (or causes production of) |

| | |a named hormone |

|591 |State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg). |It is motile or has a tail or correct comment on |

| | |shape or size or very little cytoplasm or may |

| | |contain ‘Y’ chromosome or has more mitochondria |

|592 |In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: |1. The types of organisms present |

| |1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative. |2. Numbers of individuals or number|

| | |of species |

|593 |Explain the term predator. |Kills / prey or Kill / to eat or |

| | |Kills/ for food |

|594 |A microscope has an eyepiece lens marked ×10 and an objective lens marked ×20. What is the total |200 |

| |magnification of the image? | |

|595 |What term is used for the substance(s) that result(s) from the action of an enzyme on its substrate? |Product(s) |

|596 |State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or forestry |Fisheries: Net size |

| | |Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature |

| | |and breed ensuring continuation of species and stock |

|597 |Give two reasons why living things need energy. |e.g. For movement / for heat / for |

| | |making products / for internal |

| | |transport |

|598 |What is metabolism? |All the chemical reactions taking |

| | |place in living organisms |

|599 |Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone. |One deficiency symptom of a named |

| | |hormone |

|600 |What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide? |Iodine |

|601 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Habitat. |Where an organism lives |

|602 |In genetics, what is meant by the term variation? |Differences within a population or |

| | |within a species or between |

| | |individuals |

|603 |In relation to an enzyme, explain the term optimum activity. |Working at maximum rate |

|604 |Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery? |aorta or near semi lunar valve |

|605 |Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses that occur when internal |receptor (or detection) / receptor in skin / receptor in medulla |

| |body temperature drops. |or brain / shiver / generates heat / hairs stand up or goose |

| | |bumps / air trapped / vasoconstriction (or explained) / increased|

| | |metabolic rate or increased respiration / any relevant comment on|

| | |named hormone e.g. thyroxine increases metabolic rate or |

| | |increases respiration |

|606 |Suggest a role for NAD / NADP+ in cell activities. |Capturing or transferring electrons|

| | |or protons or hydrogen (ions) |

|607 |Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation. |Nucleus |

| |Where in a cell does transcription occur? | |

|608 |Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a |Contest: (Results in) winner takes all (of a limited |

| |sentence about each. |resource) |

| | |Scramble:(Results in) each gets some (of a limited |

| | |resource) |

|609 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Edaphic. |Relating to Soil |

|610 |Variation can result from mutation. Name one other cause of variation. |Sexual reproduction or meiosis or |

| | |independent assortment or |

| | |environmental |

|611 |Answer the following in relation to an activity that you carried out to investigate the effect of heat |(i) Named enzyme and matching substrate|

| |denaturation on the activity of an enzyme. (i) Name the enzyme and the substrate that you used. (ii) |(ii) Temperature ≥ 60 ⁰C for ≥ 5 min |

| |Describe how you carried out the investigation. In your description outline how you measured the |or boil / water bath or described / |

| |activity of the enzyme. |untreated enzyme / as control / no |

| | |activity in denatured enzyme / |

| | |(matching method of) observe activity /|

| | |control result / named factor (kept |

| | |constant) / how kept constant. Quantity|

| | |of foam or other. |

|612 |Give an example of a human secondary sexual characteristic. |Male: broadening of the shoulders, growth and enlargement |

| | |of penis, deepening of the voice, body and facial hair, |

| | |etc. |

| | |Female: enlargement and growth of the breasts, growth of |

| | |body hair under arms and pubic regions |

|613 |State three functions of the placenta. |produces hormones (or named) / allows passage of|

| | |food (or named) / and oxygen / antibodies / |

| | |waste (or named) / acts as a barrier |

|614 |What is meant by pollution? |The harmful addition to the |

| | |environment (by humans) that leaves|

| | |it less able to sustain life |

|615 |What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? |Fusion of the male and female |

| |What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation? |gamete outside the body. |

| | |Implanted in a womb or stored for |

| | |future use or destroyed |

|616 |In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated method of seed dispersal: |Wind: dandelion, sycamore |

| |1. Wind, 2. Animal. |Animal: blackberry, burdock |

|617 |Name two types of mutation. |Gene, chromosome |

|618 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Abiotic. |Non-living factors |

|619 |Explain the terms bioprocessing and immobilised. |Bioprocessing - using micro-organisms (or enzymes) / to form |

| | |product(s); |

| | |Immobilised - fixed to inert material (or named material) or fixed |

| | |to each other or trapped in gel (or named material) |

|620 |Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations. |disease or parasitism or predation |

| | |or hunting or reference to other |

| | |named environmental condition |

|621 |What type of RNA is involved in transcription? |Messenger /m (RNA) |

|622 |What name is given to the first stage of respiration? |Glycolysis |

|623 |What is the difference between self-pollination and |Self: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to|

| |cross-pollination? |the stigma of the carpel of the same flower or another flower on the same |

| | |plant. |

| | |Cross: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower |

| | |to the stigma of the carpel of another flower on a different plant of the |

| | |same species. |

|624 |True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes |True |

|625 |Name two agents responsible for increased rates of mutation. |Example 1, Example 2 |

|626 |What is meant by genetic screening? |Checking or testing (DNA) / for a |

| | |gene |

|627 |Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in industrial fermentation. |Can be re-used (or recovered) or |

| | |pure product (or described) |

|628 |List three factors that are essential for germination. |Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water|

|629 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular area the population of a |Different prey |

| |predator did not decline following a big reduction in the population of its main prey. | |

|630 |What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube? |Throat |

|631 |In what organelle does translation occur? |Ribosome |

|632 |In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that influences the distribution of a |Ecosystem: Woodland / Hedgerow |

| |named animal. |Biotic factor: Predator (fox) |

| | |Named Animal: Rabbit |

|633 |Briefly explain the significance of mutation in relation to natural selection. |New phenotypes or new types or new features / |

| | |Better adapted or survival of the fittest (or |

| | |advantageous) or less well adapted (or |

| | |disadvantageous) |

|634 |Name the compound from which the immobilising beads are formed in the laboratory. |Alginate |

|635 |Which genetic structure changes when a mutation occurs? |Gene or chromosome or DNA |

|636 |The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In anaerobic conditions, what is |1. Lactic acid |

| |produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. In yeast cells? |2. Ethanol + CO2 |

|637 |What is a hormone? |Chemical produced by an endocrine gland |

| | |which travels in the bloodstream to target |

| | |organ(s) to exert a specific response(s) |

|638 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels resulting from infection by a |(Host) immunity develops or comment|

| |particular virus tend to decline over the years. |on natural selection (or described)|

| | |or most virulent strains die off or|

| | |vaccination |

|639 |State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal. |Production of vitamins or |

| | |inhibition of pathogens or (aids) |

| | |digestion |

|640 |What is meant by infertility? |The inability [to produce (sufficient) gametes and] |

| |State one cause of infertility in the human male. |to conceive or produce offspring. |

| | |Low sperm count or low sperm motility or hormonal |

|641 |What is meant by the term monocotyledonous? |One seed leaf or one embryonic leaf|

|642 |Give the general name for the vessel used for such reactions. |Bioreactor |

|643 |Name a single-celled organism. |Amoeba |

|644 |Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein. |Amino acids |

|645 |What is meant by a pyramid of numbers? |The numbers of organisms at each |

| | |trophic level |

|646 |Name the gas produced during photosynthesis. |Oxygen |

|647 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some members of a species remain in the |Hazards encountered on migration |

| |same general area throughout life and some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the|(or particular example of a hazard)|

| |migratory part of the population. | |

|648 |If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the second stage of respiration |Mitochondrion |

| |takes place. Name this organelle. | |

|649 |Give an example of a monocotyledonous plant. |e. g. Grass, barley |

|650 |In the microscopic examination of a plant cell: 1. Name the stain that you used and the colour it imparted |1. e.g. Iodine → yellow (or orange |

| |to the cell wall. 2. How did you apply the stain to the cells on the slide? |or brown); 2. Dropper or use of |

| | |filter paper |

|651 |State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one. |Release of energy |

| | |Energy store (starch, glycogen) |

|652 |What is the purpose of mitosis in single-celled organisms? |Reproduction |

|653 |Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid? |Gas |

|654 |What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work? |It must fold (into its functional |

| | |shape) |

|655 |State two good sources of protein in the human diet. |Lean meat, fish, eggs |

|656 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a greater variety of herbaceous (non |(Grazing results in) reduced |

| |woody) plants in areas where grazing species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where |competition (or described) |

| |grazing species are less plentiful. | |

|657 |How are the veins arranged in the leaves of monocots? |Parallel |

|658 |How were you able to identify the animals that you found in the ecosystem? |Key or (guide) book or |

| | |illustrations |

|659 |Name three methods of contraception and, in each case, explain how the method|mechanical – prevents contact between sperm and egg |

| |prevents conception. |surgical – prevents contact between sperm and egg |

| | |chemical – prevents ovulation or hormone levels changed |

| | |natural - (safe period) – intercourse takes place avoiding |

| | |ovulation |

|660 |Mitosis is one type of cell division. Name the other type of cell division. |Meiosis |

|661 |Give two uses of DNA profiling. |Paternity disputes, Forensic |

| | |Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic|

| | |Archaeology |

|662 |Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound. |Acetyl Co-Enzyme A |

|663 |Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta. |Progesterone |

|664 |Give one function of proteins in living organisms. |e.g. enzymes or muscle component or skin |

| | |component or hair component or structural or|

| | |metabolic (allow ‘energy’), growth, repair |

|665 |How does the vein arrangement in the leaves of dicot plants differ from that in monocots? |Reticulate or net or branched or |

| | |described |

|666 |When conducting a quantitative survey of plants, how did you ensure that your sample was random |Method described must demonstrate |

| | |randomness |

|667 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some species of migratory ducks in the |Accept any biological |

| |northern hemisphere it is found that the wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the|knowledge-based statement that |

| |females. |would provide a plausible rationale|

| | |for a differential migratory |

| | |pattern |

|668 |Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds? |To avoid overcrowding, minimise |

| | |competition and encourage |

| | |colonisation |

|669 |How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? |Two |

|670 |Name the energy source for photosynthesis. |The sun |

|671 |In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function of this hormone, 3. A |Hormone: Thyroxine Gland: Thyroid |

| |deficiency symptom of this hormone. |Function: controls rate of |

| | |respiration |

| | |Deficiency: myxoedema (adult) |

| | |cretinism (child) |

|672 |State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are typical plant cells. |Cell wall & vacuole |

|673 |What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? |Management of environment or |

| | |management of species |

|674 |As part of your study of your selected ecosystem you constructed a pyramid of numbers. Name the species |Named (species) of carnivore or of |

| |that occupied the top of your pyramid. What is the main prey of the species referred to? |omnivore or of parasite |

|675 |The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of these circuits. |Pulmonary & Systemic |

|676 |In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative and quantitative surveys by |Qualitative: What is present |

| |writing a sentence about each. |Quantitative: How many present |

|677 |On which structures are the genes located? |Chromosome |

|678 |When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all the kittens were black. Which |White |

| |fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these cats? | |

|679 |What is meant by a vascular tissue? |Refers to a group of cells with a similar |

| | |function involved in the transport of |

| | |substances, i.e. xylem and phloem in plants, and|

| | |blood in animals. |

|680 |True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts |True |

|681 |Suggest a reason why nature reserves are important for conservation. |To allow species to develop or |

| | |maintaining biodiversity or prevent|

| | |extinction or protection |

|682 |Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each. |Contest: one gets all (of the |

| | |resource); |

| | |Scramble: all get some (of the |

| | |resource) |

|683 |Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in carbohydrates. |Nitrogen |

|684 |Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant. |1. Given off to the atmosphere |

| | |2. Used in respiration |

|685 |How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you investigated? |Key(s) or illustrations |

|686 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat |Bb and bb |

| |heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotypes and the matching phenotypes of the kittens produced by |Black and White |

| |the cross. | |

|687 |State a function of sieve tubes. |Conduct food throughout the plant |

|688 |What are alleles? |Different forms of the same gene or|

| | |B,b |

|689 |Explain the term pollution. |Harmful addition to the environment|

|690 |Suggest a role for parasites in the overall scheme of nature. |Population control |

|691 |Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood pressure. |1. Contraction of (wall of) artery or |

| | |expansion of artery or due to pumping of heart|

| | |(or of left ventricle) or rate at which heart |

| | |beats |

| | |2. Force exerted by blood (or by heart) |

|692 |State the function of the cochlea. |To convert sound to nerve impulses |

|693 |Cellulose is an example of a structural … |Carbohydrate |

|694 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat |b and B , b |

| |heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype(s) of the gametes produced by each parent. | |

|695 |Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the major plant species. |Quadrat / random / how random / count (or estimate) / many |

| | |times / calculate (or record) OR Transect / stations / |

| | |intervals / count (or estimate) / how (counted) / result |

| | |described |

|696 |Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble |Fat |

|697 |Pollution may result from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources. Select one of these areas and state|Pollutant: Any relevant pollutant |

| |an effect that may be produced by a named pollutant. How may the pollution referred to be controlled? |Effect: Must match pollutant |

|698 |1. Name two predators. 2. Give one adaptive technique in the case of each predator. |e.g. Name - Fox, Adaptive technique|

| | |- Speed and sharp canine teeth |

|699 |What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants? |Autotrophic (photosynthesis) |

|700 |Give one example of an inherited human characteristic. |e.g. eye colour |

|701 |Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and … |Carbon |

|702 |The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by the|Systemic |

| |left ventricle? | |

|703 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a cat |bb and Bb |

| |heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype of each parent cat. | |

|704 |Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course of your ecological survey. |Misidentification / non-random (quadrat |

| | |distribution) / not enough times / |

| | |unsuitable quadrat size / miscount (or |

| | |miscalculation) |

|705 |In relation to the incineration of domestic waste, suggest: |Amount of waste greatly reduced or useable |

| |(i) an advantage of the process. |heat or reduced landfill |

| |(ii) a disadvantage of the process. | |

| | |Harmful products |

|706 |Suggest why continual monitoring of the environment is valuable. |To be able to detect change(s) or |

| | |to remedy effect of change or to |

| | |detect levels of pollutants (or |

| | |example) |

|707 |When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in colour … is absent. |Starch |

|708 |What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? |A period of rest, inactivity or |

| | |non-vegetative state before growth |

| | |or germination. |

|709 |What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base of a pyramid of numbers? |Primary producers |

|710 |Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic. |e.g. ability to roller skate |

|711 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Diploid. |Two sets of chromosomes or |

| | |chromosomes in pairs |

|712 |When two monosaccharides unite they form a … |Disaccharide |

|713 |State one role of cartilage. |Prevents bone damage or friction |

| | |free movement or shock absorption |

|714 |Explain the term ectoparasite. |Organism living on host (or |

| | |explained) / causing damage |

|715 |How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together? |Hydrogen bonds |

|716 |Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called … |Excretion |

|717 |Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet, 2. Exercise. |Diet: Low fat – cholesterol |

| | |Exercise: Strengthen heart muscle –|

| | |improve circulation |

|718 |Explain each of the following terms in relation to the scientific method: |Hypothesis: Educated guess based on observation |

| |hypothesis, control, data, replicate, theory. |Control: Standard for comparison |

| | |Data: Measurements or observations or information gathered |

| | |from an experiment |

| | |Replicate: Make a duplicate(s) of an experiment or |

| | |procedure |

| | |Theory: A proven hypothesis |

|719 |Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler substances called? |Amino acids |

|720 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Sex chromosome. |Controls sex of organism |

|721 |What is a tissue? |A group of cells with the same |

| | |function |

|722 |Outline two biological similarities between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. |Fixation (or explained) / bacteria (or |

| | |micro-organisms) involved / death and |

| | |decay /nutrition (or described) / |

| | |excretion |

|723 |Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological inheritance? |Chromosomes or genes or DNA |

|724 |What is ‘junk’ DNA? |Non-coding (or described) |

|725 |Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release this gas into the air. |Respiration, Combustion, |

| | |Decomposition, |

|726 |True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys. |False |

|727 |Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place? |Chloroplast |

|728 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Heterozygous. |Alleles are different |

|729 |Give an example of an animal tissue. |1. Animal tissue e.g. muscle, connective, |

| |State a role of the animal tissue referred to. |epithelial, nervous |

| |Give one way in which the tissue referred to is adapted to carry out its function(s). |2. Matching structural or physiological role|

| | |3. Matching structural or physiological |

| | |adaptation |

|730 |Distinguish between habitat and ecosystem by writing a sentence about each. |Habitat - Where an organism (or plant and |

| | |animal) lives; Ecosystem - Organisms |

| | |(interacting) with their environment |

|731 |Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure or composition from a |Contain haemoglobin / no nucleus |

| |typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining. |(or other named organelle) / |

| | |biconcave shape |

|732 |State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism. |Reproduction |

|733 |Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. |Chop |

| |What was the first procedure that you followed? |To disrupt structure (or described)|

| |What was the reason for that procedure? |or to increase surface area |

|734 |State the effect of any one named pollutant. |Named pollutant |

| | |Effect must match named pollutant |

|735 |State the function of the semi-circular canals. |Detects movement of the head and |

| | |controls the balance of the body |

|736 |Explain the term tissue culture. |Cells grown on (or in) medium or |

| |Give two examples of the use of tissue culture. |cells grown outside organism |

|737 |Name the valves found at the base of both the aorta and the pulmonary artery. |Semi-lunar valves |

|738 |Distinguish between edaphic and aquatic by writing a sentence about each. |Edaphic: to do with soil; |

| | |Aquatic: to do with water |

|739 |Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens. |Wind, Insect |

|740 |State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods. |Large surface area / rich blood |

| | |supply / microvilli / thin-walled /|

| | |lacteal |

|741 |State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action. |Slower response, more widespread, |

| | |usually slower response |

|742 |Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. |To disrupt membranes |

|743 |What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes in the heart? |SA: controls the heartbeat. Sends out wave of impulses|

| | |to muscles of both atria causing atria to contract |

| | |AV: picks up the wave of impulses that cause the atria|

| | |to contract and transmits them to the ventricles, |

| | |causing them to contract in turn |

|744 |Name a monosaccharide. |Example |

| |Give the formula of the monosaccharide referred to. |Glucose |

| |Name a polysaccharide that can be formed from the monosaccharide referred to |C6H12O6 |

| | |Starch |

|745 |Describe how you carried out the heart dissection. |Cut / left side / right side |

|746 |Distinguish between climate and weather by writing a sentence about each. |Climate: Long-term (prevailing) |

| | |conditions; Weather: Short-term |

| | |(atmospheric) conditions |

|747 |Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries: agriculture or forestry or|Outline of one conservation measure|

| |fisheries. | |

|748 |What is a bioreactor? |A container in which a living thing|

| | |is used in the production of |

| | |something useful |

|749 |Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean? |Cells which have a nucleus and |

| | |other membrane bound organelles |

|750 |What is meant by genetic engineering? |Manipulation or alteration of genes|

|751 |Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. |To clump the DNA (or described) or |

| | |to protect DNA from other positive |

| | |ions |

|752 |Give one way in which an amino acid differs from a monosaccharide, in terms of chemical composition. |Contains N or contains –NH2 or |

| | |contains –COOH (group) |

|753 |Where in a food chain are primary producers found? |First (level) |

|754 |What was the main instrument that you used for the actual dissection of a heart? |Scalpel |

|755 |Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant. |Ensures springtime germination |

|756 |Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll? |near upper surface or palisade |

| | |layer |

|757 |Name one problem associated with waste disposal. |One problem associated with waste |

| | |disposal |

|758 |Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart. |SA: (in the wall of) Right Atrium |

| | |AV: In (or near) septum or near tricuspid|

| | |valve or between atrium and ventricle |

|759 |Define the following terms as used in genetics; linkage, sex linkage. |Linkage: Genes located on the same chromosome[ are said to be |

| | |linked] |

| | |Sex linkage: Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome |

|760 |What do carbohydrates and fats have in common, in terms of chemical composition? |Mostly composed of C, H and O |

|761 |What term is used to describe organisms that feed on primary producers? |Primary consumer(s) or herbivore(s)|

|762 |How did you distinguish between the left side and the right side of the heart when doing the dissection? |Left side firmer or thicker |

|763 |What is a protease? |An enzyme that digests protein |

|764 |Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. |Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen|

| | |Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without |

| | |using oxygen |

|765 |State a function of companion cells. |Controls the activities of the |

| | |phloem sieve tube |

|766 |Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur? |Cytosol (= cytoplasm minus |

| | |organelles) |

|767 |State one role of microorganisms in waste management |To consume waste |

|768 |How may one fat differ from another, in terms of chemical composition? |Different fatty acids or some are |

| | |phosphorylated (or have phosphate) |

|769 |Why are most food chains short (i.e. only consist of a few trophic levels)? |(Large) energy loss (from one level|

| | |to next) or small energy transfer |

|770 |State one function of protein in the human body. |structural (growth, repair, muscle, hair, |

| | |nails) |

| | |metabolic (enzymes) or immunity (antibodies) |

|771 |What structure separates the right side of the heart from the left side? |Septum |

|772 |Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA? |Because DNA is combined with |

| | |protein |

|773 |Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Prevented, 3. Treated. |Name: Chronic Bronchitis |

| | |Caused: irritants such as cigarette|

| | |smoke and air pollutants |

| | |Prevented: Don’t smoke |

| | |Treated: Bronchodilator |

|774 |True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous system. |False |

|775 |Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere. |Respiration, Combustion, |

| | |Decomposition |

|776 |The skin is one of the excretory organs in humans. Name one substance excreted by the skin. |e.g. Sweat |

|777 |What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are less numerous than those that |Producers are large or primary |

| |feed upon them? |consumers are parasites |

|778 |Describe the amnion and state its role. |Amnion: sac or membrane |

| | |Role: holds or produces fluid or |

| | |protects embryo (or foetus) |

|779 |Explain the terms pollution and conservation. |Pollution: Harmful addition to an ecosystem |

| | |Conservation: Management of ecosystems |

|780 |What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? |Prevent backflow (of blood) |

|781 |The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol. |Added down the side of the test |

| |Describe how it is used. |tube or added slowly |

| |For what purpose is it used? |To bring the DNA out of solution |

|782 |Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been produced. |(Potassium) dichromate / add acid or warm / |

| |Include the initial colour and final colour of the test. |orange / to green OR |

| | |Iodoform test or potassium iodide / add sodium |

| | |hypochlorite or warm / colourless / to yellow |

|783 |What does an ecologist mean by competition? |When two or more organisms fight |

| | |for a resource that is in short |

| | |supply |

|784 |List two functions of the skin. |Sweating, Protection , Melanin |

| | |production |

|785 |Can a parasite be the first member of a food chain? Explain your answer. |No. (Parasites) are not producers |

| | |or (parasites) are consumers (or |

| | |explained) |

|786 |Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing? |Carbon dioxide |

|787 |Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male? |Testes |

|788 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two |The agar turned blue-black or |

| |batches. Give the results of your investigation for the treated seeds. |purple OR Treated (boiled) seeds |

| | |left agar unchanged (blue-black / |

| | |purple) |

|789 |Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive. |Alleles: An alternative form of a |

| | |gene |

| | |Recessive: Allele whose expression |

| | |is masked by dominant allele |

|790 |State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory. |To keep pH constant |

|791 |If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by disease) suggest what would happen |(Their number would) increase |

| |to the primary consumers? | |

|792 |Name an organ of excretion other than the skin and state one substance it excretes. |e.g. Kidney; Urine |

|793 |Energy enters food chains in the form of light. In which form do you think most energy is lost from food |Heat |

| |chains? | |

|794 |Where does the second stage of respiration take place? |Mitochondria |

|795 |Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine. |Diffusion (passive transport) |

|796 |To which kingdom do yeasts belong? |Fungus |

|797 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two |The plate turns blue-black or |

| |batches. Give the results of your investigation for the untreated seeds. |purple except where the seeds were |

| | |lying or It was clear under the |

| | |seeds |

|798 |On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the following occur: 1. Meiosis, |1. Meiosis: In the ovary |

| |2. Fertilisation, 3. Implantation. |2. Fertilisation: ½ way along the Fallopian |

| | |tube |

| | |3. Implantation: In the endometrium |

|799 |State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory. |To detect presence of protein |

|800 |What is meant by the term homeostasis? |Maintaining constant internal |

| | |conditions |

|801 |Distinguish between Starch and Glucose |Starch – polysaccharide (or explained) or |

| | |polymer or correct test; Glucose – |

| | |monosaccharide (or explained) or monomer or |

| | |correct test |

|802 |State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism. |Growth |

|803 |What is meant by a trophic level? |feeding (level) |

|804 |Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination. |Cross pollination increases |

| | |variation or reduces chance of |

| | |genetic problems |

|805 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds describe how you carried out the |Sterilised (seeds) / face down on |

| |investigation and indicate clearly how you showed whether or not digestion had occurred. |agar |

| | |Add iodine or biuret solution to |

| | |plate |

|806 |Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse could be increased. |Increased (artificial) lighting/ |

| | |increased carbon dioxide / heating |

|807 |True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones |True |

|808 |The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? |Produces heat (internally) or warm |

| | |blooded |

|809 |Distinguish between Amino acids and Proteins |Amino Acid – building block of protein or |

| | |monomer or unit of protein; Protein – polymer |

| | |(of amino acids) or chain of (or many) amino |

| | |acids |

|810 |In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in different investigations. State |Starch detection (or use of) |

| |two different uses of the iodine solution. |Examining cells (or described) |

|811 |Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. transcription. |1. The process of duplication of |

| | |the DNA during mitosis and meiosis.|

| | |2. The process of producing mRNA |

| | |using DNA as a template. |

|812 |Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or progesterone in the menstrual |Oestrogen: repairs endometrium / inhibits FSH / stimulates LH|

| |cycle. |Progesterone: thickening (or maintenance of) endometrium / |

| | |inhibits FSH / inhibits LH production |

|813 |Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem. |Name of ecosystem |

| | |Food chain: Must have at least three members |

| | |and must match named ecosystem. |

|814 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two |To Kill the seeds or destroy |

| |batches. Each batch was treated differently. Why was such treatment necessary? |Enzymes or act as Control |

|815 |State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor. |(Enzyme) - can be recovered |

|816 |What name is given to a plant’s response to light? |Phototropism |

|817 |Distinguish between Biuret test and Benedict's (Fehling's) test |Biuret – (test for) protein; |

| | |Benedict’s / Fehling’s – (test |

| | |for) reducing sugar (or glucose or |

| | |maltose) |

|818 |Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception. Suggest an |Vasectomy: |

| |advantage and a disadvantage of the method that you have named. |Advantage: Permanently effective, No need for other |

| | |contraception, Does not interfere with desire, spontaneity or |

| | |enjoyment, Simple operation, Avoids side effects of hormonal |

| | |contraception |

| | |Disadvantage: cannot be undone, Does not give protection against |

| | |STDs or HIV, Medical complications |

|819 |State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations. |Keep temperature constant (or example) / |

| | |to vary temperature (or example) / |

| | |denaturing enzyme / heating |

|820 |Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair. |Osmosis |

|821 |How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport? |Tubular or continuous lumen / reinforced |

| | |(lignified) walls / end to end / pits / lateral |

| | |movement of water / wetable lining / narrow (bore)|

|822 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into two |Boiled |

| |batches. One batch was used untreated. How did you treat the other batch of seeds before using them in the | |

| |investigation? | |

|823 |What is an auxin? |a (growth) regulator in plants |

|824 |Name one growth regulator produced in plants. |e.g. Auxin |

|825 |Distinguish between Fats and Oils |Fats – (lipids) solid at room |

| | |temp; |

| | |Oils – (lipids) liquid at room |

| | |temp |

|826 |Explain what is meant by an ecosystem. |Organisms / interacting / in their |

| | |environment |

|827 |Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this disorder give: 1. A possible|Fibroids Cause: associated with the levels of |

| |cause, 2. A method of treatment. |oestrogen |

| | |Treatment: Surgery |

| | |Endometriosis Cause: hormone imbalance or a weakness |

| | |in the immune system |

| | |Treatment: Contraceptive pill, Surgery |

|828 |In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing rate increase with |More energy (required) / more |

| |exercise. Explain why this is the case. |oxygen (required) / more CO2 |

| | |(produced) |

|829 |The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Explain the |Exocrine: A gland which has a duct [to deliver its |

| |underlined terms. |secretions] |

| | |Endocrine: A ductless gland [which relies on the |

| | |bloodstream to deliver its secretions] |

|830 |Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. |C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( E + 6CO2 + 6H2O |

|831 |What type of agar did you use in the investigation of the digestive activity in germinating seeds? |Starch (agar) or Milk (agar) |

|832 |Where in a plant are growth regulators produced? |Growing tip or apical meristem |

|833 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Metabolism. |All reactions in cell (or organism) / controlled |

| | |by enzymes / catabolism explained or catabolism + |

| | |example / anabolism explained or anabolism + |

| | |example |

|834 |Why does fermentation eventually cease? |Excess alcohol kills yeast. |

| | |Yeast run out of food |

|835 |State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro-organism and one involving a |M/O: Production of human insulin |

| |plant. |Plant: Production of Golden Rice – |

| | |possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency|

|836 |Explain what is meant by a habitat. |The place where an organism lives |

|837 |In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicot stem |Cutting: Cut thin (section) or (cut) away |

| |for microscopic examination. How did you prepare the T.S.? |(from self) or with scalpel (or blade or |

| | |microtome) |

| | |Mounting: placed onto slide with water or how |

| | |cover slip applied |

|838 |Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living organisms. |Non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce |

| | |in host cell only or obligate parasite / do not |

| | |possess organelles or named organelle |

|839 |Name a carbohydrate you would expect to find stored in a seed. |Starch |

|840 |Give one way by which plants can protect themselves from attack. |e.g. Sting |

|841 |Distinguish between Cellulose and Keratin |Cellulose – carbohydrate or polysaccharide or |

| | |(found in plant) cell wall; Keratin – protein or|

| | |(found in human) hair (or nails or skin) |

|842 |Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human development in the womb. |Transport in (or out) / example of |

| | |barrier / produces progesterone |

|843 |What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic conditions? |Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) |

|844 |What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal? |Fatty acids and glycerol |

|845 |Give a brief account of the role of testosterone. |Development of secondary sexual |

| | |characteristics or example named / development|

| | |of sex organs /sperm production |

|846 |In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: |Test of hypothesis or test of |

| |Experiment, |prediction |

| |Theory |Hypothesis (or explained) supported|

| | |(by experiment) |

|847 |Name the two main parts of the central nervous system in humans. |Brain & Spinal Cord |

|848 |What is meant by the term digestion? |Breakdown of Food |

|849 |How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? |Hypothesis can develop into a |

| | |theory or explained |

|850 |Explain what is meant by a niche. |The (functional) role (of an |

| | |organism) or ‘occupation’ (of an |

| | |organism) |

|851 |Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell differs from a typical human|Cell wall, size, capsule, |

| |cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining). |flagellum, plasmid |

|852 |State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. |No reduction in chromosomes/ no |

| | |homologous pairing during process/ |

| | |resulting nuclei identical/ two |

| | |cells |

|853 |From what tissues is the placenta formed? |Uterine and embryonic |

|854 |True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones. |True |

|855 |Messages are carried around the body by neurons (nerve cells). Name any two types of neuron. |Motor Neuron, Sensory Neuron, |

| | |Interneuron |

|856 |Describe how you examined your transverse section (T.S.) of stem with the microscope. |Turn on Light or mirror / Low power|

| | |lens or coarse focus |

|857 |Explain the importance of double-blind testing in scientific experimentation. |Avoidance of bias |

|858 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Suggest a reason why the |To minimise (genetic) variation |

| |seeds used were all taken from one parent plant. | |

|859 |What are antibiotics? |Substances produced by |

| | |micro-organisms / inhibit (growth |

| | |or reproduction) of bacteria or |

| | |fungi |

|860 |Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made of in much greater detail (cell|Electron microscope |

| |ultrastructure). | |

|861 |Describe three methods used by plants to protect themselves from adverse |Thorns/ modified leaves e.g. pine needles /stinging |

| |external environments. |(cells)/deep roots / heat shock proteins/ phytoalexins e.g. |

| | |production of antimicrobial chemicals / use of seeds / leaf |

| | |fall / perennating organs or examples /dormancy / succulent |

| | |tissues / toxins / other |

|862 |Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each of the underlined terms. |saprophytic – live on dead organisms (matter) |

| | |parasitic – living in or on another organism |

| | |causing harm. |

|863 |What name is given to the area where one neuron ends and another begins? |Synapse |

|864 |Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics. |Features that develop at or after |

| | |puberty (but are not directly |

| | |involved in reproduction) |

|865 |Outline how you made the section of the stem and prepared it for examination under the microscope. |Cut a thin slice / place, in water |

| | |or stain, on slide |

|866 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; |Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs |

| |Producer; Niche. |Habitat: The place where an organism lives |

| | |Consumer: An organism which feeds on another organism |

| | |Producer: An organism which makes its own food |

| | |Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an |

| | |ecosystem) |

|867 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. The compost in which the |Heat (or method of heating) or |

| |wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start of the investigation. |named chemical or irradiation (or |

| |Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost. |named) |

| |State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost. |To kill organisms or to prevent |

| | |contamination or to eliminate |

| | |competition or to eliminate |

| | |disease or described |

|868 |Outline how birth occurs. |Change in hormone levels (or correctly |

| | |described) / contractions / waters break / |

| | |cervix dilates / delivery / cord cut / |

| | |afterbirth |

|869 |What is meant by cross-pollination? |Transfer of pollen from one flower |

| | |to another flower on a different |

| | |plant of the same species |

|870 |In biology, what is meant by the term organ? |A group of tissues (working |

| | |together) |

|871 |Name the type of chemical that carries messages between two neurons. |Neurotransmitter |

|872 |Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males. |Facial hair/ broader shoulders / larger larynx|

| | |or deeper voice / greater bone density / |

| | |greater bone strength / pubic hair / |

| | |enlargement of genitals |

|873 |Why did you use a herbaceous (non-woody) stem rather than a woody one when examining a transverse section |Easier to cut |

| |(T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem under a microscope? | |

|874 |Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an account of the importance of |(called) cohesion / water evaporates in leaf|

| |these forces in raising water to great height in trees. |or transpiration / is replaced / upward pull|

| | |or tension /continuous stream / ensures |

| | |movement / water column hard to break |

|875 |Where are sperm produced? |Testis |

|876 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they divide the |As control (or described) |

| |young wheat plants into two equal groups? | |

|877 |By what process do minerals enter a plant? |Active transport |

|878 |What is meant by genetic screening? |Testing (people) for the presence |

| | |of a (specific) gene |

|879 |What happens to the neurotransmitter chemical once the messages have been transmitted between two neurons? |Destroyed or reused |

|880 |Give two functions of the placenta. |Makes progesterone / conducts food to embryo (foetus) / conducts O2 to embryo |

| | |(foetus) / conducts antibodies to embryo (foetus) / removes CO2 from embryo |

| | |(foetus) / removes urea from embryo (foetus) / keeps the mother's and embryo's |

| | |(foetus') blood apart. |

|881 |What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation? |Sperm and egg fuse outside the body|

|882 |Name the plant that you used when examined with a microscope a transverse section (T.S.) of a |Celery |

| |dicotyledonous stem. | |

|883 |Explain what is meant by the term pH. |(A measure of) how acidic or |

| | |alkaline a solution is |

|884 |Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each when viruses or |B-cells/ T-cells or two named T cells e.g. helper / killer / suppressor |

| |other microorganisms enter the blood. |/ memory |

| | |B-cells – produce antibodies/agglutination or lysis / memory |

| | |T-cells – recognise / destroy infected or damaged cells / memory / |

| | |activation / suppress immune system |

| | |Helper T – stimulate B cells or stimulate killer T cells/ recognise |

| | |antigens / |

| | |Killer T – Destroy infected or damaged cells / |

| | |Suppressor T – Switch off immune system or explained / |

| | |Memory T – memorise antigen |

|885 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. During the investigation |To have only one variable (or |

| |they kept the two groups of plants under identical conditions. Why was this? |explained) |

|886 |List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you may refer to either or both |Condon (male & female), Pill, |

| |sexes. |Spermicide, Diaphragm, IUD, |

| | |Implants, Rhythm, Coitus interuptus|

|887 |Explain the term digestion? |Molecules or food broken down |

|888 |Give the three stages of childbirth |1. Contraction of uterus or waters break or dilation of cervix |

| | |[accept labour]; |

| | |2. Baby delivered; |

| | |3. Afterbirth delivered |

|889 |How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? |Two |

|890 |Give one function of vascular tissue in plants. |Transport or Transport example or |

| | |Support |

|891 |When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must |When exercise is complete the consumption of|

| |eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid. |oxygen remains above normal until the debt |

| | |has been repaid. This is why one continues |

| | |to pant after exercise. |

|892 |To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? |Protista / Protoctista |

|893 |What is an enzyme? |A (biological) catalyst |

|894 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Name two conditions you |Temperature / Light / pH / CO2 / |

| |think the scientists would have kept constant during the investigation. |humidity / other minerals / H2O |

|895 |Name one human tooth type and give its function. |e.g. Incisor; to cut |

|896 |Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological benefits of |Benefit for baby: mother-baby bonding / antibodies in milk / |

| |breastfeeding. |laxative in milk / mother’s milk encourages growth of |

| | |mutualistic bacteria in large intestine / milk sterile / milk|

| | |at body temperature; |

| | |Benefit for mother: bonding / uterus recovers faster / |

| | |natural contraceptive / reduces risk of breast cancer |

|897 |After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a blastocyst. Explain the terms |Morula: (Solid) ball of cells |

| |in italics. |Blastocyst: Fluid-filled (or |

| | |hollow) ball of cells |

|898 |Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental conditions become unfavourable. |Produce (endo)spores |

|899 |Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? |Two cotyledons or two seed leaves |

| | |(in each seed) |

|900 |When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest two possible causes of |Carcinogen /mutation / mutagen / |

| |cancer. |example 1 / example 2 / radiation |

| | |or named / virus |

|901 |Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins. |Rooting powder / tissue culturing /|

| | |weed killer / ripening of fruit / |

| | |seedless fruits / other |

|902 |True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of the heart. |True |

|903 |The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid onto the ingested food. Give one function of this acid. |Kills bacteria |

|904 |What is meant by the term infertility? |Inability to produce offspring |

|905 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they repeat the |To ensure (statistical) reliability|

| |investigation several times before publishing their results in a scientific journal? | |

|906 |What is meant by DNA profiling? |Analysing/examining a person’s DNA |

| | |(to compare patterns with others) |

| | |or getting or providing patterns or|

| | |bands |

|907 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. If all the foxes were killed,|Number would increase |

| |what would happen to the number of rabbits? | |

|908 |Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses. |Cold / ‘flu / polio / rabies / |

| | |mumps / rubella / measles / AIDS |

| | |(HIV) |

|909 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? |Fungi |

|910 |What is osmosis? |The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) |

| | |concentration to a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M |

| | |or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across|

| | |a S.P.M. |

|911 |Give one digestive function of the liver. |Bile |

|912 |In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? |Fusion of gametes [fertilisation] |

| | |outside the body (e.g. in a Petri |

| | |dish) |

|913 |What is an enzyme? |Biological catalyst |

|914 |Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two differences, other than location, |Stage 1 does not require O2 or is |

| |between Stage 1 and Stage 2. |anaerobic / produces a small amount|

| | |of energy (or ATP) |

|915 |State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs). |Size comment / shape or structural comment / motile |

| | |(only if ‘tail or ‘flagellum’’ not given)/ chromosomal |

| | |difference / does not (usually) contribute mitochondrial|

| | |DNA to zygote |

|916 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a herbivore from this |Rabbit |

| |food chain. | |

|917 |Where in plant cells is DNA found? |Nucleus or chloroplasts or |

| | |mitochondria |

|918 |What is meant by the germination of a seed? |Is the beginning of the growth |

| | |after a period of dormancy |

|919 |Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas. |Produces enzymes or named enzyme; |

| | |Produces Insulin |

|920 |What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)? |Loss of blood / loss of endometrium|

|921 |Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be advised to consider a genetic|Selection of embryo or any valid |

| |test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro fertilisation. |role |

|922 |Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus? |Saprophytic |

|923 |Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur? |Cytoplasm or cytosol |

|924 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a producer from this |Grass |

| |food chain. | |

|925 |What is an ecosystem? |A community of living organisms |

| | |interacting with one another and |

| | |their environment |

|926 |Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found? |In the chloroplasts |

|927 |What is meant by aerobic respiration? |Breakdown of food or production of |

| | |energy in presence of O2 |

|928 |Explain the term ovulation. |Release of egg from ovary |

|929 |The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Suggest why the |Usually closer to the light |

| |cells here contain more of these organelles than the cells in the spongy mesophyll. | |

|930 |Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which this pollution could be |Activity: Littering |

| |prevented. |Prevention: Reuse, Recycle |

|931 |True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells. |True |

|932 |What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs? |Anaerobic or fermentation |

|933 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a secondary consumer |Fox |

| |from this food chain. | |

|934 |Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its functions. |Insulin or glucagon |

| | |Regulates blood sugar (level) |

|935 |Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages. |1. Cytoplasm |

| |1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur? |2. Mitochondria |

| |2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur? | |

|936 |What is meant by the fertile period? |Time when fertilisation is possible|

| | |/ when egg is in oviduct |

|937 |Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. |Nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles |

| |What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells? |or other named organelle |

| | |Prokaryotic |

|938 |Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful fungus. |Beneficial – yeast for brewing or baking / |

| | |named edible fungus/ other |

| | |Harmful – ringworm / athlete’s foot / potato|

| | |blight / thrush / dry rot / death cap / |

| | |other |

|939 |In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one such gas. |Air or water (vapour) or O2 or CO2 |

| | |or N2 or chemicals in or out |

|940 |Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from an increased availability of |Decrease (no increase) in population / |

| |contraception. |demographic imbalance/ improved social |

| | |conditions /comment on STIs / health issues |

|941 |What do we mean by the word ecology? |Study of relationship between |

| | |organisms and their environment |

|942 |Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. |Ethanol or lactic acid or CO2 |

|943 |Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy? |Aerobic |

|944 |Where does fertilisation occur in the female body? |Oviducts |

|945 |Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products that result when water is |Hydrogen (proton) /oxygen/ electron|

| |split. |or energy or ATP |

|946 |What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic? |Disease-causing |

|947 |Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire. |To provide energy or named |

| | |metabolic activity |

|948 |What is meant by vegetative propagation? |Production of new plant from root |

| | |or from stem or from leaf or plant |

| | |asexual reproduction (or described)|

|949 |State one function of the stoma. |To allow gas exchange or |

| | |Transpiration or Temperature |

| | |control |

|950 |Give one beneficial effect of bacteria. |Yoghurt or cheese or antibiotic |

| | |production |

|951 |1. Name a substance other than alcohol that is produced during the fermentation process. |1. CO2 |

| |2. How would you detect this other substance? |2. Bubbles |

| |3. How would you know when fermentation had finished? |3. Bubbling stops |

|952 |Explain the term implantation. |Embedding of embryo in endometrium |

|953 |In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy. |ATP |

| |In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? |Oxygen or H+ (or protons) |

| |To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain? | |

|954 |The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs? |Alveoli |

|955 |Name the muscles that are used in breathing. |Intercostal muscles (between the |

| | |ribs) |

|956 |Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid. |Cowper’s gland / seminal vesicle / |

| | |prostate gland |

|957 |Name the four bases that are found in DNA. |Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine|

|958 |Give one harmful effect of bacteria. |Diseases or Food decay or named |

| | |disease |

|959 |In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis? |Chlorophyll |

|960 |Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle. |Oestrogen / progesterone / FSH / LH|

|961 |What is evolution? |The way organisms change |

| | |genetically from pre-existing forms|

| | |to produce new species over long |

| | |periods of time |

|962 |What is meant by the term digestion? |The breakdown of food |

|963 |Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata. |Guard cells |

|964 |Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Suggest one advantage of |Fast or preserves desirable |

| |artificial propagation. |features or cheap or more reliable |

|965 |Name two methods of cross-pollination. |Wind, Insect |

|966 |Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis. What is meant by osmosis? |Movement of H2O through |

| | |semi-permeable membrane from low |

| | |to high conc (or high to low water |

| | |conc) |

|967 |Some bacteria have flagella. What are flagella used for? |Movement |

|968 |What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the menopause? |It stops |

|969 |What is meant by a triplet code? |three bases code for one amino acid|

|970 |State a function for each of the following structures that are found in |Rhizoid – anchors / digestion / absorption |

| |fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. |Sporangium – produces spores / stores spores / asexual reproduction|

| | |Gametangium – produces gametes / sexual reproduction |

| | |Zygospore – survival / dispersal |

|971 |Why is digestion necessary? |For solubility or for absorption or|

| | |for transport |

|972 |What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane? |Allows some molecules through / |

| | |Visking tubing / cell membrane |

|973 |What is the function of the Eustachian tube? |To equalise pressure (on the |

| | |eardrum) or air in or air out or |

| | |Protection |

|974 |During photosynthesis water is split into three products. |1. O2 / H+ / e- |

| |1. Name each of these three products. |2. Light Stage |

| |2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split. | |

|975 |Bacteria reproduce by a method known as … |Binary Fission |

|976 |What is meant by the term pollination? |Transfer of pollen / from anther to|

| | |stigma |

|977 |To which kingdom do bacteria belong? |Monera (Prokaryotae) |

|978 |Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants. |Cuttings (or described) / layering |

| | |(or described) / grafting (or |

| | |described) / micro propagation (or |

| | |described) |

|979 |For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis? |Reproduction |

|980 |Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about each. |Mechanical: physical or grinding or cutting |

| | |or churning or chewing or emulsifying |

| | |Chemical: (action of) enzyme or named enzyme|

| | |or (action of) acid or named acid |

|981 |Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in respiration. What is respiration? |The controlled release of energy |

| | |from food (carbohydrate) / |

| | |oxidation of food |

|982 |Carbon dioxide (CO2) is needed for photosynthesis. Where does CO2 enter the leaf? |Stoma |

|983 |Give two methods of pollination in plants. |Wind / insect / self |

|984 |Name three bacterial shapes. |Rod / Cocci / Spiral |

|985 |Name a disorder other than cancer for each of the |1.Name Arthritis / osteoporosis |2. Name |

| |following and indicate a possible cause and a |Cause |Paralysis/Parkinson’s disease/ |

| |means of treatment: |Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance / genetic |Cause |

| |1. Musculoskeletal system, |/immune response |Injury / genetic / disease / lack |

| |2. Nervous system. |Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise / |of dopamine |

| | |genetic / dietary /menopause |Treatment |

| | |Treatment |Physiotherapy / dopamine or drugs |

| | |arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs/ analgesics/ rest / |to promote neurotransmitter |

| | |exercise/ replacement of joint / steroids or named/ |production / stem cell / implant |

| | |immuno-suppressants | |

| | |osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary | |

| | |supplements or named | |

|986 |What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? |Throat or Pharynx |

|987 |What is meant by pollution? |The harmful addition to the |

| | |environment (by humans) that leaves|

| | |it less able to sustain life |

|988 |State a function of seminal fluid. |Allows sperm to swim / provides |

| | |nutrients / lubricant / protects |

| | |sperm |

|989 |From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum? |Stomach |

|990 |A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses. Suggest two ways he may achieve|Extra CO2, more light |

| |this. | |

|991 |What is the next step after pollination in the lifecycle of the plant? |Fertilisation |

|992 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant tissue. List: Skin graft; Dermal; |Dermal |

| |Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|993 |Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation involving seeds. |No gametes (or one parent) / |

| | |identical plants or example / rapid|

| | |production / no outside agent |

|994 |What do you understand by the term conservation? |The wise management of the |

| | |environment or organisms |

|995 |True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds. |False |

|996 |What is the function of the cochlea? |Hearing |

|997 |Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf? |stoma / guard cells |

|998 |What is a tissue? |Group of cells with a common |

| | |function |

|999 |Suggest a substance that flowers produce that may cause hay fever in some people. |Pollen |

|1000 |State one digestive function of the pancreas. |(Produces) enzymes or named enzyme |

| | |or neutralises (chyme) |

|1001 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A use of tissue culture. List: Skin graft; |Skin Graft |

| |Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|1002 |What is the function of the larynx? |Produce sounds |

|1003 |State one reason why water is needed for germination. |chemical (enzyme) reactions / dissolve stored |

| | |food / swell testa / a condition of |

| | |germination / hydrate cells / activate enzymes|

|1004 |Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of dispersal, 2. Two advantages of |1. Wind / animal / self (or mechanical) / |

| |dispersal to the plant. |water |

| | |2. Colonisation / reduces competition / |

| | |elaboration of competition |

|1005 |The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean? |information (code) is copied to RNA|

| | |molecule |

|1006 |Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory. |Oxygen |

|1007 |What is meant by the term vegetative propagation? |Asexual reproduction |

|1008 |The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ... |Genotype |

|1009 |Which term from the following list matches the description: The heart. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; |Organ |

| |Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|1010 |What is an endotherm? |(An animal that) produces its (or own or body) |

| | |heat or (body) temperature independent of |

| | |(temperature of) environment |

|1011 |Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection. |Charles Darwin |

| | |Alfred Russell Wallace |

|1012 |To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney? |Bladder |

|1013 |What is aerobic respiration? |The release of energy from |

| | |carbohydrate without using oxygen |

|1014 |Why are sterile conditions needed to grow a tissue in a laboratory? |To avoid contamination |

|1015 |Give one example of vegetative propagation in plants and state whether it involve a stem, a root, a leaf or|One example / whether |

| |a bud. |stem-root-leaf-bud |

|1016 |Name an excretory substance present in urine. |urea /water /salt |

|1017 |Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye. |Lens: To focus (light) onto the |

| | |retina |

| | |Vitreous humour: Gives shape (to |

| | |eye) |

|1018 |Which term from the following list matches the description: Cells growing in a test tube. List: Skin graft;|In vitro growth |

| |Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|1019 |What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms? |Ectotherms |

|1020 |A sex cell is also known as a ... |Gamete |

|1021 |Valves are present in veins. What is their function? |Prevent backflow of blood |

|1022 |What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? |Mitosis |

|1023 |State two ways that vegetative propagation differs from reproduction by seed. |Spread / limited spread / offspring|

| | |all susceptible to same diseases |

|1024 |Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way in which they differ. |xylem/phloem |

| | |Xylem - lignified/ transports water/ vessels/ tracheids / dead |

| | |Phloem – transports food/ sieve tubes/ companion cells / living |

|1025 |Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. Describe |diaphragm contracts (lowers) / intercostal muscles contract /ribs move|

| |briefly how these pressure changes are brought about. |up and out / increased volume of thoracic cavity / pressure decreases |

| | |/ intercostals relax / air rushes in / diaphragm relaxes / volume |

| | |decreases / pressure increases / air pushed out / inhale / exhale |

|1026 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant organ. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ;|Leaf |

| |Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|1027 |State a function of ground tissue. |food storage / storage of waste / |

| | |photosynthesis / strength / support|

|1028 |Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm. |(Temperature always suitable) for good enzyme |

| | |activity or maintains constant body temperature or|

| | |activity independent of environmental temperature |

|1029 |The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their function? |substances can diffuse easily / in |

| | |and out of blood / tissues / less |

| | |fat content |

|1030 |What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis in human cells? |Cancer |

|1031 |Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two example of artificial propagation carried |e.g. Cuttings / layering / budding |

| |out by gardeners or horticulturists. |/ grafting |

|1032 |A change in the structure of DNA is called a ... |Mutation |

|1033 |1. Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 4. Brain. Outline |1. Holds lens in place or (involved in) changing shape of lens |

| |the roles in vision of the above structures. |2. (Detects) colour |

| | |3. Brings impulses from retina or brings impulse to brain |

| | |4. Interprets information (received from retina) |

|1034 |What is meant by contraception? |Prevention of fertilisation |

| | |(conception) or implantation or |

| | |pregnancy |

|1035 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A group of cells with the same function. List: |Tissue |

| |Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |

|1036 |From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of plants such as lettuces in a |increase day length / artificial |

| |greenhouse. |light/ increase carbon dioxide |

| | |level / |

| | |increase in temperature level |

|1037 |Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a reason for this. |High metabolism or growing (or more|

| | |cell division) or more active or |

| | |more infections or teething |

|1038 |Give two causes of uncontrolled cell division. |e.g. Radiation, smoking |

|1039 |Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants. |food source / balance of nature / |

| | |biodiversity / prevention of extinction / |

| | |health of planet / aesthetic / recreational |

| | |/ O2 / CO2 |

|1040 |True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata. |True |

|1041 |Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation. |Advantage: e.g. can control production of desirable |

| | |features; |

| | |Disadvantage: e.g. offspring all susceptible to same |

| | |diseases |

|1042 |A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ... |Gene |

|1043 |In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this procedure, into which part|Womb or Uterus or Endometrium / |

| |of the reproductive system is the developing embryo then placed? |lining of Womb or Uterus or |

| | |Endometrium |

|1044 |What is the menstrual cycle? |Monthly cycle in female / menstruation or lining of uterus / (endometrium) shed / |

| | |blood discharged / F.S.H./ Graffian follicles with eggs / secrete oestrogen / |

| | |endometrium thickens / L.H. / ovulation / corpus luteum / progesterone / (if no |

| | |fertilisation then) lining breaks down |

|1045 |Explain how the iris works. |(muscular) contraction in response |

| | |to light intensity or pupil size |

| | |changes or allows more (or less) |

| | |light in |

|1046 |What is the function of meiosis? |Reduction (halving) of Chromosome |

| | |numbers or to produce gametes |

|1047 |A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it and causing it harm is |Parasitism |

| |known as … | |

|1048 |What is vegetative propagation? |Asexual reproduction (in plants) / |

| | |cloning |

|1049 |Give two functions of the human skeleton. |Strength / support / shape / |

| | |mobility / protection / muscle |

| | |attachment / blood cell production |

|1050 |The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage. |Keeps the trachea (air way) open |

|1051 |Give one cause of infertility in women. |Blockage of fallopian tubes or |

| | |hormonal or failure to ovulate, |

| | |excessive exercise |

|1052 |Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a substance excreted by this organ. |Skin / lungs / liver |

| | |Water / carbon dioxide / urea / |

| | |salt / bile / sweat |

|1053 |The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ... |Dominant |

|1054 |Suggest one advantage of classifying organisms. |e.g. Identification |

|1055 |State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. |It supports the fungus and is |

| | |involved in absorption |

|1056 |Organisms capable of making their own food are known as … |Producers |

|1057 |Vertebrae in the neck are called the cervical vertebrae. Name and give the exact location of two other |Thoracic - back of chest; Lumbar - |

| |types of vertebrae. |small of back; Sacral - back of |

| | |pelvis; Caudal or coccyx - tail |

| | |end |

|1058 |How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed? |One parent / less variation in |

| | |offspring / no pollination / no |

| | |sexual reproduction |

|1059 |Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one. |Increased visual field or to judge |

| | |distance (depth) or 3D vision |

|1060 |State one function of the human ovary. |Produce Eggs or Hormones |

| | |(Oestrogen, Progesterone) |

|1061 |How does a portal vein differ from other veins? |capillaries at both ends / joins |

| | |two organs – liver and intestines |

|1062 |Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. |Monera |

|1063 |To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code? |Ribosome |

|1064 |The study of biological inheritance is known as ... |Genetics |

|1065 |Name one disorder of the musculoskeletal system. |e.g. arthritis / osteoporosis |

|1066 |All the members of a species living in an area are known as the … |Population |

|1067 |True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous plants. |True |

|1068 |Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder and suggest a means of |Asthma/ allergic response or genetics or smoking |

| |prevention or treatment. |or narrowing of bronchioles or infection or |

| | |anxiety / use of inhaler or avoidance of allergens|

| | |/ exercise . |

| | |Bronchitis/ infection or narrowing of bronchi/ |

| | |antibiotics (for bacterial infection) / cancer of |

| | |the lungs / MS effecting diaphragm |

|1069 |True or False. The copying of the DNA code into mRNA is called transcription. |True |

|1070 |Give one example of the economic importance of bacteria. |e.g Food production |

|1071 |Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Give one example of |any example of “industrial fermentation” |

| |industrial fermentation, including the type of micro-organism and the substance produced. |Bacteria: beer / wine / yoghurt / enzymes / drugs |

| | |/ hormones / antibiotics /methane (biogas) / etc. |

| | |Fungus / Yeast: carbon dioxide / wine / beer / |

| | |single cell protein / antibiotics |

|1072 |Write notes on the role of lymphocytes. |Immune system (or described) / B lymphocytes|

| | |/ produce antibodies / T lymphocytes / any |

| | |function of T lymphocyte |

|1073 |What is the function of the semi-circular canals? |Balance |

|1074 |Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the kidney does it take |cortex / nephron /glomerulus / |

| |place? |Bowman’s capsule |

|1075 |Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the environment by decay are known as … |Decomposers |

|1076 |Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell. |Water or sugar or sap or salt(s) or|

| | |named gases or protein |

|1077 |Bacteria may be classified by their shape. Name any two bacterial shapes. |Bacillus or rod shaped, Coccus or |

| | |spherical (Round), Spirillum or |

| | |spiral shaped |

|1078 |True or False. Genetic engineering is the manipulation and alteration of genes. |True |

|1079 |Name the following blood vessels; |1. Renal artery |

| |1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. |2. Coronary artery |

| |2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood. | |

|1080 |Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a|“Seed” potatoes – stem |

| |bud. |Runners of strawberries etc. – stem |

| | |Tuber of Dahlia – root |

| | |Bulb of onion – stem/leaf/bud |

| | |New plants from leaf – leaf |

| | |Artificial examples |

| | |Cuttings/grafts/layers – stem, bud, stem |

|1081 |What is the function of the cochlea? |Hearing |

|1082 |What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? |heterotrophic/ saprophytic / |

| |Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. |decomposes / recycling |

|1083 |In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of … |minerals or trace elements or |

| | |inorganic nutrients |

|1084 |A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at least one benefits is known as|Symbiosis |

| |… | |

|1085 |Name the method by which bacteria reproduce. |Binary Fission |

|1086 |True or False. RNA contains the base thymine. |False |

|1087 |Write notes on neurotransmitters. |Secreted by neuron (or vesicle) / presynaptic (neuron) / in response to |

| | |impulse / chemical transmission / across synaptic cleft / cause impulse in |

| | |next neuron / destroyed by enzymes / recycled or reabsorbed by pre-synaptic|

| | |neuron |

|1088 |True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide. |True |

|1089 |What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? |Throat |

|1090 |Why are valves not needed in arteries? |blood is under pressure / blood |

| | |from heart / blood pumped |

|1091 |The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with … |Lignin |

|1092 |Where is the epiglottis? What is its function? |At the top of windpipe / oesophagus|

| | |To prevent food entering trachea / |

| | |wrong way / prevent choking |

|1093 |What are pathogenic bacteria? |Disease-causing |

|1094 |A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as … |Competition |

|1095 |True or False. Replication is the copying of DNA. |True |

|1096 |Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids? |Cell membrane |

|1097 |What surrounds the bones in the middle ear? |Air |

|1098 |Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin. |B or C |

|1099 |True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element. |False |

|1100 |Write notes on homeostasis. |Maintenance of / constant internal environment / example|

| | |how / example why (Example = pH, solute concentrations |

| | |or examples of such solutes, temperature, water) |

|1101 |State two factors affecting the growth of bacteria. |Temp, O2, water, food, pH, Waste |

|1102 |Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the human diet. |Vitamin C – Scurvy |

| | |Vitamin D - Rickets |

|1103 |True or False. Phenotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. |False |

|1104 |One organism killing and eating another organism is known as … |Predation |

|1105 |The ear is an example of a sense organ. Name two sense organs, other than the ear and the eye, in the human|Skin / tongue / nose |

| |body. | |

|1106 |Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of artificial propagation. |cutting /grafting /layering |

| | |/micro-propagation |

|1107 |What is Natural Selection? |organisms best suited to |

| | |environment / have greater chance |

| | |of breeding / and survive / |

| | |’survival of the fittest’ |

|1108 |To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? |Fungi |

|1109 |Give two functions of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. |Anchor, absorb, secretes enzymes |

|1110 |True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet. |True |

|1111 |What are the final products of the digestion of a protein? |Amino acids |

|1112 |True or False. A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. |True |

|1113 |Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for the disorder referred to. |e.g. glue ear or short-sightedness,|

| | |etc. / corrective measure |

|1114 |What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms? |Reproduction |

|1115 |Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers. |Long stamens / long stigmas / feathery stigmas / large |

| | |numbers of pollen grains / smooth pollen or light pollen / no|

| | |showy colours or no scent or no nectar or small petals or no |

| | |petals |

|1116 |True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds. |True |

|1117 |Describe the role of the sporangium in the reproduction of Rhizopus. |Release or production of spores |

|1118 |What is the biosphere? |The part of the planet where life |

| | |occurs |

|1119 |What is meant by a qualitative survey? |A survey which indicates if a |

| | |species is present or not |

|1120 |True or False. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. |True |

|1121 |Name the organ that is attached to the kidney by the ureter. |Bladder |

|1122 |True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble. |False |

|1123 |What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells lose normal control of mitosis?|Cancer |

|1124 |Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that belongs to the same kingdom as |Yeast |

| |Rhizopus. | |

|1125 |What is meant by saprophytic nutrition? |Living on dead matter |

|1126 |Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation. |Advantage – simple/fast/ same as parent / avoids |

| | |competition |

| | |Disadvantage – lack of variation / diseases |

| | |inherited |

|1127 |Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses. |Economic importance: Crop damage / example of viral |

| | |crop disease / animal disease / example of viral |

| | |animal disease / human medical costs |

| | |Medical importance: Human diseases / examples of |

| | |viral human diseases / used in medical research |

|1128 |True or False. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. |True |

|1129 |Name one substance excreted by the kidneys. |Urine / Urea / Water / Salt |

|1130 |Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels. |Buds ( Aphids ( Ladybirds ( |

| | |thrushes ( hawks |

|1131 |Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. Where in the alimentary canal does this|amylase – mouth / duodenum / small |

| |enzyme act? State the enzyme’s product(s). |intestine – maltose |

| | |Maltase – small intestine – glucose|

|1132 |Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers. |Named carcinogen |

|1133 |Give one beneficial use of fungi. |e.g. Antibiotic Production |

|1134 |True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids. |False |

|1135 |Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does this occur? |cortex / medulla / nephron / |

| | |convoluted tubule / loop of Henle |

|1136 |Name the site in the kidney where filtration takes place. |Cortex or Bowman’s capsule or |

| | |glomerulus |

|1137 |Suggest a reason why eating too much fast food could be bad for your health. |Obesity or High Blood Pressure or |

| | |Constipation (low fibre) or Vitamin |

| | |deficiency or Mineral deficiency, high |

| | |cholesterol, clogged arteries |

|1138 |What is the first stage process of respiration called? |Glycolysis |

|1139 |Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein? |Vein |

|1140 |Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. |Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |

|1141 |Name the two main types of reproduction. |Sexual & Asexual |

|1142 |Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell and before they |Metaphase |

| |begin to separate. | |

|1143 |State the precise location of the liver in the human body. |On right hand side of body below |

| | |the diaphragm and beside/over the |

| | |stomach |

|1144 |Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure. |Dialysis / transplant |

|1145 |Water has many functions in the human body. State any one of these functions. |Solvent or Transport or Medium for |

| | |reactions or Reactant |

|1146 |True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour. |True |

|1147 |Distinguish between tuber and bulb. |Tuber = A swollen end of an underground stem or root |

| | |Bulb = modified bud, swollen, underground, overlapping|

| | |fleshy leaves and reduced stem |

|1148 |State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide |Test for the presence of protein |

| |solutions). | |

|1149 |Explain the term fertilisation. |Fusion of gametes to produce a |

| | |zygote |

|1150 |State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, (ii) Cell membrane. |Ribosome: protein synthesis |

| | |Cell membrane: Retains cell |

| | |contents. Controls entry and exit |

| | |of substances. |

|1151 |To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis? |Spindle |

|1152 |True or False. The liver produces bile. |True |

|1153 |What is meant by the term ‘fauna’? |The animals in a locality or region|

|1154 |State the colour of iodine if starch is present. |Blue-Black |

|1155 |Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates? |Hydrogen:Oxygen |

|1156 |True or False. Cellulose is a protein. |False |

|1157 |What part of the flower produces pollen? |The anther or stamen |

|1158 |Explain what is meant by pollution. |The harmful addition to the |

| | |environment (by humans) that leaves|

| | |it less able to sustain life |

|1159 |Distinguish between ureters and urethra. |ureter: duct that brings urine from the kidney to the |

| | |bladder. |

| | |urethra: duct which delivers urine from the bladder to the |

| | |outside. |

|1160 |Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. What is plasma? |Liquid part of blood |

|1161 |Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form? |Plant (cell) or named example |

|1162 |Chips contain starch. What chemical is used to test for the presence of starch? |Iodine |

|1163 |What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? |Traps or uses sunlight |

|1164 |Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the microscope. |Iodine |

|1165 |After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? |Ovary |

|1166 |What term best describes the shape of an enzyme? |Folded |

|1167 |True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units. |True |

|1168 |What is the function of white blood cells? |Fight disease |

|1169 |Name a structural carbohydrate. |Cellulose, Chitin |

|1170 |Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. |Two (daughter) cells or identical (daughter) |

| | |cells or (daughter cells) same chromosome number|

| | |(as mother cell) or can occur in haploid cells |

|1171 |Give one function of protein in the human body. |Growth or Repair or To make enzymes|

| | |or Hormones or Antibodies or any |

| | |named example of these |

|1172 |Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, variation. |Species: Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing |

| | |fertile offspring |

| | |Variation: Difference between members of species or population |

|1173 |Give two methods of seed dispersal in plants. |e.g. Wind, Animal |

|1174 |In ecological studies what is a key? |a guide to identification |

|1175 |Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. |Litter – reuse, recycle |

| |Describe one way in which it might be controlled. | |

|1176 |Where in the body are white blood cells produced? |e.g. bone (marrow) |

|1177 |State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process. |Produces bile – stored in gall |

| | |bladder – secreted into pancreatic |

| | |duct – emulsifies fats into fat |

| | |droplets |

|1178 |Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition. |e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or |

| | |earthworms or insects e.g. bacteria or fungi |

| | |or microorganisms or earthworms or insects |

|1179 |A meal in a fast-food restaurant consists of fish and chips with a glass of water to drink. Give a good |Fish |

| |source of protein from this meal. | |

|1180 |Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or brown paper? |Fat (or oil or lipid) |

|1181 |Why is it necessary for plants to disperse their seeds? |To avoid competition or to avail of|

| | |suitable conditions |

|1182 |Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best. |37°C |

|1183 |Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one. |Metabolic – source of energy |

| | |(glucose), energy storage (starch, |

| | |glycogen) |

|1184 |Name the scientists who are associated with the Theory of Natural Selection|Darwin and Wallace |

| |and refer to any one observation that prompted its development. |Individual members of a species are different from one another. |

| | |Offspring resemble their parents (variation is inheritable). |

| | |More offspring are produced than can survive and reproduce. |

| | |There is a struggle for existence and some individuals have |

| | |variations that make them better suited to survival than others. |

|1185 |In the case of IAA state the following: |1. investigate effect on plant |

| |1. An investigation in which you used it, |growth |

| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. |2. to determine its effect on |

| | |growth |

|1186 |Some people may have the blood group B Positive (B+).What factor is present in their blood that makes it |Rhesus |

| |positive? | |

|1187 |State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made. |Made in bone marrow of long bones, |

| | |e.g. ribs, sternum. |

|1188 |Describe the role of (a) Plants and (b) Animals in the Nitrogen Cycle and in the |Plants: Absorb nitrates / synthesise protein / absorb |

| |Carbon Cycle. |CO2 / synthesise carbohydrate (or photsynthesise) / |

| | |respire / die |

| | |Animals: Consume plants / assimilate protein / |

| | |assimilate. carbohydrate / produce nitrogenous waste / |

| | |respire / die |

|1189 |What is the advantage of dormancy to seeds? |To overcome adverse conditions |

|1190 |Give one role for a named mineral in plants. |Role matching named mineral |

|1191 |What is semen? |Sperm (cells) and (seminal) fluid |

|1192 |Why are elements recycled in nature? |Limited supply or words to that |

| | |affect or reused |

|1193 |Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis. | |

| | |light energy |

| | |6CO2 + 6H2O ( C6H12O6 + 6O2 |

| | |chlorophyll |

|1194 |The heart pumps blood around the body.1. Name the structure in the heart that controls the heartbeat. 2. |1. Pacemaker; |

| |Where is this structure located in the heart? |2. Right atrium |

|1195 |Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate. |Plasma: clear liquid portion of the blood |

| | |Glomerular filtrate: liquid containing dissolved substances that |

| | |pass from the glomerulus, in the nephron of the kidney, into |

| | |Bowman’s capsule. Similar to blood plasma but without the |

| | |proteins. |

|1196 |What is the role of microorganisms in pollution control? |Decomposition |

|1197 |Give three conditions necessary for seeds to germinate. |Water, O2, suitable temperature |

|1198 |Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates. |Nitrogen |

|1199 |What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s test for reducing sugar? |Orange or red |

|1200 |In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another substance. |Pyruvic acid |

| |Name this other substance. | |

|1201 |Give an account of three functions of the lymphatic system. |transport / defence / fluid collection / (transport) of fats / (transport) of |

| | |hormones / (transport) of excretory matter / nodes filter / bacteria or |

| | |pathogens / produce lymphocytes or antibodies / returns fluid to blood / |

| | |absorbs fat / at lacteals |

|1202 |What causes the sound of a heartbeat? |Valves closing |

|1203 |Name the part at which each of the following occurs: |Testis |

| |1. Production of sperm cells. |Epididymis |

| |2. Maturing of sperm cells. |Sperm duct or prostate gland [allow|

| |3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells. |seminal vesicles] |

| |4. Transport of semen. |Urethra or sperm duct |

|1204 |What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm? |Respiration or to produce energy |

| |What is pollution? |Any harmful addition to the |

| | |environment |

|1205 |Distinguish between hypha and mycelium. |hypha: a filament |

| | |mycelium: a mass of hyphae |

|1206 |State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from the cheek lining. |no nucleus / haemoglobin / shape |

| | |comment / size comment / no |

| | |mitochondria / carries oxygen or |

| | |CO2 |

|1207 |Give a role of lipids in cells. |Component of membranes (or of named membrane) or |

| | |storage or energy or solvent or reference to steroid|

| | |or (formation of ) phospholipid (or lipoprotein) |

|1208 |State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) test. |To test for the presence of |

| | |reducing sugar |

|1209 |Name the blood vessels that supply the heart cells with blood. |Coronary or cardiac arteries |

|1210 |What is meant by natural selection? |Survival of the fittest, e.g. best |

| | |(adapted) survive |

|1211 |Name the hormone responsible for sperm production. |Testosterone |

|1212 |The vast amount of waste generated is one of the consequences of the huge increase in the human population.|Reduce / reuse / recycle |

| |Mention the three main ways in which waste can be minimised. | |

|1213 |State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary. |sepal: protection / photosynthesis |

| | |anther: pollen - production or storage or release |

| | |stigma: receives pollen |

| | |ovary: produces or contains ovule or embryo sac or|

| | |female gametes/ becomes fruit / site of |

| | |fertilisation |

|1214 |State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male. |Broken voice (or enlarged larynx) / body |

| | |hair / more muscle / more bone enlargement |

| | |of testes / enlargement of penis |

|1215 |In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given to this cycle? Where in the|Kreb’s Cycle |

| |cell does this cycle take place? |Mitochondria |

|1216 |Give a role of water in the human body other than as a component of cytoplasm and body|Solvent (or example of solvent) or reaction medium or |

| |fluids. |transport or reactant (or example of reaction) or |

| | |reference to temperature maintenance or reference to |

| | |temperature regulation or lubrication qualified or |

| | |protection qualified |

|1217 |Mention two ways to maintain a healthy heart. |e.g. eat less fat / exercise |

| | |regularly / avoid excess stress / eat|

| | |less salt / don’t smoke / avoid |

| | |inheriting bad genes |

|1218 |The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative nucleus. Do these gametes form as a|mitosis |

| |result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your answer. |from haploid (generative nucleus) |

| | |or chromosome number retained or |

| | |two (daughter cells) produced |

|1219 |Give one cause of infertility in men. |e.g. Low sperm counts |

|1220 |What is a neuron? |A nerve cell |

|1221 |Suggest what could happen to biological diversity as the human population continues to increase. |Decrease or increase or stays the |

| | |same |

|1222 |Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the light-independent stage? |Light is not necessary for this |

| | |stage |

|1223 |Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. |Darwin or Wallace |

|1224 |What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human male? |Testosterone |

|1225 |Give one main function of the stem of a flowering plant. |Photosynthesis / support / |

| | |transport / (food) storage |

|1226 |How many common amino acids are found in proteins? |20 (common amino acids) |

|1227 |Explain the term contraception. |Prevention of fertilisation or |

| | |pregnancy |

|1228 |Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. Suggest two ways of minimising |problems – may be toxic / non-biodegradable / |

| |waste. |pollute groundwater / no land-fill available / |

| | |costly / incineration (causes toxins) / valid |

| | |example |

| | |minimising – reduce or example(s) or recycle or |

| | |example(s) or re-use or example(s |

|1229 |Suggest two reasons why the human population increased so rapidly from the |Better nutrition or better food distribution or better farming |

| |mid-1800s. |or improved food preservation techniques / new technology or |

| | |improved living conditions / or improved medicine or improved |

| | |hygiene |

|1230 |Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate. |too big (to pass into Bowman’s |

| | |capsule) |

|1231 |In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following: |1. digestive or other enzyme |

| |1. An investigation in which you used it, |activity |

| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. |2. supplies substrate or explained |

|1232 |Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the nucleus and cytoplasm when the |Cytoplasm paler or nucleus darker |

| |stained cell was viewed under the microscope. |or nucleus blue |

|1233 |Give one main function of the leaf of a flowering plant. |Photosynthesis / transpiration / |

| | |gaseous exchange / (food) storage |

|1234 |Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. |Pollination: Transfer (of pollen) from the |

| | |anther to the stigma |

| | |Fertilisation: The fusion (union) of a male |

| | |gamete and female gamete [or two haploid |

| | |gametes] to form a diploid zygote. |

|1235 |Name two methods of contraception. |e.g. Natural, Mechanical |

|1236 |State two harmful effects of viruses. |Two harmful effects (Any two viral |

| | |diseases) |

|1237 |In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective permeability |Allowing some substances to pass |

| | |through |

|1238 |Name three factors can that affect human population. |War / famine / contraception / birth |

| | |rate or death rate or longevity / |

| | |natural disaster / disease or health |

| | |care |

|1239 |Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation. Give two causes of |Radiation, Chemicals, Chance |

| |mutation. | |

|1240 |To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. Yeast? 2. A human muscle |1. Ethanol + Carbon dioxide |

| |cell? |2. Lactic acid |

|1241 |Give one main function of the root of a flowering plant. |Anchorage / absorption (of water or|

| | |minerals) / (food) storage |

|1242 |Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons). |sensory: towards CNS or named part |

| | |or from receptor or structural |

| | |feature |

| | |motor: away from CNS or named part |

| | |or to effector or structural |

| | |feature |

| | |inter: links two neurons |

|1243 |In genetics, what is meant by the term haploid? |Single set of chromosomes or half |

| | |the diploid number |

|1244 |Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a possible cause of the |Disorder: osteoporosis or arthritis |

| |disorder that you have named and suggest a treatment for it. |Cause: genetic / hormonal / dietary / injury or wear and |

| | |tear |

| | |Treatment: anti-inflamatory drugs / hormonal or named / |

| | |dietary supplements / pain killers / muscle relaxants / |

| | |physiotherapy / exercise |

|1245 |What is meant by the term immunity? |Defence against disease |

|1246 |Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control of a pest |Advantage: No (harmful) chemicals or specific (target pest) |

| |organism. |Disadvantage: Possible extinction (of a species) or may not be |

| | |specific (or explained) or immunity develops or balance of |

| | |nature disturbed |

|1247 |Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. Give an example of |Photosynthetic: using light to make food or obtain energy |

| |each type. |Chemosynthetic: Make food or obtain energy using a chemical|

| | |reaction |

| | |Example 1: role or implied role e.g. volcanic pools |

| | |Example 2: role or implied role e.g. in soil |

|1248 |Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable membrane. |Chloroplast / mitochondrion / |

| | |nucleus / vacuole [allow cell |

| | |membrane] |

|1249 |Flowers are the organs of which type of reproduction in the plant? |Sexual |

|1250 |Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism. |thigmotropism: a growth response to touch |

| | |chemotropism: a growth response to |

| | |substances or chemicals |

|1251 |What is meant by the term recessive gene? |Only expressed in homozygous state |

| | |or not dominant |

|1252 |Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution. |Fossils / Anatomy / Embryos / |

| | |Genetics |

|1253 |State a function of: |Schwann cell: produces myelin (sheath) |

| |1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath. |Myelin sheath: insulation or protection |

| | |or speeds impulse |

|1254 |The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in which the skin provides immunity. |Barrier / sweat / scabs |

|1255 |Give two possible effects on an ecosystem of the extinction of a plant species. |Soil erosion / less nutrients / siltation / |

| | |destroying aquatic ecosystems / decrease in consumer|

| | |numbers / increase in numbers of other plant(s) / |

| | |change of animal species |

|1256 |The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate. Why is this? |glucose) small or passes through |

|1257 |Which tissue transports water from the roots? |Xylem |

|1258 |In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following: |1. isolation of DNA |

| |1. An investigation in which you used it, |2. to separate DNA |

| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. | |

|1259 |What is a mutation? |Change (in the make-up) / in a gene|

| | |or DNA or chromosome |

|1260 |What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise location at which it |Movement of molecules (or substances) / from area |

| |diffuses in the human body. |of high concentration to area of low concentration|

| | |(or along a concentration gradient) |

| | |Named molecule and location |

|1261 |State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits. |growth regulator / selective |

| | |propagation |

|1262 |Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a small|Carbon dioxide |

| |molecule is released. Name this small molecule. | |

|1263 |Describe a procedure for estimating rabbit numbers in an ecosystem. |Capture-recapture: how captured / how marked / |

| | |animal welfare comment / release same place / |

| | |recapture / count / formula or calculation |

| | |described |

|1264 |To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their lifetime. What is meant by the |‘Safe dose’ of a pathogen / causing|

| |term vaccination? |antibody production or causing an |

| | |immune response |

|1265 |Which tissue transports food from the leaves? |Phloem |

|1266 |True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical. |True |

|1267 |What is meant by evolution? |Change in a species (over time) or|

| | |(reference to) natural selection |

|1268 |In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: |Cause: injury / genetic / disease / lack of |

| |1. A possible cause, |dopamine |

| |2. A method of treatment. |Treatment: physiotherapy / stem cell / dopamine or|

| | |drugs qualified |

|1269 |State a function of dermal tissue. |Protection |

|1270 |Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt concentrations in the preservation of |Bacteria / lose water / by osmosis |

| |food. |/ inactivity or death |

|1271 |Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis. |Carbon dioxide |

|1272 |Give an example of an inorganic nutrient, necessary for phytoplankton growth, that you would expect to find|Nitrate |

| |in lake water. | |

|1273 |Is xylem a living or dead tissue? |Dead |

|1274 |Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this. |Antibiotics have no effect on |

| | |viruses |

|1275 |Name one of the scientists who first explained how evolution occurs by natural selection. |Darwin or Wallace |

|1276 |Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances. |Carries impulse / across synaptic |

| | |cleft / triggers impulse in next |

| | |neuron |

|1277 |State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous stem differs from a dicotyledonous |Vascular bundles scattered |

| |stem. | |

|1278 |True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation. |True |

|1279 |Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria. |Parasitic / saprophytic |

|1280 |Name and briefly explain any two processes involved in the upward |Name: Root pressure / transpiration / adhesion / cohesion |

| |movement of water in plants. |Explain: Root pressure: H2O in pushes H2O up |

| | |Transpiration: H2O out pulls H2O up (or creates tension) |

| | |Adhesion: H2O attracted to walls |

| | |Cohesion: H2O (molecules) attracted to each other or allows |

| | |continuous stream |

|1281 |Suggest a role of the lignin in xylem. |Support |

|1282 |What is an enzyme? |Biological (or protein) catalyst |

| | |(or explained) |

|1283 |Give one source of evidence for evolution. |e.g. Fossils |

|1284 |State two functions of a root. |Absorb water/ absorb minerals / |

| | |anchorage / food store / |

| | |reproduction (qualfied) |

|1285 |Why is glucose normally absent from urine? |Reabsorbed (a high threshold |

| | |substance) |

|1286 |Distinguish between antigen and antibody. |Antigen: causes antibody production. |

| | |Antibody: a substance produced by the lymphocytes |

| | |in response to a specific invading antigen |

|1287 |What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used? |Substances produced by |

| | |micro-organisms / inhibit (growth |

| | |or reproduction) of bacteria or |

| | |fungi |

|1288 |Name one process that causes water to move upwards through a plant. |e.g. root pressure / cohesion / |

| | |adhesion / transpiration stream |

|1289 |Give two features of xylem that facilitate the upward movement of water. |Narrow / continuous tube (no end |

| | |walls or open ended) or pits / no |

| | |cell contents / attraction of H2O to |

| | |walls / thick wall |

|1290 |Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation. |menstruation: shedding of endometrium / in absence|

| | |of fertilisation or low level of progesterone |

| | |disorder: Endometriosis or fibroids / comment |

|1291 |What is meant by genetic engineering? |Manipulation or artificial / |

| | |alteration of genes or chromosomes |

|1292 |True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells. |False |

|1293 |From what part of a seed does the root develop? |Radicles (allow embryo) |

|1294 |What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme? |(Enzyme) acts on only a particular |

| | |substrate |

|1295 |An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) … |Autotroph |

|1296 |Name the structures in the leaves, through which water exits the plant. |Stomata |

|1297 |In which of the vascular tissues will water now rise through the plant? |Xylem |

|1298 |Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an animal cell. |Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole |

|1299 |List three of the main procedures used in genetic engineering. |Isolation / Cutting / Ligation / |

| | |Transformation / Cloning / |

| | |Expression |

|1300 |In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: |1. to investigate conditions for |

| |1. An investigation in which you used it, |germination |

| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. |2. to remove oxygen |

|1301 |Name the four elements that are always present in protein. |Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen |

|1302 |Give one example of a root modified for food storage. |Carrot / turnip / parsnip / root |

| | |tuber / etc. |

|1303 |Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them. |ATP, Hydrogen ions (Protons) |

|1304 |Vascular tissue is one type of plant tissue. Name two other plant tissues. |Ground / epidermal / meristematic |

|1305 |Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the specificity of enzymes. |Substrate / matching enzyme’s active site / |

| | |active site changes shape / (formation of) |

| | |enzyme-substrate complex / product(s) formed |

|1306 |Explain how water enters root hairs and then passes to the vascular tissue. |Osmosis / soil water more dilute or|

| | |cytoplasm of the root cells more |

| | |concentrated / cell to cell (by |

| | |osmosis) |

|1307 |Give two examples of how genetic engineering is used. |e.g. Long-life tomatoes / |

| | |Weedkiller-resistant crops |

|1308 |True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation. |False |

|1309 |What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf? |Stomata |

|1310 |Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place. |Chloroplasts |

|1311 |Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give any one difference between|One cotyledon vs two cotyledons |

| |a monocotyledonous plant and a dicotyledonous plant. |Parallel venation vs reticulate venation/ |

| | |Flower parts in multiples of 3 vs flower parts in multiples |

| | |of 4 /5. |

| | |Scattered vs ring of vascular bundles in stems |

| | |Fibrous roots vs tap roots |

|1312 |Proteins are made in the ribosomes using a code from DNA. Name the molecule that carries the DNA code to |mRNA |

| |the ribosomes. | |

|1313 |Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest how it may develop. |resistance: bacteria or fungi not killed by or inhibited|

| | |by or immune to (antibiotic) |

| | |how develops: natural selection has occurred or |

| | |surviving strains multiply or misuse comment or plasmid |

| | |transfer |

|1314 |What is the function of meristematic tissue? |Mitosis or cell division or growth |

| | |or to produce new cells |

|1315 |All organisms in an ecosystem are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. |Biotic – concerned with the activities of living things |

| |Explain the underlined words. |Abiotic – concerned with the non-living part of the |

| | |environment |

|1316 |Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce only a small volume of |Sweating or water loss or dehydration / blood volume |

| |concentrated urine. Explain this observation. |drops or concentration increases /detected by receptors |

| | |/ brain alerted / ADH secreted / from pituitary / |

| | |(stimulates) reabsorption of water/ in distal tubule or |

| | |collecting duct |

|1317 |Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor. |Immobilisation: attached to an |

| |1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes? |inert substance (or example of |

| |2. Explain the term bioreactor. |inert substance) or fixed to each |

| | |other |

| | |Bioreactor: vessel in which |

| | |products are made by cells (or |

| | |organisms) |

|1318 |Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding. |Antibodies or immunity / less danger of infection/ uterus |

| | |contracts / may reduce risk of breast cancer / bonding / |

| | |correct nutrients or easier to digest / suitable temperature / |

| | |delayed ovulation |

|1319 |True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction. |True |

|1320 |Explain the term allele as used in genetics. |Alternative form of a gene |

|1321 |Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a dicotyledonous plant. |Example Monocot / Example dicot |

|1322 |Name any two abiotic factors from an ecosystem you have studied and describe how you measured each one. |e.g. Temperature – thermometer; |

| | |Soil pH – pH meter |

|1323 |Which of the two vascular tissues of plants is composed of living cells? |Phloem |

|1324 |To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong? |Carbohydrates |

|1325 |An organism that eats another organism is called a … |Consumer or heterotroph |

|1326 |What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell? |Cytosol and Organelles |

|1327 |Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your answer name the enzyme, the |Enzyme / Substrate (must match |

| |substrate and the product. |enzyme) / Product (must match |

| | |enzyme or substrate) |

|1328 |Explain the term genotype as used in genetics. |Genetic makeup (of organism) |

|1329 |Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta. |formation: (placenta) formed from embryonic and uterine tissues|

| | |functions: connected to embryo by umbilical cord / (placenta) |

| | |produces hormones /example of transfer / example of a barrier |

|1330 |Name one animal from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe one way in which it is adapted to its |e.g. Grasshopper; green colour |

| |habitat. | |

|1331 |Give one function of ground tissue. |Support or storage or |

| | |photosynthesis |

|1332 |Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another. |Wind / insects / birds |

|1333 |In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for photosynthesis. Name this other |Water |

| |molecule. | |

|1334 |Name the liquid part of blood. |Plasma |

|1335 |Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the soil reaches|concentration gradient / root hair / osmosis / cell to |

| |the leaf. |cell / root pressure / xylem / cohesion or explained / |

| | |adhesion or capillarity or explained / Dixon and Joly / |

| | |transpiration or evaporation [accept water loss] / |

| | |tension |

|1336 |Explain the term gene as used in genetics. |Unit of heredity / functional |

| | |section of DNA |

|1337 |In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) formed? |Ovary |

|1338 |Distinguish between a quantitative and a qualitative survey by writing a sentence about each. |Quantitative - The number of individuals |

| | |present |

| | |Qualitative– Variety of organisms present |

|1339 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds regularly from its mother’s |(Sucking or pumping) stimulates |

| |breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the milk will continue to flow. |(pituitary) / production of hormone|

| | |(or correctly named hormone) / |

| | |promotes milk flow |

|1340 |Where precisely is vascular tissue found in the root? |In the centre |

|1341 |After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? |Ovary |

|1342 |Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food source. |Biuret test |

| | |Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide |

|1343 |What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast? |Budding |

|1344 |Where in a human cell would you expect to find most DNA? |Nucleus only - (allow chromosomes) |

|1345 |The place where an organism lives is called its … |Habitat |

|1346 |Name one plant from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey to |e.g. 1. Daisy; 2. Throw quadrat / |

| |determine its frequency. |note if daisies present / random or|

| | |repeat or calculate or scale up |

|1347 |Give two components of plasma |Composed of 90% water and dissolved substances, e.g.|

| | |products of digestion waste products, hormones, |

| | |plasma proteins, antibodies, enzymes, salts. |

|1348 |Which of the tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular) has a different location in a young root? |Vascular |

|1349 |Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs. |Left Auricle (atrium) |

|1350 |Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way of forming seedless fruits. |Genetic engineering / growth |

| | |regulators / hormones / selective |

| | |breeding |

|1351 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to prescribe antibiotics to |Common cold is a viral disease / |

| |patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms. |antibiotics do not affect viruses /|

| | |(overuse of antibiotics) may lead |

| | |to antibiotic resistance in |

| | |bacteria (in patients) |

|1352 |What is meant by DNA profiling? |Treating a DNA sample / revealing a |

| | |pattern / unique to species or |

| | |individual or compare with other |

| | |pattern |

|1353 |Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells. |Cellulose |

|1354 |As a result of pollution, a species of plant disappears from an ecosystem. Suggest two possible effects |Plants and/or animal numbers |

| |that the disappearance of this plant might have on the other plants and animals living in the area. |increase and /or decrease |

|1355 |What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? |A survey which records or estimates|

| | |the numbers of a species (in a |

| | |particular ecosystem). |

|1356 |Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to be |Cotyledon / Endosperm |

| |present in this food store. |Starch |

|1357 |Which part of a flower usually develops into a fruit? |Ovary |

|1358 |What is a pyramid of numbers? |The numbers of organisms at each |

| | |trophic level |

|1359 |Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name any two methods of artificially|Grafting/cutting/layering... |

| |propagating plants. | |

|1360 |In DNA profiling, what is used to cut the DNA strands into fragments? |Enzymes |

|1361 |Give the term used for the growth response towards light. |Phototropism |

|1362 |Give two reasons why water is important for all living organisms. |e.g. Water is a good solvent, Water|

| | |maintains its temperature well |

|1363 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered from constipation may be |Adds fibre / fibre absorbs water / |

| |advised to increase the amount of wholegrain cereal in her/his diet. |peristalsis encouraged / faster |

| | |digestive transit |

|1364 |What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis? |photolysis or split |

| | |Protons or H+ / electrons / oxygen |

|1365 |Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a pollen grain at the |Pollen (grain) germinates or pollen tube produced / grows |

| |stigma up to and including fertilisation. |through style / generative nucleus divides by mitosis / to |

| | |form 2 (male) gametes / entry into embryo sac / one (gamete) |

| | |fertilises the egg (cell) / one fertilises the polar nuclei. |

|1366 |What is meant by fertilization? |The fusion (union) of a male gamete|

| | |and female gamete [or two haploid |

| | |gametes] to form a diploid zygote. |

|1367 |Give two good sources of protein in the human diet. |Lean meat, fish, eggs |

|1368 |Give two applications of DNA profiling. |e.g. Forensics / paternity or |

| | |maternity testing |

|1369 |Explain the term excretion. |Getting rid of waste / made in the |

| | |body |

|1370 |What is an enzyme? |A biological or organic or protein |

| | |catalyst. |

|1371 |Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova. |sperm: up to 7 days |

| | |ova: up to 2 days. sperm nourished |

| | |in female tract or longer survival |

| | |time means greater chance of |

| | |fertilisation |

|1372 |What is a quadrat frame? |Square frame used for taking a |

| | |random sample of plants in an area |

|1373 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of heavy exercise, an athlete’s |Water lost by exhaling (or by |

| |urine is likely to be concentrated and low in volume. |sweating) / less water in blood / |

| | |ADH secreted / causes collecting |

| | |ducts (or distal tubes or kidney) /|

| | |to reabsorb water |

|1374 |Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest how such plants could benefit |Greater variation or prevents |

| |from this. |inbreeding |

|1375 |Why is phototropism of benefit to plants? |For photosynthesis, maximises the |

| | |amount of sunlight that falls on |

| | |leaf |

|1376 |Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. Give two causes of cancer. |e.g. Viruses / radiation / |

| | |(cigarette) smoking / named |

| | |pollutant |

|1377 |The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the … |Sun |

|1378 |On what structures in the cytoplasm are enzymes made? |Ribosome |

|1379 |Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. |Urea/water/salt / urine |

|1380 |Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult matter. Suggest two reasons for|Increasing population/ increasing consumption |

| |this. |(prosperity) / too little recycling /opposition to |

| | |incinerators/shortage of landfill sites/ illegal |

| | |dumping/ NIMBY / cost |

|1381 |Give one cause of female infertility. |Genetic / hormonal / lack of ovulation / disease of endometrium / |

| | |collapsed Fallopian tubes or abuse of alcohol or abuse of drugs / |

| | |anorexia / menopause / contraception / hysterectomy / fibroids /obesity |

| | |/ STD / smoking /stress |

|1382 |Name two methods of cross pollination. |Wind / animal |

|1383 |Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, genotype. |Allele: |

| | |Homozygous: |

| | |Genotype: |

|1384 |Suggest a possible treatment for cancer. |e.g. Chemotherapy / radiotherapy / |

| | |surgery |

|1385 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn white when exposed to low |Arterioles / constrict / less blood|

| |temperature for a period of time. |(in fingers) / heat loss minimised |

|1386 |Name an enzyme and its substrate. |e.g. Catalase; Hydrogen peroxide |

|1387 |Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding? |Mitosis |

|1388 |Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place: |1. Cortex |

| |Filtration |2. Medulla or Cortex |

| |Reabsorption | |

|1389 |Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants. |(plant) growth regulators |

|1390 |Write the dental formula for an adult human. |i2/2, c1/1, p2/2, m3/3 |

|1391 |Name the structure on which pollen must land to complete pollination. |Stigma |

|1392 |Name the two types of cell division. |Mitosis / Meiosis |

|1393 |The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the … |Biosphere |

|1394 |Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Give one possible treatment for the disorder referred to. |e.g. Asthma; Use of Inhaler |

|1395 |What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the approximate pH value at this |Amylase: enzyme – converts starch to maltose |

| |site? |Site: Mouth or intestine |

| | |pH: 7.5 |

|1396 |Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein. |Named food or CO2 |

|1397 |Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney. |Lungs/skin/liver |

|1398 |Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs. |Pulmonary veins |

|1399 |Name the site of production of a pollen grain. |Anther |

|1400 |Which substance moves through cell membranes by osmosis? |Water |

|1401 |What is meant by absorption? |The passing of small molecules into|

| | |the bloodstream from the digestive |

| | |tract |

|1402 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: The role of the organism in the habitat. |Niche |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1403 |Give one reason why the body needs water. |Component / Solvent / Medium / Reaction / |

| | |Transport / (cell) shape / Temp. regulator /|

| | |(allow reference to hydration) |

|1404 |Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic respiration. |X = O2 |

| |C6H12O6 + 6X ( 6Y + 6H20 |Y = CO2 |

|1405 |What is a meristem? |A region of mitosis in a plant |

|1406 |Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of the hormone named |Any human hormone |

| | |Deficiency symptom must match |

| | |Hormone |

|1407 |Name one other term used in biology to describe the movement of substances through cell membranes. |Diffusion or active transport |

|1408 |How did you test for the presence of alcohol? |Iodoform test / sodium hypochlorite / potassium iodide / heat|

| | |or warm / yellow (crystals) OR Dichromate test / potassium |

| | |dichromate or sodium dichromate / acidified / warm / from |

| | |orange to green |

|1409 |Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver. |Hepatic artery |

|1410 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Any harmful addition to the ecosystem. |Pollution |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1411 |What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted for this function. |To attracts insects for pollination|

| | |Brightly coloured / nectary |

|1412 |What is genetic engineering? |Manipulation or alteration of genes|

|1413 |In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization occur? |Fallopian tubes (oviducts) |

|1414 |Give one way in which water is lost from the body. |Urination, sweating, exhaling |

|1415 |Answer the following in relation to an activity you carried out to demonstrate osmosis. (i) Draw a labelled|(i) Labelled diagram, (ii) Same |

| |diagram of the apparatus you used in your demonstration. (ii) Suggest a control that you might use in this |concentrations e.g. only water (in|

| |activity. (iii) State the result(s) of your investigation. (iv) Briefly explain the result(s) referred to |bag), (iii) e.g. increase (or |

| |in part (iii). |decrease) in mass or volume of |

| | |Visking tubing, (iv) Water moved |

| | |into (or out of) tubing |

|1416 |Give two advantages of using immobilised yeast cells in the production of alcohol. |Can be reused / are easy to extract|

| | |from the solution / pure product |

|1417 |Give one example of the use of hormone supplements. |Any one use |

|1418 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A problem associated with waste disposal. |Smell |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1419 |The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? |Animals who can maintain their own |

| | |temperature from heat generated by |

| | |its own internal metabolism |

|1420 |Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach? |Above or to the right or behind |

|1421 |Describe one method of waste management by reference to agriculture, fisheries or |Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a |

| |forestry. |fertilizer. |

| | |Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and |

| | |dried / fertiliser or pig feed. |

| | |Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches |

| | |/ wood products. |

|1422 |Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature. |Sweat / evaporates/ heat lost |

|1423 |Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration. |Energy release (from food) / |

| | |without oxygen |

|1424 |If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and another substance are produced. |1. Conditions where there is no |

| |1. What are anaerobic conditions? 2. Name the other substance produced. |oxygen present |

| | |2. Carbon dioxide |

|1425 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Suggest |Denaturation |

| |what would happen to these enzymes in an 80 °C wash. | |

|1426 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A way to minimise waste. |Recycle |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1427 |The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part. |Brain/spinal cord |

|1428 |Where would you find rods and cones? |Retina of eye |

|1429 |Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the presence of glucose (reducing |Benedict’s reagent, Fehling’s A & |

| |sugar). |B, Clinistix |

|1430 |Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver? |Gall bladder |

|1431 |Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur? |Cytoplasm |

|1432 |Give two functions of a stem. |Support / conduction (xylem and |

| | |phloem) / sometimes storage |

|1433 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Why is |Optimum temperature |

| |40 °C the recommended temperature for these washing powders? | |

|1434 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Wise management of an ecosystem. |Conservation |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1435 |State two functions of the human skeleton. |Support / movement / protection / |

| | |blood formation |

|1436 |Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and suggest a means of treating the |Named disorder/cause/treatment |

| |disorder. | |

|1437 |Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. |bacteria living in the colon |

| | |produce vitamin B2 and vitamin K |

|1438 |Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae. |Spinal cord |

|1439 |Name the two substances produced by the yeast in the process of fermentation. |Ethanol (alcohol) / carbon dioxide |

|1440 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? |Anther |

|1441 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A possible cause of pollution. |Burning Fuel |

| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |

|1442 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Many of |To break down food-based (or other |

| |these enzymes are extracted from bacteria. Suggest why such enzymes are included in washing powder. |biological) stains |

|1443 |Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process. |Emulsify fats (or explained) or |

| | |neutralise (or comment on pH) |

|1444 |Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the presence of protein. |Biuret test |

| | |Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide |

|1445 |What does the term infertility mean? |The inability to produce offspring|

| | |/ gametes |

|1446 |What is anaerobic respiration? |The release of energy from |

| | |carbohydrate without using oxygen |

|1447 |How did you know that fermentation had ceased? |Bubbling stopped |

|1448 |Suggest some ways of minimizing waste. |Reduce, Reuse, Recycle |

|1449 |State a function of vascular tissue. |Transport / Support |

|1450 |Name two processes that occur in plant or animal cells that require the use of enzymes. |Photosynthesis, Respiration, DNA |

| | |replication. Etc. |

|1451 |What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external temperature drops? |Constrict / reduce blood flow / |

| | |less heat lost |

|1452 |Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one example involving a plant. |M/O: Production of human insulin |

| | |Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors|

| | |Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible |

| | |solution to Vitamin A deficiency |

|1453 |Give two further functions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile. |Storage of (fat-soluble) vitamins (or glycogen or named |

| | |mineral) / deamination / heat generation / |

| | |detoxification / plasma protein production / cholesterol|

| | |production |

|1454 |Where does each of the following events take place: |1. Ovary |

| |Ovulation |2. In oviduct (not in uterus) |

| |Fertilisation | |

|1455 |Name the gas released during photosynthesis. |Oxygen |

|1456 |Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State one way in which this part of |Small intestine |

| |the system is adapted for absorption. |Folds / villi / length |

|1457 |Name the two types of vascular tissue in plants. |Xylem, phloem |

|1458 |Define the term osmosis |The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) |

| | |concentration to a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M |

| | |or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across|

| | |a S.P.M. |

|1459 |Give a detailed account of how enzymes work, referring in your answer |(Enzymes have) active site(s) / induced fit / complementary shape to |

| |to their specificity. |substrate / particular to small number of substrates / enzyme-substrate |

| | |complex / products formed or products released / enzyme unchanged (or |

| | |can be reused) |

|1460 |What is the main source of body heat in endotherms? |Respiration / metabolism |

|1461 |Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower. |Wind / insect |

|1462 |The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. The neck, 2. The small of |1. Cervical |

| |the back. |2. Lumbar |

|1463 |Answer the following questions in relation to an investigation that you carried out to study the effect of |(i) named aquatic plant, (ii) |

| |light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. (i) Name the plant that you |Increased or decreased lamp-beaker |

| |used, (ii) How did you vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration? (iii) Name one factor |distance OR Different concs of |

| |that you kept constant during the investigation. (iv) How did you keep that factor constant? (v) How did |NaHCO3, (iii) Temperature / CO2 |

| |you measure the rate of photosynthesis? (vi) What was the result of your investigation? |conc. OR Temperature / light |

| | |intensity, (iv) Water bath if |

| | |temperature/ (same) lamp at same |

| | |distance if light intensity / same |

| | |conc NaHCO3 if CO2 conc., (v) |

| | |Count bubbles / per unit time, (vi)|

| | |Greater light intensity or higher |

| | |CO2 conc./ → higher rate of |

| | |photosynthesis |

|1464 |In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the term in vitro in |In a glass vessel / Test tube |

| |relation to fertilisation? |(Allow ‘outside body’) |

|1465 |True or False. The base Uracil is found in DNA. |False |

|1466 |Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? |Chloroplast |

|1467 |Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human breathing rate. |Medulla oblongata registers blood CO2 |

| | |levels. More CO2 results in faster |

| | |(breathing) or less CO2 results in slower|

| | |(breathing) |

|1468 |Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place? |Cytosol |

|1469 |Give one function of rods and one function of cones. |Rods: monochromatic vision (dim |

| | |light) |

| | |Cones: colour vision |

|1470 |Give an example of osmosis in plants. |Water entering root hair cell; |

| | |water moving from cell to cell in |

| | |transpiration |

|1471 |Enzyme activity is affected by … |Temperature or pH |

|1472 |Name the three bones that form the human arm. |Humerus, radius, ulna |

|1473 |True or False. Chloroplasts contain DNA. |True |

|1474 |Give one cause of infertility in women. |Inability to ovulate / blocked |

| | |oviducts / menopause or age / |

| | |weight / excessive exercise … |

|1475 |Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the following: arthritis or|Cause / symptom / treatment / prevention |

| |osteoporosis. |Arthritis: e.g. injury /disease / inflammation / affects joints / |

| | |impairs movement / joint replacement / dietary supplement /etc. OR |

| | |Osteoporosis: e.g. loss of bone tissue / bones brittle / common in |

| | |older women / HRT / calcium deficiency / pain / exercise / lack of |

| | |exercise |

|1476 |Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis. |Light (stage) |

|1477 |Carbon dioxide levels are usually higher in venous blood than in arterial blood. Why is this the case? | Venous blood has collected CO2 / |

| | |from respiration (or cells) / |

| | |arterial blood has been cleared of |

| | |CO2 (in lungs) |

|1478 |In ecology what is meant by a trophic level? |Feeding level, i.e. the position of|

| | |an organism in a food chain |

|1479 |Enzymes trapped in an inactive material are referred to as … |Immobilised |

|1480 |State a benefit of dietary fibre. |Provides bulk / can prevent overeating / gives muscles |

| | |something to push against / keeps gut contents moving / absorbs|

| | |water / keeps faeces soft / easier to egest / prevents |

| | |constipation. |

|1481 |True or False. The microscope lenses closest to the stage are the eyepiece lenses. |False |

|1482 |A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. … |Respiration |

|1483 |As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in vitro fertilisation. What is|Implantation / Frozen |

| |the next step for the embryo? | |

|1484 |What is meant by the term digestion? |The process of breaking down food |

| | |into soluble molecules |

|1485 |Give a feature of a capillary which allows the rapid uptake of carbon dioxide. |Wall one cell thick or thin wall |

|1486 |Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis. |one (diploid) nucleus divides to |

| | |form 4 different (haploid) |

| | |(daughter) nuclei |

|1487 |Term for the substance with which an enzyme reacts. |Substrate |

|1488 |During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two pathways. Where do the energised |Chlorophyll |

| |electrons come from? | |

|1489 |True or False. Sodium alginate is used to immobilise enzymes. |True |

|1490 |Where is FSH produced? |Pituitary |

|1491 |What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization? |Seed or zygote or embryo or food |

| | |reserve |

|1492 |Name the liquid part of the blood. |Plasma |

|1493 |Name a structure found in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced. |Mitochondrion |

|1494 |In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage? |Gene located on X- chromosome or on|

| | |Y-chromosome |

|1495 |Give an advantage of using immobilised enzymes. |Reusable |

|1496 |What is meant by an enzyme? |Biological catalyst |

|1497 |True or False. Plant cell walls are fully permeable. |True |

|1498 |Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination? |Soluble / for transport / allow |

| | |”glucose for respiration‟ |

|1499 |In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is |Carbohydrates |

| |given to this group of compounds? | |

|1500 |Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen? |No |

|1501 |Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory system. Name any two of these |Any two factors |

| |factors. | |

|1502 |Outline the details of the process of inhalation. |Brain sends message to muscles / intercostal muscles contract|

| | |/ diaphragm contracts / ribcage moves up and out / diaphragm |

| | |moves down / volume of thoracic cavity increases / pressure |

| | |drops / air in |

|1503 |Name another type of microscope that gives greater detail than a light microscope. |Electron microscope |

|1504 |Give an example of a protein that has a structural role. |Myosin in muscle |

| | |Collagen in skin |

|1505 |True or False. Animal cells do not have membranes. |False |

|1506 |Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course. |Rhizopus |

|1507 |What is the function of the cornea? |Allows light to enter eye |

|1508 |An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. … |Photosynthesis |

|1509 |From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y? |Water (or H2O) |

|1510 |Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? |Chloroplast |

|1511 |Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticels. |Water / Carbon dioxide |

|1512 |Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart? |Away from |

|1513 |True or False. An organ is a group of systems. |False |

|1514 |Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. |Biotic: these are the living features of an ecosystem that affect the |

| | |other members of the community |

| | |Abiotic: the non-living features of an ecosystem that affect the |

| | |community |

|1515 |Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver. |Hepatic portal vein |

|1516 |What is a nutrient medium? |Material [or described] supplying |

| | |food or material allowing growth |

|1517 |Give two meanings for the term sterile. |1. Free from all types of |

| | |micro-organisms. |

| | |2. Incapable of producing fertile gametes|

|1518 |List two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. |Plant cells have a wall / large |

| | |vacuole / chloroplast |

|1519 |Name the structures found in stems, equivalent to stomata in leaves, which are involved in gaseous exchange|Lenticels |

| |in plants. | |

|1520 |State a precise role for each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. Carbon |1. supplies carbon for the formation of carbohydrate |

| |dioxide, 2. Water. |2. supplies hydrogen or protons (H+) or electrons or |

| | |photolysis or described [allow formation of carbohydrate or|

| | |named once] |

|1521 |State a function of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba. |Water balance / Osmoregulation |

|1522 |Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle? |Blood from left ventricle must be |

| | |pumped further / greater pressure |

|1523 |Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second stage reactions in |Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP) |

| |photosynthesis. | |

|1524 |The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases. 1. Which base can link only to |1. Adenine |

| |thymine? |2. Guanine |

| |2. Which base can link only to cytosine? | |

|1525 |An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined term. |Factors relating to the soil [which|

| | |affects the distribution of |

| | |organisms in a (terrestrial) |

| | |ecosystem] |

|1526 |Give two functions of the cell membrane. |Holds cell together / selectively |

| | |permeable / displays antigens |

|1527 |Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of respiration. |Very little (4 ATP) released during Glycolysis when |

| | |one molecule of glucose is converted into two |

| | |molecules of pyruvate. 2 ATP used to start the |

| | |process. |

|1528 |Name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible treatment for it. |Name: Parkinson’s disease; |

| | |Treatment: Drugs |

|1529 |State a function of the pseudopod of Amoeba. |Movement / Feeding / Egestion / |

| | |Homeostasis |

|1530 |What type of lens is used to correct long sight? |Convex lens |

|1531 |Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood. |Coronary / Cardiac |

|1532 |Give one function of FSH. |Production or development of |

| | |follicle (egg) or (stimulate) |

| | |oestrogen production |

|1533 |What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? |Period of reduced metabolism (or |

| | |period of reduced activity) or |

| | |period of no growth. |

|1534 |Which organelle is known as “the powerhouse of the cell”? |Mitochondrion |

|1535 |“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle of a|chromosome contains DNA |

| |rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis to explain this statement. |mitosis maintains same chromosome |

| | |number or cells derived from |

| | |mitotic division |

|1536 |There are probably more people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease now than ever before. Suggest a reason |Larger population or more people |

| |for this. |living into old age |

|1537 |Give one difference between a plant cell and an amoeba. |Plant Cell has Cell Wall |

|1538 |For what is ATP an abbreviation? |Adenosine triphosphate |

|1539 |Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative surveys in an ecosystem. |Quantitative: A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a |

| | |species (in a particular ecosystem). |

| | |Qualitative: A survey which indicates if a species is present or |

| | |not |

|1540 |What is the role of valves in the heart? |To prevent backflow of blood |

|1541 |What name is given to the first stage of respiration? |Glycolysis |

|1542 |Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? |To allow passage of materials |

|1543 |In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? |Colon or rectum or stomach or duodenum or ileum |

| |Give another function of this part of the digestive system. |Stores faeces or expels faeces or digestion or |

| | |digestion or digestion (Allow Intestine) |

|1544 |A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food in |Tuna |

| |the student’s lunch is a good source of protein? | |

|1545 |What do you think is meant by the term “degenerative illnesses”? |Getting worse |

|1546 |Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to plants. |Survival or germination delayed until conditions |

| | |suitable for growth or greater time for embryo |

| | |development (or greater time for dispersal) or reduced|

| | |competition |

|1547 |A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. … |Vitamin A, D, E, K |

|1548 |What is meant by immobilisation? |An enzyme which is fixed to an |

| | |inert material by chemical or |

| | |physical means. |

|1549 |The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. Give any two functions of the|Returns fluid to blood / transport |

| |lymphatic system. |/ lymphocytes(Immunity) |

|1550 |Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? |To allow passage of materials |

|1551 |Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling. |Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s |

| | |DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted |

| | |by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code. |

|1552 |A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food in |Crisps / “Butter” (on bread) |

| |the student’s lunch is a good source of fat? | |

|1553 |Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations? |Most animals move too fast or are |

| | |too big / use capture-recapture |

| | |method / can be used if animal is |

| | |slow moving |

|1554 |State three functions of the cerebrum. |Memory / learning / emotion / speech / |

| | |vision / intelligence / movement / |

| | |language / smell / hearing / logic / |

| | |personality / taste |

|1555 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, edaphic factor, |Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an |

| |symbiosis. |ecosystem) |

| | |Edaphic factor: Factors relating to the soil [which |

| | |affects the distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial)|

| | |ecosystem] |

| | |Symbiosis: A relationship between two species living in |

| | |close proximity involving benefit to one or both |

|1556 |Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to farmers and gardeners. |(Optimum) storage conditions or (optimum) sowing (or|

| | |ploughing) time or (maximise) the growing season or |

| | |seed treatment before sowing (or examples) |

|1557 |What is meant by nitrogen fixation? |The conversion of nitrogen into |

| | |nitrates |

|1558 |Draw labelled diagrams of two pieces of apparatus that you used to collect animals and in each case name |Apparatus / Named animal / Diagram |

| |the apparatus and an animal collected. | |

|1559 |In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place? |Alveoli or Air sacs |

|1560 |Name one water-soluble vitamin. |Vitamin B or C |

|1561 |What is meant by nitrification? |The process of converting ammonia |

| | |into nitrites and/or nitrites to |

| | |nitrates |

|1562 |Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place? |Mitochondria |

|1563 |Distinguish between the position of the cerebellum and the position of the cerebrum in the human brain. |The cerebellum – hind brain and |

| | |cerebrum – forebrain |

|1564 |What is the role of ATP in cells? |stores or provides energy for cell |

| | |activities |

|1565 |Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat. |Large plants, e.g. ash, oak, etc. |

|1566 |What is a quadrat used for in your ecology studies? |Quantitative surveys e.g. |

| | |distribution, frequency, cover |

|1567 |Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the germination of seeds. In |Water: for enzyme action (or example of enzyme |

| |the case of each of these factors describe its effect on the process of germination. |action) or as a solvent or transport of materials |

| | |or bursting the testa [allow washing away |

| | |inhibitors] |

| | |Suitable temp: required for (optimum or increased)|

| | |enzyme activity |

| | |Oxygen: needed for (aerobic) respiration |

|1568 |Name one structural protein in humans. |Keratin / Myosin / Collagen |

|1569 |Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases. |Thin walls / moist surfaces / |

| | |surrounded by capillaries/ large |

| | |surface area / expandable |

|1570 |Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in DNA. |Hydrogen bonding |

|1571 |Give an account of how neurotransmitters work. |Neurotransmitters are secreted by the neuron into (or crosses) the synaptic|

| | |cleft. They react with receptors on the next neuron and set up the impulse |

| | |in this neuron. They are inactivated by enzymes and reabsorbed by the |

| | |presynaptic neuron |

|1572 |A reducing sugar. E.g. … |All monosaccharides and maltose |

|1573 |Name the nutrient medium that you used. |Nutrient agar |

|1574 |In ecology, what is meant by the term conservation? |Wise management of natural |

| | |resources |

|1575 |Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place? |Cytosol |

|1576 |Give one function of fat in the human body. |Energy (storage) / Insulation / |

| | |Cell Membranes/(Storage of fat |

| | |soluble) vitamins/Protection |

|1577 |What is the function of the nitrogen cycle? |To make (nitrogen) available or |

| | |described / for use by organisms |

|1578 |What is the function of the larynx? |To make sound |

|1579 |Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the following parts of the seedling? |Radicle |

| |1. The root 2. The shoot. |Plumule |

|1580 |Name the type of particle whose movement in and out of neurons is an essential feature of nerve impulse |Ion |

| |transmission. | |

|1581 |State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem. |Lack of randomness / insufficient quadrats /|

| | |species identification / carelessness / |

| | |human error / unsuitable equipment |

|1582 |Suggest why conservation is important in an ecosystem. |To prevent extinction / (to |

| | |maintain) biodiversity / (to |

| | |maintain) the balance of nature |

|1583 |Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen? |Yes if respiration is aerobic |

| | |No if respiration is anaerobic |

|1584 |What term is used to describe all the chemical reactions in the human body? |Metabolism |

|1585 |What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other animals? |Predator |

|1586 |Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes. |(calcium or sodium) alginate or |

| | |other correct |

|1587 |Outline the steps involved in inhalation. |Impulse from brain / (intercostal) muscles contract / |

| | |diaphragm contracts / thoracic cavity increases or rib |

| | |cage up and out or diaphragm flattens / pressure drops |

| | |/ air in |

|1588 |Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair. |A pair of muscles that work with |

| | |opposing actions |

|1589 |What are the stages involved in DNA profiling. |DNA extracted or explained / DNA cut into |

| | |fragments / using enzymes / fragments |

| | |separated / on basis of size / pattern |

| | |analysed |

|1590 |What is meant by the term pollution? |Any harmful addition to the |

| | |environment |

|1591 |Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother cells. |Meiosis / 4 (or tetrad ) / haploid / |

| | |micospores / (divides by) mitosis / tube and |

| | |generative nucleus / pollen grain matures (or |

| | |wall forms) |

|1592 |Give four factors that influence the size of the human population. |famine or food availability / birth control / war / |

| | |disease / birth rate / death rate or longevity / |

| | |degree of medical care / natural disaster or example|

|1593 |What is meant by the term species? |Organisms capable of interbreeding |

| | |and producing fertile offspring |

|1594 |A polysaccharide. E.g. … |Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin|

|1595 |What is meant by the term photosynthesis? |The method by which plants make |

| | |their own food |

|1596 |To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration? Is oxygen required for |Pyruvate |

| |this conversion? |No oxygen required |

|1597 |Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone. |Tendon |

|1598 |State any two types of pollution associated with waste disposal. |e.g. Air pollution / water |

| | |pollution / ground pollution |

|1599 |Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs. |Pulmonary vein |

|1600 |What is meant by the term fertilisation? |Fusion of gametes or formation of |

| | |zygote |

|1601 |State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx. |epiglottis: to close off trachea or|

| | |described |

| | |larynx: to make sound |

|1602 |From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop? |Ovule |

|1603 |A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas. |CO2 / Water Vapour |

|1604 |Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete dominance, 3. phenotype. |Heterozygous: |

| | |Incomplete dominance: |

| | |Phenotype: |

|1605 |Name a group of organisms in which the XY chromosome pair gives rise to a different sex than in cattle. |Birds or butterflies or moths |

|1606 |1. Give one example of a waste associated with agriculture or forestry or fisheries. 2. State how the named|1. Example of waste; |

| |waste is managed. |2. How waste is managed |

|1607 |Name a breathing disorder. Name: |Asthma |Bronchitis |

| |___________________ and state: 1. A cause, 2. A |Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles and |Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants such as|

| |means of prevention, 3. A treatment |mucus secretion |cigarette smoke and air pollutants |

| | |Prevention: avoid of pollen, house mites, |Prevention: avoid smoky atmosphere |

| | |dog and cat dander or vigorous exercise |Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial |

| | |Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers | |

|1608 |Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of respiration. |Very large amount / much greater |

| | |than in the first stage |

|1609 |Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering plants. |Generative nucleus / mitosis / two male gametes (or |

| | |nuclei) / one fuses with egg / to form zygote / other |

| | |(male gamete or nucleus) fuses with (two) polar nuclei /|

| | |to form |

|1610 |Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inhalation. In your answer |diaphragm contracts / lowers / |

| |refer to volume and thoracic air pressure. |intercostal muscles contract / rib cage |

| | |up/ volume of chest (cavity) increased / |

| | |decreased pressure / air in / to equalise|

| | |pressure |

|1611 |Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place. |Chloroplasts |

|1612 |Give two applications of DNA profiling. |Paternity disputes, Forensic |

| | |Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic|

| | |Archaeology |

|1613 |Give three ways to minimise waste. |e.g. Reduce / Reuse / Recycle |

|1614 |What term is used to describe the allele pair Pp? |Heterozygous |

|1615 |Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes. |enzyme can be reused / can be recovered /|

| | |pure product / comment on cost or |

| | |efficiency or stability or longer lasting|

|1616 |What is meant by DNA profiling? |Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s |

| | |DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted |

| | |by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code. |

|1617 |Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the absence of oxygen. |In animals: lactic acid |

| | |In plants (yeast): ethanol and |

| | |carbon dioxide |

|1618 |Give a role for each of the following parts of a flower: sepals, anther |Sepals: protect flower (or bud) or photosynthesis or attract insects |

| |and stigma. |Anthers: produce pollen |

| | |Stigma: traps (or catches) pollen [allow where pollen lands if |

| | |qualified] |

|1619 |Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. | |

| | |light energy |

| | |6CO2 + 6H2O ( C6H12O6 + 6O2 |

| | |chlorophyll |

|1620 |Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and the blood. |Diffusion |

|1621 |Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. |e.g. To consume waste e.g. sewage |

| | |breakdown |

|1622 |Name and outline the procedure used for analysing the DNA samples that revealed the presence of horse meat |DNA profiling |

| |in products labelled as beef. Would the result be the same if the beef were contaminated with pig meat? |Cut (DNA into fragments) / with |

| |Explain your answer. |(restriction) enzymes / separate |

| | |fragments / on basis of size / |

| | |analyse results (or explained) |

|1623 |What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten? |Prey |

|1624 |State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used in the human body. |Movement / metabolism / protein |

| | |synthesis / assimilation |

|1625 |A trace element in the human diet. E.g. … |Iron, copper, zinc |

|1626 |In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments? |Restriction enzymes |

|1627 |Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? |To absorb light / to convert light |

| | |to chemical energy |

|1628 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food chains are usually short. |True / Energy lost at (or between)|

| | |levels or described |

|1629 |Explain the term habitat as used in ecology. |Where an organism lives |

|1630 |Name the molecule, formed from DNA, which carries the instruction to manufacture proteins. |mRNA |

|1631 |Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. |capillary network / moist surface /|

| | |thin walled / elastic wall |

|1632 |Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas transported? |Oxygen |

| | |Transported as oxyhaemoglobin |

|1633 |What is genetic screening? |Testing (people) for the presence of a |

| | |(specific) gene or |

| | |To establish presence or absence of gene(s) |

|1634 |State two locations in the seed where food may be stored. |Cotyledon / endosperm |

|1635 |What is an enzyme? |A biological (or organic or |

| | |protein) / catalyst |

|1636 |Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to substrate, enzyme and product.|Application: Making lactose-free |

| | |milk |

| | |Enzyme: Immobilised lactase |

| | |Substrate: Heat-treated skimmed |

| | |milk |

| | |Product: lactose-free milk |

|1637 |True or False. The term abiotic refers to the living factors in an ecosystem. |False |

|1638 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The herbivores in an ecosystem |False / Usually eaten by 2nd level |

| |normally live long lives. |consumers (or carnivores) |

|1639 |Where in a cell are proteins manufactured? |Ribosomes |

|1640 |Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling. |Paternity disputes, Forensic |

| | |Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic|

| | |Archaeology |

|1641 |Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms. |non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can |

| | |reproduce in host cell only or obligate |

| | |parasite / do not possess organelles or named |

| | |organelle |

|1642 |What is meant by the term immunity? |the ability of the body to resist |

| | |infection |

|1643 |Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product. |Enzyme: any enzyme |

| | |Substrate: must match enzyme |

| | |Product: must match substrate or enzyme |

|1644 |Where does meiosis occur in the human male? |Testis |

|1645 |True or False. Grazing food chains begin with animals. |False |

|1646 |If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the predators. |Starvation or death / migration / |

| | |decline in population / increased |

| | |competition / change food source |

|1647 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural |True / Use causes change or no |

| |ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which |abuse or no economic value or |

| |mankind has no use. |False / Valid reason |

|1648 |Name the biomolecule that is the major component of meat. |Protein |

|1649 |Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ from an exocrine gland? |ductless or secretes into blood |

| | |stream |

|1650 |Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies. |Kiwi |

|1651 |The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any two factors that can affect |Temperature / pH |

| |enzyme activity. | |

|1652 |What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the human body. |Maintaining a constant internal environment |

| | |Reason: allows normal metabolic activities or |

| | |keeps temperature suitable for enzyme reactions |

|1653 |Explain the term producer as used in ecology. |Organism that makes its own food |

|1654 |The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these parts, apart from food stores, |radicle / plumule |

| |and give a role for each of them. |develops root / develops shoot |

|1655 |What is an antibiotic? |Substances produced by bacteria or fungi |

| | |[accept micro-organisms] to treat |

| | |infections [kill other bacteria or fungi]|

|1656 |What is meant by the term gene expression? |The production of a (particular) |

| | |protein (using the gene’s code) |

|1657 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. HIV / AIDS has orphaned |True / Premature death of parents or poor|

| |many children in sub-Saharan Africa. |living conditions or poor health care (or|

| | |example) or poor education or an example |

| | |of a cultural reason |

|1658 |What is meant by an ectotherm? |Animals whose body temperature |

| | |varies with the environmental |

| | |temperature |

|1659 |Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by the term immobilised in |Attached to a (inert)substance/ |

| |relation to enzymes? |trapped / in beads |

|1660 |A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and … |Oxygen |

|1661 |What is the primary source of energy for plant cells? |Sun / light |

|1662 |For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your isolation of DNA? |To separate the DNA |

|1663 |State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action. |chemical transmission / slower |

| | |action / longer lasting effect / |

| | |many |

| | |target organs |

|1664 |Where is sperm stored in the human male? |Epididymis |

|1665 |Explain the term species. |Interbreeding population producing |

| | |fertile offspring |

|1666 |To which kingdom do bacteria belong? |Monera or Prokaryotae |

|1667 |Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes. |Can be reused / pure product / |

| | |cheaper |

|1668 |What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle? |Protein coat / nucleic acid |

|1669 |Explain the term niche as used in ecology. |Role or ‘occupation’ of organism |

| | |(in its habitat) |

|1670 |An example of a water-soluble vitamin is … |Vitamin B, C |

|1671 |A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is … |Iodine |

|1672 |Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the underlined term. |The decaying of a dead organism |

|1673 |How did you measure pulse rate or breathing rate? |Feel (or locate) pulse (or observe |

| | |breathing) / Count heart beats (or |

| | |breaths) for stated time / Repeat and |

| | |find average. |

|1674 |Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? Suggest |Dormancy: a period of rest before growth |

| |two advantages of dormancy. |Advantages: Ensures springtime germination / |

| | |maximises the growing season for the new seedling / |

| | |in desert plants – ensures water for further growth |

|1675 |What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem? |The Sun |

|1676 |Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers? |Base or bottom |

|1677 |Calcium and iron are examples of essential … |Minerals / elements |

|1678 |Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system. |recognition / produce antibodies / |

| | |specific to antigens or in response|

| | |to antigens |

|1679 |In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a corrective measure. |Hormone: Thyroxine |

| | |1. Child – slow growth, mental retardation |

| | |2. thyroxine tablets |

|1680 |State two functions of testosterone. |Stimulates male primary & secondary |

| | |sexual characteristics / sperm formation |

|1681 |The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is … |Cytosol |

|1682 |When you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate or breathing rate what did you first |The resting (pulse) rate or resting|

| |establish? |(breathing) rate |

|1683 |Explain the following terms used in ecology: |Biosphere – Everywhere life is possible |

| |1. Biosphere |Habitat – A place where organism(s) live |

| |2. Habitat. | |

|1684 |Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for decomposition. |Bacteria / fungi |

|1685 |Glucose is an example of which type of biomolecule? |Carbohydrate / monosaccharide / |

| | |sugar |

|1686 |Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers. |Pyramid showing any inversion (at |

| | |least two levels). Any two named |

| | |organisms in inverted relationship |

|1687 |Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for |Antibiotics have no effect on |

| |this. |viruses |

|1688 |Fats are made from fatty acids and … |Glycerol |

|1689 |What is meant by each of the following in ecology: predator; habitat; niche; |Predator: An animal (or organism ) which kills and eats an |

| |biosphere; ecosystem? |animal (or organism or prey) |

| | |Habitat: The place where an organism lives |

| | |Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)|

| | |Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs |

| | |Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with|

| | |one another and their environment |

|1690 |Where did you find the semilunar valves during the dissection of the heart? |At the base / of the aorta or the |

| | |pulmonary artery |

|1691 |What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat? |A survey in which the number of a |

| | |particular species/organism is |

| | |counted |

|1692 |Distinguish between active and passive immunity. |Active: When the body produces its own antibodies |

| | |Passive: The body receives ready-made antibodies |

| | |to combat infection giving short lived protection |

|1693 |Proteins always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and … |Nitrogen |

|1694 |True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the objective lens is marked X4, the |False |

| |total magnification is X14. | |

|1695 |Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements. |e.g. 1. Treatment of diabetes 2.|

| | |Contraception |

|1696 |What is the function of flagella on bacteria? |For movement or propulsion |

|1697 |Genetics is the study of … |The study of the structure and |

| | |function of genes and their |

| | |transmission from parents to |

| | |offspring |

|1698 |Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem. |Pooter / Beating tray / Pitfall |

| | |trap / Net… |

|1699 |Briefly describe how you carried out the dissection to expose the tricuspid valve. |Cut through the right side of the |

| | |heart / using a scalpel |

|1700 |In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are … |XY |

|1701 |An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … |A / D / E / K |

|1702 |Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure. |Cause: low sperm count / low sperm |

| | |mobility / endocrine gland failure |

| | |Correction: IVF |

|1703 |If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is … |23 |

|1704 |Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body. |Name of a hormone-producing gland |

| |Where in the body is the gland located? |Location of named gland |

| |Name a hormone that this gland secretes. |Hormone secreted by named gland |

| |State a role of this hormone. |Role of hormone |

| |Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this hormone. |Description of deficiency symptom |

| | |[Accept named condition] |

|1705 |In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ... |mRNA |

|1706 |What is meant by the term predator? |Organism that kills & eats others |

| | |(allow kills its prey) |

|1707 |When dissecting a mammalian heart where, precisely, did you locate the tricuspid valve? |Between the right atrium and right |

| | |ventricle |

|1708 |Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes). |Cocci / rods / spirals |

|1709 |A solution used to test for the presence of glucose is … |Benedict’s (solution) / Fehling’s |

| | |(solution) |

|1710 |A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a … |Mutation |

|1711 |Name two diseases caused by viruses. |Measles / mumps / rubella / AIDS |

|1712 |True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have chloroplasts. |True |

|1713 |What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human body? |Endocrine (or ductless) |

|1714 |What is meant by the term conservation? |Management of an ecosystem (not |

| | |natural resource & not protection) |

|1715 |Give one main function of the leaf. |To make food |

|1716 |Where do scientists usually publish the results and conclusions of their investigations? |Scientific journal(s) |

|1717 |True or False. Anabolism is the breaking down of large molecules. |False |

|1718 |“Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement. |vaccination introduces antigen / |

| | |causes antibody production to gain |

| | |immunity to that infection |

|1719 |By which method do bacterial cells reproduce? |Binary fission |

|1720 |In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being vaccinated. |1. passive |

| |1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? |2. infection may already have |

| |2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be given? |occurred or possibility of |

| |3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an antibody. |dangerous |

| | |infection or no vaccine available |

| | |or vaccine too expensive |

| | |3. short term |

|1721 |Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate? |Protein |

|1722 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele. |Allele – alternative form of a gene|

|1723 |What is a reflex action? |automatic / response to a stimulus |

| | |/ involuntary (or not controlled by|

| | |brain) |

|1724 |Give one example of a limitation of the scientific method. |The extent of our basic knowledge or the basis of |

| | |investigation or our ability to interpret results or |

| | |application to the natural world in state of change or |

| | |accidental discoveries |

|1725 |Name the group of biomolecules to which enzymes belong. |Proteins |

|1726 |What is the role of the fruit? |reproduction or seed dispersal (a |

| | |source of food for animals) |

|1727 |Give a function of ligaments. |Joins bone to bone |

|1728 |Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through the plant. |Xylem |

|1729 |Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean? |They live (respire) without or in |

| | |the absence of oxygen |

|1730 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous. |Heterozygous–two alleles / Tt (2 |

| | |genes not acceptable) |

|1731 |True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale. |True |

|1732 |True or False. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. |True |

|1733 |Describe how you examined the cells using the microscope. |Focus using coarse focus or focus |

| | |using lower power focus using medium |

| | |(or high) power (or using fine focus)|

|1734 |Give one example of a reflex action. |e.g. coughing, blinking, sneezing |

| | |etc. |

|1735 |Where in a cell are enzymes produced? |Ribosomes |

|1736 |Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always found in protein. |Nitrogen |

|1737 |Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus. |bacteriophage or used in genetic |

| | |engineering or vaccine production |

| | |or |

| | |vector (in disease treatment) |

|1738 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype. |Phenotype – genotype expressed / |

| | |genotype +environment |

|1739 |What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? |A survey which records or estimates|

| | |the numbers of a species (in a |

| | |particular ecosystem). |

|1740 |True or False. Nutrition is the way living organisms get rid of waste. |False |

|1741 |Explain why a coverslip is used. |To protect the sample from drying |

| | |out or to protect the lens from the|

| | |stain |

|1742 |What are pathogenic bacteria? |Disease causing organisms/bacteria |

|1743 |Suggest an advantage of reflex actions. |Protection or fast (response) |

|1744 |Give one main function of the root. |Anchorage / absorption / storage |

|1745 |What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems? |The sun |

|1746 |In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one heterozygous for eye colour and the |(bb) |

| |other with blue eyes, start a family. |One Parent – (B) / (b) |

| |(i) What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent? |Other Parent - (b) |

| |(ii) What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce? | |

|1747 |State one reason that your body needs protein. |Structural: growth, repair, muscle, hair, |

| | |nails |

| | |Metabolic: enzymes, immunity (antibodies) |

|1748 |True or False. In science, a hypothesis is an educated guess based on observations. |True |

|1749 |Give a function of synovial fluid. |lubricate a joint / reduce friction|

|1750 |Outline how you used the coverslip. |At angle / how lowered |

|1751 |Name a producer. |Any named green plant |

|1752 |Name a disorder of the human nervous system. |Paralysis or Parkinson’s |

|1753 |Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria. |Any two examples |

|1754 |Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term cancer. |Control over cell division is lost |

|1755 |What is meant by an abiotic factor? |A non- living feature of an |

| | |ecosystem that affects the |

| | |community |

|1756 |True or False. In experiments the factor that is changed is called the variable. |True / False |

|1757 |What is a tissue? |Group of similar cells |

|1758 |What stain did you use on the animal cells when examining them under the light microscope? |Methylene blue |

|1759 |Explain briefly what is meant by a gene. |A unit of DNA which codes for the |

| | |production of a specific protein |

|1760 |True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through. |True |

|1761 |In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state: |Paralysis or Parkinson’s |

| |1. A possible cause. |Relevant cause |

| |2. A means of prevention or a treatment. |Relevant means of prevention or |

| | |treatment |

|1762 |Give two possible causes of cancer. |Any two causes e.g. Radiation / |

| | |Smoking … |

|1763 |State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem. |Greenfly – colour (camouflage) |

|1764 |What is the purpose of a control in scientific experiments? |To compare (with the experiment) |

|1765 |Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms. |non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can |

| | |reproduce in host cell only or obligate |

| | |parasite / do not possess organelles or named |

| | |organelle |

|1766 |The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b). |Allele: An alternative form of a |

| |Explain each of the underlined terms. |gene |

| | |Dominant: One allele masks the |

| | |expression of the other |

|1767 |Describe how you obtained a sample of cells when preparing animal cells for examination with a light |Rubbed inside cheek with swab |

| |microscope. | |

|1768 |Name two foods in which you found protein. |Lean meat, fish, eggs |

|1769 |What is a quadrat frame? |a square frame with internal dimensions of one metre or |

| | |half a metre. May or may not be sub-divided with wires or |

| | |string. Used for taking a random sample of plants in an |

| | |area |

|1770 |Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a particular type of cancer. What is |Checking / for presence of specific|

| |meant by genetic screening? |gene |

|1771 |Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid. |Haploid: (A nucleus having) one set of chromosomes|

| | |(or one copy of each chromosome) |

| | |Diploid: (A nucleus having) Two sets of |

| | |chromosomes (or two copies of each chromosome) |

|1772 |Which stage of respiration releases more energy? |The second stage / in the |

| | |mitochondria |

|1773 |Explain briefly what is meant by respiration. |The controlled release of energy |

| | |from food within a cell. A 24 hour |

| | |process. |

|1774 |Give the two main chemical components of a virus. |Protein coat / nucleic acid |

|1775 |On a microscope the eyepiece lens is marked 10× and the objective lens is marked 40×. A cell is viewed |0.002 mm |

| |through these lenses. The image of the cell is 0.8 mm in diameter. What is the actual diameter of the cell?| |

|1776 |Name two tissues found in animals. |Dermal, vascular, muscular, |

| | |nervous, |

|1777 |Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called DNA profiling. During the process |Enzyme |

| |cells were broken down to release the DNA, which was then cut into fragments. The fragments were then |Size |

| |separated. |Paternity or maternity / taxonomy /|

| |What was used to cut the DNA? |evolution |

| |On what basis were the DNA fragments separated? | |

| |Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime. | |

|1778 |Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical energy in plants. |Photosynthesis |

|1779 |Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. |Homozygous: alleles the same |

| | |Heterozygous: alleles different |

|1780 |What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein? |Biuret reagent / coper sulphate & |

| | |sodium hydroxide |

|1781 |True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus. |True |

|1782 |Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe how you measured |Abiotic factor |Measured with .. |

| |each one. |Temperature, Light |Thermometer, Light (Lux) meter, |

| | |intensity, Air speed, Water|Anemometer, Flow meter, Hygrometer, |

| | |current, Humidity, pH |Universal indicator or probe |

|1783 |How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for examination under the |Cut or peel /with what / onto slide|

| |microscope? |/ into water //safety point / stain|

| | |/ cover slip / detail on cover slip|

|1784 |State the function of the coarse focus knob on a microscope. |Focus with low power |

|1785 |Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. |Entry / Use cell’s components / |

| | |Synthesis / Assembly / Release |

|1786 |What does animal plankton feed on? |Plant plankton (phytoplankton) |

|1787 |Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. |Genotype: genetic make-up or genes |

| | |(alleles) present |

| | |Phenotype: expression of genotype (and |

| | |environment) or physical make up |

|1788 |Where in the nucleus would you find genes? |On the chromosomes |

|1789 |Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. |Autotrophic: Organisms that are capable of making (synthesising) their own |

| | |food from inorganic compounds, e.g. all chlorophyll containing plants |

| | |Heterotrophic: Organisms that cannot make their own food. Depend on other |

| | |organisms as sources of food, e.g. all animals, saprophytes and parasites |

|1790 |What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the microscope? |Iodine solution |

|1791 |Give examples of two harmful bacteria. |TB/ syphilis/ cholera/ tetanus/ |

| | |sore throat/ names of bacteria/ |

| | |etc. |

|1792 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination how did you demonstrate |Iodine (or biuret) (solution) / |

| |that digestive activity had taken place? |negative result beneath seeds indicates|

| | |the absence of (or digestion of) starch|

| | |(or protein) |

|1793 |In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does this happen? |Cytosol |

|1794 |Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which they are harmful. |Beneficial – Disease control / specific |

| | |example |

| | |Harmful – Cause diseases / specific example |

|1795 |Distinguish between the terms segregation and independent |Segregation: only one (member) of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) enters a gamete|

| |assortment. |Independent assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) can |

| | |combine (or transmit) with either member of another pair (in gamete formation) |

|1796 |What is meant by ground tissue? |Living plant cells making the soft |

| | |parts of leaves, e.g. pith, cortex |

| | |and spongy tissue. |

|1797 |Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the microscope. |With a dropper / Under coverslip / |

| | |method |

|1798 |What is meant by tissue culture? |The growth of individual cells |

| | |outside an organism. |

|1799 |What is meant by excretion? |Removal of the waste products of |

| | |metabolisms |

|1800 |Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature? |decompose dead organisms or recycle|

| | |nutrients |

|1801 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what control did you use? |Same set-up and procedure with |

| | |boiled seeds |

|1802 |Give a function of ground tissue. |Food and waste storage, |

| | |photosynthesis and also give |

| | |strength and support. |

|1803 |Explain the terms transcription and translation. |Transcription: making of (m)RNA using DNA (template) |

| | |Translation: making a protein using (m)RNA (code) |

|1804 |The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X. |4X / Low Power |

| |Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope? | |

|1805 |Name the vein connected to the lungs. |Pulmonary vein |

|1806 |What is meant by osmoregulation? |controlling the osmotic pressure |

| | |within an organism by regulating |

| | |the amounts of salt and water |

| | |present |

|1807 |Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. |Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen |

| | |Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using |

| | |oxygen |

|1808 |Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney? |From the glomerulus into the |

| | |capsular space of Bowman’s capsule |

| | |in the cortex |

|1809 |Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture. |to prevent bacterial growth or |

| | |contamination |

|1810 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what substance, to be digested |Starch or milk or protein |

| |by the seeds, was added to the medium? | |

|1811 |Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated that the cells you were |Cell Wall / Chloroplast / (Large) |

| |looking at were plant cells. |Vacuole |

|1812 |In which structures in the cell does translation occur? |Ribosome |

|1813 |Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation. |pollination – transfer of pollen |

| | |fertilisation – fusion of gametes |

| | |or of sex cells |

|1814 |Name the artery connected to the kidneys. |Renal artery |

|1815 |Name the small gaps between neurons. |Synapses |

|1816 |State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed. |Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water|

|1817 |The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments, recording results, and |To verify results /(statistical) |

| |forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an experiment many times? |reliability/ minimise error |

|1818 |Name the substance that is used as a medium on which to germinate the seeds in the investigation to show |Agar |

| |digestive activity. | |

|1819 |What is saprophytic nutrition? |A type of heterotrophic nutrition |

| | |where an organism obtains its food |

| | |from dead or decaying organic |

| | |matter |

|1820 |How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA? |Three |

|1821 |What is a meristem? |A region of mitosis in a plant |

|1822 |Briefly explain chemosynthesis. |formation of carbohydrates (food) |

| | |from inorganic compounds without |

| | |sunlight |

|1823 |Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver. |Hepatic portal vein |

|1824 |Why is a control used when carrying out experiments? |To compare (with experiment) |

|1825 |Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft. |Oxygen |

|1826 |Name two products excreted by the human. |Urea, carbon dioxide, salt, water |

|1827 |At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were sterilised. |Disinfectant or named disinfectant.|

| |How did you sterilise the seeds? | |

|1828 |Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein synthesis. Name these three |Start / Adding an amino acid / Stop|

| |possible outcomes. | |

|1829 |What is germination? |Is the beginning of the growth |

| | |after a period of dormancy |

|1830 |State a location in the seed where food is stored. |Cotyledon / endosperm |

|1831 |For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the course of your practical |To check for Glucose / reducing |

| |activities? |sugar |

|1832 |What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food? |Host |

|1833 |Give the precise location of the heart in the human body. |Thorax / slightly left of sternum |

|1834 |Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft. |37°C |

|1835 |At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were sterilised. |To kill (or inhibit) any |

| |Why is this necessary? |microorganisms (or bacteria and |

| | |fungi) |

|1836 |What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA? |Transfer |

|1837 |Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney? |medulla or Loop of Henle or |

| | |convoluted tubule |

|1838 |For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical activities? |To see if O2 is necessary for |

| | |germination / to limit or reduce O2|

|1839 |Give a location for a meristem. |Tip of shoots or roots |

|1840 |Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body. |Lungs, skin |

|1841 |Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function? |to carry impulse/ across synapse |

| | |(gap) |

|1842 |What structure(s) protects the heart? |Pericardium / rib cage |

|1843 |During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon. What is usually attached to the |An amino acid |

| |other end of the tRNA molecule? | |

|1844 |Name the three factors necessary for seeds to germinate. |Water / oxygen / suitable |

| | |temperature (or warmth) |

|1845 |For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical activities? |To examine a specimen / to reduce |

| | |evaporation / to hold specimen in |

| | |place / to protect lens or |

| | |microscope |

|1846 |Give a function of the guard cell. |Controls opening and closing of |

| | |stomata |

|1847 |An organ for churning of food to chime is the … |Stomach |

|1848 |Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce … |Vitamins B and K |

|1849 |Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of … |Carbohydrates |

|1850 |What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? |Mitosis |

|1851 |For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical activities? |To keep pH constant |

|1852 |Name a part of a seed in which food for germination is stored. |Cotyledon or Endosperm |

|1853 |What are the two main events in the replication of DNA? |(DNA) opens (or unzips) / new |

| | |strands (made) |

|1854 |Name the upper chambers of the heart. |Atria or auricles |

|1855 |Give two functions of water in a living organism. |Component of cytoplasm and body fluids / excellent solvent / most chemical |

| | |reactions take place in water / reactant in photosynthesis / product of |

| | |respiration / given off to the atmosphere in transpiration / component of |

| | |sweat and urine / involved in osmosis / helps control the shape of cells /|

| | |needed for germination |

|1856 |Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions? |Catabolic |

|1857 |How do fats differ from oils at room temperature? |Fats are solid, oils are liquids |

|1858 |For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical activities? |To stain (animal/plant) cells / |

| | |nucleic acids |

|1859 |Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in a food sample. |Biuret test |

| | |Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide |

|1860 |Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine. |Guanine |

|1861 |Briefly describe the fate, under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A. |Enters Kreb’s Cycle (or explained) |

| | |or (broken down) to CO2 and H2O |

|1862 |Name a structural polysaccharide. |Cellulose, chitin |

|1863 |Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side. |Bicuspid valve |

|1864 |Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf. |Oxygen and carbon dioxide |

|1865 |For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical activities? |To immobilise enzymes (or yeast |

| | |cells) /to make beads |

|1866 |To what organ does the ureter link the kidney? |Bladder |

|1867 |Give an example of a reflex action in humans. |Knee jerk or ankle kerk |

|1868 |What is a tropism? |Growth of a plant in response to a |

| | |stimulus |

|1869 |What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken down under aerobic conditions? |Acetyl Co-enzyme A |

|1870 |Waves of contractions passing along the gut is … |Peristalsis |

|1871 |Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting. |Cancer research, plant propagation |

|1872 |For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities? |(To examine the effect of) growth |

| | |regulators (on plants) / to |

| | |stimulate plant growth / to inhibit|

| | |plant growth. |

|1873 |What is the average resting human heart rate? |72 |

|1874 |Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during interphase. |uncoiling / transcription / |

| | |replication or duplication |

|1875 |Explain the term diploid number. |Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of |

| | |chromosomes.) |

|1876 |What is a plant growth regulator? |Controls the growth (of a plant) |

|1877 |What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces? |Premolars and Molars |

|1878 |Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be broken down under anaerobic |Lactic acid, Ethanol |

| |conditions in cells. | |

|1879 |For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your practical activities? |To bring DNA out of solution / to |

| | |isolate DNA |

|1880 |To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney? |Aorta |

|1881 |What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells lose the normal regulation of|Cancer |

| |mitosis? | |

|1882 |Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate. |Exercise / stress / anxiety / drugs|

| | |/ infection |

|1883 |As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then progress her investigation by |Hypothesis / Experiments / Data |

| |devising a series of … and then carefully analysing the resulting … | |

|1884 |For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing? |Test for fat (or lipid or oil) |

|1885 |Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. |Any valid plant e.g. Ash / Privet …|

| |From what plant did you obtain the yeast? |(nutrient) Agar |

| |Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast. | |

|1886 |Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells. |Photosynthesis, respiration, |

| | |(active) transport, mitosis (or |

| | |named phase of mitosis) |

|1887 |Give a function of the myelin sheath. |Insulation of neurons / speeds up |

| | |impulse transmission |

|1888 |Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol. |Lipase |

|1889 |For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in order. |Prophase / Metaphase / Anaphase / |

| | |Telophase |

|1890 |Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration. |C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( E + 6CO2 + 6H2O |

|1891 |Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle. |Coronary arteries |

|1892 |Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient medium when investigating |Leaf (or leaf section) stuck to lid / |

| |the growth of leaf yeast. |tweezers / stuck with what /of Petri dish / |

| | |Yeast-side down / dish left agar-side down /|

| | |24 hours. |

|1893 |For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in food testing? |Test for (soluble) protein |

|1894 |Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and LH? |Ovary |

|1895 |Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells. |High-energy molecule (or bond) or |

| | |easily broken down or easily |

| | |re-formed or reusable or energy |

| | |easily released |

|1896 |Give two biological advantages of breastfeeding. |gives a baby all the nutrients it needs in exactly the right proportions |

| | |for optimum development / is a source of antibodies which are passed on to |

| | |the baby to protect it against allergies and illness / can cause a |

| | |cessation of menstruation |

|1897 |Why are reflex actions important in humans? |fast response or defence against |

| | |injury |

|1898 |What is the role of the motor neuron? |A nerve cell which carries an |

| | |impulse from the CNS |

|1899 |Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. |≥ 72 hours / 3 days |

| |How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient medium? |Pink colonies / spots |

| |How did you recognise the yeast? | |

|1900 |Name the fluid present in the ureter. |Urine |

|1901 |For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar |Attach leaves (or leaf parts) |

| |plates? | |

|1902 |Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the walls of the upper chambers. |They have to pump blood further |

|1903 |True or False. In multicellular organisms mitosis is primarily used for growth. |True |

|1904 |What is a habitat? |The place where an organism lives |

|1905 |Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf. |Diffusion |

|1906 |Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast. |Swab bench with disinfectant / |

| | |sterilise instrument / Petri dish |

| | |face downwards on bench |

|1907 |List three abiotic factors that you investigated. |Temperature, Light intensity, Air |

| | |speed, Water current, Humidity, pH |

|1908 |In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted. |Greenfly / colour – camouflage |

|1909 |For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on |To prevent contamination or |

| |agar plates? |described |

|1910 |What substance emulsifies fats? |Bile |

|1911 |Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle. |Xylem / phloem |

|1912 |True or False. Mitosis is a source of variation. |False |

|1913 |Name the coloured part of the eye. |Iris |

|1914 |The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol? |Cytoplasm without the organelles |

|1915 |Why is a control especially important in biological investigations? |As a standard for comparison |

|1916 |Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth. |auxin or IAA or NAA or ethylene |

| | |(ethene) |

|1917 |For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from plant tissue? |To separate (or see) the DNA |

|1918 |What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH? |This is the pH at which an enzyme |

| | |works best at. |

|1919 |What is the function of the pupil in the eye? |To allow light in |

|1920 |True or False. Centromeres give rise to the nuclear spindle. |False |

|1921 |What is an ecosystem? |A community of living organisms |

| | |interacting with one another and |

| | |their environment |

|1922 |Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. Ground tissue |Dermal: protection or example of protection e.g.|

| | |water loss, infection or comment on Turgor |

| | |Ground: food storage / storage of waste / |

| | |photosynthesis / strength / support |

|1923 |From your study of ecology explain the term fauna |Animals |

|1924 |Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the population expands. Outline three |disease / pollution / toxins / |

| |problems associated with waste disposal. |smell / unsightly / other valid |

| | |named problem |

|1925 |Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: homozygous, recessive, |Homozygous: Has identical alleles [for a trait] |

| |phenotype |Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele|

| | |Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism |

|1926 |In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones? |The Retina |

|1927 |For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while extracting DNA from plant tissue? |(Detergent) breaks down membranes |

|1928 |If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed growth she would include a |no herbicide or implied |

| |control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable control in this case. | |

|1929 |True or False. The nuclear membrane disappears in the early part of mitosis. |True |

|1930 |Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy? |Small amount |

|1931 |From your study of ecology explain the term food web |Interconnected food chains or more |

| | |than one species at each trophic |

| | |level |

|1932 |Suggest two methods of waste minimisation. |reduce consumption / reduce |

| | |packaging / recycle / reuse |

|1933 |What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye? |To detect colour / Colour vision / |

| | |Bright light |

|1934 |In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur? |Xylem |

|1935 |What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on different chromosome pairs? |they assort independently or |

| | |greater variation |

|1936 |For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than a terrestrial plant when |To see (or measure ) gas (or |

| |investigating the rate of photosynthesis? |bubbles) [negative for terrestrial |

| | |plants] |

|1937 |True or False. When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in prophase. |False |

|1938 |Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. |Mechanical: Breakdown of food by physical means e.g. |

| | |peristalsis |

| | |Chemical: Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes |

|1939 |What are symbiotic bacteria? |Bacteria living in the colon / |

| | |produce vitamins B2 and K / body |

| | |absorbs these vitamins |

|1940 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Oxygen |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |A substance required for aerobic respiration. | |

|1941 |From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor |Living (organism’s influence on |

| | |another organism) |

|1942 |Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion. |large surface area (folding) or good |

| | |blood supply or lymph supply or (lining) |

| | |one cell thick or long or villi or |

| | |microvilli |

|1943 |Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place? |Mitochondria |

|1944 |State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport. |Narrow / tubes / continuous / |

| | |hollow |

|1945 |For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when examining cells with the microscope? |As a stain or to see more clearly |

|1946 |True or False. In telophase of mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms in plant cells. |False |

|1947 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Large |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |The amount of energy released in aerobic respiration. | |

|1948 |What is meant by excretion? |Removal of the waste products of |

| | |metabolism |

|1949 |What does an ecologist mean by competition? |When two or more organisms fight |

| | |for a resource that is in short |

| | |supply |

|1950 |From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis |Relationship between (different) |

| | |species in which at least one |

| | |benefits |

|1951 |From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived? |Renal artery |

|1952 |Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are absorbed into the blood.|1. ileum or villi [allow duodenum or small |

| |1. The products of digestion, 2. Water. |intestine] |

| | |2. Colon [allow any named part from stomach |

| | |onwards] |

|1953 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Lactic acid |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles. | |

|1954 |True or False. Single-celled organisms use meiosis for asexual reproduction. |False |

|1955 |Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. |auxin or IAA or NAA or abscisic |

| | |acid or ethylene (ethene) |

|1956 |What is a hypothesis? |Educated guess or (possible) |

| | |explanation |

|1957 |In which direction does water transport take place? |Up |

|1958 |Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or forestry and describe |Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a |

| |how it is managed. |fertilizer. |

| | |Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and |

| | |dried / fertiliser or pig feed. |

| | |Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches |

| | |/ wood products. |

|1959 |From your study of ecology explain the term habitat |(Place) where a species (or an |

| | |organism) lives |

|1960 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Water |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |A product of aerobic respiration. | |

|1961 |What is fermentation? |Anaerobic respiration or production|

| | |of alcohol from starch and sugars |

|1962 |Name harmful member of the Monera. |Any named (harmful) bacterium or |

| | |named (harmful) effect of a |

| | |bacterium |

|1963 |The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in this context, are replicates?|duplicates of an experiment or |

| | |procedure |

|1964 |What is meant by sex-linked? |Gene located on X- chromosome or on|

| | |Y-chromosome |

|1965 |Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment? |Comparison (with experiment) |

|1966 |Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood. |Diffusion |

|1967 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Alcohol |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast. | |

|1968 |Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter? |Bladder |

|1969 |From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem |Organisms and their (interactions |

| | |with) environment |

|1970 |What is a denatured enzyme? |An enzyme that has been destroyed |

| | |by excessive heat, pH, etc. This |

| | |enzyme will not 'work' again |

|1971 |Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the case of each product name a |Urea: protein or amino acid |

| |substance from which it is derived. |Carbon dioxide: carbohydrate or |

| | |named example or fat or named |

| | |example of fat or fatty acids |

|1972 |Name a member of the Protista that catches and consumes smaller organisms. |Amoeba |

|1973 |Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is involved in mechanical digestion|tongue or oesophagus or stomach or |

| | |small intestine or named part of |

| | |small intestine |

|1974 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. |Mitochondria |

| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |

| |The cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place. | |

|1975 |Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located. |Thoracic or chest |

|1976 |Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. |landfill sites / sewage treatment |

| | |plants / digesters / compost heaps |

|1977 |Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. Where does it act? 3. What|1. pancreas |

| |is the approximate pH at its site of action? |2. duodenum or small intestine or ileum |

| | |3. 7 - 9 inclusive |

|1978 |From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere |Part(s) of earth that supports life|

|1979 |In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur? |From the glomerulus into the |

| | |capsular space of Bowman’s capsule |

| | |in the cortex |

|1980 |Name a multicellular fungus. |Rhizopus (or bread mould) or other |

| | |named fungus |

|1981 |True or False. The liver produces bile. |True |

|1982 |Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration? |Yes |

|1983 |Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations. |(scientific) journal or named |

| | |journal |

|1984 |State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body. |Doesn’t tire [ |

|1985 |Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. |digestion / production of vitamins / benefit |

| | |immune system / compete with other micro-organisms|

| | |[allow one reference to harmful activity] |

|1986 |Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located? |Cortex |

|1987 |True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance. |True |

|1988 |Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. State a factor |Stomata |

| |which influences the diameter of these openings. |light or CO2 or potassium ions (K+)|

| | |or wind or turgidity of guard cells|

| | |or water availability or high |

| | |temperature |

|1989 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second |(Can be) unicellular or (can have) |

| |kingdom. Protista and Animalia. |chloroplast or pseudopodia or |

| | |contractile vacuole or food vacuole|

|1990 |Explain the term excretion. |Removal of the waste products of |

| | |metabolism |

|1991 |The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly describe the nature of this |three bases (triplet or codon) / in sequence|

| |code. |/ (codes for) one amino acid /(base or |

| | |triplet or codon) sequence / codes for |

| | |protein |

|1992 |What is a virus made up of? |Protein coat / Nucleic acid or DNA |

| | |or RNA |

|1993 |Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell you about the cell sap of |lower water concentration or higher|

| |these outermost cells? |solute concentration |

|1994 |True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism. |True |

|1995 |Give three roles of the skeleton. |support / movement / protection / |

| | |anchorage for muscle / gives shape |

| | |/ |

| | |blood production |

|1996 |Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of |lack of oxygen or exercise or |

| |aerobic respiration |restricted blood supply |

|1997 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the |Nucleus or mitochondrion or multicellular or |

| |second kingdom. Animalia and Monera. |eukaryotic or nervous system or digestive |

| | |system or reproductive system or muscular |

| | |system |

|1998 |Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the blood. |infection / hot conditions or |

| | |perspiration or exercise / high |

| | |salt intake / low water intake / |

| | |diuretic(s) |

|1999 |Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. |Water / Salts / Urea |

|2000 |Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. |Attachment / (viral) nucleic acid into (host) |

| | |cell / uses host structures (or described) / |

| | |part(s) replicated / virus assembly / release |

| | |(or lysis) |

|2001 |True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone. |False |

|2002 |During photosynthesis oxygen is produced. |1. water |

| |1. From what substance is oxygen produced? |2. light (dependent) stage |

| |2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced? |3. respiration / (diffuses) to |

| |3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production. |atmosphere |

|2003 |When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released. |ADH (vasopressin) / pituitary |

| |Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. |distal tubule or collecting duct |

| |Give a precise target area for this hormone. |in the blood |

| |How does the hormone reach the target area? |(makes walls) more permeable |

| |Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water content of the blood is low. |(resulting in) more absorption of |

| | |water |

|2004 |Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil. |Active transport |

|2005 |What is meant by non-coding DNA? |does not code for a protein or for |

| | |RNA |

|2006 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second |Chloroplast or cellulose cell wall |

| |kingdom. Plantae and Fungi. |or named anatomical feature |

|2007 |In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products. |1. protons (H+) / electrons / oxygen |

| |1. Name these three products. |2. electrons pass to chlorophyll / ATP / |

| |2. State what happens to each of these products. |protons stored / NADPH / used in dark phase |

| | |oxygen released into air/ respiration |

|2008 |True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain. |False |

|2009 |During 2009 swine flu spread through the population of many countries. Younger people were more at risk of |(Older people) previous exposure / |

| |becoming ill with swine flu than older people. Using your knowledge of the immune system, suggest a reason |antibodies (or active immunity or |

| |for this. |memory cells) |

|2010 |Give two excretory organs in the human body other than the kidney. |Skin, Lungs |

|2011 |Give the part of the nephron in which each of the following takes place: |1. Bowman's capsule or glomerulus |

| |1. Filtration, |2. proximal tubule |

| |2. Reabsorption of amino acids. | |

|2012 |Suggest a reason why it is important to know a person’s blood group. |transfusion/ to avoid reaction by |

| | |mother to foetus/ to prevent |

| | |loss of foetus |

|2013 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? |Fungi |

|2014 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second |Cell wall or hypha (or named hypha)|

| |kingdom. Fungi and Animalia. |or mycelium or named reproductive |

| | |structure |

|2015 |True or False. Rhizopus is a member of the animal kingdom. |False |

|2016 |Explain what is meant by the axial skeleton. |vertebral column and skull (and rib|

| | |cage) |

|2017 |What is a tissue? |Cells with common function (or with|

| | |common structure) |

|2018 |Give one structural difference between DNA and RNA. |(DNA) contains thymine or RNA |

| | |contains uracil |

|2019 |Name a part of the flower from which fruit forms. |Ovary / Carpel / Receptacle |

|2020 |Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the product of this enzyme. |starch |

| | |maltose |

|2021 |True or False. Xylem transports water in plants. |True |

|2022 | Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why. |movement of water (solvent) / along|

| | |concentration gradient / through a |

| | |selectively permeable membrane |

|2023 |Name a major blood vessel that returns blood in venules to the heart. |Vena cava |

|2024 |Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system. |Disorder: Osteoporosis / |

| | |Treatment: Diet rich in Calcium and|

| | |Vitamin D and medication |

|2025 |Name a tissue found in plants. Give a function of the tissue referred to. |Dermal or ground or vascular (or |

| | |xylem or phloem) or meristematic. |

| | |Function relevant to tissue |

|2026 |Suggest a reason why myxomatosis is no longer a major threat to the Irish rabbit population. |natural immunity or Natural |

| | |Selection or virus mutated |

|2027 |Give two features of the nephron that aid filtration. |large surface area / porous capillary walls/ (lining) one |

| | |cell thick / efferent arteriole narrower than afferent |

| | |arteriole or arterioles in arteriole out or arteriole to |

| | |capillary network |

|2028 |True or False. A potato is a modified stem. |True |

|2029 |Give three examples of the ways in which fruits are involved in seed dispersal. |Animal dispersal / Winged / Wind /|

| | |Self dispersal / Water Dispersal / |

| | |Human dispersal |

|2030 |Give an account of the role of each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. ATP, 2. NADP. |1. provides or stores energy / reduction of CO2 |

| | |or glucose formation or for dark stage |

| | |2. accepts electrons / hydrogen carrier / for |

| | |the dark stage or glucose formation or for dark |

| | |stage |

|2031 |Give one way in which lymph differs from blood. |No red blood cells or no |

| | |haemoglobin / no platelets / no |

| | |clotting (proteins) |

|2032 |Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found. |Chloroplast / mitochondria |

|2033 |Name a tissue found in animals. Give a function of the tissue referred to. |Epithelial or Muscular or |

| | |Connective or Nervous or named |

| | |example. Function relevant to |

| | |tissue |

|2034 |Outline briefly how a virus replicates (reproduces). |attaches to (host) cell / introduces nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) |

| | |/ (host) DNA inactivated / viral DNA or RNA replicated / using |

| | |resources of host cell / protein coat formed / assembly (of |

| | |virus) |

|2035 |Genes are found on what structures within a cell? |Chromosome (allow chromatid) (Do |

| | |not allow DNA) |

|2036 |Give a function for each of the following: 1. Red marrow, 2. Cartilage, 3. Tendon. |1. formation of blood cells |

| | |2. protection (absorbs shock) or reduces |

| | |friction or allows bone elongation |

| | |3. joins muscle to bone |

|2037 |Distinguish between batch and continuous flow food processing using micro-organisms in |Batch: fixed amount of nutrients added at beginning or|

| |the food industry. |(bioreactor) emptied at end of production |

| | |Continuous: nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor|

| | |or product removed continuously |

|2038 |Suggest why it is necessary for a plant to disperse its seeds. |To avoid competition / colonisation|

|2039 |The use of one species to control the population of another species is |Advantage: environmentally friendly or specific or (may be) |

| |called biological control. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of |inexpensive |

| |biological control. |Disadvantage: upsets balance of nature (or described e.g. predator |

| | |population will fall when prey becomes scarce allowing prey to |

| | |increase again or introduced species may become a pest or predator |

| | |may change to a different prey) or (may be) expensive. |

|2040 |Give two functions of the lymphatic system. |Maintains a constant level of ECF or drains fluid or returns |

| | |fluid to blood / manufacture of lymphocytes or maturation of |

| | |lymphocytes / filtering bacteria / fighting infection / |

| | |transport of named material |

|2041 |Explain what is meant by the term tissue culture |Cells grown on (or in) medium or |

| | |cells grown outside organism |

|2042 |What is the function of the spindle during cell division? |To contract / to separate |

| | |chromosomes / chromatid / to |

| | |attach |

|2043 |Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example in the human body. |pair of muscles that have opposite |

| | |effects or explained |

| | |biceps and triceps or other example|

|2044 |True or false. Stage 1 of respiration requires oxygen. |False |

|2045 |Name a group of biomolecules in the blood which are too large to pass through the filtration system of the |Proteins |

| |nephron. | |

|2046 |Is the blood in the Aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated? |Oxygenated |

|2047 |Following dispersal most seeds enter a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? |a period of rest, inactivity or |

| | |non-vegetative state before growth |

|2048 |If a transverse section of an arteriole were viewed under the microscope state one way in which it would |Narrow(er) lumen or thick(er) wall |

| |differ from a transverse section through a venule. |or no valves |

|2049 |Tissues grow by cell division. Name the type of cell division by which tissues grow. |Mitosis |

|2050 |Give one application of tissue culture. |Appropriate application |

|2051 |Name the nitrogenous bases whose first letters are A and C. |Adenine and Cytosine |

|2052 |Apart from water, name one other substance which is found in sweat. |urea/ salt/ named salt/ lipids/ |

| | |hormones |

|2053 |What is meant by sterile? |Free from all organisms |

|2054 |Name the container in which you grew the leaf yeast. |Petri dish / (agar) plate |

|2055 |Organs are found in both plants and animals. What is meant by the term organ? |A group of tissues / Structure |

| | |composed of two or more tissues |

|2056 |State the location in the human body of the following muscles which are used for breathing: diaphragm, |Below the lungs and above the |

| |intercostals. |stomach |

| | |Between the ribs |

|2057 |Give any two functions of minerals in organisms. |Formation of bone / formation of soft tissue / |

| | |formation of fluid / formation of chlorophyll or |

| | |haemoglobin / biochemical function of a named |

| | |mineral |

|2058 |To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? |Protista or Protoctista |

|2059 |Give an advantage of dormancy. |Ensures springtime germination |

|2060 |Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. |Left ventricle pumps blood around |

| | |body. Right ventricle only pumps |

| | |blood to the nearby lungs |

|2061 |True or false. Stage 1 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. |True |

|2062 |Name one organ found in plants. |Leaf / Root / Stem / Bud / Tuber / |

| | |Flower/ bulbs/ Rhizome … |

|2063 |How did you measure the breathing rate or the pulse? |count number of breaths or number |

| | |of pulses / per unit time OR sensor|

| | |(data logger) |

|2064 |Where in the cell would you expect to find most DNA? |Nucleus |

|2065 |State a disorder due to a dietary deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin. |Night blindness due to lack of |

| | |Vitamin A |

|2066 |Is the cell of Amoeba prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your answer. |Eukaryotic. Membrane-bound |

| | |organelles or named membrane-bound|

| | |organelle |

|2067 |What is meant by the germination of seeds? |Is the beginning of the growth |

| | |after a period of dormancy |

|2068 |Name the stage in the plant’s life cycle that follows dormancy. |Germination |

|2069 |What is meant by pollution? |Any harmful addition to the |

| | |ecosystem (e.g. not acceptable) |

|2070 |What is meant by nitrogen fixation? |The conversion of nitrogen into |

| | |nitrates. |

|2071 |Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or industrial or agricultural |Littering |

| |activity. | |

|2072 |True or false. Stage 2 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. |False |

|2073 |Give one function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba. |Osmoregulation or explained |

|2074 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin. |A, D, E, or K |

|2075 |Describe briefly one way by which the skin helps to retain heat in cold conditions. |(erect) hair / hair traps air / arteriole|

| | |contracts (and keeps blood warm) / pores |

| | |close / adipose (tissue) / Goose pimples |

|2076 |Name one human activity that causes pollution. |Any relevant activity but not |

| | |naturally occurring catastrophe |

|2077 |What is a chromosome? |A structure made of DNA and protein|

| | |which can be inherited. |

|2078 |State one way in which it is possible to produce seedless fruits in horticulture. |e.g. (Growth) regulators |

|2079 |What is the role of the bicuspid valve? |stops back flow (of blood) / blood |

| | |from atrium to ventricle |

|2080 |Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied. |Ecosystem: Woodland |

| | |Habitats: Rotting log / beneath a |

| | |stone |

|2081 |Suggest one reason why a contractile vacuole is more active in freshwater amoebae than in marine amoebae. |Freshwater more hypotonic or more |

| | |H2O intake or reference to |

| | |concentration difference |

|2082 |How does a phospholipid differ from a fat? |A phospholipid has a phosphate or A|

| | |phospholipid has two fatty acids |

|2083 |State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland. |e.g. Finding land for landfill |

| | |sites |

| | |e.g. Litter / pollution or named |

| | |form of pollution . |

|2084 |For hair colour black (B) is dominant over brown (b). Seán is heterozygous (Bb) and Máire is homozygous |1. Black |

| |(bb). 1. What colour is Seán’s hair? 2. What colour is Máire’s hair? |2. Brown |

|2085 |DNA contains the instructions needed to make protein. These instructions are called the … code. |Genetic |

|2086 |How may apparatus be sterilised? |In an autoclave @121 °C for 15 |

| | |minutes |

|2087 |Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. |light energy |

| | |6CO2 + 6H2O ( C6H12O6 + 6O2 |

| | |chlorophyll |

|2088 |Seeds may remain inactive for a period before germination. What term is used to describe this period of |Dormancy |

| |inactivity? | |

|2089 |List two ways of minimising waste. |Reduce / Reuse / Recycle |

|2090 |Red hair in humans is recessive to all other hair colours. A red-haired woman and a black-haired man, whose|50% |

| |own father was red-haired, started a family. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with red hair? | |

|2091 |Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y. |X = lipase, Y = glycerol |

|2092 |Give a brief account of the Theory of Natural Selection. |organisms have variations / that are inherited/ |

| | |beneficial / will reproduce/ struggle for existence / |

| | |pass on these variations / ‘Survival /of fittest’ / |

| | |origin of species |

|2093 |True or false. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as heat. |True |

|2094 |In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place? |Leaf |

|2095 |What is meant by evolution? |The way organisms change |

| | |genetically from pre-existing forms|

| | |to produce new species over long |

| | |periods of time |

|2096 |Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management. |e.g. Breaks down waste / in sewage |

| | |treatment plants |

|2097 |What is the main source of light for photosynthesis? |The sun |

|2098 |In Dalmatian dogs the allele for brown spots is recessive to the allele for black spots. The two parents |75% |

| |were heterozygous in respect of spot colour. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with black spots? | |

|2099 |The following biochemical reactions took place in some living cells: A (B + C + D. Is this an example of |Catabolism |

| |anabolism or catabolism? | |

|2100 |Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution. |Reduce, reuse, recycle |

|2101 |Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation. |Bacteria / Monera / Lichens/ Clover|

| | |/ Legumes |

|2102 |The haploid number of chromosomes is found in the human egg and sperm. Explain the underlined term. |Having one set of chromosomes |

|2103 |Carbohydrates always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and … |Oxygen |

|2104 |Bile is involved in digestion in the human body. 1. Where is bile produced? 2. Where is bile stored? 3. |1. liver |

| |Where does bile act in the alimentary canal? |2. gall bladder |

| | |3. Duodenum / (small) intestine / |

| | |ileum |

|2105 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? |Anther of the stamen |

|2106 |In roses there is incomplete dominance between the allele governing red petals and the allele governing |50% |

| |white petals. Heterozygous individuals have pink petals. A plant with pink petals was crossed with a plant | |

| |with white petals. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with white petals? | |

|2107 |During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three products. Name each of|Electrons, Protons (H+), Oxygen |

| |these products. Describe what happens to each of the products. |Electrons – to chlorophyll / reference to energy / ATP |

| | |Protons / H (ions) - Pathway 2 / Dark Stage / general proton |

| | |pool |

| | |Oxygen – Respiration / Excreted |

|2108 |Explain the term Biotic factor. |A living factor in an ecosystem |

|2109 |What is meant by pollution? |The harmful addition to the |

| | |environment (by humans) that leaves|

| | |it less able to sustain life |

|2110 |Lipids are made up of fatty acids and … |Glycerol |

|2111 |What is meant by egestion? From where does egestion occur? |Removal of unabsorbed material from|

| | |the body. From the rectum via the |

| | |anus. |

|2112 |True or false. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. |True |

|2113 |Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management. |waste produced / must be disposed safely / |

| | |recycled / re-used / reduce / example of waste|

| | |/ how managed / role of micro-organisms |

|2114 |In the fruit fly Drosophila the allele for full wing is dominant to the allele for vestigial wing. One |100% |

| |parent was homozygous in respect of full wing and the other parent was heterozygous. What is the % chance | |

| |of obtaining offspring with full wing? | |

|2115 |What is the role of peristalsis in the digestive system? |push food along gut / mechanical |

| | |digestion / prevents constipation |

|2116 |Explain the term Symbiosis. |Relationship between two species |

| | |involving benefit |

|2117 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin. |A / D / E / K |

|2118 |Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. |Chloroplasts |

|2119 |Name one of the scientists associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. |Darwin / Wallace |

|2120 |What is meant by pollination? |Transfer / of pollen / from anther |

| | |to stigma |

|2121 |Where in the eye is the retina located? |back of the eye |

|2122 |Give an example of a catabolic reaction in a cell. |Respiration or fermentation or |

| | |glycolysis [allow digestion] |

|2123 |Name a structural carbohydrate found in plants. |Cellulose |

|2124 |Explain the terms: allele and dominant. |Allele: An alternative form of a |

| | |gene |

| | |Dominant: One allele masks the |

| | |expression of the other |

|2125 |Explain the term Competition. |The struggle for a resource |

|2126 |What is the role of alveoli in the lungs? |exchange gases/ carbon dioxide out/|

| | |oxygen in / increase surface area /|

| | |diffusion |

|2127 |What is meant by the term aerobic respiration? |The release of energy from |

| | |carbohydrate using oxygen |

|2128 |Water enters the roots of plants by osmosis. Explain what is meant by |movement of water through semi-permeable membrane / from region of high |

| |osmosis. |osmotic potential to low osmotic potential / from high concentration of |

| | |water to low concentration of water / from dilute solution to |

| | |concentrated solution |

|2129 |What process follows pollination in the life cycle of a flowering plant? |Fertilisation |

|2130 |Name one good source of protein in the human diet. |(Lean) Meat / Fish / Cheese / Eggs / Pulses |

| | |(Do not accept Dairy Products) |

|2131 |What is a triglyceride? |Fat (or lipid or oil) unit (or |

| | |molecule) or glycerol and three |

| | |fatty acids or ester |

|2132 |In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place? |Chloroplast |

|2133 |Explain the term Trophic level. |A living factor in an ecosystem |

|2134 |Name the tissue that transports water from the root to the leaves. |Xylem |

|2135 |What is blood plasma? Give a role for blood plasma. |Plasma: blood without cells/ watery liquid part of blood |

| | |Role: carries dissolved substances / named substance / waste |

| | |/ hormones / gases / blood clotting agent/ water / antibodies|

| | |/ |

| | |proteins / inorganic salts / fibrinogen / CO2 / Bicarbonate /|

| | |Heat |

|2136 |Indicate clearly whether each of the following statements refers to stage 1 or to stage 2 of respiration. |Stage 2 |

| |A. Takes place in the mitochondria, B. Produces a large amount of energy, C. Takes place in the cytoplasm, |Stage 2 |

| |D. Does not require oxygen. |Stage 1 |

| | |Stage 1 |

|2137 |Outline the evidence for evolution from any one named source. |Fossils / comparative anatomy / |

| | |embryos / DNA changes / Horse / |

| | |bones |

|2138 |Vitamins may be divided into two groups depending upon their solubility. Name these two groups. |Fat-soluble |

| | |Water-soluble |

|2139 |Where do the products of digestion enter the blood? |Stomach / ileum / intestine /villi |

| | |/ (colon) / shoulder vein |

|2140 |Give an example of a beneficial organism and of a harmful organism that belong to the same kingdom as |Beneficial: Yeast for baking and |

| |Rhizopus. |brewing |

| | |Harmful: ringworm – parasitic |

| | |fungus |

|2141 |List three characteristics in each case of; |1. brightly coloured petals / |

| |1. An insect-pollinated flower, |anthers within petals, nectaries, |

| |2. A wind-pollinated flower. |2. feathery stigmas, anthers |

| | |outside petals, petals absent or |

| | |reduced |

|2142 |Explain the term Niche. |The functional role of an organism |

|2143 |Name a breathing disorder. Suggest a possible cause of it and state |Asthma |Bronchitis |

| |how it may be treated. |Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles |Cause: bacteria, viruses and |

| | |and mucus secretion |irritants such as cigarette smoke |

| | |Treatment: steroid tablets or |and air pollutants |

| | |inhalers |Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial|

|2144 |To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? |Proteins |

|2145 |State one way in which an oil differs from a fat. |Oil is liquid (at room temperature)|

| | |or fat is solid or oils are |

| | |unsaturated or explained |

|2146 |State two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the alimentary canal. |digest cellulose/ produce (release) |

| | |vitamins/ keep harmful bacteria at bay / |

| | |immunity (reference to health) / formation |

| | |of faeces |

|2147 |Two types of cells that receive light are found in the retina. Name each of these. |Rods and cones |

|2148 |Name two types of cell found in the blood and give a function for each of them. |red blood cell: carries oxygen |

| | |(also carries carbon dioxide) |

| | |white blood cell: defence |

|2149 |What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? |The sun |

|2150 |How do these products of digestion pass into the blood? |by diffusion (into villi ) / |

| | |absorption |

|2151 |Explain the term Biosphere. |Parts of the earth where life (or |

| | |organisms) exists |

|2152 |Give an example of a trace element. |e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn or other correct |

|2153 |The action of the enzyme amylase on its substrate starch is an example of a catabolic |Substrate: the substance on which an enzyme acts|

| |reaction. Explain each of the underlined terms. |to produce the product |

| | |Catabolic: Chemical reaction where larger |

| | |molecules are broken down to smaller molecules |

|2154 |The ABO blood group system has four blood groups. What are these four groups? |A, B, AB, O |

|2155 |The optic nerve is attached to the eye. What is the function of the optic nerve? |carries message to brain |

|2156 |Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without photosynthesis. |Lack of oxygen / lack of food |

| | |(energy) / plants die / excess CO2 |

| | |/ animals die |

|2157 |What is meant by immobilisation of an enzyme? |An enzyme which is fixed to an |

| | |inert material by chemical or |

| | |physical means. |

|2158 |In relation to the human diet, what is meant by a trace element? |Small amount (needed) or indication|

| | |of e.g. < 0.01% |

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