Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
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|The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 - 2013). Questions on the same topic have been separated to|
|provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often |
|over the years. |
| |
|N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result. |
|E.& O.E. |
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|No. |Question |Answer |
|1 |State a function of the cell membrane | |
|2 |Explain how Rhizopus gets its food. | |
|3 |State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell | |
|4 |Name a human cell that is haploid | |
|5 |What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are broken down to smaller | |
| |ones? | |
|6 |By which type of cell division does the zygote divide? | |
|7 |What process results from the contraction of the muscles of the small intestine? | |
|8 |Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi. | |
|9 |In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1? | |
|10 |What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup? | |
|11 |What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? | |
| |Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. | |
|12 |Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next developmental stage after the | |
| |morula? | |
|13 |Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection | |
|14 |Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of the small intestine: | |
| |Acidic. Neutral. Alkaline. | |
|15 |Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a function of each of | |
| |these tissues. | |
|16 |Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than heterotrophic. | |
|17 |What is an hypothesis? | |
|18 |The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles of the placenta. | |
|19 |What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant temperature? | |
|20 |Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide. | |
|21 |Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine. | |
|22 |To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? | |
|23 |To which group of molecules do enzymes belong? | |
|24 |In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes that distinguish the sexes | |
| |but are not essential for reproduction. To what term does the definition in italics refer? | |
|25 |Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term heterotrophic mean? | |
|26 |To which kingdom do yeasts belong? | |
|27 |State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted | |
|28 |1. What are symbiotic bacteria? | |
| |2. Give two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the human alimentary canal. | |
|29 |Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme. | |
|30 |What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes take place? | |
|31 |Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. | |
|32 |Name one economically harmful fungus. | |
|33 |The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic. | |
| |What does the term saprophytic mean? | |
| |Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of nature. | |
|34 |State a role for cellulose in living organisms. | |
|35 |Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed? | |
|36 |Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a male. | |
|37 |Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose. | |
|38 |Describe a test for a named polysaccharide. | |
|39 |What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics? | |
|40 |In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription. | |
|41 |State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. | |
|42 |Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote formation, 3. Implantations | |
| |occur? | |
|43 |State two ways, other than colour, in which red blood cells differ from white blood cells. | |
|44 |Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to collect and cook wild mushrooms | |
| |from a local forest. | |
| |Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea. | |
|45 |Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis. | |
|46 |In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form? | |
|47 |Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose? | |
|48 |Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the valves? | |
|49 |Name a group of white blood cells, other than lymphocytes. | |
|50 |Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model of transport. | |
|51 |Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the events of the menstrual cycle. | |
|52 |Distinguish between breathing and respiration. | |
|53 |What structures attach a muscle to a bone? | |
|54 |What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme? | |
|55 |Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function? | |
|56 |Lymphocytes may be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies | |
| |1. What is the role of antibodies in the body? | |
| |2. Name any three types of T cell. | |
| |3. State a role of each of the T cell types that you named in part 2. | |
|57 |Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar. | |
|58 |Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is starting. | |
| |Plants have evolved certain adaptations that protect them from adverse conditions. List two such | |
| |adaptations. | |
|59 |Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension model. | |
|60 |Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a reducing sugar. | |
|61 |State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis. | |
|62 |Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm? | |
|63 |Explain the term homeostasis. | |
|64 |From what does a seed develop? | |
|65 |Give a short account of the birth process. | |
|66 |Give two examples of the use of plant growth regulators. | |
|67 |Name an enzyme and matching substrate | |
|68 |The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water movement in plants against a | |
| |particular force. Name this force. | |
|69 |Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the human female? | |
|70 |What is a disaccharide? | |
|71 |Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange materials between different tissues or between | |
| |itself and the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Explain each of the | |
| |underlined terms. | |
|72 |When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct? | |
| |1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil. | |
|73 |What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles? | |
|74 |What are growth regulators in plants? | |
|75 |What term is used for the type of asexual reproduction that produces a daughter plant by runners? | |
|76 |Where precisely does water enter a plant? | |
|77 |Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves. | |
|78 |Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis. | |
|79 |State one way in which each of the following contributes to homeostasis. | |
| |1. Liver. | |
| |2. Lungs. | |
| |3. Nephrons of kidneys. | |
|80 |What might a hypothesis develop into? | |
|81 |What do the letters ATP stand for? | |
|82 |Explain the term transpiration. | |
|83 |Would you expect a daughter plant produced by a runner to be haploid or diploid? Explain your answer. | |
|84 |State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats. | |
|85 |Name the type of joint at the elbow. | |
|86 |Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water. | |
|87 |Describe the role of the skin in controlling body temperature. | |
|88 |From which structure in the seed does the root develop? | |
|89 |Give one method, other than runners, and not involving seeds, that is used by horticulturists to | |
| |produce new plants. | |
|90 |What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant? | |
|91 |By what process does water enter a plant? | |
|92 |State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans. | |
|93 |State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in respect of the dominant allele A.| |
|94 |What is meant by the term immunity? | |
|95 |Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in flowering plant reproduction. | |
| |1. Petal. | |
| |2. Anther. | |
| |3. Stigma. | |
|96 |Give a precise location of xylem in the stem. | |
|97 |Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton. | |
|98 |When investigating digestive activity during seed germination: 1. How did you supply a substrate | |
| |suitable for the digestive enzymes? 2. How did you ensure that no digestive enzymes were available on | |
| |the control plate? | |
|99 |Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? | |
|100 |Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms. | |
|101 |Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response. | |
|102 |When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete? | |
|103 |Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach the embryo sac. | |
|104 |State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli. | |
|105 |State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport. | |
|106 |A virus has been described as a piece of genetic material that has escaped from a cell. Give one piece | |
| |of evidence that supports this description. | |
|107 |Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the breathing system. | |
|108 |How are the alveoli adapted for their function? | |
|109 |Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow. | |
|110 |Name the reagents used to test for a protein. | |
|111 |Within the pollen tube the generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes. | |
| |1. What type of division takes place? | |
| |2. With what does each male gamete fuse in the embryo sac? | |
| |3. Name the product of each fusion. | |
|112 |Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved in blood. Which gas is | |
| |this? | |
|113 |Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast. | |
|114 |Viruses are examples of obligate parasites. Explain why this is the case. | |
|115 |Suggest a possible cause of a named disorder of the breathing system. | |
|116 |What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear? | |
|117 |Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth. | |
|118 |Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from? | |
|119 |As the seed forms following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two structures. Name any one| |
| |of these structures. | |
|120 |Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? | |
|121 |Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during photosynthesis. What is an energised | |
| |electron? | |
|122 |In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a triplet. | |
|123 |Give an example of how a virus might be beneficial to mankind. | |
|124 |Name one disorder of the human breathing system. | |
|125 |What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear? | |
|126 |Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place. | |
|127 |1. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo. | |
| |2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from it. | |
|128 |Why is a control important in an experiment? | |
|129 |Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture. | |
|130 |By what process does water enter a plant? | |
|131 |What term is used for glands that secrete hormones? | |
|132 |Describe in detail how we inhale air. | |
|133 |Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise the effects of asthma or | |
| |bronchitis. | |
|134 |Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated. | |
|135 |From which tissues does the placenta develop? | |
|136 |State the Law of Independent Assortment. | |
|137 |In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative propagation. | |
|138 |Distinguish between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds. | |
|139 |How do these glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones? | |
|140 |Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers that appear in early human development. | |
|141 |One large muscle and one set of muscles are involved in inhalation. Name both. | |
|142 |Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant. | |
|143 |1. What is the amnion? | |
| |2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus. | |
|144 |In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated? | |
|145 |Define predation. | |
|146 |Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. | |
|147 |Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant. | |
|148 |In which tissue does water ascend through the plant? | |
|149 |When we breathe we inhale air. What gas in the air is essential for respiration? | |
|150 |Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland. | |
|151 |Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse environmental stimulus. Suggest one| |
| |such stimulus. | |
|152 |How do phospholipids differ from other lipids? | |
|153 |Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected. | |
|154 |Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant. | |
|155 |To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong? | |
|156 |Explain the term niche. | |
|157 |Give two advantages to Rhizopus of zygospore formation. | |
|158 |Explain in detail how the eye works. | |
|159 |What is the chemical nature of many hormones? | |
|160 |Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis. | |
|161 |Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism. | |
|162 |Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision works. | |
|163 |Distinguish between active and passive immunity. | |
|164 |Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. | |
| |Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant and give a reason for your | |
| |answer. | |
|165 |In the case of each of two named hormones secreted in the human body state: 1. The precise location of | |
| |the gland that secretes it. 2. A function of the hormone. | |
|166 |The eye is filled with fluid. What is the function of this fluid? | |
|167 |What term is used to describe the process of asexual reproduction in yeast? | |
|168 |The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the … | |
|169 |Name an anabolic process carried out by plants. | |
|170 |In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA. | |
|171 |State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells. | |
|172 |Bile is secreted by the … | |
|173 |In the case of one non sex hormone 1. Give a deficiency symptom. 2. Give a symptom of excess secretion.| |
| |3. Give a corrective measure for either its deficiency or its excess, clearly stating which you have | |
| |chosen. | |
|174 |What happens to the new cells of Rhizopus formed during the process of asexual reproduction? | |
|175 |Name and give a function of the coloured part of the eye. | |
|176 |Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf. | |
|177 |State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves. | |
|178 |Bones are joined to other bones by … | |
|179 |An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an … | |
|180 |With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles? | |
|181 |How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast? | |
|182 |What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form? | |
|183 |List two methods of contraception. | |
|184 |Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses. | |
|185 |Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey. | |
|186 |Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo. | |
|187 |What is meant by fertilisation? | |
|188 |Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell. | |
|189 |Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Include a clear | |
| |reference to each in your answer. | |
|190 |What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound organelles? | |
|191 |Distinguish clearly between antibodies and antibiotics by writing a note about each. | |
|192 |What is meant by the term contraception? | |
|193 |Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role of the polysaccharide | |
| |that you have named? | |
|194 |Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different parts of a plant. | |
|195 |What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria? | |
|196 |Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against pathogenic micro-organisms. | |
|197 |Give one way in which a nervous response differs from a hormonal response. | |
|198 |Name the part of the flower in each case | |
| |Where fertilisation occurs | |
| |That becomes the fruit. | |
|199 |The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does this mean? | |
|200 |Where in the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur? | |
|201 |Explain the term edaphic. | |
|202 |In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity. | |
|203 |What is meant by the diploid number of a cell? | |
|204 |In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for carbohydrate formation? | |
|205 |Give one function each of any two parts found only in neurons. | |
|206 |State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and dicotyledons other than the number of seed| |
| |leaves. | |
|207 |Name the two main chemical components of a virus. | |
|208 |Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport? | |
|209 |Suggest a reason why the structure containing the testis must be kept below body temperature. | |
|210 |State two ways in which growth regulators in plants are similar to hormones in animals. | |
|211 |Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One function of fruit is to | |
| |aid dispersal. | |
| |Explain each of the underlined terms. | |
|212 |What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria? | |
|213 |Name and state the role of any two types of neuron, other than the motor neuron. | |
|214 |Give an example of an edaphic factor | |
|215 |Name a plant growth regulator that promotes growth and give a precise location for a site of its | |
| |action. | |
|216 |What is an enzyme? | |
|217 |What is the function of the prostate gland? | |
|218 |What is meant by the germination of a seed? | |
|219 |Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why. | |
|220 |Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation. | |
|221 |Through which part of a stem are growth promoters transported? | |
|222 |State one function for each of the following parts of the human brain. | |
| |Cerebrum; | |
| |Hypothalamus; | |
| |Cerebellum; | |
| |Medulla oblongata. | |
|223 |By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore fruit dispersed? | |
|224 |State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that increases it. | |
|225 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease caused by it. | |
|226 |Name one male sex hormone. | |
|227 |Where are the discs in the human backbone? | |
|228 |Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has entered by osmosis. | |
|229 |Outline two uses of growth promoters in horticulture. | |
|230 |In relation to the nervous system, distinguish between grey matter and white matter. Include a clear | |
| |reference to each in your answer. | |
|231 |Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood. | |
|232 |What is meant by the term DNA profiling? | |
|233 |What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant? | |
|234 |Some people receive vaccinations to protect them from disease. What is meant by the term vaccination? | |
|235 |Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each. | |
|236 |To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood? | |
|237 |In the case of either paralysis or Parkinson’s disease state: | |
| |1. a possible cause, other than accident; | |
| |2. a method of treatment. | |
|238 |What is meant by the term metabolism? | |
|239 |Give an example of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. | |
|240 |What is meant by the term evolution? | |
|241 |What is the function of the discs in the human backbone? | |
|242 |What is a tissue? | |
|243 |Viruses cause disease in plants, humans, and other animals. Name any two diseases caused by viruses. | |
|244 |In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions must be present. Name any | |
| |two of these conditions. | |
|245 |From the following list, Write any term that describes the nutrition of a typical plant: parasitic; | |
| |heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic. | |
|246 |Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative propagation clones? | |
| |Explain your answer. | |
|247 |“Enzymes are essential for metabolism”. | |
| |Explain why this statement is true. | |
|248 |What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become unfavourable? | |
|249 |In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the dog? | |
|250 |State three functions of a root. | |
|251 |What is a cotyledon? | |
|252 |Which type of immunity is the longest-lasting? | |
|253 |Suggest how a commercial grower might try to increase crop yield in his glasshouses or tunnels. | |
|254 |Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow. | |
|255 |Describe the process of birth. | |
|256 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis. | |
|257 |What is the function of the bicuspid valve? | |
|258 |What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute? | |
|259 |What is the main source of a dog’s body heat? | |
|260 |Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity by defining each. | |
|261 |What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of photosynthesis? | |
|262 |Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions | |
|263 |State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination. | |
|264 |What is the purpose of vaccination? | |
|265 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP. | |
|266 |Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature and environmental | |
| |temperature. | |
|267 |Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding. | |
|268 |State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of photosynthesis. | |
|269 |The general defence system tries to prevent disease-causing organisms entering the body. List two parts| |
| |of the general defence system in the body. | |
|270 |What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms? | |
|271 |Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for flowering plants. | |
|272 |Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration. | |
| |C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( | |
|273 |State two uses of DNA profiling. | |
|274 |Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product molecules are larger than | |
| |substrate molecules. | |
|275 |Write a brief note on in Glycolysis relation to respiration. | |
|276 |In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such as the lizard? | |
|277 |What term is used to describe organisms that cause disease? | |
|278 |Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you have studied (not | |
| |domesticated or farm animals). | |
|279 |List two methods of contraception. | |
|280 |Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms. | |
|281 |Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread fertilizers if heavy | |
| |rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this warning? | |
|282 |What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems? | |
|283 |Write a brief note on in Acetyl Co-enzyme A relation to respiration. | |
|284 |State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured. | |
|285 |What is the main source of a lizard’s body heat? | |
|286 |Suggest one cause and one treatment for a named disorder of the human musculoskeletal system. | |
|287 |Explain what is meant by pollution. | |
|288 |To what structure does the ureter link the kidney? | |
|289 |Give two functions of the placenta. | |
|290 |Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion takes place. | |
|291 |Write a brief note on in Adenosine triphosphate relation to respiration. | |
|292 |Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants. | |
|293 |Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. | |
|294 |Name one disorder of the human musculoskeletal system. | |
|295 |Give two features of a denatured enzyme. | |
|296 |Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. | |
|297 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? | |
|298 |State a function of the sepal. | |
|299 |Write a brief note on in Electron transport chain relation to respiration. | |
|300 |From what tissues is the placenta formed? | |
|301 |To which kingdom does the organism used in industrial fermentation belong? | |
|302 |Where does filtration occur in the kidney? | |
|303 |What general name is given to places in the body where two or more bones meet? | |
|304 |Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always present in the building | |
| |blocks of enzymes. Name that element. | |
|305 |Name the liquid part of blood. | |
|306 |What is genetic engineering? | |
|307 |Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Include a clear reference to each in your answer. | |
|308 |Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled. | |
|309 |1. Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore? | |
| |2. Describe briefly how an endospore forms. | |
|310 |Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted to a usable form. | |
|311 |Describe the roles of the biceps and triceps in raising the forearm. | |
|312 |Describe the process of natural selection. | |
|313 |In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable | |
| |investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis | |
| |measured? | |
|314 |From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop? | |
|315 |What do ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbers? | |
|316 |Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants. | |
|317 |Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria. | |
|318 |Name three processes involved in genetic engineering. | |
|319 |Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates. | |
|320 |Name the structures that attach muscles to bones. | |
|321 |Name two male secondary sexual characteristics. | |
|322 |In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable | |
| |investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant | |
| |during this investigation. | |
|323 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as | |
| |exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental | |
| |e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |
| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |
| |Suggest a reason for attempting to establish an exotic species in a new country. | |
|324 |Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the cytoplasm. Where does | |
| |the second stage take place? | |
|325 |Using your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria, suggest why a person is more likely to pick up an | |
| |infection in hospital than at home. | |
|326 |Name an autotrophic organism | |
|327 |Give an example of a catabolic reaction | |
|328 |If two muscles form an antagonistic pair. What does this mean? | |
|329 |The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called … | |
|330 |Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of the following cases: 1. A | |
| |micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant. | |
|331 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as | |
| |exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental | |
| |e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |
| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |
| |Suggest two reasons why the great majority of attempted introductions have been /unsuccessful. | |
|332 |Give a source of evidence for evolution. Briefly outline the evidence from the source referred to. | |
|333 |What is meant by the term evolution? | |
|334 |Name the principal male sex hormone. | |
|335 |What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate? | |
|336 |A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ... | |
|337 |Suggest what might happen to lactic acid in the muscles after anaerobic respiration. | |
|338 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? | |
|339 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as | |
| |exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental | |
| |e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |
| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |
| |Use your knowledge of the life cycle of flowering plants to suggest how an exotic plant may escape from| |
| |captivity. | |
|340 |Give the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase. | |
|341 |An example of a protein that has a structural role is ... | |
|342 |Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection. | |
|343 |What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population with respect to features | |
| |such as height? | |
|344 |What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)? | |
|345 |What is the name of the acid produced in the muscles as a result of anaerobic respiration? | |
|346 |Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? | |
|347 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as | |
| |exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental | |
| |e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |
| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |
| |Use the knowledge that you have gained in your studies of ecology to suggest how the introduction of an| |
| |exotic species may: 1. impact negatively on an existing community. 2. impact positively on an existing | |
| |community. | |
|348 |What is meant in genetics by the term sex linkage? Name two common sex-linked traits. | |
|349 |What is a mutation? | |
|350 |What is the function of the stomata? | |
|351 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about | |
| |each member of each pair: Gene and allele. | |
|352 |Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood. | |
|353 |Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage | |
|354 |In anaerobic respiration, is a little or a lot of energy produced? | |
|355 |Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural ranges are referred to as | |
| |exotic species. In some cases these introductions have been deliberate and in other cases accidental | |
| |e.g. when a species kept in captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. | |
| |Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have been unsuccessful. | |
| |It has been stated that an exotic species has a good chance of becoming established in a new | |
| |environment if there is a vacant niche. | |
| |1. Explain the term niche in this context. | |
| |2. Do you agree with the above statement? | |
| |3. Explain your answer. | |
|356 |Human males and females differ in one of their twenty three pairs of chromosomes. What name is given to| |
| |this pair of chromosomes? | |
|357 |From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood? | |
|358 |Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or water | |
|359 |Name a dicotyledonous plant. | |
|360 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about | |
| |each member of each pair: Homozygous and heterozygous. | |
|361 |What is peristalsis? | |
|362 |Explain the terms 1. Flora, 2. Fauna. | |
|363 |Which type of respiration results in the production of acid in our muscles? | |
|364 |In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term complementary as used here. | |
|365 |Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation. | |
| |Is this process affected by temperature? | |
|366 |Where would you find a meristem in a root? | |
|367 |State | |
| |1. One role of the pancreas in digestion. | |
| |2. One role of the gall bladder in digestion. | |
|368 |Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment. | |
|369 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about | |
| |each member of each pair: Genotype and phenotype. | |
|370 |Name one animal from your named ecosystem and describe how you carried out a quantitative study of that| |
| |animal. | |
|371 |Name the two types of respiration. | |
|372 |Name the complementary base in RNA for: 1. Adenine, 2. Cytosine. | |
|373 |Explain what is meant by conservation. | |
|374 |What is meant by germination? | |
|375 |Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit. | |
|376 |Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning of the underlined term. | |
|377 |Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver. | |
|378 |Suggest one way in which marking an animal might endanger it. | |
|379 |What is meant by the term respiration? | |
|380 |Name a carbohydrate that is a component of nucleotides. | |
|381 |Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about | |
| |each member of each pair: Linkage and sex linkage. | |
|382 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: biosphere, habitat and niche. | |
|383 |ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? | |
|384 |Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat | |
|385 |What is an agar plate? | |
|386 |Ecosystems are subject to changes, both natural and artificial. Mention one of each type of change as | |
| |it applies to your named ecosystem. | |
|387 |Name a component of a nucleotide that is neither a carbohydrate nor a nitrogenous base. | |
|388 |From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of improving the rate of photosynthesis of | |
| |plants in a greenhouse. | |
|389 |Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not carrying out their normal | |
| |functions. | |
|390 |What is meant by the term excretion? | |
|391 |State two functions of the liver – other than the processing of digested food. | |
|392 |State one cause of mutation. | |
|393 |What is homeostasis? | |
|394 |Nucleic acids are composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is formed from a sugar, a | |
| |phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Name the two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA. | |
|395 |What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA? | |
|396 |In photosynthesis, water is split into three products. Name these three products. | |
|397 |What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant internal temperature? | |
|398 |What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an animal?| |
|399 |Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants. | |
|400 |Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed? | |
|401 |The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ bacteria. State two benefits we get from | |
| |these bacteria. | |
|402 |Give both of the specific base pairs in DNA structure. | |
|403 |Give one difference between RNA and DNA, other than the nitrogenous bases. | |
|404 |Give a brief account of a conservation practice with which you are familiar. | |
|405 |Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis. | |
|406 |What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel? | |
|407 |What is a germ layer? | |
|408 |Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney. | |
|409 |What is an auxin? | |
|410 |State the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. | |
|411 |What name is applied to the period of the cell cycle in which division is not taking place? | |
|412 |State one function of the liquid part of blood. | |
|413 |Name the openings in the lower surface of the leaf that are used for gas exchange. | |
|414 |Explain the word digestion. | |
|415 |To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? | |
|416 |List three types of tropism. | |
|417 |From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise? | |
|418 |What is meant by the term genetic engineering? | |
|419 |Give a cellular process that occurs during the period in the cell cycle in which the nucleus is not | |
| |dividing. | |
|420 |State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom Fungi. | |
|421 |The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the … | |
|422 |Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in the upper part of the leaf, that are needed for | |
| |photosynthesis. | |
|423 |A tendon joins … to bone. | |
|424 |Give one role for each of the following types of teeth: | |
| |1. Incisors | |
| |2. Molars. | |
|425 |Hormones are secreted by … glands. | |
|426 |Briefly explain the term Isolation in the context of genetic engineering. | |
|427 |What term is used for the group of disorders in which control has been lost over the rate of mitosis? | |
|428 |In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located? | |
|429 |State Mendel’s Law of Segregation. | |
|430 |Give an account of the evidence for evolution from a named source. | |
|431 |Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis. | |
|432 |In which part of a flower does a seed form? | |
|433 |Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the … | |
|434 |Briefly explain the term Cutting (restriction) in the context of genetic engineering. | |
|435 |In relation to structures such as the cell membrane, explain the term selective permeability. | |
|436 |Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus. | |
| |What is meant by peristalsis? | |
|437 |Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine. | |
|438 |True or false. Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei | |
|439 |What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? | |
|440 |Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol. | |
|441 |Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme. | |
|442 |Briefly explain the term Transformation (ligation) in the context of genetic engineering. | |
|443 |Suggest an advantage to the cell of having a selectively permeable membrane. | |
|444 |What is fertilisation? | |
|445 |Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the body when urine is being | |
| |formed. Name two of these substances or cells. | |
|446 |Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland. | |
|447 |Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach: | |
| |1. Mechanical changes | |
| |2. Chemical changes. | |
|448 |State whether each of the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Respiration. | |
|449 |Name the type of joint at your elbow. | |
|450 |Briefly explain the term Introduction of base sequence changes in the context of genetic engineering. | |
|451 |Name two substances that enter a human muscle cell by diffusion. | |
|452 |Fats are composed of fatty acids and … | |
|453 |Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals. | |
|454 |Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA. | |
|455 |Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the collecting duct. | |
|456 |State whether each of the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism: Photosynthesis. | |
|457 |State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis. | |
|458 |Briefly explain the term Expression in the context of genetic engineering. | |
|459 |Explain the term turgor. | |
|460 |What is the pH of the stomach contents? | |
|461 |State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat. | |
|462 |Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata. | |
|463 |Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall? | |
|464 |A sample of urine was found to contain protein. | |
| |Would you consider this to be normal? | |
| |Explain your answer. | |
|465 |How are hormones carried around the body? | |
|466 |Give one application of genetic engineering in any two of the following. | |
| |1. An animal. | |
| |2. A plant. | |
| |3. A micro-organism. | |
|467 |Give a feature of a plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for long periods. | |
|468 |Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your answer. | |
|469 |Explain the terms alleles and dominant. | |
|470 |Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach? | |
|471 |Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female? | |
|472 |List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed to an organ or system | |
| |in the adult body. | |
|473 |Where in the human body is the pancreas located? | |
|474 |Answer the following in relation to enzymes. | |
| |(i) What is their chemical nature? | |
| |(ii) Comment upon their molecular shape. | |
|475 |Suggest a way in which turgor is of value to plants. | |
|476 |A sample of urine was found to contain glucose. | |
| |Would you consider this to be normal? | |
| |Explain your answer. | |
|477 |Define tropism | |
|478 |True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes | |
|479 |Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these. | |
|480 |What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet? | |
|481 |Name an enzyme and its substrate. | |
|482 |What is meant by the term endocrine? | |
|483 |When demonstrating osmosis: 1. For what purpose did you use Visking tubing, potato tissue or some | |
| |similar material? 2. At the end of the demonstration, how did you conclude that osmosis had occurred? | |
|484 |What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome? | |
|485 |What do you understand by the term adverse external environment? | |
|486 |State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach | |
|487 |Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage. | |
|488 |What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature? | |
|489 |Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? | |
|490 |Suggest a means of treating a named disorder of the human nervous system. | |
|491 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Krebs Cycle. | |
|492 |In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced by abiotic and | |
| |biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms. | |
|493 |Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. | |
|494 |Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external environments. | |
|495 |An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes … | |
|496 |Explain the term species. | |
|497 |Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi. | |
|498 |Explain the term fermentation. | |
|499 |Give one cause of a named disorder of the human nervous system. | |
|500 |What are the products of fat digestion? | |
|501 |If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of the objective lens is X | |
| |40, what magnification results when a slide is viewed using both of these lenses? | |
|502 |State a site of auxin secretion. | |
|503 |Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external stimuli. | |
|504 |What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the light intensity or the | |
| |carbon dioxide concentration. | |
|505 |What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the laboratory? | |
|506 |Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation. | |
|507 |Name one disorder of the human nervous system. | |
|508 |Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. | |
|509 |What are secondary sexual characteristics? | |
|510 |What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation. | |
|511 |Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species. | |
|512 |What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are produced? | |
|513 |Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March. | |
|514 |Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in industrial fermentation. | |
|515 |True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid | |
|516 |What substances carry nerve impulses across the synapses? | |
|517 |Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial producer could increase | |
| |her/his crop yield of tomatoes. | |
|518 |Where are sperm produced? | |
|519 |What is the function of a semilunar valve? | |
|520 |From what structures does the placenta develop? | |
|521 |How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar? | |
|522 |When investigating the effect of either carbon dioxide concentration or light intensity on the rate of | |
| |photosynthesis: How did you vary your chosen factor? | |
|523 |Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants. | |
|524 |Tiny gaps are found where one neuron ends and the next one begins. What are these gaps called? | |
|525 |What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species? | |
|526 |Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to … | |
|527 |The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place in different | |
| |parts of the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs. | |
| |Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy? | |
|528 |State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the male. | |
|529 |How did you safely dispose of the agar plates at the end of an investigation? | |
|530 |Give the name of the first stage of photosynthesis. | |
|531 |Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata. | |
|532 |Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term. | |
|533 |Nerve impulses are carried around the body by neurons. Name any two types of neuron. | |
|534 |True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile offspring. | |
|535 |Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature rises above the normal | |
| |level. | |
|536 |State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. | |
|537 |In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: | |
| |(i) Data. | |
| |(ii) Replicates | |
|538 |In the first stage of photosynthesis, pathways I and II relate to the passage of energised electrons. | |
| |1. Explain what happens to these electrons in pathway I. 2. Describe the events of pathway II. | |
|539 |Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen. | |
|540 |What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? | |
|541 |Give one example of a plant response to such a stimulus. | |
|542 |How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response? | |
|543 |Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results from a mutation. | |
|544 |What is the function of the prostate gland? | |
|545 |How did you expose the semi-lunar valves when dissecting the sheep’s or ox’s heart? | |
|546 |Give the name of the second stage of photosynthesis. | |
|547 |How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a hormone in the human body? | |
|548 |State two functions of fats in the human body | |
|549 |Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen. | |
|550 |Plants and animals respond to some outside stimuli. Name two stimuli to which plants respond. | |
|551 |Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external stimulus. | |
|552 |What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? | |
|553 |How did you show that alcohol was present when investigating the production of alcohol by yeast? | |
|554 |Explain why the second stage of photosynthesis is given its name. | |
|555 |Name two common blood-grouping systems | |
|556 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; dominance, genotype, phenotype. | |
|557 |Name the gas used in photosynthesis. | |
|558 |Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey on a species of plant in its habitat. | |
|559 |Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of a bulb. | |
|560 |Give one reason why the second stage of photosynthesis cannot happen without the first stage. | |
|561 |What is a hormone? | |
|562 |What type of agar plates did you use when investigating the digestive activity of seeds? | |
| |How did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place in this investigation? | |
|563 |When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main product is produced. Name this | |
| |product. | |
|564 |State a function of each of the following parts of a flower: petal; sepal; anther. | |
|565 |Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture or fisheries or forestry. | |
|566 |What is the role of bile in fat digestion? | |
|567 |A quantitative survey was carried out to show the effect of poor waste management on the plants in an | |
| |ecosystem. What is meant by the term quantitative? | |
|568 |Explain what is meant by pollination. | |
|569 |Outline the major events of the second stage of photosynthesis. | |
|570 |How did you demonstrate the requirement for oxygen when investigating the factors necessary for seed | |
| |germination? | |
|571 |State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators. | |
|572 |From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic factor that influences the | |
| |distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem. | |
|573 |Which biological process is represented by the following word equation: | |
| |glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy? | |
|574 |What is meant by DNA profiling? | |
|575 |Mention two ways of minimising the amount of waste produced. | |
|576 |Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation. | |
|577 |What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your investigation of osmosis? | |
|578 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: ADP. | |
|579 |What is meant by the term omnivore? | |
|580 |What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action? | |
|581 |Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops. | |
|582 |True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of oxygen | |
|583 |What is meant by metabolism? | |
|584 |Give two problems associated with waste disposal. | |
|585 |What growth regulator did you use when investigating plant growth? | |
|586 |Distinguish between Enzymes and Hormones | |
|587 |What is meant by germination? | |
|588 |Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would you expect to find this | |
| |carbohydrate in a living organism? | |
|589 |Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone. | |
|590 |State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg). | |
|591 |In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: | |
| |1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative. | |
|592 |Explain the term predator. | |
|593 |A microscope has an eyepiece lens marked ×10 and an objective lens marked ×20. What is the total | |
| |magnification of the image? | |
|594 |What term is used for the substance(s) that result(s) from the action of an enzyme on its substrate? | |
|595 |State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or forestry | |
|596 |Give two reasons why living things need energy. | |
|597 |What is metabolism? | |
|598 |Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone. | |
|599 |What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide? | |
|600 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Habitat. | |
|601 |In genetics, what is meant by the term variation? | |
|602 |In relation to an enzyme, explain the term optimum activity. | |
|603 |Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery? | |
|604 |Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses that occur when internal body temperature drops. | |
|605 |Suggest a role for NAD / NADP+ in cell activities. | |
|606 |Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation. | |
| |Where in a cell does transcription occur? | |
|607 |Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each. | |
|608 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Edaphic. | |
|609 |Variation can result from mutation. Name one other cause of variation. | |
|610 |Answer the following in relation to an activity that you carried out to investigate the effect of heat | |
| |denaturation on the activity of an enzyme. (i) Name the enzyme and the substrate that you used. (ii) | |
| |Describe how you carried out the investigation. In your description outline how you measured the | |
| |activity of the enzyme. (iii) Using suitably labelled axes, draw a graph of the results that you | |
| |obtained. | |
|611 |Give an example of a human secondary sexual characteristic. | |
|612 |State three functions of the placenta. | |
|613 |What is meant by pollution? | |
|614 |What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? | |
| |What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation? | |
|615 |In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated method of seed | |
| |dispersal: 1. Wind, 2. Animal. | |
|616 |Name two types of mutation. | |
|617 |In relation to ecology, explain the term Abiotic. | |
|618 |Explain the terms bioprocessing and immobilised. | |
|619 |Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations. | |
|620 |What type of RNA is involved in transcription? | |
|621 |What name is given to the first stage of respiration? | |
|622 |What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination? | |
|623 |True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes | |
|624 |Name two agents responsible for increased rates of mutation. | |
|625 |What is meant by genetic screening? | |
|626 |Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in industrial fermentation. | |
|627 |List three factors that are essential for germination. | |
|628 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular area the population of a | |
| |predator did not decline following a big reduction in the population of its main prey. | |
|629 |What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube? | |
|630 |In what organelle does translation occur? | |
|631 |In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that influences the distribution of| |
| |a named animal. | |
|632 |Briefly explain the significance of mutation in relation to natural selection. | |
|633 |Name the compound from which the immobilising beads are formed in the laboratory. | |
|634 |Which genetic structure changes when a mutation occurs? | |
|635 |The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In anaerobic conditions, what is | |
| |produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. In yeast cells? | |
|636 |What is a hormone? | |
|637 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels resulting from infection by| |
| |a particular virus tend to decline over the years. | |
|638 |State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal. | |
|639 |What is meant by infertility? | |
| |State one cause of infertility in the human male. | |
|640 |What is meant by the term monocotyledonous? | |
|641 |Give the general name for the vessel used for such reactions. | |
|642 |Name a single-celled organism. | |
|643 |Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein. | |
|644 |What is meant by a pyramid of numbers? | |
|645 |Name the gas produced during photosynthesis. | |
|646 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some members of a species remain in | |
| |the same general area throughout life and some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be | |
| |higher in the migratory part of the population. | |
|647 |If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the second stage of | |
| |respiration takes place. Name this organelle. | |
|648 |Give an example of a monocotyledonous plant. | |
|649 |In the microscopic examination of a plant cell: 1. Name the stain that you used and the colour it | |
| |imparted to the cell wall. 2. How did you apply the stain to the cells on the slide? | |
|650 |State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one. | |
|651 |What is the purpose of mitosis in single-celled organisms? | |
|652 |Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid? | |
|653 |What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work? | |
|654 |State two good sources of protein in the human diet. | |
|655 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a greater variety of herbaceous | |
| |(non woody) plants in areas where grazing species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas | |
| |where grazing species are less plentiful. | |
|656 |How are the veins arranged in the leaves of monocots? | |
|657 |How were you able to identify the animals that you found in the ecosystem? | |
|658 |Name three methods of contraception and, in each case, explain how the method prevents conception. | |
|659 |Mitosis is one type of cell division. Name the other type of cell division. | |
|660 |Give two uses of DNA profiling. | |
|661 |Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound. | |
|662 |Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta. | |
|663 |Give one function of proteins in living organisms. | |
|664 |How does the vein arrangement in the leaves of dicot plants differ from that in monocots? | |
|665 |When conducting a quantitative survey of plants, how did you ensure that your sample was random | |
|666 |What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some species of migratory ducks in the | |
| |northern hemisphere it is found that the wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of| |
| |the females. | |
|667 |Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds? | |
|668 |How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? | |
|669 |Name the energy source for photosynthesis. | |
|670 |In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function of this hormone, 3. A | |
| |deficiency symptom of this hormone. | |
|671 |State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are typical plant cells. | |
|672 |What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? | |
|673 |As part of your study of your selected ecosystem you constructed a pyramid of numbers. Name the species| |
| |that occupied the top of your pyramid. What is the main prey of the species referred to? | |
|674 |The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of these circuits. | |
|675 |In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative and quantitative surveys| |
| |by writing a sentence about each. | |
|676 |On which structures are the genes located? | |
|677 |When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all the kittens were black. | |
| |Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these cats? | |
|678 |What is meant by a vascular tissue? | |
|679 |True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts | |
|680 |Suggest a reason why nature reserves are important for conservation. | |
|681 |Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each. | |
|682 |Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in carbohydrates. | |
|683 |Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant. | |
|684 |How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you investigated? | |
|685 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a | |
| |cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotypes and the matching phenotypes of the kittens | |
| |produced by the cross. | |
|686 |State a function of sieve tubes. | |
|687 |What are alleles? | |
|688 |Explain the term pollution. | |
|689 |Suggest a role for parasites in the overall scheme of nature. | |
|690 |Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood pressure. | |
|691 |State the function of the cochlea. | |
|692 |Cellulose is an example of a structural … | |
|693 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a | |
| |cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype(s) of the gametes produced by each parent. | |
|694 |Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the major plant species. | |
|695 |Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble | |
|696 |Pollution may result from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources. Select one of these areas and | |
| |state an effect that may be produced by a named pollutant. How may the pollution referred to be | |
| |controlled? | |
|697 |1. Name two predators. 2. Give one adaptive technique in the case of each predator. | |
|698 |What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants? | |
|699 |Give one example of an inherited human characteristic. | |
|700 |Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and … | |
|701 |The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by| |
| |the left ventricle? | |
|702 |In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white cat is crossed with a | |
| |cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype of each parent cat. | |
|703 |Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course of your ecological survey. | |
|704 |In relation to the incineration of domestic waste, suggest: | |
| |(i) an advantage of the process. | |
| |(ii) a disadvantage of the process. | |
|705 |Suggest why continual monitoring of the environment is valuable. | |
|706 |When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in colour … is absent. | |
|707 |What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? | |
|708 |What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base of a pyramid of numbers? | |
|709 |Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic. | |
|710 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Diploid. | |
|711 |When two monosaccharides unite they form a … | |
|712 |State one role of cartilage. | |
|713 |Explain the term ectoparasite. | |
|714 |How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together? | |
|715 |Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called … | |
|716 |Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet, 2. Exercise. | |
|717 |Explain each of the following terms in relation to the scientific method: hypothesis, control, data, | |
| |replicate, theory. | |
|718 |Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler substances called? | |
|719 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Sex chromosome. | |
|720 |What is a tissue? | |
|721 |Outline two biological similarities between the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle. | |
|722 |Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological inheritance? | |
|723 |What is ‘junk’ DNA? | |
|724 |Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release this gas into the air. | |
|725 |True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys. | |
|726 |Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place? | |
|727 |Explain the following term as used in genetics: Heterozygous. | |
|728 |Give an example of an animal tissue. | |
| |State a role of the animal tissue referred to. | |
| |Give one way in which the tissue referred to is adapted to carry out its function(s). | |
|729 |Distinguish between habitat and ecosystem by writing a sentence about each. | |
|730 |Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure or composition from a | |
| |typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining. | |
|731 |State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism. | |
|732 |Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. | |
| |What was the first procedure that you followed? | |
| |What was the reason for that procedure? | |
|733 |State the effect of any one named pollutant. | |
|734 |State the function of the semi-circular canals. | |
|735 |Explain the term tissue culture. | |
| |Give two examples of the use of tissue culture. | |
|736 |Name the valves found at the base of both the aorta and the pulmonary artery. | |
|737 |Distinguish between edaphic and aquatic by writing a sentence about each. | |
|738 |Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens. | |
|739 |State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods. | |
|740 |State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action. | |
|741 |Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. | |
|742 |What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes in the heart? | |
|743 |Name a monosaccharide. | |
| |Give the formula of the monosaccharide referred to. | |
| |Name a polysaccharide that can be formed from the monosaccharide referred to. | |
|744 |Describe how you carried out the heart dissection. | |
|745 |Distinguish between climate and weather by writing a sentence about each. | |
|746 |Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries: agriculture or | |
| |forestry or fisheries. | |
|747 |What is a bioreactor? | |
|748 |Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean? | |
|749 |What is meant by genetic engineering? | |
|750 |Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. | |
|751 |Give one way in which an amino acid differs from a monosaccharide, in terms of chemical composition. | |
|752 |Where in a food chain are primary producers found? | |
|753 |What was the main instrument that you used for the actual dissection of a heart? | |
|754 |Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant. | |
|755 |Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll? | |
|756 |Name one problem associated with waste disposal. | |
|757 |Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart. | |
|758 |Define the following terms as used in genetics; linkage, sex linkage. | |
|759 |What do carbohydrates and fats have in common, in terms of chemical composition? | |
|760 |What term is used to describe organisms that feed on primary producers? | |
|761 |How did you distinguish between the left side and the right side of the heart when doing the | |
| |dissection? | |
|762 |What is a protease? | |
|763 |Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. | |
|764 |State a function of companion cells. | |
|765 |Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur? | |
|766 |State one role of microorganisms in waste management | |
|767 |How may one fat differ from another, in terms of chemical composition? | |
|768 |Why are most food chains short (i.e. only consist of a few trophic levels)? | |
|769 |State one function of protein in the human body. | |
|770 |What structure separates the right side of the heart from the left side? | |
|771 |Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA? | |
|772 |Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Prevented, 3. Treated. | |
|773 |True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous system. | |
|774 |Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere. | |
|775 |The skin is one of the excretory organs in humans. Name one substance excreted by the skin. | |
|776 |What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are less numerous than those that| |
| |feed upon them? | |
|777 |Describe the amnion and state its role. | |
|778 |Explain the terms pollution and conservation. | |
|779 |What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? | |
|780 |The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol. | |
| |Describe how it is used. | |
| |For what purpose is it used? | |
|781 |Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been produced. Include the| |
| |initial colour and final colour of the test. | |
|782 |What does an ecologist mean by competition? | |
|783 |List two other functions of the skin. | |
|784 |Can a parasite be the first member of a food chain? Explain your answer. | |
|785 |Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing? | |
|786 |Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male? | |
|787 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into | |
| |two batches. Give the results of your investigation for the treated seeds. | |
|788 |Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive. | |
|789 |State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory. | |
|790 |If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by disease) suggest what would | |
| |happen to the primary consumers? | |
|791 |Name an organ of excretion other than the skin and state one substance it excretes. | |
|792 |Energy enters food chains in the form of light. In which form do you think most energy is lost from | |
| |food chains? | |
|793 |Where does the second stage of respiration take place? | |
|794 |Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine. | |
|795 |To which kingdom do yeasts belong? | |
|796 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into | |
| |two batches. Give the results of your investigation for the untreated seeds. | |
|797 |On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the following occur: 1. Meiosis, 2. | |
| |Fertilisation, 3. Implantation. | |
|798 |State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory. | |
|799 |What is meant by the term homeostasis? | |
|800 |Distinguish between Starch and Glucose | |
|801 |State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism. | |
|802 |What is meant by a trophic level? | |
|803 |Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination. | |
|804 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds describe how you carried out | |
| |the investigation and indicate clearly how you showed whether or not digestion had occurred. | |
|805 |Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse could be increased. | |
|806 |True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones | |
|807 |The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? | |
|808 |Distinguish between Amino acids and Proteins | |
|809 |In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in different investigations. | |
| |State two different uses of the iodine solution. | |
|810 |Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. transcription. | |
|811 |Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or progesterone in the menstrual cycle. | |
|812 |Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem. | |
|813 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into | |
| |two batches. Each batch was treated differently. Why was such treatment necessary? | |
|814 |State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor. | |
|815 |What name is given to a plant’s response to light? | |
|816 |Distinguish between Biuret test and Benedict's (Fehling's) test | |
|817 |Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception. Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of | |
| |the method that you have named. | |
|818 |State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations. | |
|819 |Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair. | |
|820 |How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport? | |
|821 |In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the seeds were divided into | |
| |two batches. One batch was used untreated. How did you treat the other batch of seeds before using them| |
| |in the investigation? | |
|822 |What is an auxin? | |
|823 |Name one growth regulator produced in plants. | |
|824 |Distinguish between Fats and Oils | |
|825 |Explain what is meant by an ecosystem. | |
|826 |Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A | |
| |method of treatment. | |
|827 |In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing rate increase with | |
| |exercise. Explain why this is the case. | |
|828 |The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Explain the underlined terms. | |
|829 |Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. | |
|830 |What type of agar did you use in the investigation of the digestive activity in germinating seeds? | |
|831 |Where in a plant are growth regulators produced? | |
|832 |Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Metabolism. | |
|833 |Why does fermentation eventually cease? | |
|834 |State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro-organism and one involving a | |
| |plant. | |
|835 |Explain what is meant by a habitat. | |
|836 |In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicot stem for | |
| |microscopic examination. How did you prepare the T.S.? | |
|837 |Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living organisms. | |
|838 |Name a carbohydrate you would expect to find stored in a seed. | |
|839 |Give one way by which plants can protect themselves from attack. | |
|840 |Distinguish between Cellulose and Keratin | |
|841 |Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human development in the womb. | |
|842 |What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic conditions? | |
|843 |What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal? | |
|844 |Give a brief account of the role of testosterone. | |
|845 |In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: | |
| |Experiment, | |
| |Theory | |
|846 |Name the two main parts of the central nervous system in humans. | |
|847 |What is meant by the term digestion? | |
|848 |How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? | |
|849 |Explain what is meant by a niche. | |
|850 |Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell differs from a typical | |
| |human cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining). | |
|851 |State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. | |
|852 |From what tissues is the placenta formed? | |
|853 |True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones. | |
|854 |Messages are carried around the body by neurons (nerve cells). Name any two types of neuron. | |
|855 |Describe how you examined your transverse section (T.S.) of stem with the microscope. | |
|856 |Explain the importance of double-blind testing in scientific experimentation. | |
|857 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Suggest a reason why | |
| |the seeds used were all taken from one parent plant. | |
|858 |What are antibiotics? | |
|859 |Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made of in much greater detail | |
| |(cell ultrastructure). | |
|860 |Describe three methods used by plants to protect themselves from adverse external environments. | |
|861 |Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each of the underlined terms. | |
|862 |What name is given to the area where one neuron ends and another begins? | |
|863 |Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics. | |
|864 |Outline how you made the section of the stem and prepared it for examination under the microscope. | |
|865 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche. | |
|866 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. The compost in which | |
| |the wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start of the investigation. | |
| |Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost. | |
| |State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost. | |
|867 |Outline how birth occurs. | |
|868 |What is meant by cross-pollination? | |
|869 |In biology, what is meant by the term organ? | |
|870 |Name the type of chemical that carries messages between two neurons. | |
|871 |Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males. | |
|872 |Why did you use a herbaceous (non-woody) stem rather than a woody one when examining a transverse | |
| |section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem under a microscope? | |
|873 |Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an account of the importance of these | |
| |forces in raising water to great height in trees. | |
|874 |Where are sperm produced? | |
|875 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they divide the| |
| |young wheat plants into two equal groups? | |
|876 |By what process do minerals enter a plant? | |
|877 |What is meant by genetic screening? | |
|878 |What happens to the neurotransmitter chemical once the messages have been transmitted between two | |
| |neurons? | |
|879 |Give two functions of the placenta. | |
|880 |What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation? | |
|881 |Name the plant that you used when examined with a microscope a transverse section (T.S.) of a | |
| |dicotyledonous stem. | |
|882 |Explain what is meant by the term pH. | |
|883 |Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each when viruses or other microorganisms enter the | |
| |blood. | |
|884 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. During the | |
| |investigation they kept the two groups of plants under identical conditions. Why was this? | |
|885 |List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you may refer to either or both| |
| |sexes. | |
|886 |Explain the term digestion? | |
|887 |Give the three stages of childbirth | |
|888 |How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? | |
|889 |Give one function of vascular tissue in plants. | |
|890 |When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must | |
| |eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid. | |
|891 |To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? | |
|892 |What is an enzyme? | |
|893 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Name two conditions you| |
| |think the scientists would have kept constant during the investigation. | |
|894 |Name one human tooth type and give its function. | |
|895 |Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological benefits of breastfeeding. | |
|896 |After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a blastocyst. Explain the | |
| |terms in italics. | |
|897 |Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental conditions become | |
| |unfavourable. | |
|898 |Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? | |
|899 |When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest two possible causes of| |
| |cancer. | |
|900 |Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins. | |
|901 |True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of the heart. | |
|902 |The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid onto the ingested food. Give one function of this acid. | |
|903 |What is meant by the term infertility? | |
|904 |Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they repeat the| |
| |investigation several times before publishing their results in a scientific journal? | |
|905 |What is meant by DNA profiling? | |
|906 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. If all the foxes were | |
| |killed, what would happen to the number of rabbits? | |
|907 |Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses. | |
|908 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? | |
|909 |What is osmosis? | |
|910 |Give one digestive function of the liver. | |
|911 |In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in vitro fertilisation?| |
|912 |What is an enzyme? | |
|913 |Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two differences, other than location, | |
| |between Stage 1 and Stage 2. | |
|914 |State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs). | |
|915 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a herbivore from | |
| |this food chain. | |
|916 |Where in plant cells is DNA found? | |
|917 |What is meant by the germination of a seed? | |
|918 |Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas. | |
|919 |What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)? | |
|920 |Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be advised to consider a | |
| |genetic test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro fertilisation. | |
|921 |Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus? | |
|922 |Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur? | |
|923 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a producer from this| |
| |food chain. | |
|924 |What is an ecosystem? | |
|925 |Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found? | |
|926 |What is meant by aerobic respiration? | |
|927 |Explain the term ovulation. | |
|928 |The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Suggest why the | |
| |cells here contain more of these organelles than the cells in the spongy mesophyll. | |
|929 |Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which this pollution could be | |
| |prevented. | |
|930 |True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells. | |
|931 |What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs? | |
|932 |The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass ( Rabbit ( Fox. Name a secondary consumer| |
| |from this food chain. | |
|933 |Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its functions. | |
|934 |Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages. | |
| |1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur? | |
| |2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur? | |
|935 |What is meant by the fertile period? | |
|936 |Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. | |
| |What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells? | |
|937 |Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful fungus. | |
|938 |In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one such gas. | |
|939 |Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from an increased availability of | |
| |contraception. | |
|940 |What do we mean by the word ecology? | |
|941 |Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. | |
|942 |Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy? | |
|943 |Where does fertilisation occur in the female body? | |
|944 |Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products that result when water | |
| |is split. | |
|945 |What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic? | |
|946 |Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire. | |
|947 |What is meant by vegetative propagation? | |
|948 |State one function of the stoma. | |
|949 |Give one beneficial effect of bacteria. | |
|950 |1. Name a substance other than alcohol that is produced during the fermentation process. | |
| |2. How would you detect this other substance? | |
| |3. How would you know when fermentation had finished? | |
|951 |Explain the term implantation. | |
|952 |In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy. | |
| |In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? | |
| |To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain? | |
|953 |The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs? | |
|954 |Name the muscles that are used in breathing. | |
|955 |Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid. | |
|956 |Name the four bases that are found in DNA. | |
|957 |Give one harmful effect of bacteria. | |
|958 |In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis? | |
|959 |Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle. | |
|960 |What is evolution? | |
|961 |What is meant by the term digestion? | |
|962 |Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata. | |
|963 |Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Suggest one advantage of | |
| |artificial propagation. | |
|964 |Name two methods of cross-pollination. | |
|965 |Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis. What is meant by osmosis? | |
|966 |Some bacteria have flagella. What are flagella used for? | |
|967 |What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the menopause? | |
|968 |What is meant by a triplet code? | |
|969 |State a function for each of the following structures that are found in fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, | |
| |gametangium, zygospore. | |
|970 |Why is digestion necessary? | |
|971 |What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane? | |
|972 |What is the function of the Eustachian tube? | |
|973 |During photosynthesis water is split into three products. | |
| |1. Name each of these three products. | |
| |2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split. | |
|974 |Bacteria reproduce by a method known as … | |
|975 |What is meant by the term pollination? | |
|976 |To which kingdom do bacteria belong? | |
|977 |Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants. | |
|978 |For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis? | |
|979 |Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about each. | |
|980 |Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in respiration. What is respiration? | |
|981 |Carbon dioxide (CO2) is needed for photosynthesis. Where does CO2 enter the leaf? | |
|982 |Give two methods of pollination in plants. | |
|983 |Name three bacterial shapes. | |
|984 |Name a disorder other than cancer for each of the following and indicate a possible cause and a means | |
| |of treatment: 1. Musculoskeletal system, 2. Nervous system. | |
|985 |What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? | |
|986 |What is meant by pollution? | |
|987 |State a function of seminal fluid. | |
|988 |From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum? | |
|989 |A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses. Suggest two ways he may | |
| |achieve this. | |
|990 |What is the next step after pollination in the lifecycle of the plant? | |
|991 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant tissue. List: Skin graft; Dermal; | |
| |Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|992 |Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation involving seeds. | |
|993 |What do you understand by the term conservation? | |
|994 |True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds. | |
|995 |What is the function of the cochlea? | |
|996 |Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf? | |
|997 |What is a tissue? | |
|998 |Suggest a substance that flowers produce that may cause hay fever in some people. | |
|999 |State one digestive function of the pancreas. | |
|1000 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A use of tissue culture. List: Skin graft; | |
| |Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|1001 |What is the function of the larynx? | |
|1002 |State one reason why water is needed for germination. | |
|1003 |Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of dispersal, 2. Two advantages of dispersal| |
| |to the plant. | |
|1004 |The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean? | |
|1005 |Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory. | |
|1006 |What is meant by the term vegetative propagation? | |
|1007 |The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ... | |
|1008 |Which term from the following list matches the description: The heart. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ;| |
| |Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|1009 |What is an endotherm? | |
|1010 |Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection. | |
|1011 |To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney? | |
|1012 |What is aerobic respiration? | |
|1013 |Why are sterile conditions needed to grow a tissue in a laboratory? | |
|1014 |Give one example of vegetative propagation in plants and state whether it involve a stem, a root, a | |
| |leaf or a bud. | |
|1015 |Name an excretory substance present in urine. | |
|1016 |Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye. | |
|1017 |Which term from the following list matches the description: Cells growing in a test tube. List: Skin | |
| |graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|1018 |What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms? | |
|1019 |A sex cell is also known as a ... | |
|1020 |Valves are present in veins. What is their function? | |
|1021 |What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? | |
|1022 |State two ways that vegetative propagation differs from reproduction by seed. | |
|1023 |Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way in which they differ. | |
|1024 |Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. Describe briefly how these pressure changes | |
| |are brought about. | |
|1025 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant organ. List: Skin graft; Dermal; | |
| |Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|1026 |State a function of ground tissue. | |
|1027 |Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm. | |
|1028 |The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their function? | |
|1029 |What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled mitosis in human cells? | |
|1030 |Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two example of artificial propagation | |
| |carried out by gardeners or horticulturists. | |
|1031 |A change in the structure of DNA is called a ... | |
|1032 |1. Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 4. Brain. Outline the roles in vision of the | |
| |above structures. | |
|1033 |What is meant by contraception? | |
|1034 |Which term from the following list matches the description: A group of cells with the same function. | |
| |List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth. | |
|1035 |From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of plants such as lettuces in| |
| |a greenhouse. | |
|1036 |Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a reason for this. | |
|1037 |Give two causes of uncontrolled cell division. | |
|1038 |Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants. | |
|1039 |True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata. | |
|1040 |Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation. | |
|1041 |A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ... | |
|1042 |In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this procedure, into which | |
| |part of the reproductive system is the developing embryo then placed? | |
|1043 |What is the menstrual cycle? | |
|1044 |Explain how the iris works. | |
|1045 |What is the function of meiosis? | |
|1046 |A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it and causing it harm is| |
| |known as … | |
|1047 |What is vegetative propagation? | |
|1048 |Give two functions of the human skeleton. | |
|1049 |The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage. | |
|1050 |Give one cause of infertility in women. | |
|1051 |Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a substance excreted by this | |
| |organ. | |
|1052 |The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ... | |
|1053 |Suggest one advantage of classifying organisms. | |
|1054 |State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. | |
|1055 |Organisms capable of making their own food are known as … | |
|1056 |Vertebrae in the neck are called the cervical vertebrae. Name and give the exact location of two other | |
| |types of vertebrae. | |
|1057 |How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed? | |
|1058 |Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one. | |
|1059 |State one function of the human ovary. | |
|1060 |How does a portal vein differ from other veins? | |
|1061 |Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. | |
|1062 |To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code? | |
|1063 |The study of biological inheritance is known as ... | |
|1064 |Name one disorder of the musculoskeletal system. | |
|1065 |All the members of a species living in an area are known as the … | |
|1066 |True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous plants. | |
|1067 |Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder and suggest a means of prevention or | |
| |treatment. | |
|1068 |True or False. The copying of the DNA code into mRNA is called transcription. | |
|1069 |Give one example of the economic importance of bacteria. | |
|1070 |Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Give one example of industrial | |
| |fermentation, including the type of micro-organism and the substance produced. | |
|1071 |Write notes on the role of lymphocytes. | |
|1072 |What is the function of the semi-circular canals? | |
|1073 |Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the kidney does it take | |
| |place? | |
|1074 |Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the environment by decay are known as … | |
|1075 |Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell. | |
|1076 |Bacteria may be classified by their shape. Name any two bacterial shapes. | |
|1077 |True or False. Genetic engineering is the manipulation and alteration of genes. | |
|1078 |Name the following blood vessels; | |
| |1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. | |
| |2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood. | |
|1079 |Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a | |
| |bud. | |
|1080 |What is the function of the cochlea? | |
|1081 |What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? | |
| |Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. | |
|1082 |In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of … | |
|1083 |A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at least one benefits is | |
| |known as … | |
|1084 |Name the method by which bacteria reproduce. | |
|1085 |True or False. RNA contains the base thymine. | |
|1086 |Write notes on neurotransmitters. | |
|1087 |True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide. | |
|1088 |What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? | |
|1089 |Why are valves not needed in arteries? | |
|1090 |The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with … | |
|1091 |Where is the epiglottis? What is its function? | |
|1092 |What are pathogenic bacteria? | |
|1093 |A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as … | |
|1094 |True or False. Replication is the copying of DNA. | |
|1095 |Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids? | |
|1096 |What surrounds the bones in the middle ear? | |
|1097 |Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin. | |
|1098 |True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element. | |
|1099 |Write notes on homeostasis. | |
|1100 |State two factors affecting the growth of bacteria. | |
|1101 |Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the human diet. | |
|1102 |True or False. Phenotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. | |
|1103 |One organism killing and eating another organism is known as … | |
|1104 |The ear is an example of a sense organ. Name two sense organs, other than the ear and the eye, in the | |
| |human body. | |
|1105 |Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of artificial propagation. | |
|1106 |What is Natural Selection? | |
|1107 |To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? | |
|1108 |Give two functions of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. | |
|1109 |True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet. | |
|1110 |What are the final products of the digestion of a protein? | |
|1111 |True or False. A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. | |
|1112 |Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for the disorder referred to. | |
|1113 |What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms? | |
|1114 |Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers. | |
|1115 |True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds. | |
|1116 |Describe the role of the sporangium in the reproduction of Rhizopus. | |
|1117 |What is the biosphere? | |
|1118 |What is meant by a qualitative survey? | |
|1119 |True or False. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. | |
|1120 |Name the organ that is attached to the kidney by the ureter. | |
|1121 |True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble. | |
|1122 |What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells lose normal control of | |
| |mitosis? | |
|1123 |Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that belongs to the same kingdom as | |
| |Rhizopus. | |
|1124 |What is meant by saprophytic nutrition? | |
|1125 |Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation. | |
|1126 |Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses. | |
|1127 |True or False. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. | |
|1128 |Name one substance excreted by the kidneys. | |
|1129 |Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels. | |
|1130 |Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. Where in the alimentary canal does | |
| |this enzyme act? State the enzyme’s product(s). | |
|1131 |Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers. | |
|1132 |Give one beneficial use of fungi. | |
|1133 |True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids. | |
|1134 |Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does this occur? | |
|1135 |Name the site in the kidney where filtration takes place. | |
|1136 |Suggest a reason why eating too much fast food could be bad for your health. | |
|1137 |What is the first stage process of respiration called? | |
|1138 |Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein? | |
|1139 |Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. | |
|1140 |Name the two main types of reproduction. | |
|1141 |Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell and before | |
| |they begin to separate. | |
|1142 |State the precise location of the liver in the human body. | |
|1143 |Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure. | |
|1144 |Water has many functions in the human body. State any one of these functions. | |
|1145 |True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour. | |
|1146 |Distinguish between tuber and bulb. | |
|1147 |State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper sulphate and sodium | |
| |hydroxide solutions). | |
|1148 |Explain the term fertilisation. | |
|1149 |State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, (ii) Cell membrane. | |
|1150 |To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis? | |
|1151 |True or False. The liver produces bile. | |
|1152 |What is meant by the term ‘fauna’? | |
|1153 |State the colour of iodine if starch is present. | |
|1154 |Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates? | |
|1155 |True or False. Cellulose is a protein. | |
|1156 |What part of the flower produces pollen? | |
|1157 |Explain what is meant by pollution. | |
|1158 |Distinguish between ureters and urethra. | |
|1159 |Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. What is plasma? | |
|1160 |Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form? | |
|1161 |Chips contain starch. What chemical is used to test for the presence of starch? | |
|1162 |What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | |
|1163 |Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the microscope. | |
|1164 |After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? | |
|1165 |What term best describes the shape of an enzyme? | |
|1166 |True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units. | |
|1167 |What is the function of white blood cells? | |
|1168 |Name a structural carbohydrate. | |
|1169 |Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. | |
|1170 |Give one function of protein in the human body. | |
|1171 |Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, variation. | |
|1172 |Give two methods of seed dispersal in plants. | |
|1173 |In ecological studies what is a key? | |
|1174 |Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. | |
| |Describe one way in which it might be controlled. | |
|1175 |Where in the body are white blood cells produced? | |
|1176 |State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process. | |
|1177 |Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition. | |
|1178 |A meal in a fast-food restaurant consists of fish and chips with a glass of water to drink. Give a good| |
| |source of protein from this meal. | |
|1179 |Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or brown paper? | |
|1180 |Why is it necessary for plants to disperse their seeds? | |
|1181 |Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best. | |
|1182 |Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one. | |
|1183 |Name the scientists who are associated with the Theory of Natural Selection and refer to any one | |
| |observation that prompted its development. | |
|1184 |In the case of IAA state the following: | |
| |1. An investigation in which you used it, | |
| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. | |
|1185 |Some people may have the blood group B Positive (B+).What factor is present in their blood that makes | |
| |it positive? | |
|1186 |State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made. | |
|1187 |Describe the role of (a) Plants and (b) Animals in the Nitrogen Cycle and in the Carbon Cycle. | |
|1188 |What is the advantage of dormancy to seeds? | |
|1189 |Give one role for a named mineral in plants. | |
|1190 |What is semen? | |
|1191 |Why are elements recycled in nature? | |
|1192 |Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis. | |
|1193 |The heart pumps blood around the body.1. Name the structure in the heart that controls the heartbeat. | |
| |2. Where is this structure located in the heart? | |
|1194 |Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate. | |
|1195 |What is the role of microorganisms in pollution control? | |
|1196 |Give three conditions necessary for seeds to germinate. | |
|1197 |Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates. | |
|1198 |What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s test for reducing sugar? | |
|1199 |In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another | |
| |substance. Name this other substance. | |
|1200 |Give an account of three functions of the lymphatic system. | |
|1201 |What causes the sound of a heartbeat? | |
|1202 |Name the part at which each of the following occurs: | |
| |1. Production of sperm cells. | |
| |2. Maturing of sperm cells. | |
| |3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells. | |
| |4. Transport of semen. | |
|1203 |What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm? | |
|1204 |What is pollution? | |
|1205 |Distinguish between hypha and mycelium. | |
|1206 |State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from the cheek lining. | |
|1207 |Give a role of lipids in cells. | |
|1208 |State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) test. | |
|1209 |Name the blood vessels that supply the heart cells with blood. | |
|1210 |What is meant by natural selection? | |
|1211 |Name the hormone responsible for sperm production. | |
|1212 |The vast amount of waste generated is one of the consequences of the huge increase in the human | |
| |population. Mention the three main ways in which waste can be minimised. | |
|1213 |State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary. | |
|1214 |State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male. | |
|1215 |In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given to this cycle? Where in| |
| |the cell does this cycle take place? | |
|1216 |Give a role of water in the human body other than as a component of cytoplasm and body fluids. | |
|1217 |Mention two ways to maintain a healthy heart. | |
|1218 |The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative nucleus. Do these gametes form | |
| |as a result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your answer. | |
|1219 |Give one cause of infertility in men. | |
|1220 |What is a neuron? | |
|1221 |Suggest what could happen to biological diversity as the human population continues to increase. | |
|1222 |Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the light-independent stage? | |
|1223 |Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. | |
|1224 |What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human male? | |
|1225 |Give one main function of the stem of a flowering plant. | |
|1226 |How many common amino acids are found in proteins? | |
|1227 |Explain the term contraception. | |
|1228 |Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. Suggest two ways of minimising waste. | |
|1229 |Suggest two reasons why the human population increased so rapidly from the mid-1800s. | |
|1230 |Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate. | |
|1231 |In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following: | |
| |1. An investigation in which you used it, | |
| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. | |
|1232 |Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the nucleus and cytoplasm when | |
| |the stained cell was viewed under the microscope. | |
|1233 |Give one main function of the leaf of a flowering plant. | |
|1234 |Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. | |
|1235 |Name two methods of contraception. | |
|1236 |State two harmful effects of viruses. | |
|1237 |In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective permeability | |
|1238 |Name three factors can that affect human population. | |
|1239 |Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation. Give two causes of | |
| |mutation. | |
|1240 |To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. Yeast? 2. A human muscle| |
| |cell? | |
|1241 |Give one main function of the root of a flowering plant. | |
|1242 |Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons). | |
|1243 |In genetics, what is meant by the term haploid? | |
|1244 |Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a possible cause of the disorder that you have | |
| |named and suggest a treatment for it. | |
|1245 |What is meant by the term immunity? | |
|1246 |Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control of a pest organism. | |
|1247 |Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. Give an example of each type. | |
|1248 |Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable membrane. | |
|1249 |Flowers are the organs of which type of reproduction in the plant? | |
|1250 |Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism. | |
|1251 |What is meant by the term recessive gene? | |
|1252 |Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution. | |
|1253 |State a function of: | |
| |1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath. | |
|1254 |The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in which the skin provides | |
| |immunity. | |
|1255 |Give two possible effects on an ecosystem of the extinction of a plant species. | |
|1256 |The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate. Why is this? | |
|1257 |Which tissue transports water from the roots? | |
|1258 |In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following: | |
| |1. An investigation in which you used it, | |
| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. | |
|1259 |What is a mutation? | |
|1260 |What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise location at which it diffuses in the| |
| |human body. | |
|1261 |State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits. | |
|1262 |Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a | |
| |small molecule is released. Name this small molecule. | |
|1263 |Describe a procedure for estimating rabbit numbers in an ecosystem. | |
|1264 |To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their lifetime. What is meant by the| |
| |term vaccination? | |
|1265 |Which tissue transports food from the leaves? | |
|1266 |True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical. | |
|1267 |What is meant by evolution? | |
|1268 |In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: | |
| |1. A possible cause, | |
| |2. A method of treatment. | |
|1269 |State a function of dermal tissue. | |
|1270 |Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt concentrations in the preservation | |
| |of food. | |
|1271 |Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis. | |
|1272 |Give an example of an inorganic nutrient, necessary for phytoplankton growth, that you would expect to | |
| |find in lake water. | |
|1273 |Is xylem a living or dead tissue? | |
|1274 |Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for | |
| |this. | |
|1275 |Name one of the scientists who first explained how evolution occurs by natural selection. | |
|1276 |Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances. | |
|1277 |State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous stem differs from a | |
| |dicotyledonous stem. | |
|1278 |True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation. | |
|1279 |Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria. | |
|1280 |Name and briefly explain any two processes involved in the upward movement of water in plants. | |
|1281 |Suggest a role of the lignin in xylem. | |
|1282 |What is an enzyme? | |
|1283 |Give one source of evidence for evolution. | |
|1284 |State two functions of a root. | |
|1285 |Why is glucose normally absent from urine? | |
|1286 |Distinguish between antigen and antibody. | |
|1287 |What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used? | |
|1288 |Name one process that causes water to move upwards through a plant. | |
|1289 |Give two features of xylem that facilitate the upward movement of water. | |
|1290 |Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation. | |
|1291 |What is meant by genetic engineering? | |
|1292 |True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells. | |
|1293 |From what part of a seed does the root develop? | |
|1294 |What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme? | |
|1295 |An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) … | |
|1296 |Name the structures in the leaves, through which water exits the plant. | |
|1297 |In which of the vascular tissues will water now rise through the plant? | |
|1298 |Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an animal cell. | |
|1299 |List three of the main procedures used in genetic engineering. | |
|1300 |In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: | |
| |1. An investigation in which you used it, | |
| |2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated. | |
|1301 |Name the four elements that are always present in protein. | |
|1302 |Give one example of a root modified for food storage. | |
|1303 |Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them. | |
|1304 |Vascular tissue is one type of plant tissue. Name two other plant tissues. | |
|1305 |Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the specificity of enzymes. | |
|1306 |Explain how water enters root hairs and then passes to the vascular tissue. | |
|1307 |Give two examples of how genetic engineering is used. | |
|1308 |True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation. | |
|1309 |What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf? | |
|1310 |Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place. | |
|1311 |Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give any one difference between a monocotyledonous | |
| |plant and a dicotyledonous plant. | |
|1312 |Proteins are made in the ribosomes using a code from DNA. Name the molecule that carries the DNA code | |
| |to the ribosomes. | |
|1313 |Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest how it may develop. | |
|1314 |What is the function of meristematic tissue? | |
|1315 |All organisms in an ecosystem are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. Explain the underlined | |
| |words. | |
|1316 |Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce only a small volume of concentrated urine. | |
| |Explain this observation. | |
|1317 |Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor. | |
| |1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes? | |
| |2. Explain the term bioreactor. | |
|1318 |Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding. | |
|1319 |True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction. | |
|1320 |Explain the term allele as used in genetics. | |
|1321 |Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a dicotyledonous plant. | |
|1322 |Name any two abiotic factors from an ecosystem you have studied and describe how you measured each one.| |
|1323 |Which of the two vascular tissues of plants is composed of living cells? | |
|1324 |To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong? | |
|1325 |An organism that eats another organism is called a … | |
|1326 |What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell? | |
|1327 |Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your answer name the enzyme, the | |
| |substrate and the product. | |
|1328 |Explain the term genotype as used in genetics. | |
|1329 |Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta. | |
|1330 |Name one animal from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe one way in which it is adapted to its | |
| |habitat. | |
|1331 |Give one function of ground tissue. | |
|1332 |Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another. | |
|1333 |In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for photosynthesis. Name this other | |
| |molecule. | |
|1334 |Name the liquid part of blood. | |
|1335 |Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the soil reaches the leaf. | |
|1336 |Explain the term gene as used in genetics. | |
|1337 |In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) formed? | |
|1338 |Distinguish between a quantitative and a qualitative survey by writing a sentence about each. | |
|1339 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds regularly from its mother’s| |
| |breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the milk will continue to flow. | |
|1340 |Where precisely is vascular tissue found in the root? | |
|1341 |After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? | |
|1342 |Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food source. | |
|1343 |What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast? | |
|1344 |Where in a human cell would you expect to find most DNA? | |
|1345 |The place where an organism lives is called its … | |
|1346 |Name one plant from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey | |
| |to determine its frequency. | |
|1347 |Give two components of plasma | |
|1348 |Which of the tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular) has a different location in a young root? | |
|1349 |Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs. | |
|1350 |Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way of forming seedless | |
| |fruits. | |
|1351 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to prescribe antibiotics to | |
| |patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms. | |
|1352 |What is meant by DNA profiling? | |
|1353 |Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells. | |
|1354 |As a result of pollution, a species of plant disappears from an ecosystem. Suggest two possible effects| |
| |that the disappearance of this plant might have on the other plants and animals living in the area. | |
|1355 |What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? | |
|1356 |Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to be | |
| |present in this food store. | |
|1357 |Which part of a flower usually develops into a fruit? | |
|1358 |What is a pyramid of numbers? | |
|1359 |Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name any two methods of | |
| |artificially propagating plants. | |
|1360 |In DNA profiling, what is used to cut the DNA strands into fragments? | |
|1361 |Give the term used for the growth response towards light. | |
|1362 |Give two reasons why water is important for all living organisms. | |
|1363 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered from constipation may be | |
| |advised to increase the amount of wholegrain cereal in her/his diet. | |
|1364 |What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis? | |
|1365 |Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a pollen grain at the stigma up to and | |
| |including fertilisation. | |
|1366 |What is meant by fertilization? | |
|1367 |Give two good sources of protein in the human diet. | |
|1368 |Give two applications of DNA profiling. | |
|1369 |Explain the term excretion. | |
|1370 |What is an enzyme? | |
|1371 |Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova. | |
|1372 |What is a quadrat frame? | |
|1373 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of heavy exercise, an | |
| |athlete’s urine is likely to be concentrated and low in volume. | |
|1374 |Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest how such plants could | |
| |benefit from this. | |
|1375 |Why is phototropism of benefit to plants? | |
|1376 |Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. Give two causes of cancer. | |
|1377 |The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the … | |
|1378 |On what structures in the cytoplasm are enzymes made? | |
|1379 |Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. | |
|1380 |Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult matter. Suggest two reasons for this. | |
|1381 |Give one cause of female infertility. | |
|1382 |Name two methods of cross pollination. | |
|1383 |Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, genotype. | |
|1384 |Suggest a possible treatment for cancer. | |
|1385 |Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn white when exposed to | |
| |low temperature for a period of time. | |
|1386 |Name an enzyme and its substrate. | |
|1387 |Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding? | |
|1388 |Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place: | |
| |Filtration | |
| |Reabsorption | |
|1389 |Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants. | |
|1390 |Write the dental formula for an adult human. | |
|1391 |Name the structure on which pollen must land to complete pollination. | |
|1392 |Name the two types of cell division. | |
|1393 |The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the … | |
|1394 |Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Give one possible treatment for the disorder referred | |
| |to. | |
|1395 |What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the approximate pH value at this site? | |
|1396 |Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein. | |
|1397 |Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney. | |
|1398 |Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs. | |
|1399 |Name the site of production of a pollen grain. | |
|1400 |Which substance moves through cell membranes by osmosis? | |
|1401 |What is meant by absorption? | |
|1402 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: The role of the organism in the habitat. | |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1403 |Give one reason why the body needs water. | |
|1404 |Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic respiration. | |
| |C6H12O6 + 6X ( 6Y + 6H20 | |
|1405 |What is a meristem? | |
|1406 |Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of the hormone named | |
|1407 |Name one other term used in biology to describe the movement of substances through cell membranes. | |
|1408 |How did you test for the presence of alcohol? | |
|1409 |Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver. | |
|1410 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Any harmful addition to the ecosystem. | |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1411 |What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted for this function. | |
|1412 |What is genetic engineering? | |
|1413 |In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization occur? | |
|1414 |Give one way in which water is lost from the body. | |
|1415 |Answer the following in relation to an activity you carried out to demonstrate osmosis. (i) Draw a | |
| |labelled diagram of the apparatus you used in your demonstration. (ii) Suggest a control that you might| |
| |use in this activity. (iii) State the result(s) of your investigation. (iv) Briefly explain the | |
| |result(s) referred to in part (iii). | |
|1416 |Give two advantages of using immobilised yeast cells in the production of alcohol. | |
|1417 |Give one example of the use of hormone supplements. | |
|1418 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A problem associated with waste disposal.| |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1419 |The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? | |
|1420 |Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach? | |
|1421 |Describe one method of waste management by reference to agriculture, fisheries or forestry. | |
|1422 |Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature. | |
|1423 |Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration. | |
|1424 |If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and another substance are | |
| |produced. 1. What are anaerobic conditions? 2. Name the other substance produced. | |
|1425 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. | |
| |Suggest what would happen to these enzymes in an 80 °C wash. | |
|1426 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A way to minimise waste. | |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1427 |The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part. | |
|1428 |Where would you find rods and cones? | |
|1429 |Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the presence of glucose (reducing | |
| |sugar). | |
|1430 |Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver? | |
|1431 |Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur? | |
|1432 |Give two functions of a stem. | |
|1433 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Why | |
| |is 40 °C the recommended temperature for these washing powders? | |
|1434 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Wise management of an ecosystem. | |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1435 |State two functions of the human skeleton. | |
|1436 |Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and suggest a means of treating | |
| |the disorder. | |
|1437 |Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. | |
|1438 |Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae. | |
|1439 |Name the two substances produced by the yeast in the process of fermentation. | |
|1440 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? | |
|1441 |Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A possible cause of pollution. | |
| |List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell. | |
|1442 |Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found in our digestive system. Many| |
| |of these enzymes are extracted from bacteria. Suggest why such enzymes are included in washing powder. | |
|1443 |Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process. | |
|1444 |Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the presence of protein. | |
|1445 |What does the term infertility mean? | |
|1446 |What is anaerobic respiration? | |
|1447 |How did you know that fermentation had ceased? | |
|1448 |Suggest some ways of minimizing waste. | |
|1449 |State a function of vascular tissue. | |
|1450 |Name two processes that occur in plant or animal cells that require the use of enzymes. | |
|1451 |What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external temperature drops? | |
|1452 |Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one example involving a plant. | |
|1453 |Give two further functions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile. | |
|1454 |Where does each of the following events take place: | |
| |Ovulation | |
| |Fertilisation | |
|1455 |Name the gas released during photosynthesis. | |
|1456 |Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State one way in which this part | |
| |of the system is adapted for absorption. | |
|1457 |Name the two types of vascular tissue in plants. | |
|1458 |Define the term osmosis | |
|1459 |Give a detailed account of how enzymes work, referring in your answer to their specificity. | |
|1460 |What is the main source of body heat in endotherms? | |
|1461 |Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower. | |
|1462 |The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. The neck, 2. The small | |
| |of the back. | |
|1463 |Answer the following questions in relation to an investigation that you carried out to study the effect| |
| |of light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. (i) Name the plant | |
| |that you used, (ii) How did you vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration? (iii) | |
| |Name one factor that you kept constant during the investigation. (iv) How did you keep that factor | |
| |constant? (v) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis? (vi) What was the result of your | |
| |investigation? | |
|1464 |In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the term in vitro in | |
| |relation to fertilisation? | |
|1465 |True or False. The base Uracil is found in DNA. | |
|1466 |Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? | |
|1467 |Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human breathing rate. | |
|1468 |Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place? | |
|1469 |Give one function of rods and one function of cones. | |
|1470 |Give an example of osmosis in plants. | |
|1471 |Enzyme activity is affected by … | |
|1472 |Name the three bones that form the human arm. | |
|1473 |True or False. Chloroplasts contain DNA. | |
|1474 |Give one cause of infertility in women. | |
|1475 |Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the following: arthritis or osteoporosis. | |
|1476 |Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis. | |
|1477 |Carbon dioxide levels are usually higher in venous blood than in arterial blood. Why is this the case? | |
| |Name a blood vessel which is an exception to this. Give a reason for the exception. | |
|1478 |In ecology what is meant by a trophic level? | |
|1479 |Enzymes trapped in an inactive material are referred to as … | |
|1480 |State a benefit of dietary fibre. | |
|1481 |True or False. The microscope lenses closest to the stage are the eyepiece lenses. | |
|1482 |A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. … | |
|1483 |As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in vitro fertilisation. | |
| |What is the next step for the embryo? | |
|1484 |What is meant by the term digestion? | |
|1485 |Give a feature of a capillary which allows the rapid uptake of carbon dioxide. | |
|1486 |Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis. | |
|1487 |Term for the substance with which an enzyme reacts. | |
|1488 |During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two pathways. Where do the energised| |
| |electrons come from? | |
|1489 |True or False. Sodium alginate is used to immobilise enzymes. | |
|1490 |Where is FSH produced? | |
|1491 |What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization? | |
|1492 |Name the liquid part of the blood. | |
|1493 |Name a structure found in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced. | |
|1494 |In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage? | |
|1495 |Give an advantage of using immobilised enzymes. | |
|1496 |What is meant by an enzyme? | |
|1497 |True or False. Plant cell walls are fully permeable. | |
|1498 |Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination? | |
|1499 |In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name | |
| |is given to this group of compounds? | |
|1500 |Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen? | |
|1501 |Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory system. Name any two of | |
| |these factors. | |
|1502 |Outline the details of the process of inhalation. | |
|1503 |Name another type of microscope that gives greater detail than a light microscope. | |
|1504 |Give an example of a protein that has a structural role. | |
|1505 |True or False. Animal cells do not have membranes. | |
|1506 |Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course. | |
|1507 |What is the function of the cornea? | |
|1508 |An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. … | |
|1509 |From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make compounds of general formula | |
| |Cx(H2O)y? | |
|1510 |Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? | |
|1511 |Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticels. | |
|1512 |Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart? | |
|1513 |True or False. An organ is a group of systems. | |
|1514 |Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. | |
|1515 |Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver. | |
|1516 |What is a nutrient medium? | |
|1517 |Give two meanings for the term sterile. | |
|1518 |List two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. | |
|1519 |Name the structures found in stems, equivalent to stomata in leaves, which are involved in gaseous | |
| |exchange in plants. | |
|1520 |State a precise role for each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. Carbon dioxide, 2. Water. | |
|1521 |State a function of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba. | |
|1522 |Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle? | |
|1523 |Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second stage reactions in | |
| |photosynthesis. | |
|1524 |The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases. 1. Which base can link only | |
| |to thymine? | |
| |2. Which base can link only to cytosine? | |
|1525 |An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined term. | |
|1526 |Give two functions of the cell membrane. | |
|1527 |Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of respiration. | |
|1528 |Name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible treatment for it. | |
|1529 |State a function of the pseudopod of Amoeba. | |
|1530 |What type of lens is used to correct long sight? | |
|1531 |Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood. | |
|1532 |Give one function of FSH. | |
|1533 |What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? | |
|1534 |Which organelle is known as “the powerhouse of the cell”? | |
|1535 |“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle | |
| |of a rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis to explain this statement. | |
|1536 |There are probably more people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease now than ever before. Suggest a | |
| |reason for this. | |
|1537 |Give one difference between a plant cell and an amoeba. | |
|1538 |For what is ATP an abbreviation? | |
|1539 |Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative surveys in an ecosystem. | |
|1540 |What is the role of valves in the heart? | |
|1541 |What name is given to the first stage of respiration? | |
|1542 |Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? | |
|1543 |In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? | |
| |Give another function of this part of the digestive system. | |
|1544 |A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food | |
| |in the student’s lunch is a good source of protein? | |
|1545 |What do you think is meant by the term “degenerative illnesses”? | |
|1546 |Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to plants. | |
|1547 |A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. … | |
|1548 |What is meant by immobilisation? | |
|1549 |The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. Give any two functions of| |
| |the lymphatic system. | |
|1550 |Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? | |
|1551 |Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling. | |
|1552 |A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps for her lunch. What food | |
| |in the student’s lunch is a good source of fat? | |
|1553 |Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations? | |
|1554 |State three functions of the cerebrum. | |
|1555 |Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, edaphic factor, symbiosis. | |
|1556 |Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to farmers and gardeners. | |
|1557 |What is meant by nitrogen fixation? | |
|1558 |Draw labelled diagrams of two pieces of apparatus that you used to collect animals and in each case | |
| |name the apparatus and an animal collected. | |
|1559 |In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place? | |
|1560 |Name one water-soluble vitamin. | |
|1561 |What is meant by nitrification? | |
|1562 |Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place? | |
|1563 |Distinguish between the position of the cerebellum and the position of the cerebrum in the human brain.| |
|1564 |What is the role of ATP in cells? | |
|1565 |Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat. | |
|1566 |What is a quadrat used for in your ecology studies? | |
|1567 |Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the germination of seeds. In the case of | |
| |each of these factors describe its effect on the process of germination. | |
|1568 |Name one structural protein in humans. | |
|1569 |Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases. | |
|1570 |Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in DNA. | |
|1571 |Give an account of how neurotransmitters work. | |
|1572 |A reducing sugar. E.g. … | |
|1573 |Name the nutrient medium that you used. | |
|1574 |In ecology, what is meant by the term conservation? | |
|1575 |Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place? | |
|1576 |Give one function of fat in the human body. | |
|1577 |What is the function of the nitrogen cycle? | |
|1578 |What is the function of the larynx? | |
|1579 |Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the following parts of the | |
| |seedling? 1. The root 2. The shoot. | |
|1580 |Name the type of particle whose movement in and out of neurons is an essential feature of nerve impulse| |
| |transmission. | |
|1581 |State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem. | |
|1582 |Suggest why conservation is important in an ecosystem. | |
|1583 |Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen? | |
|1584 |What term is used to describe all the chemical reactions in the human body? | |
|1585 |What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other animals? | |
|1586 |Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes. | |
|1587 |Outline the steps involved in inhalation. | |
|1588 |Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair. | |
|1589 |What are the stages involved in DNA profiling. | |
|1590 |What is meant by the term pollution? | |
|1591 |Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother cells. | |
|1592 |Give four factors that influence the size of the human population. | |
|1593 |What is meant by the term species? | |
|1594 |A polysaccharide. E.g. … | |
|1595 |What is meant by the term photosynthesis? | |
|1596 |To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration? Is oxygen required | |
| |for this conversion? | |
|1597 |Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone. | |
|1598 |State any two types of pollution associated with waste disposal. | |
|1599 |Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs. | |
|1600 |What is meant by the term fertilisation? | |
|1601 |State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx. | |
|1602 |From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop? | |
|1603 |A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas. | |
|1604 |Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete dominance, 3. | |
| |phenotype. | |
|1605 |Name a group of organisms in which the XY chromosome pair gives rise to a different sex than in cattle.| |
|1606 |1. Give one example of a waste associated with agriculture or forestry or fisheries. 2. State how the | |
| |named waste is managed. | |
|1607 |Name a breathing disorder. Name: ___________________ and state: 1. A cause, 2. A means of prevention, | |
| |3. A treatment | |
|1608 |Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of respiration. | |
|1609 |Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering plants. | |
|1610 |Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inhalation. In your answer refer | |
| |to volume and thoracic air pressure. | |
|1611 |Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place. | |
|1612 |Give two applications of DNA profiling. | |
|1613 |Give three ways to minimise waste. | |
|1614 |What term is used to describe the allele pair Pp? | |
|1615 |Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes. | |
|1616 |What is meant by DNA profiling? | |
|1617 |Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the absence of oxygen. | |
|1618 |Give a role for each of the following parts of a flower: sepals, anther and stigma. | |
|1619 |Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. | |
|1620 |Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and the blood. | |
|1621 |Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. | |
|1622 |Name and outline the procedure used for analysing the DNA samples that revealed the presence of horse | |
| |meat in products labelled as beef. Would the result be the same if the beef were contaminated with pig | |
| |meat? Explain your answer. | |
|1623 |What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten? | |
|1624 |State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used in the human body. | |
|1625 |A trace element in the human diet. E.g. … | |
|1626 |In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments? | |
|1627 |Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | |
|1628 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food chains are usually short.| |
|1629 |Explain the term habitat as used in ecology. | |
|1630 |Name the molecule, formed from DNA, which carries the instruction to manufacture proteins. | |
|1631 |Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. | |
|1632 |Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas transported? | |
|1633 |What is genetic screening? | |
|1634 |State two locations in the seed where food may be stored. | |
|1635 |What is an enzyme? | |
|1636 |Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to substrate, enzyme and | |
| |product. | |
|1637 |True or False. The term abiotic refers to the living factors in an ecosystem. | |
|1638 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The herbivores in an ecosystem| |
| |normally live long lives. | |
|1639 |Where in a cell are proteins manufactured? | |
|1640 |Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling. | |
|1641 |Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms. | |
|1642 |What is meant by the term immunity? | |
|1643 |Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product. | |
|1644 |Where does meiosis occur in the human male? | |
|1645 |True or False. Grazing food chains begin with animals. | |
|1646 |If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the predators. | |
|1647 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural | |
| |ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for | |
| |which mankind has no use. | |
|1648 |Name the biomolecule that is the major component of meat. | |
|1649 |Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ from an exocrine gland? | |
|1650 |Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies. | |
|1651 |The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any two factors that can | |
| |affect enzyme activity. | |
|1652 |What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the human body. | |
|1653 |Explain the term producer as used in ecology. | |
|1654 |The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these parts, apart from food | |
| |stores, and give a role for each of them. | |
|1655 |What is an antibiotic? | |
|1656 |What is meant by the term gene expression? | |
|1657 |Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. HIV / AIDS has orphaned many | |
| |children in sub-Saharan Africa. | |
|1658 |What is meant by an ectotherm? | |
|1659 |Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by the term immobilised in | |
| |relation to enzymes? | |
|1660 |A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and … | |
|1661 |What is the primary source of energy for plant cells? | |
|1662 |For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your isolation of DNA? | |
|1663 |State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action. | |
|1664 |Where is sperm stored in the human male? | |
|1665 |Explain the term species. | |
|1666 |To which kingdom do bacteria belong? | |
|1667 |Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes. | |
|1668 |What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle? | |
|1669 |Explain the term niche as used in ecology. | |
|1670 |An example of a water-soluble vitamin is … | |
|1671 |A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is … | |
|1672 |Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the underlined term. | |
|1673 |How did you measure pulse rate or breathing rate? | |
|1674 |Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? Suggest two advantages | |
| |of dormancy. | |
|1675 |What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem? | |
|1676 |Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers? | |
|1677 |Calcium and iron are examples of essential … | |
|1678 |Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system. | |
|1679 |In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a corrective measure. | |
|1680 |State two functions of testosterone. | |
|1681 |The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is … | |
|1682 |When you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate or breathing rate what did you | |
| |first establish? | |
|1683 |Explain the following terms used in ecology: | |
| |1. Biosphere | |
| |2. Habitat. | |
|1684 |Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for decomposition. | |
|1685 |Glucose is an example of which type of biomolecule? | |
|1686 |Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers. | |
|1687 |Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason | |
| |for this. | |
|1688 |Fats are made from fatty acids and … | |
|1689 |What is meant by each of the following in ecology: predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem? | |
|1690 |Where did you find the semilunar valves during the dissection of the heart? | |
|1691 |What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat? | |
|1692 |Distinguish between active and passive immunity. | |
|1693 |Proteins always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and … | |
|1694 |True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the objective lens is marked X4, | |
| |the total magnification is X14. | |
|1695 |Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements. | |
|1696 |What is the function of flagella on bacteria? | |
|1697 |Genetics is the study of … | |
|1698 |Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem. | |
|1699 |Briefly describe how you carried out the dissection to expose the tricuspid valve. | |
|1700 |In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are … | |
|1701 |An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … | |
|1702 |Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure. | |
|1703 |If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is … | |
|1704 |Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body. | |
| |Where in the body is the gland located? | |
| |Name a hormone that this gland secretes. | |
| |State a role of this hormone. | |
| |Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this hormone. | |
|1705 |In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ... | |
|1706 |What is meant by the term predator? | |
|1707 |When dissecting a mammalian heart where, precisely, did you locate the tricuspid valve? | |
|1708 |Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes). | |
|1709 |A solution used to test for the presence of glucose is … | |
|1710 |A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a … | |
|1711 |Name two diseases caused by viruses. | |
|1712 |True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have chloroplasts. | |
|1713 |What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human body? | |
|1714 |What is meant by the term conservation? | |
|1715 |Give one main function of the leaf. | |
|1716 |Where do scientists usually publish the results and conclusions of their investigations? | |
|1717 |True or False. Anabolism is the breaking down of large molecules. | |
|1718 |“Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement. | |
|1719 |By which method do bacterial cells reproduce? | |
|1720 |In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being vaccinated. | |
| |1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? | |
| |2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be given? | |
| |3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an antibody. | |
|1721 |Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate? | |
|1722 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele. | |
|1723 |What is a reflex action? | |
|1724 |Give one example of a limitation of the scientific method. | |
|1725 |Name the group of biomolecules to which enzymes belong. | |
|1726 |What is the role of the fruit? | |
|1727 |Give a function of ligaments. | |
|1728 |Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through the plant. | |
|1729 |Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean? | |
|1730 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous. | |
|1731 |True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale. | |
|1732 |True or False. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. | |
|1733 |Describe how you examined the cells using the microscope. | |
|1734 |Give one example of a reflex action. | |
|1735 |Where in a cell are enzymes produced? | |
|1736 |Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always found in protein. | |
|1737 |Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus. | |
|1738 |Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype. | |
|1739 |What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? | |
|1740 |True or False. Nutrition is the way living organisms get rid of waste. | |
|1741 |Explain why a coverslip is used. | |
|1742 |What are pathogenic bacteria? | |
|1743 |Suggest an advantage of reflex actions. | |
|1744 |Give one main function of the root. | |
|1745 |What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems? | |
|1746 |In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one heterozygous for eye colour and | |
| |the other with blue eyes, start a family. | |
| |(i) What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent? | |
| |(ii) What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce? | |
|1747 |State one reason that your body needs protein. | |
|1748 |True or False. In science, a hypothesis is an educated guess based on observations. | |
|1749 |Give a function of synovial fluid. | |
|1750 |Outline how you used the coverslip. | |
|1751 |Name a producer. | |
|1752 |Name a disorder of the human nervous system. | |
|1753 |Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria. | |
|1754 |Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term cancer. | |
|1755 |What is meant by an abiotic factor? | |
|1756 |True or False. In experiments the factor that is changed is called the variable. | |
|1757 |What is a tissue? | |
|1758 |What stain did you use on the animal cells when examining them under the light microscope? | |
|1759 |Explain briefly what is meant by a gene. | |
|1760 |True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through. | |
|1761 |In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state: | |
| |1. A possible cause. | |
| |2. A means of prevention or a treatment. | |
|1762 |Give two possible causes of cancer. | |
|1763 |State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem. | |
|1764 |What is the purpose of a control in scientific experiments? | |
|1765 |Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms. | |
|1766 |The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b). | |
| |Explain each of the underlined terms. | |
|1767 |Describe how you obtained a sample of cells when preparing animal cells for examination with a light | |
| |microscope. | |
|1768 |Name two foods in which you found protein. | |
|1769 |What is a quadrat frame? | |
|1770 |Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a particular type of cancer. What | |
| |is meant by genetic screening? | |
|1771 |Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid. | |
|1772 |Which stage of respiration releases more energy? | |
|1773 |Explain briefly what is meant by respiration. | |
|1774 |Give the two main chemical components of a virus. | |
|1775 |On a microscope the eyepiece lens is marked 10× and the objective lens is marked 40×. A cell is viewed | |
| |through these lenses. The image of the cell is 0.8 mm in diameter. What is the actual diameter of the | |
| |cell? | |
|1776 |Name two tissues found in animals. | |
|1777 |Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called DNA profiling. During the | |
| |process cells were broken down to release the DNA, which was then cut into fragments. The fragments | |
| |were then separated. | |
| |What was used to cut the DNA? | |
| |On what basis were the DNA fragments separated? | |
| |Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime. | |
|1778 |Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical energy in plants. | |
|1779 |Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. | |
|1780 |What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein? | |
|1781 |True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus. | |
|1782 |Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe how you measured each one. | |
|1783 |How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for examination under the | |
| |microscope? | |
|1784 |State the function of the coarse focus knob on a microscope. | |
|1785 |Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. | |
|1786 |What does animal plankton feed on? | |
|1787 |Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. | |
|1788 |Where in the nucleus would you find genes? | |
|1789 |Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. | |
|1790 |What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the microscope? | |
|1791 |Give examples of two harmful bacteria. | |
|1792 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination how did you demonstrate | |
| |that digestive activity had taken place? | |
|1793 |In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does this happen? | |
|1794 |Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which they are harmful. | |
|1795 |Distinguish between the terms segregation and independent assortment. | |
|1796 |What is meant by ground tissue? | |
|1797 |Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the microscope. | |
|1798 |What is meant by tissue culture? | |
|1799 |What is meant by excretion? | |
|1800 |Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature? | |
|1801 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what control did you use? | |
|1802 |Give a function of ground tissue. | |
|1803 |Explain the terms transcription and translation. | |
|1804 |The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X. | |
| |Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope? | |
|1805 |Name the vein connected to the lungs. | |
|1806 |What is meant by osmoregulation? | |
|1807 |Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. | |
|1808 |Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney? | |
|1809 |Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture. | |
|1810 |In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination what substance, to be | |
| |digested by the seeds, was added to the medium? | |
|1811 |Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated that the cells you were | |
| |looking at were plant cells. | |
|1812 |In which structures in the cell does translation occur? | |
|1813 |Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation. | |
|1814 |Name the artery connected to the kidneys. | |
|1815 |Name the small gaps between neurons. | |
|1816 |State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed. | |
|1817 |The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments, recording results, and | |
| |forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an experiment many times? | |
|1818 |Name the substance that is used as a medium on which to germinate the seeds in the investigation to | |
| |show digestive activity. | |
|1819 |What is saprophytic nutrition? | |
|1820 |How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA? | |
|1821 |What is a meristem? | |
|1822 |Briefly explain chemosynthesis. | |
|1823 |Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver. | |
|1824 |Why is a control used when carrying out experiments? | |
|1825 |Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft. | |
|1826 |Name two products excreted by the human. | |
|1827 |At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were | |
| |sterilised. How did you sterilise the seeds? | |
|1828 |Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein synthesis. Name these three | |
| |possible outcomes. | |
|1829 |What is germination? | |
|1830 |State a location in the seed where food is stored. | |
|1831 |For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the course of your practical | |
| |activities? | |
|1832 |What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food? | |
|1833 |Give the precise location of the heart in the human body. | |
|1834 |Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft. | |
|1835 |At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination the seeds were | |
| |sterilised. Why is this necessary? | |
|1836 |What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA? | |
|1837 |Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney? | |
|1838 |For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1839 |Give a location for a meristem. | |
|1840 |Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body. | |
|1841 |Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function? | |
|1842 |What structure(s) protects the heart? | |
|1843 |During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon. What is usually attached to | |
| |the other end of the tRNA molecule? | |
|1844 |Name the three factors necessary for seeds to germinate. | |
|1845 |For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1846 |Give a function of the guard cell. | |
|1847 |An organ for churning of food to chime is the … | |
|1848 |Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce … | |
|1849 |Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of … | |
|1850 |What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? | |
|1851 |For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1852 |Name a part of a seed in which food for germination is stored. | |
|1853 |What are the two main events in the replication of DNA? | |
|1854 |Name the upper chambers of the heart. | |
|1855 |Give two functions of water in a living organism. | |
|1856 |Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions? | |
|1857 |How do fats differ from oils at room temperature? | |
|1858 |For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1859 |Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in a food sample. | |
|1860 |Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine. | |
|1861 |Briefly describe the fate, under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A. | |
|1862 |Name a structural polysaccharide. | |
|1863 |Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side. | |
|1864 |Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf. | |
|1865 |For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1866 |To what organ does the ureter link the kidney? | |
|1867 |Give an example of a reflex action in humans. | |
|1868 |What is a tropism? | |
|1869 |What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken down under aerobic | |
| |conditions? | |
|1870 |Waves of contractions passing along the gut is … | |
|1871 |Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting. | |
|1872 |For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1873 |What is the average resting human heart rate? | |
|1874 |Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during interphase. | |
|1875 |Explain the term diploid number. | |
|1876 |What is a plant growth regulator? | |
|1877 |What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces? | |
|1878 |Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be broken down under anaerobic | |
| |conditions in cells. | |
|1879 |For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your practical activities? | |
|1880 |To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney? | |
|1881 |What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells lose the normal | |
| |regulation of mitosis? | |
|1882 |Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate. | |
|1883 |As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then progress her investigation | |
| |by devising a series of … and then carefully analysing the resulting … | |
|1884 |For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing? | |
|1885 |Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. | |
| |From what plant did you obtain the yeast? | |
| |Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast. | |
|1886 |Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells. | |
|1887 |Give a function of the myelin sheath. | |
|1888 |Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol. | |
|1889 |For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in order. | |
|1890 |Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration. | |
|1891 |Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle. | |
|1892 |Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient medium when investigating the | |
| |growth of leaf yeast. | |
|1893 |For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in food testing? | |
|1894 |Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and LH? | |
|1895 |Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells. | |
|1896 |Give two biological advantages of breastfeeding. | |
|1897 |Why are reflex actions important in humans? | |
|1898 |What is the role of the motor neuron? | |
|1899 |Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. | |
| |How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient medium? | |
| |How did you recognise the yeast? | |
|1900 |Name the fluid present in the ureter. | |
|1910 |For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar | |
| |plates? | |
|1902 |Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the walls of the upper | |
| |chambers. | |
|1903 |True or False. In multicellular organisms mitosis is primarily used for growth. | |
|1904 |What is a habitat? | |
|1905 |Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf. | |
|1906 |Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast. | |
|1907 |List three abiotic factors that you investigated. | |
|1908 |In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted. | |
|1909 |For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast| |
| |on agar plates? | |
|1910 |What substance emulsifies fats? | |
|1911 |Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle. | |
|1912 |True or False. Mitosis is a source of variation. | |
|1913 |Name the coloured part of the eye. | |
|1914 |The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol? | |
|1915 |Why is a control especially important in biological investigations? | |
|1916 |Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth. | |
|1917 |For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from plant tissue? | |
|1918 |What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH? | |
|1919 |What is the function of the pupil in the eye? | |
|1920 |True or False. Centromeres give rise to the nuclear spindle. | |
|1921 |What is an ecosystem? | |
|1922 |Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. Ground tissue | |
|1923 |From your study of ecology explain the term fauna | |
|1924 |Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the population expands. Outline three | |
| |problems associated with waste disposal. | |
|1925 |Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: homozygous, recessive, phenotype | |
|1926 |In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones? | |
|1927 |For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while extracting DNA from plant | |
| |tissue? | |
|1928 |If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed growth she would include a| |
| |control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable control in this case. | |
|1929 |True or False. The nuclear membrane disappears in the early part of mitosis. | |
|1930 |Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy? | |
|1931 |From your study of ecology explain the term food web | |
|1932 |Suggest two methods of waste minimisation. | |
|1933 |What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye? | |
|1934 |In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur? | |
|1935 |What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on different chromosome | |
| |pairs? | |
|1936 |For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than a terrestrial plant when | |
| |investigating the rate of photosynthesis? | |
|1937 |True or False. When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in prophase. | |
|1938 |Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. | |
|1939 |What are symbiotic bacteria? | |
|1940 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |A substance required for aerobic respiration. | |
|1941 |From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor | |
|1942 |Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion. | |
|1943 |Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place? | |
|1944 |State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport. | |
|1945 |For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when examining cells with the | |
| |microscope? | |
|1946 |True or False. In telophase of mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms in plant cells. | |
|1947 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |The amount of energy released in aerobic respiration. | |
|1948 |What is meant by excretion? | |
|1949 |What does an ecologist mean by competition? | |
|1950 |From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis | |
|1951 |From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived? | |
|1952 |Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are absorbed into the blood. 1. The | |
| |products of digestion, 2. Water. | |
|1953 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles. | |
|1954 |True or False. Single-celled organisms use meiosis for asexual reproduction. | |
|1955 |Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. | |
|1956 |What is a hypothesis? | |
|1957 |In which direction does water transport take place? | |
|1958 |Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or forestry and describe how it is | |
| |managed. | |
|1959 |From your study of ecology explain the term habitat | |
|1960 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |A product of aerobic respiration. | |
|1961 |What is fermentation? | |
|1962 |Name harmful member of the Monera. | |
|1963 |The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in this context, are | |
| |replicates? | |
|1964 |What is meant by sex-linked? | |
|1965 |Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment? | |
|1966 |Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood. | |
|1967 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast. | |
|1968 |Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter? | |
|1969 |From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem | |
|1970 |What is a denatured enzyme? | |
|1971 |Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the case of each product name a | |
| |substance from which it is derived. | |
|1972 |Name a member of the Protista that catches and consumes smaller organisms. | |
|1973 |Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is involved in mechanical | |
| |digestion | |
|1974 |Choose a term from the following list to match the description. | |
| |Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large | |
| |The cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place. | |
|1975 |Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located. | |
|1976 |Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. | |
|1977 |Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. Where does it act? 3. What is| |
| |the approximate pH at its site of action? | |
|1978 |From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere | |
|1979 |In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur? | |
|1980 |Name a multicellular fungus. | |
|1981 |True or False. The liver produces bile. | |
|1982 |Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration? | |
|1983 |Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations. | |
|1984 |State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body. | |
|1985 |Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. | |
|1986 |Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located? | |
|1987 |True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance. | |
|1988 |Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. State a | |
| |factor which influences the diameter of these openings. | |
|1989 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second | |
| |kingdom. Protista and Animalia. | |
|1990 |Explain the term excretion. | |
|1991 |The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly describe the nature of this code. | |
|1992 |What is a virus made up of? | |
|1993 |Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell you about the cell sap of | |
| |these outermost cells? | |
|1994 |True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism. | |
|1995 |Give three roles of the skeleton. | |
|1996 |Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage| |
| |of aerobic respiration | |
|1997 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second | |
| |kingdom. Animalia and Monera. | |
|1998 |Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the blood. | |
|1999 |Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. | |
|2000 |Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. | |
|2001 |True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone. | |
|2002 |During photosynthesis oxygen is produced. | |
| |1. From what substance is oxygen produced? | |
| |2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced? | |
| |3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production. | |
|2003 |When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released. | |
| |Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. | |
| |Give a precise target area for this hormone. | |
| |How does the hormone reach the target area? | |
| |Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water content of the blood is low. | |
|2004 |Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil. | |
|2005 |What is meant by non-coding DNA? | |
|2006 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second | |
| |kingdom. Plantae and Fungi. | |
|2007 |In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products. | |
| |1. Name these three products. | |
| |2. State what happens to each of these products. | |
|2008 |True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain. | |
|2009 |During 2009 swine flu spread through the population of many countries. Younger people were more at risk| |
| |of becoming ill with swine flu than older people. Using your knowledge of the immune system, suggest a | |
| |reason for this. | |
|2010 |Give two excretory organs in the human body other than the kidney. | |
|2011 |Give the part of the nephron in which each of the following takes place: | |
| |1. Filtration, | |
| |2. Reabsorption of amino acids. | |
|2012 |Suggest a reason why it is important to know a person’s blood group. | |
|2013 |To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? | |
|2014 |Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found in members of the second | |
| |kingdom. Fungi and Animalia. | |
|2015 |True or False. Rhizopus is a member of the animal kingdom. | |
|2016 |Explain what is meant by the axial skeleton. | |
|2017 |What is a tissue? | |
|2018 |Give one structural difference between DNA and RNA. | |
|2019 |Name a part of the flower from which fruit forms. | |
|2020 |Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the product of this enzyme. | |
|2021 |True or False. Xylem transports water in plants. | |
|2022 | Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why. | |
|2023 |Name a major blood vessel that returns blood in venules to the heart. | |
|2024 |Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system. | |
|2025 |Name a tissue found in plants. Give a function of the tissue referred to. | |
|2026 |Suggest a reason why myxomatosis is no longer a major threat to the Irish rabbit population. | |
|2027 |Give two features of the nephron that aid filtration. | |
|2028 |True or False. A potato is a modified stem. | |
|2029 |Give three examples of the ways in which fruits are involved in seed dispersal. | |
|2030 |Give an account of the role of each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. ATP, 2. NADP. | |
|2031 |Give one way in which lymph differs from blood. | |
|2032 |Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found. | |
|2033 |Name a tissue found in animals. Give a function of the tissue referred to. | |
|2034 |Outline briefly how a virus replicates (reproduces). | |
|2035 |Genes are found on what structures within a cell? | |
|2036 |Give a function for each of the following: 1. Red marrow, 2. Cartilage, 3. Tendon. | |
|2037 |Distinguish between batch and continuous flow food processing using micro-organisms in the food | |
| |industry. | |
|2038 |Suggest why it is necessary for a plant to disperse its seeds. | |
|2039 |The use of one species to control the population of another species is called biological control. | |
| |Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of biological control. | |
|2040 |Give two functions of the lymphatic system. | |
|2041 |Explain what is meant by the term tissue culture | |
|2042 |What is the function of the spindle during cell division? | |
|2043 |Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example in the human body. | |
|2044 |True or false. Stage 1 of respiration requires oxygen. | |
|2045 |Name a group of biomolecules in the blood which are too large to pass through the filtration system of | |
| |the nephron. | |
|2046 |Is the blood in the Aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated? | |
|2047 |Following dispersal most seeds enter a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? | |
|2048 |If a transverse section of an arteriole were viewed under the microscope state one way in which it | |
| |would differ from a transverse section through a venule. | |
|2049 |Tissues grow by cell division. Name the type of cell division by which tissues grow. | |
|2050 |Give one application of tissue culture. | |
|2051 |Name the nitrogenous bases whose first letters are A and C. | |
|2052 |Apart from water, name one other substance which is found in sweat. | |
|2053 |What is meant by sterile? | |
|2054 |Name the container in which you grew the leaf yeast. | |
|2055 |Organs are found in both plants and animals. What is meant by the term organ? | |
|2056 |State the location in the human body of the following muscles which are used for breathing: diaphragm, | |
| |intercostals. | |
|2057 |Give any two functions of minerals in organisms. | |
|2058 |To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? | |
|2059 |Give an advantage of dormancy. | |
|2060 |Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. | |
|2061 |True or false. Stage 1 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. | |
|2062 |Name one organ found in plants. | |
|2063 |How did you measure the breathing rate or the pulse? | |
|2064 |Where in the cell would you expect to find most DNA? | |
|2065 |State a disorder due to a dietary deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin. | |
|2066 |Is the cell of Amoeba prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your answer. | |
|2067 |What is meant by the germination of seeds? | |
|2068 |Name the stage in the plant’s life cycle that follows dormancy. | |
|2069 |What is meant by pollution? | |
|2070 |What is meant by nitrogen fixation? | |
|2071 |Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or industrial or agricultural | |
| |activity. | |
|2072 |True or false. Stage 2 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. | |
|2073 |Give one function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba. | |
|2074 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin. | |
|2075 |Describe briefly one way by which the skin helps to retain heat in cold conditions. | |
|2076 |Name one human activity that causes pollution. | |
|2077 |What is a chromosome? | |
|2078 |State one way in which it is possible to produce seedless fruits in horticulture. | |
|2079 |What is the role of the bicuspid valve? | |
|2080 |Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied. | |
|2081 |Suggest one reason why a contractile vacuole is more active in freshwater amoebae than in marine | |
| |amoebae. | |
|2082 |How does a phospholipid differ from a fat? | |
|2083 |State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland. | |
|2084 |For hair colour black (B) is dominant over brown (b). Seán is heterozygous (Bb) and Máire is homozygous| |
| |(bb). 1. What colour is Seán’s hair? 2. What colour is Máire’s hair? | |
|2085 |DNA contains the instructions needed to make protein. These instructions are called the … code. | |
|2086 |How may apparatus be sterilised? | |
|2087 |Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. | |
|2088 |Seeds may remain inactive for a period before germination. What term is used to describe this period of| |
| |inactivity? | |
|2089 |List two ways of minimising waste. | |
|2090 |Red hair in humans is recessive to all other hair colours. A red-haired woman and a black-haired man, | |
| |whose own father was red-haired, started a family. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with red| |
| |hair? | |
|2091 |Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y. | |
|2092 |Give a brief account of the Theory of Natural Selection. | |
|2093 |True or false. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as heat. | |
|2094 |In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place? | |
|2095 |What is meant by evolution? | |
|2096 |Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management. | |
|2097 |What is the main source of light for photosynthesis? | |
|2098 |In Dalmatian dogs the allele for brown spots is recessive to the allele for black spots. The two | |
| |parents were heterozygous in respect of spot colour. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with | |
| |black spots? | |
|2099 |The following biochemical reactions took place in some living cells: A ( B + C + D. Is this an example | |
| |of anabolism or catabolism? | |
|2100 |Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution. | |
|2101 |Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation. | |
|2102 |The haploid number of chromosomes is found in the human egg and sperm. Explain the underlined term. | |
|2103 |Carbohydrates always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and … | |
|2104 |Bile is involved in digestion in the human body. 1. Where is bile produced? 2. Where is bile stored? 3.| |
| |Where does bile act in the alimentary canal? | |
|2105 |In which part of the flower is pollen produced? | |
|2106 |In roses there is incomplete dominance between the allele governing red petals and the allele governing| |
| |white petals. Heterozygous individuals have pink petals. A plant with pink petals was crossed with a | |
| |plant with white petals. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with white petals? | |
|2107 |During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three products. Name each of these products. | |
| |Describe what happens to each of the products. | |
|2108 |Explain the term Biotic factor. | |
|2109 |What is meant by pollution? | |
|2110 |Lipids are made up of fatty acids and … | |
|2111 |What is meant by egestion? From where does egestion occur? | |
|2112 |True or false. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. | |
|2113 |Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management. | |
|2114 |In the fruit fly Drosophila the allele for full wing is dominant to the allele for vestigial wing. One | |
| |parent was homozygous in respect of full wing and the other parent was heterozygous. What is the % | |
| |chance of obtaining offspring with full wing? | |
|2115 |What is the role of peristalsis in the digestive system? | |
|2116 |Explain the term Symbiosis. | |
|2117 |Name a fat-soluble vitamin. | |
|2118 |Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. | |
|2119 |Name one of the scientists associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. | |
|2120 |What is meant by pollination? | |
|2121 |Where in the eye is the retina located? | |
|2122 |Give an example of a catabolic reaction in a cell. | |
|2123 |Name a structural carbohydrate found in plants. | |
|2124 |Explain the terms: allele and dominant. | |
|2125 |Explain the term Competition. | |
|2126 |What is the role of alveoli in the lungs? | |
|2127 |What is meant by the term aerobic respiration? | |
|2128 |Water enters the roots of plants by osmosis. Explain what is meant by osmosis. | |
|2129 |What process follows pollination in the life cycle of a flowering plant? | |
|2130 |Name one good source of protein in the human diet. | |
|2131 |What is a triglyceride? | |
|2132 |In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place? | |
|2133 |Explain the term Trophic level. | |
|2134 |Name the tissue that transports water from the root to the leaves. | |
|2135 |What is blood plasma? Give a role for blood plasma. | |
|2136 |Indicate clearly whether each of the following statements refers to stage 1 or to stage 2 of | |
| |respiration. A. Takes place in the mitochondria, B. Produces a large amount of energy, C. Takes place | |
| |in the cytoplasm, D. Does not require oxygen. | |
|2137 |Outline the evidence for evolution from any one named source. | |
|2138 |Vitamins may be divided into two groups depending upon their solubility. Name these two groups. | |
|2139 |Where do the products of digestion enter the blood? | |
|2140 |Give an example of a beneficial organism and of a harmful organism that belong to the same kingdom as | |
| |Rhizopus. | |
|2141 |List three characteristics in each case of; | |
| |1. An insect-pollinated flower, | |
| |2. A wind-pollinated flower. | |
|2142 |Explain the term Niche. | |
|2143 |Name a breathing disorder. Suggest a possible cause of it and state how it may be treated. | |
|2144 |To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? | |
|2145 |State one way in which an oil differs from a fat. | |
|2146 |State two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the alimentary canal. | |
|2147 |Two types of cells that receive light are found in the retina. Name each of these. | |
|2148 |Name two types of cell found in the blood and give a function for each of them. | |
|2149 |What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? | |
|2150 |How do these products of digestion pass into the blood? | |
|2151 |Explain the term Biosphere. | |
|2152 |Give an example of a trace element. | |
|2153 |The action of the enzyme amylase on its substrate starch is an example of a catabolic reaction. Explain| |
| |each of the underlined terms. | |
|2154 |The ABO blood group system has four blood groups. What are these four groups? | |
|2155 |The optic nerve is attached to the eye. What is the function of the optic nerve? | |
|2156 |Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without photosynthesis. | |
|2157 |What is meant by immobilisation of an enzyme? | |
|2158 |In relation to the human diet, what is meant by a trace element? | |
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