Identifying Developmental Landmarks - Ms Beland's Classes



AP PSYCHOLOGY 2018-19February 6, 2019Today’s Agenda (Day 102)Homework: Unit 9 Cornell Notes Unit 9 Vocabulary TemplateClass Activity Unit 9 PPT ReviewModule 47 - Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development – cont’dModule 48 - Infancy and Childhood: Social DevelopmentModule 49 – Gender DevelopmentModule 50 – Parents, Peers and Early ExperiencesModule 51 – Adolescence: Physical & Cognitive DevelopmentModule 52 – Adolescence: Social Development & Emerging AdulthoodModule 53 – Sexual DevelopmentModule 54 – Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive and Social DevelopmentHOMEWORK:Read Unit 9 – Developmental PsychologyComplete Reading Guide Modules – Modules 45 - 47Unit 9accommodationacquired immune deficiency syndromeadolescenceaggressionassimilationattachment Autistic spectrum disorderBasic trustCognitionConcrete operational stageConservationCritical periodCross-sectional studyDevelopmental psychologyEgocentrismEmbryoEmerging adulthoodFetal alcohol syndromefetusFormal operational stageGenderGender identityGender roleGender typingHabituationIdentityImprinting IntimacyLongitudinal studyMaturationMenarcheMenopauseObject permanencePreoperational stage Primary sexual characteristicsPubertyRoleSchemaSecondary sexual characteristicsSelf-conceptSensorimotor stageSexual orientationSocial clockSocial identitySocial learning theoryStranger anxietyTemperamentTeratogensTestosteroneTheory of mindTransgenderX chromosomeY chromosomezygoteREMINDERS:Unit 9 Cornell Notes – Feb. 6; 11:59:59 pmUnit 9 Vocabulary Quiz – Feb. 7 Feb. 11Reading Guide Modules (45-47) – Feb.7; 11:59:59 pmReading Guide Modules (48-50) – Feb. 8; 11:59:59 pmUnit 9 Test Feb. 14 (For Valencia Goers Tues, Feb. 12)AP PSYCHOLOGY 2018-19Reading Guide ModulesModule 45: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the NewbornGive an example from your life of how your genetic inheritance (nature) interacted with your experience (nurture) to influence your development.Give an example from your life of a part of your development that was gradual and continuous. Then, give an example that was abrupt and discontinuous.Which of your traits has persisted throughout your life? How have you changed as you have grown older?Using developmental psychology’s three major issues, create a thesis statement that discusses how they interact and explain a person’s development.Describe the changes that occur in prenatal development from conception through birth. Be sure to include the three distinct stages and the developments in each.Define and give an example of a teratogen. Write down two additional examples of teratogens not mentioned in the text.Why would maternal alcohol consumption have an epigenetic effect on the fetus?Briefly list and describe the newborn’s reflexes.Discuss how habituation is used to understand a newborn’s competencies.What are some newborn competencies researchers have been able to demonstrate? Why do researchers spend time researching newborn competencies?Module 46: Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Summarize the growth of neurons in the brain from the fetal stage to puberty. In what way is motor development dependent on maturation?Based on the information in this section, how might you reply to a friend who insists he remembers events clearly from his first and second years of life?Module 47: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development What did Jean Piaget teach us about how children reason differently from adults?Explain how a child might assimilate and accommodate a schema for a car when presented with a plete the chart below detailing Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.STAGEAPPROX. AGE RANGENAME & DESCRIPTION OF TASKS TO BE MASTEREDKEY WORDSSENSORIMOTORPREOPERATIONALCONCRETE OPERATIONALFORMAL OPERATIONALWhat are two examples of how Piaget underestimated young children’s competence in the sensorimotor stage?Describe the research that showed symbolic thinking may appear at an earlier age than Piaget suggested.Discuss the ways in which Lev Vygotsky’s views on the cognitive development of children differ from Jean Piaget’s.How can Piaget’s findings on children’s cognitive development be used by babysitters to better understand the thoughts of small children?What is one explanation for the increase in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses and the decrease in the number of children considered learning disabled?List the characteristics associated with ASD.How does ASD impact boys differently from girls?Explain some of the evidence supporting biology’s influence on ASD.What are some of the myths or misconceptions that surround the disorder?Module 48: Infancy and Childhood: Social Development How does stranger anxiety play a role in forming parent-infant attachment bonds?In what way did Margaret Harlow and Harry Harlow’s experiments with wire and cloth monkeys overturn the previously held belief that attachment was based on satisfaction of nourishment needs? What were the implications of Harlow’s finding?How did the work of Konrad Lorenz add to the explanation of how attachment bonds are formed in children? Use key terms in your response.Identify the significance of critical periods beyond the scope of Lorenz’s work.How did Mary Ainsworth’s work with the strange situation design help answer the question of attachment differences?List an example from the text and one from your own life of how temperament is persistent.Discuss the studies conducted on fathers’ presence and later development of the child. How are these studies significant?Explain the ways in which early attachment styles predict later personality traits.According to Erikson, what can parents do to help establish a sense of basic trust in their infants?Explain the cognitive and physical effects of attachment deprivation as illustrated by Romanian children housed in orphanages.List specific outcomes correlated with being raised in abusive homes.Discuss the research on the impact of day care on children’s cognitive, social and physical growth. What can we learn from this research?How do the terms attachment, self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem differ from one another?In what way is self-concept linked to personality traits? How does this inform and contribute to people moving closer to their “ideal self”?A teenager wants to extend her curfew and stay out later with her friends. Using the information on Diana Baumrind’s research on parenting styles, create an imagined dialog exchange between the teen and her authoritarian parent.Her permissive parentHer authoritative parentWhat does research indicate is the correlation between parenting styles and future personality traits of children?List two alternative explanations for the link between parenting and later competence.Give two examples of how child-raising practices reflect cultural values.Module 49: Gender DevelopmentWhat statistics does the author include to support his contention that men are more aggressive than women? From your experience, do you agree or disagree with these statistics? What examples does the author cite to support his statement that social power is inequitably distributed? Why might these differences persist in our modern world? What research does the author include that supports his view that women are more socially connected than are men? Based on your experience, do you agree or disagree with this view?To what extent do you feel these or other differences are biological? Social? Discuss how women’s gender roles vary among cultures. Discuss how men’s gender roles vary among cultures. How do the terms biological sex and gender differ from each other? How do the terms gender roles, gender typing, gender schema, and gender identity relate and differ from one another?How is gender identity different from sexual orientation?Module 50: Parents, Peers and Early ExperiencesBriefly summarize Rosenzweig’s work with rats and the implications of early experiences on brain development. How does this work address the intermingling between nature and nurture? How can parenting impact one’s behavior?How does peer influence shape children’s development?In which areas do parents tend to have the greatest influence on their children’s lives?Summarize Howard Gardner’s conclusions regarding the complementary nature of peer and parent influence on development.Handout 45-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Regardless of culture, humans share the same life cycle. T F 2. In some cultures, infants sit up first and then crawl while in others they crawl before sitting up. T F 3. People’s personalities tend to remain stable over the course of their lives. T F 4. The first two years of life provide a good basis for predicting a person’s eventual personality traits. T F 5. If a mother drinks heavily during pregnancy, her baby will be mentally handicapped. T F 6. Newborns see only a blur of meaningless light and dark shades. T F 7. A heartbeat can be detected as early as 8 weeks into a pregnancy. Handout 46-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Before age 2, infants cannot think. T F 2. A use-it-or-lose-it pruning process in the brain shuts down unused links and strengthens others as babies develop. T F 3. Memories before age 5 are formulated differently, making them almost impossible to remember as adults. Handout 47-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. A young child often believes that the sun rises in the morning to wake her up. T F 2. Very young babies seem to live in the present where “out of sight” is “out of mind.” T F 3. Studies have shown that babies understand basic math. T F 4. Young children are pretty good at taking other people’s perspective on thing. T F 5. Autism Spectrum Disorder affects more girls than boys. Handout 48-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Infants initially develop close attachments to their mothers, merely because mothers provide nourishment. T F 2. Most abusive parents were themselves battered or neglected as children. T F 3. Children – unlike ducklings – do not imprint on their mothers. T F 4. Children’s anxiety over separation from their parents peaks at around 13 months. T F 5. Children in daycare experience issues with attachment to their parents. T F 6. Children recognize their faces in a mirror as early as 4 months old. T F 7. Permissive parents have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence. T F 8. Most cultures believe that babies co-sleeping with the parents is not a good idea. Handout 49-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. The average woman enters puberty 2 years earlier and lives 5 years longer than the average man. T F 2. Women are slightly more likely to display relational aggression, such as gossiping, than men. T F 3. When people interact, men are more likely to express support while women are more likely to express opinions. T F 4. In a study in New Zealand, people could correctly guess the gender of the author of emails two-thirds of the time. Handout 50-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Rats raised in an enriched environment developed heavier and thicker brain cortices. T F 2. Parental influence is not as important to development as previously thought. T F 3. Children will adapt their accent to that of their peers. T F 4. Teens who smoke typically have friends who also smoke. Handout 51-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Boys who mature early are more popular than their later-maturing peers, but they also are more likely to abuse alcohol and engage in delinquent behavior. T F 2. The frontal lobes of the brain mature after maturation in the limbic system, which explains why teenagers often have emotional outbursts that might be inappropriate. T F 3. The US Supreme Court has deemed it appropriate for adolescents to be charged and sentenced the same as adults when they commit violent crimes. T F 4. Some psychologists believe the highest moral level is experienced when we uphold rules and laws of society. Handout 52-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. The key task of adolescence is to find a romantic partner they want to marry. T F 2. American girls experience a rise in depression during their teen years. T F 3. Teens who feel close to their parents tend to be healthy and happy and do well in school. T F 4. The average age of marriage has increased by 4 years since 1960. Handout 53-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Males do not develop into males until about seven weeks after conception. T F 2. The CDC has found that almost 40% of sexually experienced teenaged girls in the US has a sexually transmitted infection. T F 3. A person can only get a sexually transmitted infection from intercourse. T F 4. Compared to European teens, American teens have higher rates of STIs and teen pregnancy. T F 5. Teens who participate in volunteering or service learning have lower rates of pregnancy. T F 6. Surveys suggest that 3% of men and 1-2% of women report being homosexual. T F 7. Same-sex relationships only happen with humans, not other animals. Handout 54-1: Fact or FalsehoodT F 1. Older people experience such a decline in physical abilities that they report dissatisfaction with their lives in general. T F 2. Exercise can slow aging. T F 3. People over 65 are more susceptible to cancer and pneumonia, but less susceptible to the common cold. T F 4. Older people are better at remembering meaningful information than younger people. T F 5. Worldwide, only 5 out of 10 heterosexual adults marry. T F 6. The biggest regret people commonly report is that they did not take their education seriously enough. T F 7. All people go through distinct stages of grief after losing a loved one. Handout 46-2: Identifying Developmental Landmarks Give your best estimate of the age at which approximately 50 percent of children begin to: Laugh Pedal a tricycle Sit without support Feel ashamed Walk unassisted Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Recognize and smile at mother or father Kick ball forward Think about things that cannot be seen Make two-word sentences Handout 47-4 Physical Development Interview and Observation Guide INTERVIEW Ask the following questions of the parents of a child aged 3 to 6 years. What vaccinations and illnesses has the child had? How has the child’s attendance at school/day care been? Describe the child’s general vitality and levels of physical endurance. What does the child like to eat? What does the child not like to eat? What are the family’s habits for eating together? How often does the child nap? For how long? What time is bedtime? How long does the child sleep at night? Are there bedtime rituals the child observes before going to bed each night? Does the child have evidence of nightmares? When was the child toilet trained? Was it easy or difficult? Is the child generally confident when playing? Is the child willing to try new things and play with new children? OBSERVATION: As you interact with the child, observe and record the following: Child’s physical appearance: height, weight, posture, skin tone, any other distinguishing physical characteristics (eye, hair color, etc.). Large muscle activities: playing ball, climbing, swinging, kicking the ball, etc. Small muscle activities: working puzzles, playing with blocks or clay, coloring, using utensils, etc. Physical environment: number and type of toys, indoor and outdoor play opportunities, etc. Child’s physical self-image: confidence in play, eager to try new things. ................
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