Social Psychology
Social Psychology
➢ Define:
Focus Areas: (See “Overview”)
➢ Development and expression of attitudes
➢ Attributions (self and others)
➢ Causes of antisocial / social behavior
➢ Presence / actions of others influence our behavior
Social Cognition
➢ How people think about themselves and others
o Plays a significant influence on attitudes and attributions
Attitude Formation and Change
➢ What is attitude?
➢ Primary focus of advertising / marketing:
o Mere Exposure Effect:
Attitudes and Behavior
➢ Is attitude necessarily a predictive model of behavior? Explain:
➢ Cognitive Dissonance Theory
❖ Inconsistency between an individual’s thoughts and actions creates uncertainty, discomfort
▪ Most common reactions to cognitive dissonance:
•
•
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❖ Provide one specific hypothetical example of cognitive dissonance:
Compliance Strategies (How we get others to comply with our wishes)
➢ Define each of the following:
❖ “Foot in the Door” phenomenon:
❖ “Door in the Face:”
❖ Norms of Reciprocity::
Attribution Theory: Explanation of the cause of the events, issues around us…
➢ Dispositional (“person) attribution:
➢ Situation attribution:
➢ Stable or unstable:
➢ Types of attribution:
❖ person-stable attribution
❖ person-unstable
❖ situation-stable
❖ situation-unstable
❖ Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: (Pygmalion Effect)
Attributional Biases (error in explanation of cause due to bias)
➢ Fundamental Attribution Error:
❖ Is it really fundamental?
❖ Difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures?
➢ False consensus effect:
➢ Self-Serving Bias:
➢ Just-world belief
Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination
➢ Stereotypes:
➢ Prejudice:
➢ Discrimination:
❖ Specific difference between prejudice and discrimination?
➢ In-groups vs. Out-groups
➢ Tendency to view out-groups as more homogeneous, or the same (out-group homogeneity), and to view in-groups as more diverse
❖ Explaining prejudice
• In-group bias
• Modeling:
Combating Prejudice
➢ Contact theory: contact between hostile groups reduces animosity if working together on one goal
➢ must benefit all and necessitate participation of all = superordinate goal
➢ Robbers Cave Study
o Basis of experiment:
Aggression and Antisocial behavior:
Two types of aggression
➢ Instrumental: when aggression is used to secure an end (goal)
➢ Hostile aggression: simply angry or upset; acting out of aggression
➢ Frustration-Aggression theory:
➢ Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment:
Prosocial Behavior (helping behavior)
➢ Bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility) :
o (Kitty Genoevese: murdered in NYC 38 people saw it and did nothing
Attraction
➢ Factors influencing attraction: similarity, proximity, reciprocal liking
➢ Passionate love:
➢ Compassionate love:
The Influence of Others on Behavior
➢ Social facilitation:
➢ Social impairment: the presence of others impair performance if task is difficult
➢ Conformity:
➢ Asch experiment:
o class setting: questions
o Confederates all gave obvious incorrect answer / individual would follow suit 30% of time (70% at least once during trials)
❖ Likelihood of conformity does not increase with increase in group size
➢ Milgram Experiment (1974)
❖ Classic obedience study
❖ “Teacher / student” / faked electric shock for each incorrect answer / buttons: 15 up to 450 volts
❖
❖ Points to consider: % decreased if could see face, would never be admitted today, experimenters were told that if shock were real, confederates would have been killed (profoundly disturbing)
➢ Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo) Read “A Prison By Any Other Name” and provide brief overview of study and its results: (see website)
Group Dynamics
➢ Rules / expectations of behavior for any group are referred to as “norms”
➢ Social loafing:
➢ Group Polarization:
➢ Deindividualtion:
➢ Groupthink:
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