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Exam 3: Applied Psychology exam practice Issues in Mental Health4423410258064000Child PsychologyCriminal Psychology034969450080454563677800037815405451879Topic 1: Issues with Mental HealthComponent 1: Historical context of mental healthBackgroundHistorical views of mental illnessDefining abnormalityCategorising mental disordersKey researchRosenhan (1973) On being sane in insane placesApplicationCharacteristics of an affective, psychotic and anxiety disorderComponent 2: Medical Model (as an explanation for mental illness)BackgroundBiochemical explanationGenetic explanationBrain abnormality explanationKey researchGottesman (2010) Disorders in offspring with two psychiatrically ill parentsApplicationBiological treatment of one specific disorderComponent 3: Alternative explanationsBackgroundBehaviourist explanationCognitive explanationHumanistic or psychodynamic explanationResearch:Szasz (2011) The Myth of Mental IllnessApplicationNon biological treatment of one specific disorderIssues in Mental Health:Mental health Exam structures:General guidance:1-3 marks = 1 point – Point, Evidence/Example, Explain4-6 marks = 2 points – Point, Evidence/Example, ExplainTo What Extent Question AND Discussion Question: Point:Evidence/Example:Explain:Challenge/Extend:Scenario Question: Link your answer to the scenarioAlways be mindful of the exam key word – How, Why, Identify, AssessCompare Question: Compare the biochemical explanation of mental illness with brain abnormality as an explanation of mental illness [10]A mixture of similarities and differences OR All similarities Or All differencesX2 comparisonsPointExplainEvidence/ExampleEvidence/ExampleQuestions that ask you about Key research: Rosenhan, Szasz, Gottesman Link your answer using evidence from the studyEXAM QUESTIONS: MENTAL HEALTHHistorical views of mental health: Outline one historical view of mental illness. [3]Mr X has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 66. This is in the bottom 2% of the population. Explain what may have been believed to be the cause of this behaviour now compared to earlier in history [4]Discuss the situational/individual explanations in relation to the historical context of mental illness.Outline one historical view of mental illness and explain how it has changed over time [5]Using your knowledge of the historical explanation of mental health. Explain how treatments of mental disorders have changed [6]Diagnosing and categorising mental health issues:Outline one definition of abnormality. [2]Explain why labelling people ‘abnormal’ could be considered unethical. [3]Rosenhan (1973) hypothesised that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between people who are sane and those who are insane. With reference to the key research, discuss how classification of mental illness can result in ‘stickiness of labels’. [5]Describe the characteristics of a psychotic disorder. [5]Lena is a clinical psychologist. She believes that a patient of hers is experiencing a psychotic disorder. Assess one difficulty that Lena could experience in trying to confirm that her patient is experiencing a psychotic disorder. [6]Mr X has an intelligence quotient (IQ) of 66. This is in the bottom 2% of the population. Outline one definition of abnormality that would explain this behaviour. [3]Describe how the DSM categorises an individual as depressed. [5]Identify the characteristics of an anxiety disorder [4]Outline one way of defining abnormality. [2]Discuss the issue of defining abnormality in relation to ethnocentrism. [5]To what extent can diagnosis to mental disorders be ethnocentric [10]Evaluate difficulties when identifying characteristic of psychological disorders [10]Outline one way (e.g. classification system) in which can be categorised [5]Discuss limitations of diagnosing mental disorders [10]Evaluate the validity of diagnoses of mental health disorders [10]Describe the characteristics of one anxiety disorder [4]To what extent is it valid to identify a disorder from a list of characteristics [6]Assess the reliability of identifying a disorder from a list of characteristics [10]With reference to Rosenhan’s research. Discuss how current explanations of mental illness may have developed from Rosenhan’s research and how the DSM and ICD may aid this [6]Identify two of the positive symptoms in schizophrenia [2]Identify two of the negative symptoms in schizophrenia [2]Penelope washes her hands more than 50 times a day and she avoids touching things because she always worries about germs. Using your psychological knowledge identify and explain the disorder that Penelope has [6]Explain what is meant by the reliability of the diagnoses of mental disorders [3]Explanations of mental health issues:Compare a cognitive explanation with one other explanation of mental illness. [10]Discuss the nature/nurture debate in relation to the biological explanation of mental illness. [10]Explain what the key research by Gottesman et al. (2010) tells us about mental disorders. [5]Discuss the usefulness of the key research by Gottesman et al. (2010). [6]To what extent are explanations of mental illness reductionist? [10]Outline how the behaviourist approach could be used to explain mental illness. [5]In the key research by Szasz (2011), the author refers to “the medicalisation of disturbing or disturbed behaviours”. Explain what Szasz means by this. [3]Assuming Szasz is correct to say there has been a “medicalisation of disturbing or disturbed behaviours”, to what extent would you see this as a problem? [5]Compare the biochemical explanation of mental illness with brain abnormality as an explanation of mental illness.Evaluate the research carried out by Szasz [6]Discuss the usefulness of research in relation to the biological explanation of mental illness [10]In the key research by (2011) Szasz the author quotes ‘Therein the patient must ministerto himself’. Using the key research, evaluate the view point that Szasz is putting forward [6]With reference to the Rosenhan study, Discuss the socially sensitive debate [6]With reference to the research by Szasz. Discuss the ethical issues in relation to the research [6]Can mental illness be perpetuated and exacerbated using the medical model? Discuss. [6]Using your knowledge of one explanation of mental illness, answer the following question. To what extent does your chosen explanation relate to the freewill/determinism debate [10]Outline how the biological approach would explain one of the following disorders; affective; anxiety; psychotic [6]Evaluate different explanations of the disorder you referred to in the previous question [10]Outline a biological explanation of mental disorders [5]To what extent are explanations of mental disorders are reductionist [10]Compare the explanations of one mental disorder [10]How might cognitive psychologists explain dysfunctional behaviour [6]Assess the appropriateness of different explanations of dysfunctional behaviour [10]Outline evidence suggesting that genetic abnormality causes any one mental disorder [6]Explain why genes cannot be considered to be the whole explanation for schizophrenia [6]Discuss the reductionism/holism debate in relation to the medical model of mental illness [10]According to Szasz (2011) the term ‘mental illness’ refer to the ‘subjective judgements of some persons about the behaviours of other persons’ With reference to the key research, discuss whether or not explanations of mental illness support the that psychology is a science [5]Thomas Szasz suggests that ‘if we accept that scientific definition of illness as the structural or functional alteration of cells, tissues and organs and if all conditions now called mental illnesses proved to be brain diseases, there would be no need for the notion of mental illness’ Explain what he means [6]Treatments of mental health issues:Suggest how biological treatment can be used to treat one specific disorder. [5]Outline how non-biological treatment could be used to treat one specific disorder. [5]Suggest how a behavioural treatment can be used to treat one specific disorder. [5]Suggest how cognitive treatment can be used to treat one specific disorder. [5]How could a psychological disorder (either affective or anxiety or psychotic) be treated biologically? [6]Compare approaches to treating the disorder you referred to in the previous question [10]Outline a cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment for one disorder (either affective or anxiety or psychotic). [5]Assess the effectiveness of the treatments for one disorder [10]Discuss ethical considerations regarding the treatments of a mental disorder [10]Assess the strengths and weaknesses of treatments for one chosen disorder [10]Discuss ethical issues in the treatment of mental disorders [10]With reference to the socially sensitive debate. Discuss treatments for one mental health disorder [10] tOPIC 2: cRIMINAL pSYCHOLOGYCOMPONENT ONE: What makes a criminal?Background: Physiological and non-physiological explanations of criminal behaviourKey Research:?Raine et al (1997) Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomographyApplication: One biological strategy for preventing criminal behaviourCOMPONENT TWO: The Collection and Processing of Forensic EvidenceBackground: Motivating factors and bias in the collection and processing of forensic evidenceKey Research:?Hall and Player (2008) Will the introduction of an emotional context affect fingerprint analysis and decision making?Application:?Strategies for reducing bias in the collection and processing of forensic evidenceCOMPONENT THREE: Collection of EvidenceBackground: Collection and use of evidence from witnesses and suspectsKey research:Memon and Higham (1998) A review of the cognitive interviewApplication: One strategy for police interviewsCOMPONENT FOUR: Psychology and the courtroomBackground: How juries can be persuaded by the characteristics of witnesses and defendantsKey Research: Dixon et al. (2002) The Role of Accent and Context in Perceptions of GuiltApplication: One strategy to influence jury decision makingCOMPONENT FIVE: Crime PreventionBackground: How the features of neighbourhoods and how a zero-tolerance policy can influence crimeKey Research:?Wilson and Kelling (1982) The Police and Neighbourhood Safety: Broken WindowsApplication: At least one strategy for crime preventionCOMPONENT SIX: Effect of ImprisonmentBackground: Punishment and reform as responses to criminal behaviourKey Research:?Haney et al (1973) Study of prisoners and guards in a simulated prisonApplication: At least one strategy for reducing reoffendingtOPIC 3: cHILD pSYCHOLOGYCOMPONENT ONE: IntelligenceBackground: What Psychologists mean by intelligence and what biological factors could affect intelligenceKey Research:?Van Leeuwen et al (2008) A twin-family study of general IQApplication: At least one method of assessing intelligenceCOMPONENT TWO: Pre-adult Brain DevelopmentBackground: Brain development and the impact of this on risk taking behaviourKey Research:?Barkley-Levenson and Galvan (2014) Neural representation of expected value in adolescent brainApplication: At least one strategy to reduce the risk of taking behaviours using knowledge of brain developmentCOMPONENT THREE: Perceptual DevelopmentBackground: Perceptual development in children and how this can be studied in babies and animalsKey Research: Gibson and Walk (1960) The Visual CliffApplication: At least one play strategy to develop perception in young childrenCOMPONENT FOUR: Cognitive Development and EducationBackground:?Cognitive development in children and the impact of this on educationKey Research:?Wood et al. (1976) The role of tutoring in problem-solvingApplication: At least one cognitive strategy to improve revision of learningCOMPONENT FIVE: Development of AttachmentBackground: The development of attachment and babies and the impact of failure to develop attachmentsKey Research:?Ainsworth and Bell (1970) Attachment, Exploration and Separation: Illustrated by the Behaviour of One-year-olds in a Strange SituationApplication: At least one strategy to develop an attachment friendly environmentCOMPONENT SIX: Impact of Advertising on ChildrenBackground: The influence of television advertising on children and the stereotyping in such advertisingKey Research: Johnson and Young (2002) Gendered voices in children’s advertisingApplication: At least one strategy to reduce impact of advertising which is aimed at childrenChild Psychology and Criminal Psychology exam structure. Each topic is composed of three questions (a, b & c). All question A’s are structured the same. Just as all question B’s are structured the same, and all question C’s are structured the same.How to answer ‘A’ questions…Five marks = explain the study (Aim, sample, procedure, results, conclusions)Five marks = apply the findings to real life (The study found ‘X’, we can use this in society through ‘Y’). Do this twice.Question will follow the following structure; Explain how the research by __(name)___ helps us ___(link to topic)____EXAM QUESTIONS: CHILD PSYCHOLOGYExplain how the research by Van Leeuwen et al. (2008) could be used to understand similarities and differences in the intelligence of twins [10]Use the study by Barkley-Leveson and Galvan (2014) to explain how neuroscience can help us to understand differences between adolescent and adult brains [10]Using the research by Barkley-Levenson et al. (2014), explain the relationship between brain development and risk taking behaviour. [10]Explain how research by Van Leeuwen et al. (2008) could be used to explain the biological influence on intelligence. [10]Using the research by Gibson & Walk (1960), explain how experimental studies can be used to understand perceptual development [10]Explain how the research by Gibson and Walk (1960) could be applied to everyday life. [10]Explain how the research by Wood et al (1976) could be used to improve children’s learning in an educational setting [10]Explain how the research by Ainsworth & Bell (1970) could be used to identify children with attachment problems [10]Explain how the research by Johnson and Young (2002) helps us to understand the influence of advertising on children [10]EXAM QUESTIONS: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGYExplain how the research by Raine et al (1997) could be used to understand physiological explanations of criminal behaviour [10]Using the research by Hall and Player (2008) explain how motivating factors and bias could affect the collection and processing of forensic evidence [10]Explain how the research by Hall and Player (2008) could be used to improve fingerprint identification. [10]Explain how the research by Memon and Highman (1999) could be used to improve the way evidence is collected though police interviews [10]Using the research by Dixon et al (2002) explain how juries can be persuaded by the characteristics of witnesses and defendants [10]Using the research by Wilson and Kelling (1982) explain how the features of neighbourhoods and zero-tolerance policing can help prevent crime [10]Using the research by Haney et al. (1973), explain punishment and reform as responses to criminal behaviour. (10)Explain how the research by Haney et al. (1973), could be used to explain a strategy for reducing reoffending. (10)Explain how the research by Haney et al (1973) could be used to understand the effects of imprisonment [10]How to answer ‘B’ questions…Two marks = define the key term (ethnocentrism, ethical problems, validity or whatever is being asked)Thirteen marks = Three Point Explanation Example Counterargument or Four Point Explanation ExampleYou can link to background, research and application hereEXAM QUESTIONS: CHILD PSYCHOLOGYAssess the role of biological factors in intelligence [15]Discuss the usefulness of a method of measuring intelligence. [15]Assess the reliability of research into brain development and risk-taking [15]Assess ethical problems with using brain structure as an explanation of risk taking behaviour. [15]Assess the role of science in psychology, using Gibson and Walk’s study of perceptual development as an example [15]Evaluate ethical considerations when researching perceptual development. [15]Assess the usefulness of research into cognitive development in children in the context of education [15]Assess ethical problems with the use of children in Ainsworth & Bell’s study of the development of attachment [15]Assess problems of sampling bias in the study of the influence of television advertising on children [15]EXAM QUESTIONS: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGYAssess the individual/situational debate with regard to explanations of criminal behaviour [15]Assess the methodological issues involved when researching the ways in which motivating factors and bias could affect the collection and processing of forensic evidence [15]Assess the determinism debate with regard to motivating factors and bias in the collection of forensic evidence (15)Assess the usefulness of research into the collection and processing of forensic evidence. [15]Assess the extent to which research into the collection of evidence from suspects and witnesses raises and/or solves moral issues for society [15]Assess the validity of research into how juries can be persuaded by the characteristics of witnesses and defendants [15]Assess the ethical issues in crime prevention with regard to features of neighbourhoods and zero-tolerance policing [15]Assess the role of social factors in understanding the effects of imprisonment [15]How to answer ‘C’ questions…You must…Apply content to the scenarioClearly refer to scenario (Say person’s name, refer to situation)Aim to identify three applicationsYou can link to background, research and/or applicationEXAM QUESTIONS: CHILD PSYCHOLOGYThelma is worried about her son. He seems very bright in some ways; he is generally making excellent progress at school. However, in three subjects his report was terrible and Thelma is wondering whether an intelligence test would help her to understand why. Discuss how an intelligence test might be conducted and what the results might, or might not, tell Thelma about her son. [10]Dr Shah’s Research team studies risky behaviour in adolescents. She has a young research student called Dan who is designing a new project. He has to choose a topic other than gambling. Choose any risk-taking behaviour other than gambling and discuss how Dan might plan and conduct a new piece of research and what he might find [10]Sally is a nurse at a post-natal clinic specialising in sensory awareness. She advises parents on ways to help their newborn babies to develop. Discuss how Sally’s knowledge of studies of perceptual development in children and animals will influence the suggestions she makes to the parents she meets. [10]Leroy is a new teacher at Park School and has a lunchtime craft group with students aged between 6 and 10 years old. He is aware that the older and younger children might have different needs when learning crafts such as sewing and woodwork. Discuss how Leroy’s understanding of the cognitive development of children will impact on the way he treats the children in his group [10]Kate works with infants at a nursery, some of whom find adjusting to the nursery very difficult. Her boss has asked her to provide a leaflet for parents about possible changes the nursery could make to become a more attachment-friendly environment. Discuss a strategy that Kate could suggest that could help to develop an attachment-friendly environment either for use in the child’s home or in the nursery [10]Carly runs a preschool nursery and although some parents are happy that the children are allowed to watch appropriate tv shows during the day, others have raised concerns about whether the children should be allowed to watch the advertisements between programmes. Discuss the evidence that television advertising may influence the children in the nursery [10]Sam is 18 and has now 6 points on his licence. Discuss how a psychologist could reduce Sam’s risk taking behaviour (10)Jack has just started nursery and his mother is worried about his perceptual development, as he seems to be behind other infants. Discuss a strategy which could be used to develop Jack’s perception (10)Green way day care centre has won an award. The staff have been applauded for their care and consideration towards all the children. Discuss how a child psychologist might apply their knowledge to explain why the day centre is such an attachment friendly environment. [10]EXAM QUESTIONS: CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGYScarlett is worried about her son josh and his friends. They are often involved in fights at school and she thinks josh might have started stealing. Josh’s dad was always aggressive and is in prison for theft. Scarlett is wondering what might be causing Josh’s behaviour. Discuss how a criminal psychologists might apply their knowledge of two different explanations of criminal behaviour to help Scarlett to understand possible causes of Josh’s behaviour [10]A series of high profile armed crimes have been committed in a town called Lymdon recently. Forensic experts have been processing the evidence. There are several possible suspects, including one with a previous conviction for possession of weapons. Discuss how motivating factors and bias could affect the collection and processing of forensic evidence in this case [10]Daryl is a detective who believes he could improve the success of interviews with suspects. He suggested asking witnesses to sleep at the police station and playing them sounds known to have been audible at the time of the incident, such as dogs barking, traffic noise or music. The witness would then be woken up and re-interviewed. Discuss how a psychologist could investigate whether Daryl’s new interview technique could improve the collection of evidence [10]Darcy has been looking at the local news and has seen two pictures of people accused of theft. they have lots of piercings. She wonders if, lie accents, piercings might affect the decision-making of the jury. Discuss how a psychologist could investigate whether Darcy is right in believing that seeing a suspect with lots of piercings might affect the decision reached by a jury [10]Shona has been thinking about crime in her village. Petty things such as graffiti and stealing garden gnomes are beginning to happen. She is wondering what might have led to it and what the community might do to stop it. Discuss how a psychologist could design a practical strategy to tackle the problems that Shona has seen [10]Tim is only 20 years old and may go to prison for a crime he committed while drunk. His parents feel it was totally out of character and that being in prison will do him more harm than good. They are asking various people Tim knew to present arguments on his behalf. Discuss how a psychologist might apply their knowledge of punishment and reform to argue against Tim being imprisoned [10]A lawyer is representing a man who believes has been wrongly accused of murder, there is evidence to suggest that he is guilty and other evidence that he may be innocent. Outline one strategy that could be used to influence during decision making in this case. (10) ................
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