EPA 450 2-78-050 Control of Volatile Organic Emissions ...

[Pages:76]Control of Volatile Orga

anic

Emissions from Perchloroethylene

Dry Cleaning Systems

Emission standards and Engineering Divisioi? Strategies and Air Standards Division

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1

December 1978

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OAQPS GUIDELINE SERIES ,

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The guideline series of reports is being issued by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS)to

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provide information t o state and local air pollution control agencies; for example, to provide guidance on the

acquisition and processing of air quality data and on the'planning and analysis requisite for the maintenance of

alr quality. Reports published i n this series will be available -as supplies permit -from the Library Services Office

(MD-35). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1; or, for a

nominal fee, from the National Technical cnformation Service, 5 2 8 5 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia

22161.

Publication No. EPA-450/2-78-050

(OAQPS No. 1.2-1 1 7 )

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Chapter

1

Chapter Chapter

Chapter Chapter

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

. Introduction . . . . . . - . 1-1

NeedtoRegulate . . . . . . . . . 1-1

. Sources and Control of VOC

1-2

Regulatory Approach . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

. Sources and Types of Emissions . . . Industry Description

Dry Cleaning Processes and Emissions

. I

.

2-1

. 2-1

2-2

References . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

. Emission Control Technology

3-1

Use of Control Techniques . . . . . . . . 3-1

. Types of Control Techniques

. . I

3-2

Sumnary . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . .I

. 4-1

. Introduction

.

.

.

. 4-1

Perchloroethylene Solvent Plant Cost Analysis . 4-3 .

References . . . . . . . . . . . l . . 4-8

. Effects of Applying the Technology

5-1

Impacts on VOC Emissions . . . . . . . . 5-1

. Other Air Pollution Impacts

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5-4

Water Pol 1ution Impacts . . . . . . . 5-4

iii

Page

Chapter 5.4 Solid Waste Impact . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

5.5 Energy Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7

5.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9

Chapter 6.0 Enforcement Aspects . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6.1 Affected Facilities . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

6-2 Suggested Regulation . . . . . . .- . . . . 6-1

6.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4

Appendix A Emission Source Test Data . . . . . . . . A-1

A.1 Plant A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

A.2 PlantB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

A.3 Plant C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4 .

A.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Appendix B Compliance Test Methods and Leak Detection

Equipment

B-1

B.l Compliance Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . B-1

.B 2 . Leak Detection Methods . . . . . . . . . B-7

8.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

Table 2-1 Table 3-1

Table 3-2 Table 3-3 Table 3-4 Table 4-1

Table 4-2 Table 4-3 Table 5-1 Ta6le 5-2

Table 5-3 Table 5-4 Table 5-5 Table A-1 Table A-2

LIST OF TABLES

Page

. . Solvent Losses in Perchloroethylene Plants

. 2-6

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. . . . . . . . . . Potential and Applied Control Techniques f o r

Dry Cleaning Plants

. 3-1

. . . . . Carbon Adsorber Test Summary

.

. I

3-3

. . Effect of Housekeeping Practices . . .

3-8

. . Control Techniques and Solvent Emission Levels

3-1 1

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- - __--

-

. . . . . CPloasnt tsParameters. for M. od.el -.perc.h1o.roe,thy.l en.?,

. 4-4

Casts f o r Carbon Adsorption . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Cost Effectiveness . . . . . . . . , . . . 4-7

. Hydrocarbon Emission ~ a c t o k(Uncontrolled): . . 5-2

. . . . . . . Effect of Applying

Control Techniques

Avai.lab.le

Air

Pollution

.

5-3

. . . Impact of Control Systems on Water Usage

.

5-5

. . Perchloroethylene Solvent i n Effluent Water,

. 5-6

Energy Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

. . . . Plants Tested by EPA . . . ., . . . A-1

Dry Cleaning Test Data . . . . . . . . . . A-6

Figure 2-1

LIST OF FIGURES Page

DPieargcrhalmoroe.thy.len.e D.ry.Cleani.ng.Pla.nt.'Flo.w . . . 2-4

1.0 INTRODUCTION

T h i s document i s related t o the control of vola t i l e organic compounds

(VOC), specifical l y perch1oroethyl ene (perc) , from a11 dry c:l eaning systems

which use t h i s solvent. Other solvents used in the dry cleaning industry,

~ -----.-.--

petroleum d i s t i 11a t e (Stoddard Sol vent) and t r i c h l o r o t r i f l uoroethane

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(fluorocarbon), may be discussed i n l a t e r documents.

-- ---.. - - . -

Methodology described i n t h i s document represents the presumptive

norm or reasonably available control technology (RACT) t h a t can be applied

t o existing perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems. RACT' is defined as the

lowest emission limit t h a t a particular source is capable of meeting by the

application of control technology that i s reasonably avanilableconsidering

technological and economic f e a s i b i l i t y . I t may require technology t h a t has

been applied t o similar, but not necessarily identical, source categories.

I t i s not intended t h a t extensive research and development be conducted before

a given control technology can be applied t o the source. This does not,

however, preclude requiring a short term evaluation program t o permit the

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application of a given technology t o a particular source. The l a t t e r e f f o r t

i s an appropriate techno1ogy f orci ng aspect of RACT.

1.1 NEED TO REGULATE

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Control techniques guide1i nes concerning RACT a r e tieing prepared f o r

those industries t h a t emit significant quantities of air';pollutants i n areas

of the country where National Ambient.Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are not

being attained. Perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems are a significant source of VOC and a r e predominantly found i n urban areas.

Annual nationwide emissions from perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems a r e estimated t o be 158,000 metric tons per year o r about 0.9 percent of total stationary source emissions.

The other two solvents used i n t h e industry a r e not as s i g n i f i c a n t as perchloroethylene. Petroleum solvent systems emit 68,000 metric tons per year and t r i c h l o r o t r i f l uoroethane (not considered a photochemically reactive VOC) emissions a r e estimated t o be only 820 metric tons.

1.2 SOURCES AND CONTROL OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM PERCHLOROETHYLENE DRY CLEANING SYSTEMS Dry cleaning systems have several sources of emissions. The major source

i s t h e dryer (known a s t h e recovery tumbler or reclaimer). While every perchloroethylene dryer i s equipped w i t h a condenser, significant quantities (about 50 percent) of emissions occur from this source. The disposal of waste materials i s t h e second most s i g n i f i c a n t source followed by t h e losses from liquid and vapor leaks.

Control techniques a r e available and have been widely applied i n t h i s Industry. I t is estimated t h a t about 35 percent of a l l commercial and

. i n d u s t r i a l perch1oroethyl ene system dryers a r e equipped w i t h carbon adsorbers

Emissions from waste material disposal can be reduced by several methods, among them t h e proper operation of cookers and cartridge f i l t e r s . Finally, leaks can be prevented by visual inspection and by periodic monitoring w i t h

a leak detection instrument.

Capital costs of carbon adsorbers a r e $4500 f o r a large commercial plant o f 46,000 kg (100,000 pounds) of clothes throughput per year. Cost

1-2

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