Cells - Biloxi Public School District



|term |definition or information |diagram or example |

|microorganism |a living thing that cannot be seen |[pic] |

| |without a microscope | |

|pathogen |any microorganism that causes disease | |

| | | |

| |***Ways our bodies fight off illness | |

| |or disease--- | |

| |--fever | |

| |--vomiting | |

| |--increase WBC | |

|aerobic |requires oxygen |[pic] |

| | | |

| | | |

|anaerobic |absence of air or free oxygen | |

|homeostasis |everything within the cell is in |[pic] |

| |equilibrium and functioning properly | |

|antibiotics |substance that kill bacteria or slow |[pic] |

| |their growth | |

| |***does not work against viruses | |

| | | |

| |*penicillin, amoxicillin | |

| |*bacitracin | |

| |*erythromycin | |

| | | |

|vaccine |small dose or a fragment of a pathogen|[pic] |

| |(some are killed or weakened bacteria | |

| |or virus) | |

| | | |

| |*Varicella (chicken pox) | |

| |*MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) | |

| |*DTP (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) | |

| |*Polio | |

|antibodies |produced by a kind of white blood cell|[pic] |

| |called a plasma cell | |

| |a large Y-shaped protein used by the | |

| |immune system to identify and | |

| |neutralize foreign objects like | |

| |bacteria and viruses | |

|pasteurization |process of heating a food product to |[pic] |

| |kill all bacteria | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

Use of single-celled organisms in industry, in the production of food, and impacts on life---

1. algae in biofuel production

2. bacteria to breakdown waste and toxic substances in sewage-disposal facilities

3. bacteria used as natural enemies of organisms that damage food crops

4. genetic engineering techniques---

a. used to produce medicines and hormones

b. used in the production of human growth hormone or insulin

5. dairy products---fermentation bacteria convert milk to make cheese, cultured milk, yogurt

6. causes breads to rise; fermenting sugars to alcohol; decaying to replenish nutrients in soil

7. bacteria---used in pickling process; fermentation of milk; manufacture of vitamins, amino acids, some enzymes and hormones

8. Antibiotics; application in chemotherapy, plant pathology, food preservation, veterinary medicine and as research tools in biochemistry and molecular biology

Viruses--

|type |information--- |diagram |

|viruses |microscopic core of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a |[pic] |

| |protein coating | |

| |causes illness when it infects a living cell |[pic] |

| |viruses are not usually considered to be living things | |

| |viruses are not made up of cells | |

| |viruses do not carry out any of the functions of life except | |

| |reproduction | |

| |needs a host cell to reproduce | |

| |enzymes permit genetic material into host’s DNA---virus benefits | |

| |because the host cell now produces the virus | |

| |needs the host cell to replicate the virus’ DNA | |

| |kills the host cell and releases the viruses to infect/kill more | |

| |cells | |

| |Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. | |

| |AIDS---acquired immunodeficiency syndrome---immune cells involved (T | |

| |cells); T cells are WBC that are produced in bone marrow and matures | |

| |in the thymus | |

| |HIV---human immunodeficiency virus---impacts immune system (ability | |

| |to fight off infections such as pneumonia); destroys WBC | |

| |Many plant diseases are caused by viruses. Plant scientists are using| |

| |a vaccine to protect elm trees against the Dutch elm virus. | |

| | | |

Viruses and Illness

|Illness |Symptoms |Mode of Transmission/Vector |

|Common cold |nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing |inhaling the virus if you are sitting close to someone who |

| | |sneezes, or by touching your nose, eyes, or mouth after you |

| | |have touched something contaminated by the virus |

|Influenza (flu) |chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, |Airborne droplets |

|***more severe than |coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort |***people lack immunity to new strain |

|the common cold | | |

|Smallpox |Backache, delirium, fatigue, high fever, raised pink rash |Direct contact |

| |(turns into sores that become crusty on day 8 or 9), |***contagious |

| |vomiting, severe headache | |

|Polio (poliovirus) |Muscle aches, loss of reflexes, (in 1% will result in |Direct contact with infected mucus/phlegm or fecal material |

| |paralysis), flu like symptoms | |

|HIV/AIDS |fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches,|Body fluids or sexual contact |

| |headache, chills, fatigue, vomiting or diarrhea | |

|Human papilloma virus |*** cervical cancer is associated with HPV; usually no |Direct contact |

|(HPV) |symptoms | |

|Yellow fever |Fever, chills, muscle aches, vomiting, abdominal pain |Bite of infected mosquitoes |

|measles |high fever, tiredness, muscle aches, irritability, red and |Coughing or sneezing |

| |watery eyes, swelling of the eyelids, hacking cough, runny |**highly contagious |

| |nose, rash | |

|mumps |Fever, tiredness, muscle aches, loss of appetite, sore |Airborne droplets |

| |throat, chills | |

|West Nile virus |high fever, headache, neck stiffness, disorientation, coma, |Mosquitoes or ticks |

| |tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, | |

| |numbness, paralysis | |

|Swine flu (H1N1) |fever, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, |Coughing or sneezing |

| |headache, chills, fatigue, vomiting diarrhea | |

Bacteria---

|type |information--- |diagram |

|bacteria |single-celled organisms |[pic] |

|(bacterium) |many bacteria are useful, but many others are pathogens | |

| |cell of a bacterium does not have a nucleus contained in a | |

| |nuclear membrane | |

| |lack the other organelles of plant and animal cells | |

| |able to spread due to an access to new hosts |[pic] |

| |enter body through food, water, or cuts in skin | |

| |reproduce quickly (every 20-30 minutes) | |

| |many can be treated by antibiotics; misuse leads to resistant| |

| |bacteria; negative impact on good bacteria in intestinal |[pic] |

| |tract | |

| |disrupt normal cell functions (toxins/poisons) | |

| |dental caries (cavities) caused by bacteria in mouth | |

| |(favorable for nutrients) | |

| |lactic acid bacteria---break down lactose (sugar in milk and | |

| |milk products) | |

| |meat---multiply quickly, survive, and grow when left out | |

| |bacteria aids in digestion -- Escherichia coli (E. coli ); | |

| |production of vitamin K and certain B vitamins | |

| |decomposers and nitrogen fixation process | |

| |production of foods---cottage cheese, buttermilk, yogurt; | |

| |Vinegar and sauerkraut are also produced by the action of | |

| |bacteria on ethyl alcohol and cabbage, respectively. | |

| |Pseudomonas putida is a petroleum-eating bacteria. | |

Diseases Caused by Bacteria

|Disease |Bacterium |Effect on Body |Mode of Transmission/Vector |

|Lyme disease |Borrelia burgdorferi |“Bulls-eye” rash at site of tick |deer ticks |

| | |bite, fever, fatigue, muscle aches, | |

| | |joint aches | |

|Tetanus |Clostridium tetani |Muscle spasms, paralysis, death |spores are in soil, dust, and animal waste and can survive |

| | | |there for many years; disease typically follows an acute injury|

| | | |that results in a break in the skin |

|Tuberculosis |Mycobacterium tuberculosis|Fatigue, weight loss, mild fever, |passed from person to person via droplets; when someone with TB|

| | |cough, death |infection coughs, sneezes, or talks, tiny droplets of saliva or|

| | | |mucus are expelled into the air, which can be inhaled by |

| | | |another person |

|Diphtheria |Corynebacterium |Sore throat, low-grade fever, |transmission is airborne or direct contact; disease by |

| |diphtheriae |difficulty swallowing and breathing, |invading the tissues lining the throat and producing diphtheria|

| | |death |toxin |

|Strep throat |Streptococcus pyogenes |Fever, sore throat, swollen glands |contagious; transmitted by close contact with the saliva or |

| | | |nasal secretions from an infected individual, typically in the |

| | | |form of airborne respiratory droplets |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Cholera |Vibrio cholerae |causes increased release of water in |Exposure to contaminated water or food |

| | |the intestines, which produces severe| |

| | |diarrhea; rapid dehydration; vomiting| |

|Food poisoning |Salmonella |Fever, sweating, abdominal pains |Ingested in food and water |

| |gastroenteritis | | |

|Pneumonia (bacterial|Streptococcus pneumoniae |Fever, chills, chest pain |to aspirate bacteria from your upper airway, usually your oral |

|form) |(most common) | |cavity; other ways to catch pneumonia can be by breathing in |

| | | |infected air droplets from someone who has pneumonia |

|Typhoid fever |Salmonella typhi |diarrhea, severe fever, headache, |Food and water contamination |

| | |apathy, rash, abdominal pain | |

|Botulism |Clostridium botulinum |abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, |Food contamination |

| | |paralysis, death | |

Fungi---

|type |information--- |diagram |

|fungi |single-celled and multicelled (multicellular) organisms |[pic] |

|(fungus) |most fungi that cause disease are single-celled | |

| |yeasts, molds, and mildews are single-celled fungi | |

| |mushrooms and shelf fungi are multicelled fungi |Bread Yeast Cells--- |

| |cells of fungi include a nucleus and organelles |[pic] |

| |surrounded by membranes | |

| |most fungi that cause disease in humans are | |

| |single-celled | |

| |ringworm---skin infection (common one is athlete’s foot)| |

| | | |

| |molds---cause problems when people inhale mold or spores| |

| |(reproductive cells); once in lungs can cause allergic | |

| |reactions, asthma attacks, and pneumonia | |

| |mold---When mold spores are inhaled (respiratory | |

| |system), it can cause people to sneeze. | |

Parasites---

|type |information--- |diagram |

|parasites |organism that lives on or in another organism |[pic] |

| |uses the tissues or fluids of its host as a source | |

| |of food | |

| |overtime this may weaken or sicken the host |[pic] |

Diseases Caused by Parasites

|Parasite |Disease |How Disease is Spread |

|Trypanosoma brucei |Sleeping sickness |The tsetse fly transfers the organism from another host, such as a cow. |

| |(destroys RBC; lethargic) | |

|Entamoeba histolytica |Amoebic dysentery |Parasites are acquired from contaminated water or from food contaminated by |

| | |untreated sewage. |

|Plasmodium vivax |Malaria |The Anopheles mosquito transfers the organism to the human bloodstream. |

|Ascaris lumbriocoides |Roundworm |The organism invades the gastrointestinal tract after its eggs are consumed in |

| | |contaminated food. |

|Enterobius vermicularis |Pinworm |The worm’s eggs are consumed in contaminated food. The worms hatch and move into |

| | |the colon, where they lay more eggs. Contaminated hands lead to reinfestation and|

| | |contamination of more food. |

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