Trends in Higher Education Series College Board Advocacy ...

[Pages:17]Trends in Higher Education Series

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center

Analysis Brief

July 2012

Trends in Tuition and Fees, Enrollment, and State Appropriations for Higher Education by State

Jennifer Ma Independent Policy Analyst The College Board

Sandy Baum Senior Fellow, George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development, and Consultant to the College Board

Summary

In the past few years, a weak economy has put increasing pressure on state and institutional budgets. State appropriations for higher education have not been able to keep pace with increases in enrollment, and college prices continue to rise faster than average prices in the economy. In this analysis brief, we present information on recent trends in tuition and fees, enrollment, and state support for higher education by state, paying particular attention to the public two-year and four-year sectors.

Published Tuition and Fees by State, 2011-12 For the 2011-12 academic year, the average enrollment-weighted published price for in-state tuition and fees for full-time undergraduate students in the public two-year sector was $2,963 for the nation as a whole. Average published prices in the public two-year sector varied widely across states, ranging from $1,119 in California and $1,498 in New Mexico to $6,520 in Vermont and $6,741 in New Hampshire (Figure 1).

In 2011-12, the average published price for in-state tuition and fees for full-time public four-year undergraduate students in the nation was $8,244. Average published prices in this sector ranged from $4,125 in Wyoming and $5,123 in Louisiana to $13,078 in Vermont and $13,507 in New Hampshire (Figure 1).

Average published prices for tuition and fees in 2011-12 for the private nonprofit four-year sector ranged from $6,198 in Utah and $6,614 in Idaho to more than $35,000 in the District of Columbia, California, Connecticut, and Massachusetts (Figure 1). The national average was $28,500.

Published Tuition and Fees by State, 2006-07 to 2011-12 Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the average published tuition and fees by state from 2006-07 through 2011-12, as well as the one-year, three-year, and five-year percentage changes in tuition and fees for the public two-year, public four-year, and private nonprofit four-year sectors, respectively.

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Published Tuition and Fees

Published Tuition and Fees

Published Tuition and Fees

Trends in Tuition and Fees, Enrollment, and State Appropriations for Higher Education by State

Figure 1: Enrollment-Weighted Average Published Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Undergraduate Students, 2011-12 Public Two-Year In-State

$8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000

$0

$15,000 $12,000 $9,000 $6,000 $3,000

$0

$40,000 $35,000 $30,000 $25,000 $20,000 $15,000 $10,000

$5,000 $0

Source: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, online Table 6c.

POLICY BRIEF I RESEARCH BRIEF I LITERATURE BRIEF I ANALYSIS BRIEF I INSIGHT BRIEF

Utah Idaho Hawaii Delaware Mississippi North Dakota Arkansas West Virginia Alabama Michigan Nebraska Kansas South Carolina Kentucky Oklahoma South Dakota Montana Tennessee Missouri Virginia Nevada Alaska Georgia Florida Iowa Arizona Texas North Carolina Wisconsin Ohio U.S. Illinois Indiana Louisiana Maine Minnesota Washington New Mexico Oregon New Jersey Pennsylvania Colorado New York Vermont New Hampshire Rhode Island Maryland District of Columbia California Connecticut Massachusetts

$6,198 $6,614

$28,500

$35,991 $36,724

Private Nonprofit Four-Year

Wyoming Louisiana

Utah Alaska New Mexico West Virginia Florida Mississippi Idaho North Carolina Montana Nevada Oklahoma New York Arkansas Georgia North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas District of Columbia Tennessee

Iowa Missouri Colorado Kentucky

Oregon Maryland Alabama

Texas Wisconsin

U.S. Indiana Hawaii

Ohio California Connecticut

Maine Arizona Washington Virginia Minnesota Rhode Island Massachusetts South Carolina Delaware Michigan Illinois New Jersey Pennsylvania Vermont New Hampshire

$4,125 $5,123

$8,244

$13,078 $13,507

Public Four-Year In-State

California New Mexico

Texas North Carolina

Arizona Mississippi

Wyoming Kansas

Louisiana Nevada

Nebraska Arkansas

Idaho West Virginia

Missouri Michigan

U.S. Hawaii Florida

Utah Oklahoma

Georgia Delaware Montana

Illinois Maine Colorado Connecticut Indiana Tennessee

Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island

Maryland South Carolina

Washington Alaska

Wisconsin North Dakota

Virginia Oregon Kentucky New Jersey Alabama

Iowa New York Massachusetts South Dakota Minnesota Vermont New Hampshire

$1,119 $1,498

$2,963

$6,520 $6,741

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center

July 2012

In 2011-12, the average published in-state tuition and fees in the public two-year sector in the nation increased by 8.7% from a year earlier. The state of California, which enrolls about 15% of the nation's full-time students in this sector, had a 37% increase in tuition and fees at public two-year colleges. Alabama and North Carolina increased published tuition and fees at public two-year colleges by 21% and 17%, respectively. At the other end of the spectrum, increases were less than 2% in Rhode Island, Montana, and North Dakota (Table 1).

Note that the dollar figures in Table 1 (and other tables in this brief) are in current dollars and not adjusted for inflation. The table below shows the Consumer Price Index from 2006-07 through 2011-12. During this five-year period, the Consumer Price Index rose by 11%, an average annual increase of 2.1%.

Consumer Price Index -- All Urban Consumers, Not Seasonally Adjusted, All Items, U.S. City Average 1982?1984 = 100

Academic Year

CPI (as of July)

Annual Percentage Change

2006-07

203.5

2007-08

208.3

2.4%

2008-09

220.0

5.6%

2009-10

215.4

-2.1%

2010-11

218.0

1.2%

2011-12

225.9

3.6%

Note: The Consumer Price Index for all urban dwellers (CPI-U) is used to adjust for inflation. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt.

tuition and fees increased by less than 22% (an average annual increase of 4%) in nine states: Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. During the same time period, seven states increased their published two-year in-state tuition and fees by more than 47% (an average annual increase of 8%): Alabama, California, Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, North Carolina, and Virginia (Table 1).

In 2011-12, the average in-state tuition and fees in the nation's public four-year sector increased by 8.3% from a year earlier. The state of California, which enrolls about 10% of the nation's full-time students in this sector, had a 21% increase in tuition and fees at public four-year institutions. Another nine states increased published four-year in-state tuition and fees by more than 10%. In contrast, tuition and fee increases in Connecticut and South Carolina were about 2.5% (Table 2).

Between 2006-07 and 2011-12, the average public four-year in-state tuition and fees increased by less than 22% (an average annual increase of 4%) in five states: Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Ohio, and Wyoming. During the same time period, 12 states increased their published fouryear in-state tuition and fees by more than 47% (an average annual increase of 8%), including four that nearly or more than doubled their tuition and fees: Arizona, California, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii (Table 2).

Between 2006-07 and 2011-12, the average In 2011-12, the average published tuition published price for public two-year in-state and fees in the private nonprofit four-year

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Trends in Tuition and Fees, Enrollment, and State Appropriations for Higher Education by State

sector increased by a smaller percentage than in the public sector. The increase in tuition and fees in the private nonprofit four-year sector was 4.5% for the nation as a whole and ranged from 2.9% in New Mexico to 7.1% in Oklahoma. Between 2006-07 and 2011-12, tuition and fees in this sector increased by less than 22% in eight states and by more than 47% in just one state, Alaska (Table 3; note there is only one private nonprofit four-year institution in Alaska).

Published Tuition and Fees at State Flagship Universities, 2007-08 to 2011-12 Tables 4a and 4b show the published tuition and fees at flagship universities for in-state and out-of-state students, respectively.

Typically, published tuition and fee prices at flagship universities are higher than those at other public four-year institutions in the state. In 2011-12, published in-state tuition and fees at flagship universities ranged from a low of $4,125 at the University of Wyoming (the only public four-year institution in the state) to a high of $17,053 at Penn State University Park (Table 4a). (As shown in Table 2, the average 2011-12 public four-year in-state tuition and fee price in Pennsylvania was $12,079.)

In 2011-12, published out-of-state prices for tuition and fees at flagship universities varied widely across states, ranging from $8,924 at the University of South Dakota to more than $35,000 at the University of California?Berkeley, the University of Virginia, and the University of Michigan (Table 4b).

Full-time enrollment at flagship universities ranged from less than 10,000 at six states' flagship universities (Alaska, Idaho, Maine, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming) to more than 30,000 at six states' flagship universities (Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas) in fall 2010 (not shown).

State Appropriations for Higher Education State appropriations are a major source of revenue for public colleges and universities. Over the decade from 1998-99 to 2008-09, the average share of revenues coming from state and local appropriations decreased and the average share of revenues coming from net tuition increased for all types of public institutions (Figure 2).

In 2008-09, state appropriations contributed 24% of total revenues at public degree-granting institutions. However, there are vast differences in the level of state support for higher education among states. For example, while state appropriations in Colorado and the District of Columbia contributed less than 6% of total revenues, state appropriations in Alaska, Nevada, and Wyoming contributed more than 40% of total revenues at public degree-granting institutions (Figure 3).

Differences in state support for higher education among states are also shown in Figure 4. In 2011-12, while average state appropriations per $1,000 of personal income were $5.63 for the nation, New Hampshire provided $1.39 and Colorado

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College Board Advocacy & Policy Center

July 2012

provided $2.88 per $1,000 of personal income for higher education operations. At the other end of the spectrum, appropriations per $1,000 of personal income were $11.09 in New Mexico, $11.24 in North Carolina, and $12.63 in Wyoming (Figure 4).

Table 5 shows state appropriations for 2006-07, 2010-11, and 2011-12. In 2011-12, total state appropriations in the U.S. declined by 7.5% from a year earlier. All but nine states saw a decline in state appropriations for higher education in 2011-12. The largest decline was 39% in New Hampshire, followed by 25% in Arizona. Another 16 states saw a decline of more than 10%. Three states (Illinois, North Dakota, and Rhode Island) increased their appropriations by more than 10%. Twenty states had higher appropriations and 30 had lower appropriations in 2011-12 than five years earlier. Note that these figures have not been adjusted for inflation.

Enrollment Declines in state appropriations were accompanied by increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education. In fall 2010, 15.1 million students were enrolled in public degreegranting institutions, up 16% from five years before. California had the largest enrollment (2.2 million), followed by Texas (1.3 million). The District of Columbia enrolled 5,800 students and Vermont enrolled 27,500. All states saw an increase in total enrollment at public institutions from fall 2005 to fall 2010, with increases ranging from less than

10% in eight states to more than 20% in 11 states (Table 6).

Tables 7a and 7b show total fall enrollment for the public two-year and public four-year sectors, respectively. Alaska is the only state that saw a decrease in total enrollment in the public twoyear sector from 2005 to 2010. (Because of the reclassification of some two-year colleges as four-year institutions, the total enrollment numbers in 2005 and 2010 in Florida, Nevada, North Dakota, and Washington are based on different numbers of institutions and are not comparable.) Total fall enrollment in the public two-year sector in Indiana increased by 77% from 2005 to 2010. Total fall enrollment in the public two-year sector in Louisiana more than doubled from 2005 to 2010. This is because of the unusually low enrollment number in fall 2005 due to Hurricane Katrina (Table 7a).

Between fall 2005 and fall 2010, the total fall enrollment in the public four-year sector decreased slightly in Louisiana, Maine, and Wyoming. All other states saw an increase. In general, the increase in total fall enrollment in the public fouryear sector was much smaller than that in the public two-year sector (Table 7b).

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Revenue in Constant 2009 Dollars

Trends in Tuition and Fees, Enrollment, and State Appropriations for Higher Education by State

Figure 2: Institutional Revenues per FTE Student in Constant 2009 Dollars at Public Institutions, by Revenue Source, 1998-99 to 2008-09, Selected Years

$30,000

$25,000

$20,000

35% 34%

25%

$15,000

34% 49% 38% $10,000

$5,000

32%

28% 25%

$0 98-99 03-04 08-09 Public Doctoral

11% 14% 14%

56%

47%

43%

33% 38% 43%

98-99 03-04 08-09 Public Master's

17% 13% 16%

42% 56% 47%

31% 37% 41%

98-99 03-04 08-09 Public Bachelor's

14% 16% 15%

64% 58% 57%

22% 26% 27% 98-99 03-04 08-09

Public Two-Year

Academic Year and Institution Type

Federal Appropriations and Federal, State, and Local Grants and Contracts

State and Local Appropriations

Net Tuition and Fee Revenue

Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 because of rounding. Source: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, Figure 12A.

Figure 3: Institutional Revenues at Public Degree-Granting Institutions from State Appropriations and Tuition and Fees, by State, 2008-09

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Percentage

Colorado District of Columbia

Vermont Oregon Pennsylvania New Hampshire

Utah Illinois South Carolina Michigan Wisconsin Montana

Iowa Rhode Island

Ohio Arizona Kentucky California Alabama Arkansas South Dakota Washington New Jersey Missouri

U.S. Virginia Maryland North Dakota

Texas Indiana Oklahoma West Virginia Kansas New Mexico Mississippi Massachusetts Maine Minnesota Nebraska Tennessee New York Georgia Florida Connecticut Louisiana Hawaii Delaware

Idaho North Carolina

Alaska Wyoming

Nevada

State

State Appropriations

Tuition and Fees

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 2010, Table 364.

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Appropriations per $1,000 in Personal Income

College Board Advocacy & Policy Center

Figure 4: State Appropriations for Higher Education per $1,000 in Personal Income, by State, 2011-12

$15 $12 $9 $6 $3 $0

State Source: Illinois State University, Grapevine Data, Table 5.

New Hampshire Colorado

Massachusetts Vermont

Pennsylvania Arizona Missouri Oregon

Rhode Island New Jersey

Virginia Washington

Nevada Connecticut

Michigan Ohio

New York Florida

Wisconsin South Dakota

Minnesota Maine

Maryland South Carolina

Montana U.S.

Delaware California

Iowa Tennessee

Idaho Illinois Kansas Texas Oklahoma Indiana Louisiana Georgia

Utah Kentucky Nebraska West Virginia

Hawaii Alabama Arkansas Mississippi North Dakota

Alaska New Mexico North Carolina

Wyoming

$1.39 $2.88

$5.63

$11.24 $12.63

July 2012

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Trends in Tuition and Fees, Enrollment, and State Appropriations for Higher Education by State

Table 1: Enrollment-Weighted Average Published In-State Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Undergraduate Students at Public Two-Year Institutions by State, Not Adjusted for Inflation, 2006-07 to 2011-12

Public Two-Year In-State Tuition and Fees

Percentage Change

State

2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09

U.S. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

$2,963 $4,124 $3,831 $2,124 $2,661 $1,119 $3,397 $3,490 $3,086

-- $3,006 $3,078 $2,967 $2,666 $3,150 $3,521 $4,177 $2,426 $4,051 $2,452 $3,327 $3,700 $4,823 $2,863 $5,162 $2,208 $2,756 $3,087 $2,514 $2,513 $6,741 $4,111 $1,498 $4,253 $2,075 $3,926 $3,608 $3,043 $4,029 $3,663 $3,676 $3,731 $4,945 $3,551 $2,049 $3,009 $6,520 $3,968 $3,805 $2,700 $3,840 $2,325

$2,727 $3,417 $3,699 $1,979 $2,525

$819 $3,122 $3,408 $2,889

-- $2,773 $2,800 $2,710 $2,554 $3,010 $3,441 $3,912 $2,281 $3,900 $2,212 $3,260 $3,567 $4,594 $2,694 $4,939 $2,119 $2,580 $3,029 $2,412 $2,243 $6,271 $3,922 $1,325 $3,961 $1,776 $3,880 $3,473 $2,832 $3,745 $3,470 $3,652 $3,646 $4,585 $3,196 $1,858 $2,867 $6,250 $3,585 $3,360 $2,524 $3,623 $2,223

$2,558 $2,839 $3,622 $1,918 $2,378

$817 $2,768 $3,200 $2,763

-- $2,553 $2,596 $2,443 $2,418 $2,729 $3,279 $3,701 $2,121 $3,759 $2,049 $3,236 $3,394 $4,291 $2,527 $4,739 $1,855 $2,580 $2,978 $2,294 $2,022 $5,892 $3,794 $1,208 $3,871 $1,600 $3,878 $3,327 $2,704 $3,611 $3,448 $3,376 $3,481 $4,314 $2,971 $1,746 $2,710 $6,070 $3,087 $3,153 $2,524 $3,507 $2,164

$2,372 $2,835 $3,175 $1,821 $2,296

$634 $2,550 $2,984 $2,631

-- $2,292 $2,104 $2,192 $2,232 $2,597 $3,137 $3,512 $1,984 $3,684 $1,947 $3,156 $3,329 $3,925 $2,455 $4,562 $1,770 $2,586 $2,904 $2,240 $1,921 $5,607 $3,550 $1,146 $3,653 $1,350 $3,837 $3,176 $2,693 $3,336 $3,345 $3,090 $3,346 $3,939 $2,777 $1,662 $2,555 $5,830 $2,860 $2,962 $2,479 $3,422 $2,018

Source: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, online Table 6c.

2007-08

$2,294 $2,809 $2,894 $1,686 $2,138

$633 $2,459 $2,828 $2,422

-- $2,031 $2,120 $1,946 $2,092 $2,440 $3,003 $3,331 $1,928 $3,450 $1,915 $3,120 $3,252 $3,694 $2,329 $4,446 $1,709 $2,505 $2,770 $2,155 $1,763 $5,609 $3,387 $1,143 $3,547 $1,341 $3,455 $3,175 $2,486 $3,222 $3,234 $2,846 $3,235 $3,596 $2,632 $1,649 $2,444 $5,500 $2,561 $2,879 $2,345 $3,270 $1,922

2006-07

$2,266 $2,786 $2,655 $1,660 $2,095

$724 $2,376 $2,672 $2,310

-- $2,031 $2,236 $1,732 $1,979 $2,301 $2,882 $3,202 $1,887 $3,270 $1,875 $2,926 $3,122 $3,579 $2,231 $4,264 $1,693 $2,391 $2,572 $2,013 $1,695 $5,234 $3,188 $1,102 $3,460 $1,257 $3,304 $3,103 $2,306 $3,161 $3,110 $2,686 $3,125 $3,449 $2,490 $1,610 $2,324 $5,230 $2,372 $2,738 $2,207 $3,145 $1,830

1-Year

8.7% 20.7% 3.6% 7.3% 5.4% 36.6% 8.8% 2.4% 6.8%

N/A 8.4% 9.9% 9.5% 4.4% 4.7% 2.3% 6.8% 6.4% 3.9% 10.8% 2.1% 3.7% 5.0% 6.3% 4.5% 4.2% 6.8% 1.9% 4.2% 12.0% 7.5% 4.8% 13.1% 7.4% 16.8% 1.2% 3.9% 7.5% 7.6% 5.6% 0.7% 2.3% 7.9% 11.1% 10.3% 5.0% 4.3% 10.7% 13.2% 7.0% 6.0% 4.6%

3-Year

24.9% 45.5% 20.7% 16.6% 15.9% 76.5% 33.2% 17.0% 17.3%

N/A 31.2% 46.3% 35.4% 19.4% 21.3% 12.2% 18.9% 22.3% 10.0% 25.9% 5.4% 11.1% 22.9% 16.6% 13.2% 24.7% 6.6% 6.3% 12.2% 30.8% 20.2% 15.8% 30.7% 16.4% 53.7% 2.3% 13.6% 13.0% 20.8% 9.5% 19.0% 11.5% 25.5% 27.9% 23.3% 17.8% 11.8% 38.7% 28.5% 8.9% 12.2% 15.2%

5-Year

30.8% 48.0% 44.3% 28.0% 27.0% 54.6% 43.0% 30.6% 33.6%

N/A 48.0% 37.7% 71.3% 34.7% 36.9% 22.2% 30.4% 28.6% 23.9% 30.8% 13.7% 18.5% 34.8% 28.3% 21.1% 30.4% 15.3% 20.0% 24.9% 48.3% 28.8% 29.0% 35.9% 22.9% 65.1% 18.8% 16.3% 32.0% 27.5% 17.8% 36.9% 19.4% 43.4% 42.6% 27.3% 29.5% 24.7% 67.3% 39.0% 22.3% 22.1% 27.0%

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