University of Birmingham



Full Harvard (Author-Date) Referencing HandbookContentsPart 1: The Basics of ReferencingWhat is referencing? Page 3.Copyrighted sources 3Why should I reference? 3What should I reference? 4How should I reference? 5Setting out citations 6Setting out quotations 9Making changes to quotations 10 Paraphrasing 10Summarising 10 Secondary referencing 11Points to look out for 11-12List of References 13Books 13Printed books 13 E-Books 16Multi-volume works 16Sacred texts 18More books 19Journals 27Journal articles 27Pre-publication journal articles 28Magazine articles 30Digital and internet 30The internet 30CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs 38Computer games and programs 39Personal and virtual learning environments 40Media and art 42Newspaper articles 42Live performances 42Visual sources 43Audio-visual material 54Reviews 58Interviews 60Research 61Unpublished or confidential information 61Unpublished academic work 62Reports 64Genealogical sources 67Scientific and technical information 69Legal material 73House of Commons and House of Lords Papers 73Hansard 74Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies 74More legal material 75Government and EU 77European Union publications 77Government publications 77Departmental publications 78Communications 78Conferences 78Public communications 80Advertisements and PR 81Further referencing help 84-89Sample reference list 84Sample bibliography 85Hints and tips 86FAQs 87-88Further information and useful websites 89Any questions? 89Glossary 90-91Index 92-93Note: Some of the examples used within this guide have been invented by Library Services staff members. Don’t be too alarmed if you click on a URL and it does not take you to the correct website!What is referencing?The University has adopted the ‘Cite Them Right’ () style of referencing and according to the co-authors, Graham Shields and Richard Pears, referencing is;“…the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your arguments and the evidence on which they are based. You identify these sources by citing them in the text of your assignment (called?citations?or?in-text citations) and referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the?reference list?or?end-text citations). The reference list only includes the sources cited in your text. It is not the same thing as a?bibliography, which uses the same referencing style, but also includes all material, for example background readings, used in the preparation of your work.” () Copyrighted sourcesAt present copyright law allows only small extracts of items to be copied legally provided that they are referenced (and following the guidance herein fulfills that perfectly!). Only copy what is completely necessary, and when the use falls into one or more of the following categories:??? personal private study;??? non-commercial research;??? criticism and review;??? illustration for instruction;??? parody pastiche or caricature;??? or quotation.Students’ use will fall under personal private study, criticism and review, illustration, and/or quotation. For further information, go to; should I reference?Referencing correctly is an important academic skill as it shows the reader of your work the sources you have used to research your topic and gives support and weight to your arguments and conclusions. In summary, there are four good reasons for referencing;(i) To allow a reader of your work to find and check the sources you have used. (ii) So that you can come back to your own work and know where you found a particular quotation or piece of information. (iii) To avoid accusations of plagiarism. (iv) To make you think twice about using outdated and inaccurate books, articles, or websites. As a general rule you should not put your trust in any resource which does not give references.What should I reference?The level of referencing will depend on the nature of the piece of work you are writing: a coursework essay for a first-year survey module will probably require less than a third-year dissertation. There is no maximum level of referencing, but do not let referencing become a fetish. If you have worries about the amount of referencing which would be appropriate, seek advice from your module tutor. As a general minimum, you should include a reference when: (i) You quote or paraphrase from a primary source or secondary work; (ii) You make use of a statistic; (iii) You paraphrase or otherwise refer to the ideas or writings of a named or identifiable author. For most modules you will not be required to give references for facts that are generally well known (common knowledge) – only at dissertation level is it the guiding rule that ‘every substantive statement requires a reference’. Where facts are contested, and you are taking sides in an argument, you must then indicate the source of your own ideas, and if appropriate acknowledge the opposing camp(s) with references as well.How should I reference?There are many different ways to reference, but the most common style of referencing used at the University of Birmingham is currently the Harvard (author-date) style. As of the creation of this handbook, the courses at the University that use this method include; Civil EngineeringComputer ScienceElectrical EngineeringMechanical EngineeringMetallurgy/MaterialsPhysics and AstronomyBiosciencesGEESSportExR (this subject area does use Vancouver for certain modules, so make sure to check with your subject advisor)Dental Hygiene and TherapyNursingPhysiotherapyModern LanguagesEnglish LiteratureCELSDramaCWASPhilosophyTheologyBusinessSocial PolicyGovernment and Society If you are still not completely sure which referencing style to use, consult your tutor or subject advisor. This handbook will focus entirely on the Harvard (author-date) style of referencing, as found on the ‘Cite Them Right’ website. For more information on other referencing styles, such as; APA, Vancouver and MHRA, they have their own separate handbooks which are to be found on the i-cite page on the University intranet. Setting out citations;Using this method of referencing, the citations in your work must be included in the final word count. In-text citations give brief details of the source that you are quoting from or referring to. These citations will then link to the full reference that will be found in your reference list at the end of your work. The reference list is always arranged in alphabetical order by author. If you have cited a work in an appendix, but not in the main body of your text, this should still be included in the reference list. Footnotes and endnotes are NOT used in this style. There are many ways in which citations can be used in your work, but your tutor or supervisor should advise you on which format they prefer. Your citations should include the following elements;Author(s) or editor (s) surname/family nameYear of publicationPage number(s) if requiredIf you have used a direct quote or an idea from a specific page, or set of pages, you should include the page numbers in your citations. The abbreviation for page is p. or pp. for multiple pages. See the examples below to see how they are used correctly. According to Guy (2001, p. 37), the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the British…It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Jones, 1985, p. 74)…Citing one author/editorIn his novel (Stevens, 2013)…Citing a corporate author… as shown by the decrease in ratings (ITV, 2014).Citing two authors/editors Banerjee and Watson (2011, p. 87) suggested…It is clear (Banerjee and Watson, 2011, p. 87) that…Citing three authors/editorsIt was evident (Smith, Jones and Thomas, 2015)…Citing four or more authors/editorsCite the first name listed in the source followed by et al.This was proved by Dym et al. (2009)…Citing a source with no author/editorUse the title in italics; do NOT use ‘anonymous’ or anything similar. It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p. 74)…Citing multiple sourcesThese can be listed separated by semicolons. The publications should be cited in chronological order. If more than one work is published in the same year, then they should be listed alphabetically by author/editor. A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield, 2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that…Citing sources published in the same year by the same authorIn his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of the original author (2007b).The reference list would look like this;Harris, S. (2007a) Dawkins: a history. London: Evolutionary Press.Harris, S. (2007b) Evolutionary thought. London: Evolutionary Press.Citing different editions of the same work by the same authorSeparate the dates of publication with a semicolon with the earliest date first. In both editions (Hitchens, 2010; 2012)…Citing a source with no dateUse the phrase ‘no date’.The evidence (Stevens and Jubb, no date) was clear. Citing a source with no author or dateUse the title and ‘no date’. Thunderstorms have become increasingly common (Trends in atmospheric pressure, no date)…Citing a web pageWhen citing a web page, it should follow these guidelines;By Author and date (where possible)By title and date if there is no identifiable authorOr by URL if neither author nor title can be identifiedThe latest survey by health professionals (, 2012) reveals that… Note:For sources in the reference list, you list all of the authors (no matter how many there are) and the final two authors are always separated with ‘and’. Therefore, there is a difference in the way multiple authors are treated in the citation and reference – always watch out for this. If in doubt, consult the Cite Them Right Online website (). Setting out quotations;Quotations should always be relevant to your arguments and used wisely within your text. Overuse of quotations can disrupt the flow of your writing and prevent you from demonstrating your understanding and analysis of the sources you have read. Direct quotations are also counted in the word count. Short, direct quotations should be enclosed in quotation marks. These can either be single or double quotation marks, but make sure to always be consistent. These are included in the body of the text. Make sure to give the author, date and page number(s)/URL that the quotation was taken from. Example: short, direct quotation'If you need to illustrate the idea of nineteenth-century America as a land of opportunity, you could hardly improve on the life of Albert Michelson' (Bryson, 2004, p. 156).Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from the main text. Quotation marks are not required.Example: longer quotationKing (1997) describes the intertwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages, such as:So the three of them rode towards their end of the Great Road, while summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw something that made him forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was his mother, leaning out of her apartment's bedroom window: the oval of her face surrounded by the timeless grey stone of the castle's west wing. (King, 1997, pp. 553–554)Making changes to quotationsOmitting part of a quotationShow this by using ellipsis (…).‘Thunderstorms… have become increasingly common’ (Jones, 2009, p. 87).Inserting your own, or different, words into a quotationPut them in square brackets [].‘Nothing [football boots] comes close…’ (Beckham, 2007, p. 7). Pointing out an error in a quotationDo not correct the error, instead write [sic]. Crowley (1784) noted that ‘capentars [sic] worked with wood’Retaining/modernising historical spellingsDecide whether to retain the original spelling, or modernise the spelling and note this in your text.‘Hast thou cleaned the water closet?’ (Larryman, 1783, p. 7).‘Have you cleaned the toilet?’ (Larryman, 1783, p.7, spelling modernised).Emphasising part of a quotationPut the words you want to emphasise in italics and state that you have added the emphasis. ‘Minimal numbers of men take up netball’ (Neville, 2013, p. 98, my italics).If the original text uses italics, state that the italics are in the original source.‘Minimal numbers of women take up rugby league’ (Carney, 2015, p. 13, italics in original).ParaphrasingParaphrasing is expressing someone else’s writing in your own words, usually to achieve greater clarity. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show that you have read and understood another person’s ideas, and can summarise them in your own writing style, rather than borrowing their phrases. You must ensure that you do not change the original meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information. Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical growth of the larger European nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic development, particularly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At this time, imperial goals and outward expansion were paramount for many of the countries, and the effects of spending on these activities often led to internal conflict.SummarisingSummarising is providing a brief statement of the main points of a source. This differs from paraphrasing as it only lists the main topics or headings, with most of the detailed information being left out.Nevertheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and linguistic links between European races and cultures over the past five hundred years.Secondary referencingIt is possible that you will want to reference a work mentioned in another author’s work (secondary referencing). If possible, you should try to locate and verify the details of the source referred to. If you can successfully locate it, then you can reference it as normal. In the text of your work, you should cite both sources and use the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’, depending on whether the other author is directly quoting or summarising from the original. Take a look at the examples below;Ashworth (2013, quoted in Chambers, 2014, p. 98) provides an excellent starting point…Nadal’s views on the state of the Spanish economy (2013, cited in Federer, 2014) support the idea that…Points to look out for;CapitalsYou should only capitalise the first letter of the first word of the source. The exception is the names of organisations. DatesThe year of publication should be given in round brackets after the author or editor’s name – Jones, P. (2013). If there is no date identified, use (no date). The date is always day, month and then year (16 June 2013). There are no commas. AbbreviationsChapter – ch. or chap.Edition – edn Editors – Ed. or EdsAnd others – et al.No date – n.d. (issue) number – no.Page – p.Pages (page range) pp.Series – ser.Supplement – sup.Table – tab.Volume – vol. Page referencesPage references are always p. 7 for a single page, or pp. 7-9 for multiple pages.Place of publication and publisherThis is only required for printed books, reports, and similar sources. The place of publication should be capitalised and, unless it is a well-known city (like London, New York, Oxford etc) then state the county or state (if published in the US). For example:London: Jones Publishing. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. The state name is always abbreviated. Series/volumesOnly include these if they are relevant. Insert them after the publisher – Oxford: Clio Press (World Bibliographical Series, 78).ISBNsThey are not commonly used in references, so only use in order to eliminate confusion about editions and reprints. Issue informationWhen provided, it is necessary to use the following information in the order;Volume numberIssue/part numberDate or seasonURLSIt is possible to shorten the URL, providing the route still remains clear. Always include the date that you accessed the website or you downloaded the source. DOIsThese tag individual digital sources. A ‘doi’ often replaces the URL as it is the permanent identifier for the source, and so therefore it is not necessary to include an accessed date. EditionOnly include the edition number if it is not the first edition. Edition is abbreviated to edn. List of referencesBOOKSPrinted booksPrinted book with one authorIn-text citation: According to Guy (2001) the Zulus faced many grave dangers when confronting the British…Reference list:Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Printed book with two or three authorsIn-text-citation:The carious process can be described as “the carious process is the metabolic activity in the plaque biofilm resident on the tooth surface” (Banerjee and Watson, 2011, p. 2).Reference list:Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry. 9th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Printed book with more than three authorsIn-text citation:This was proved by Dym et al. (2009)…Reference list:Dym, C.L., Little, P., Orwin, E.J., and Spjut, R.E. (2009) Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3rd edn. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Printed book with an editorIn-text citation:This was clearly shown in Al-Sabbagh (2015). Reference list:Al-Sabbagh, M. (ed.) (2015) Complications in implant dentistry. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier. Series: Dental clinics of North America; v. 59, no. 1. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Printed book with authors and editorsIn-text citation:Lucas (2004) remarks that…Reference list:Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones, James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Printed book with no authorIn-text citation:It is maintained that medicine has greatly improved (Medicine in old age, 1985, p. 74)…Reference list:Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Chapter in an edited bookIn-text citation: The view proposed by Franklin (2012, p. 88)…Reference list:Franklin, A.W. (2012) ‘Management of the problem’, in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95. Author of the chapter/sectionYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of chapter/section‘in’ plus author/editor of bookPlace of publication: publisherPage referenceElectronic books (ebooks)E-bookIn-text citation:In his analysis, McClellan (2008)…Reference list:McClellan, M.B. (2008) Evidence-based medicine and the changing nature of health care. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press. ORBeneath the city’s fa?ade of glamour and success, tension was building (Hislop, 2014, loc 324). Hislop, V. (2014) The sunrise. Available at (Downloaded: 17 June 2015).Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: PublisherMulti-volume worksMulti-volume worksIn-text citation:Jones (1999, p. 7) suggests that…Reference list:Jones, D. (ed.) (1999) Definitions of life. (6 vols). London: Pirate Publishers.Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Volumes (in round brackets)Place of publication: publisherCollected worksIn-text citation:His collected works (Lee, 1976-1990) explain…Reference list:Lee, G. (ed.) (1976-1990) Rush: The Early Years (30 vols). Toronto: Toronto Press. Author/editorYear(s) of publication of collection (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Volumes (in round brackets)Place of publication: publisherSacred textsBibleIn-text citation:The Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3-12)…Reference list:Matthew 5:3-12, Holy Bible: King James Version. Book of the BibleChapter: verseHoly Bible (not in italics)Version of the Holy BibleTorahIn-text citation:It is said that ‘a righteous man falls down seven times and gets up’ (Proverbs 24:16)…Reference list:Torah. Proverbs 24:16. Torah (not in italics)BookChapter: verseQur’anIn-text citation:‘Nothing is hidden from Allah, whether on Earth or in Heaven’ (Qur’an 14:38). Reference list: Qur’an 14:38 (2013) translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited. Qur'an (not in italics)Surah (or chapter): verseYear of publication (in round brackets)Translated by ...Place of publication: publisherMore booksAncient texts In-text citation:The epic tale by Homer (1997) … Reference list:Homer (1997) The Iliad. Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright. London: Dover Publications. AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Translated by (if relevant)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)If citing an ancient text that existed before the invention of printing, reference it as a manuscript or reference the published (and translated) edition you have read.AnthologiesIn-text citation:In their collection of poems, Mead and Tranter (1991)… Reference list:Mead, C. and Tranter, J. (eds) (1991) The Penguin Book of Modern Australian Poetry. London: Bloodaxe Books. Editor/compiler of anthology (surname followed by initials)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: publisherAtlasesIn-text citation:As illustrated in the text (Oxford School Atlas, 2012, p. 37)…Reference list:Oxford School Atlas (2012) 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)AudiobooksIn-text citation:Fry (2004) was emphatic in his description of the beast.Reference list:Fry, S. (2004) The Hippopotamus. Available at: (Downloaded: 19 March 2013). Author/editorYear of publication/release (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Narrated by (if required)Available at: URL(Downloaded: date)Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tablesIn-text citation:Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78). Reference list:Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.Author of bookYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: publisherPage reference of illustration and so onillus./fig./diagram/logo/tableBibliographiesIn-text citation:Lifeson (1981) noted the key research…Reference list:Lifeson, A. (1981) Select bibliography of Canadian autobiographies. Toronto: University of Toronto, School of Librarianship. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Books in languages other than EnglishIn-text citation:Napoleon was a natural leader (Dell’Isola, 1934).Reference list:Dell’Isola, M. (1934) Napoléon. Paris. R. Helleu. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: publisherHistorical books in online collectionsIn-text citation:James’ measured plans (1654)…Reference list:James, P. (1654) Ruins of the palace at Thermopylae. London: Printed for the author.Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of publication (in italics)Place of publication and printing statementIf you are reading a scanned version of the printed book, complete with publication information and page numbers, reference in the same manner as the print book. Some early printed books do not have a publisher as they were privately printed. Record the information given in the book in your reference.Lines within playsIn-text citation:‘I prithee do not mock me fellow student’ (Shakespeare, 1998, 1.2:177).Reference list:Shakespeare, W. (1998) Hamlet. Edited by Kevin Bryant. London: Penguin. 1.2:177. Author (surname followed by initials)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition informationPlace of publication: publisherAct. Scene: lineManuscriptsIn-text citation:The evidence (Simpson, 1865, 6/57/896) points to…Reference list:Simpson, J. (1865) Letter to Jayne Beech, 15 December. James Simpson Collection, Birmingham University Library. AuthorYear (in round brackets)Title of manuscript (in italics)Date (if available)Name of collection containing manuscript and reference numberLocation of manuscript in archive or repositoryMagazine articlesIn-text citation:Stevens discusses this (2011, p. 11)… Reference list:Stevens, N. (2011) ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly (November), pp. 8-15. Author (surname followed by initials)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month or season (all in round brackets)Page referencedoi (if available)PamphletsIn-text citation:The pamphlet (Royal College of Physicians, 2008)…Reference list:Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain Society. (2008) The assessment of pain in younger people: local guidelines. London: RCP. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first edition)Place of publication: publisherSeries and volume number (where relevant)Reprint editionsIn-text citation:One of the very first historians (Seaman, 1945)…Reference list:Seaman, D. (1945) The king of the truth. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1998. Author/editorYear of original publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)ReprintPlace of reprint publication: reprint publisherYear of reprintTranslated booksIn-text citation:Ludwig (2005) feared the worst for Napoleon.Reference list:Ludwig, E. (2005) Napoleon. Translated by E. Paul and C. Paul. London: Book Jungle. Author/editorYear of translated publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Translated by ...Place of publication: reprint publisherJOURNALSJournal articlesIn-text citation:In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015)…Reference list:Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. Author (surname followed by initials)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month or season (all in round brackets)Page referencedoi (if available)Over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of journal articles, whether print or electronic, should be simplified. Students and tutors can access academic journal articles through password-protected institutional databases, but other readers may not have access to these. Therefore, as long as the journal reference provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located, other elements no longer need to be included, for example [Online], database title and?URL. The reader would locate the article using the resources they can access and search.If you are specifically referencing the abstract?of a journal article, your?citation would make this clear, for example: The abstract highlights ... (Rodgers and Baker, 2013, p. 34). Note that the reference would follow the same format as for a journal article, as the page reference above would take the reader to the abstract.Journal articles accessed via VLEIn-text citation:In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…Reference list:Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning. Available at: (Accessed: 25 June 2015). AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics)Volume, issue, page numbersModule code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)Prepublication journal articlesIn-text citation:Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby, 2014).Reference list:Jones, J., Kree, J. and Rigby, P. (2014) ‘Aerobic capacity’. To be published in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research [Preprint]. Available at: (Accessed: 23 June 2015).AuthorYear (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)To be published in (if this is stated)Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Volume and issue numbers (if stated)[Preprint]Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Cochrane Library ReviewIn-text citation:McDonald et al. (2014) or (McDonald et al., 2014)Reference list:McDonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J. and Sprowson, A. (2014) Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement.?Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5. CD003526.Author(s), editor(s) or corporate author. Use family name, followed by author's initial(s).The Year of publication (in brackets).The title and any subtitle.Database name, which must be in?italics.Issue number (not including the long DOI number).Report Number (CD....)NICE/NHS guidance entry and summaryIn-text citation: (NICE/NHS summary)It is clear that (Hill, 2010)…Reference List: (NICE/NHS summary)Hill, J.?(2010) Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) in patients admitted to hospital: summary of the NICE guideline. Heart;96:879-882.?doi:10.1136/hrt.2010.198275In-text citation: (NICE/NHS guidance entry)It is clear that (NICE [CG50], 2007)…Reference list: (NICE/NHS guidance entry)NICE. (2007) Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. NICE guidelines [CG50]. Available at: (Accessed: 5 May 2015)Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of guidelineTitle of Journal (if relevant)VolumePage referencedoi (if available)Magazine articlesIn-text citation:Stevens discusses this (2011, p. 11)… Reference list:Stevens, N. (2011) ‘Circular Motion’, Physics Monthly (November), pp. 8-15. Author (surname followed by initials)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Issue information, that is, volume (unbracketed) and, where applicable, part number, month or season (all in round brackets)Page referencedoi (if available)DIGITAL AND INTERNETThe internetBlogsIn-text citation:No evidence was suggested (Davidson, 2013) in the wake of the bombings.Reference list:Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available at: (Accessed: 22 June 2015).Author of messageYear that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of message (in single quotation marks)Title of internet site (in italics)Day/month of posted messageAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Blogs (weblogs) are produced by individuals and organisations to provide updates on issues of interest or concern. Beware that, as blogs are someone's opinions, they may not provide objective, reasoned discussion of an issue. Use blogs in conjunction with reputable sources. Note that due to the informality of the internet, many authors give first names or aliases. Use the name they have used in your reference.FacebookIn-text citation:The University of Birmingham is soon to have a new library (University of Birmingham, 2015).Reference list:University of Birmingham (2015) 9 June. Available at (Accessed: 18 June 2015).AuthorYear that the page was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of page (in italics) (unless it is the same as the Author)Day/month of posted messageAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Note that as social networking sites require registration and then acceptance by other members, it is suggested that the main web address be used. You may wish to include a copy of the member-to-member discussion you are referring to as an appendix to your work, so that readers without access to the original can read it. Also note that if the author of the page is the same as the title of the page, then you only need to include the author at the beginning of the reference – there is no need to repeat it further on in the same reference. TwitterIn-text citation:The University of Birmingham (University of Birmingham, 2015) are well accomplished in using social media…Reference list:University of Birmingham. (2015) 13 June. Available at (Accessed: 17 June 2015).AuthorYear that the page was last updated (in round brackets)Day/month of posted messageAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)WikisIn-text citation:Rush originated from the Willowdale neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario (‘Rush (band)’, 2015).Reference list:‘Rush (band)’ (2015) Wikipedia. Available at (band) (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Title of article (in single quotation marks)Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of wiki site (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Web pagesWeb page - Individual authorsIn-text citation:Snow (2015) stated that ‘millions of soldiers died on the Western Front’ (Snow, 2015). Reference list:Snow, D. (2015) How did so many soldiers survive the trenches? Available at: (Accessed: 18 July 2015).AuthorYear that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of web page (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Web page - Organisations as authorsIn-text citation:During WW1 (BBC News, 2014)…Reference list:BBC News (2014) ‘Lights out’ ends day of WW1 centenary commemorations. Available at: (Accessed: 17 October 2012). OrganisationYear that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of web page (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Web page - No authors or titlesIn-text citation:Thunderstorms have become increasingly common (, 2015).Reference list:(2015) Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015).Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Web page - No datesIn-text citation:He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History, , no date).Reference list:BBC History (no date) Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015).Author(no date)Title of web page (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Radio and internet radioIn-text citation:According to the latest research (The Sun, 2015)…Reference list:The Sun (2015) BBC Radio 4, 1 January. The Sun (2015) BBC Radio 4, 1 January. Available at: (Accessed: 23 January 2015). Title of programme (in italics)Year of transmission (in round brackets)Name of channelDate of transmission (day/month)The internet has radically altered access to audio and visual sources and created the means for anyone to produce and distribute material. You may also view or hear programmes through catch-up services such as?BBC iPlayer,?ITV Player,?4 on Demand(4oD),?Demand 5?and?Sky Go?on a variety of devices. You do not need to specify the catch-up service nor the device. The nature of the material and the facts necessary to identify or retrieve it should dictate the substance of your in-text citations and reference list. Title of programme (in italics)Year of original transmission (in round brackets)Name of channelDay and month of original transmissionAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Photographs from the internetIn-text citation:The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…Reference list:Jarvis, C. (2015) Blue. Available at: (Accessed 18 June 2015). PhotographerYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of photograph (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed/downloaded: date)For images that you download onto e-devices, and to which you still have access, you should replace accessed date with downloaded date.Papers from conference proceedings published on the internetIn-text citation:Jones (1999) explained…Reference list:Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. Available at: (Accessed: 19 January 2014). AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of paper (in single quotation marks)Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)Location and date of conferencePublisherAvailable at: URL (or doi if available)(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)Television programmes viewed on the internetIn-text citationNapoleon was incredibly important, as seen in the Napoleon series shown on BBC Two (‘Episode 2’, 2015)…Reference list:‘Episode 2’ (2015) Napoleon, BBC Two, 17 June. Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known; if not, use title of programmeYear of broadcast (in round brackets)Title of programme/series (in italics)Series and episode numbers (if known)Name of channelBroadcast date (day/month)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Video or films on YouTubeIn-text citation:The video (University of Birmingham, 2010)…Reference list:The University of Birmingham (2010) The University of Birmingham experience. Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Name of person posting videoYear video posted (in round brackets)Title of film or programme (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Digital repositoriesBooks in digital repositoriesIn-text citation:Several PhD candidates gave useful advice (Davids and Wright, 1999).Reference list:Davids, E. and Wright, I. (1999) Doing referencing. Birmingham: Reference-works. Reference books and journal articles in repositories should be referenced as you would for the corresponding print versions.Conference papers in digital repositoriesIn-text citation:Jones (2003) revoked the theory…Reference list:Jones, S. (2003) ‘Is there a correct way to reference?’ Workshop on referencing in universities, Main Library, University of Birmingham, UK, 30 March to 2 April 2003. AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of paper (in single quotation marks)Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)Organisation or company (if stated)Location and date of conferencePrepublication journal articles in online or digital repositoriesIn-text citation:Several scientists have encountered a problem in this area (Jones, Kree and Rigby, 2014).Reference list:Jones, J., Kree, J. and Rigby, P. (2014) ‘Aerobic capacity’. To be published in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research [Preprint]. Available at: (Accessed: 23 June 2015).AuthorYear (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)To be published in (if this is stated)Title of journal (in italics and capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Volume and issue numbers (if stated)[Preprint]Available at: URL(Accessed: date)CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMsCD-ROMIn-text citation:The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’ series has proved this (Now That’s What I Call Music, 2015)…Reference list:Now that’s what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group Limited.Title of publication (in italics)Year of publication (in round brackets)[CD-ROM] Producer (where identifiable)Available: publisher/distributorDVD-ROMIn-text citation:Spielberg (Saving Private Ryan, 1998) clearly suggests…Reference list:Saving Private Ryan (1998) (DVD). Steven Spielberg (director). Available: Paramount Pictures. Title of film (in italics)Year of distribution (in round brackets)Directed by[DVD] or [Blu-ray]Place of distribution: distribution companyComputer games and programsComputer gamesIn-text citation:Games such as Rome: Total War (The Creative Assembly, 2004)…Reference list:The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at (Downloaded: 18 June 2015). Author (if given)Date (if given)Title of program (in italics and capitalise initial letters)[Computer game]Availability, that is, distributor, address, order number (if given)OR if downloaded from the internet:URL(Downloaded: date)Computer programsIn-text citation:Games such as Rome: Total War (The Creative Assembly, 2004)…Reference list:The Creative Assembly (2004) Rome: Total War [Computer game]. Available at: (Downloaded: 18 June 2015). Author (if given)Date (if given)Title of program (in italics and capitalise initial letters)[Computer game]Availability, that is, distributor, address, order number (if given)OR if downloaded from the internet:URL(Downloaded: date)Personal and virtual learning environmentsLearning support materialsJournal articles accessed via VLEIn-text citation:In their review of the literature (Knapik et al., 2015, p. 87)…Reference list:Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning. Available at: (Accessed: 25 June 2015). AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics)Volume, issue, page numbersModule code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)PowerPoint presentationsIn-text citation:The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…Reference list:Whittingham, D. (2014) ‘History of warfare’ [PowerPoint presentation]. L252: War studies. Available at: (Accessed: 7 June 2014). Author or tutorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)[PowerPoint presentation]Module code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEsIn-text citation:The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…Reference list:Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’. L252: War Studies. Available at: (Accessed: 21 June 2015). Author or tutorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of item (in single quotation marks)Module code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)MEDIA AND ARTNewspaper articlesIn-text citation:“Businesses and organisations around York are showing their support” (Lewis, 2015, p. 6).Reference list:Lewis, S. (2015) ‘Rainbow support for York pride’, The Press, York, 18 June.Author/bylineYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Edition if required (in round brackets)Day and monthPage referenceJust like journal articles, over recent years it has become clear that the referencing of newspaper articles, whether print or electronic, could be simplified. Students and tutors can access newspaper articles through password-protected institutional databases, but other readers may not have access to these. Therefore, as long as the newspaper reference provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located, other elements no longer need to be included, for example [Online] and database title. The reader would locate the newspaper article using the format/resource they can access and search themselves.Live performancesConcertsIn-text citation:Rush (2015) wowed the audience…Reference list:Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March]. ComposerYear of performance (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Performed by ... conducted by ...Location. Date seen (in square brackets)PlaysIn-text citation:It was a spectacular feat of engineering (Romeo and Juliet, 2013).Reference list:Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (2013). Directed by David Smith [Theatre Royal, York. 18 January]. Title (in italics)by authorYear of performance (in round brackets)Directed byLocation. Date seen (in square brackets)Visual sourcesBook illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tablesIn-text citation:Jones’ painting illustrated his immense skill (Bevin, 1997, pp. 77-78). Reference list:Bevin, A. (1997) Lost Welsh Treasures. London: Davies Publishers, pp. 77-78, illus.Author of bookYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: publisherPage reference of illustration and so onillus./fig./diagram/logo/tableCartoonsIn-text citation:Joe Bloggs (2013) highlighted the issue…Reference list:Bloggs, J. (2013) ‘The key issue’ [Cartoon]. The Times, 20 January. Available at: (Accessed: 25 July 2015). ArtistDate (if available)Title of cartoon (in single quotation marks)[Cartoon]Title of publication (in italics)Day and monthOR if seen online add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)ComicsIn-text citation:Dennis the Menace is still going strong (‘The wrath of Gnasher’, 2015).Reference list:‘The wrath of Gnasher’ (2015) The Beano, 25 July, pp. 40-42. Author (where available)Title of comic strip (in single quotation marks)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of comic (in italics)Day and month, pageOR if seen online add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)DisplaysIn-text citation:It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012) that…Reference list:Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition, Pontefract, 28 April 2015.Title (in italics)Year of production (if available)Display board atName of venue, cityDate observedExhibitionsIn-text citation:The acclaimed exhibition in London is one to behold (Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde, 2012) Reference list:Pre-Raphaelites: Victorian Avant-Garde (2012) [Exhibition]. Tate Modern, London. 12 September 2012-13 January 2013.Title of exhibition (in italics)Year (in round brackets)[Exhibition]LocationDate(s) of exhibitionInstallationsIn-text citation:My house by Jordan Thompson (2009)…Reference list:Thompson, J. (2009) My house [Installation]. Tate Modern, London, 4 January 2009. ArtistYear (in round brackets)Title of installation or exhibit (in italics)[Installation] or [Exhibit]Gallery or locationDate viewedGraffitiIn-text citation:The graffiti (Jimmy no!, 2015) demonstrated…Reference list:Jimmy no! (2015) [Graffiti] 15 West Street, York. 23 June 2015. Title or description (with graffitist's tag, if present) (in italics)Year (in round brackets)[Graffiti]LocationDate viewedInscriptionsOn monumentsIn-text citation:The gravestone of the man (‘James Smith’, 2014) showed him to be the man he truly was. Reference list:‘James Smith’ (2014) [Monument inscription] St Andrews Churchyard, Bishopthorpe, York (Viewed: 22 June 2015). Name of deceased (in single quotation marks)Year of death/event (in round brackets)[Monument inscription]LocationDate viewed (in round brackets)Inscriptions on gravestones and memorials are, in many instances, the only detailed record of a person's existence, circumstances and relationships, apart from basic information given in birth, marriage and death certificates and the census. Referencing this information can be difficult, but (as with printed information) you should aim to provide as much information as possible for another person to locate the gravestone or memorial. In some instances, the plot number of a grave will be obtainable and can be referenced; if not, try to give an indication of the location from a landmark.On buildingsIn-text citation:The exterior inscription by Stevens (2005)…Reference list:Stevens, G. (2005) Inscription on English Development Centre, Jubbergate, York. (Viewed: 17 March 2008). Author (if known); if not, use first three words of inscriptionYear of inscription (in round brackets)Inscription on ... (in italics)LocationDate viewed (in round brackets)MapsOrdnance Survey mapsIn-text citation:Archaeological sites are clearly shown (Ordnance Survey, 2002)…Reference list:Ordnance Survey (2002) York, sheet 56, 1:50 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey (Landranger series). Ordnance SurveyYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Sheet number, scalePlace of publication: publisherSeries (in round brackets)Geological Survey mapsIn-text citation:The landscape has changed quite considerably (Ordnance Survey, 1988). Reference list:Ordnance Survey (1988) Castleford (solid), sheet 16, 1:50 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. (Geological Survey of Great Britain [England and Wales]). Corporate author and publisherYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Sheet number, scalePlace of publication: publisherSeries (in round brackets)Online mapsIn-text citation:The social club is close to the playing fields (Ordnance Survey, 2010).Reference list:Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘Ferry Lane’, Tile sp15nw, 1:10 000. Available at: (Accessed: 8 June 2014). Map publisherYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of map section (in single quotation marks)Sheet number or tile, scaleAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Medical imagesIn-text citation:The X-ray (2014) evidently showed…Reference list:The femur (2014) [X-ray]. Available at: (Accessed: 25 June 2015). Image title (in italics)Year (in round brackets)Medium (in square brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed/Downloaded: date)Many kinds of medical/anatomical images can be viewed and downloaded from the internet (for example, MRI, PET, CT and ultrasound scans and X-rays) for use in supporting your arguments or demonstrating particular aspects of anatomical or medical information. These would simply be referenced as?photographs/images from the internet.Other images may be found in online databases such as?Anatomy TV. For these, use the following format.Mood boardsIn-text citation:The mood board (Smith, 2012)…Reference list:Smith, D. (2012) Hello. Available at: (Accessed: 19 June 2015). Artist (if known, or use title)Year (in round brackets)Title (in italics)[Mood board]Exhibited atLocation and date(s) of exhibitionDimensions (if relevant and available)If it's an online mood board:Artist (if known, or use title)Year (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Available at:(Accessed: date).PackagingIn-text citation:The packaging (Mars Incorporated, 2013) made it clear.Reference list:Mars Incorporated (2013) Mars Bar [Wrapper]. ManufacturerYear seenProduct name (in italics)Medium (in square brackets)OR if seen online, add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Paintings/drawingsIn-text citation:Works by Dali (1958) are fascinating. Reference list:Dali, S. (1958) Madonna [Oil on canvas]. Tate Gallery, London. ArtistYear (if available)Title of the work (in italics)Medium (in square brackets)Institution or collection that houses the work, followed by the cityOR if seen online:Available at:(Accessed: date)Photographs/imagesPhotographic prints or slidesIn-text citation:It is ever so clear (Tebow, 2009) that…Reference list:Tebow, T. (2009) York at night [Photograph]. York: Here and There Publishing. PhotographerYear (in round brackets)Title of photograph (in italics)[Photograph]Place of publication: publisher (if available)Students often become confused when referencing works of art they have photographed. They are often unsure whether to reference themselves as the image maker or to reference the work itself. The answer is clear: you reference what it is you are referring to (ie your photograph or the work of art). Thus, if you wish to discuss the way you photographed a sculpture by Rodin, you would reference yourself, following the examples below (omitting, if necessary, place of publication and publisher). If, however, you photographed Rodin's sculpture in a gallery and you are discussing the sculpture itself, you would follow the guidelines for?Sculpture.For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should replace accessed date with downloaded date.Photographs from the internetIn-text citation:The great photograph (Jarvis, 2015)…Reference list:Jarvis, C. (2015) Blue. Available at: (Accessed 18 June 2015). PhotographerYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of photograph (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed/downloaded: date)For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should replace accessed date with downloaded date.Clip artIn-text citation:The image of the dinosaur (Dinosaur, no date)…Reference list:Dinosaur (no date). Available at: (Accessed: 17 June 2015). ProducerYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of clip art (in italics)Available at: URL(Accessed/Downloaded: date)If using clip art images from online collections, use the details you are given to take the reader to the relevant piece of artwork. On occasions, you may need to reference clipart that you have found through social media sites like?Pinterest?or?Tumblr, or that you have viewed directly on?Flickr. Do not be confused: you simply take the reader to where you viewed the image.For images that you download onto edevices, and to which you still have access, you should replace accessed date with downloaded date.PostcardsIn-text citation:The shore was beautiful (Terrence, no date)…Reference list:Terrence, T. (no date) Tintagel [Postcard]. England: Cornwall Gallery. Artist (if available)Year (in round brackets if available)Title (in italics)[Postcard]Place of publication: publisherPostersIn-text citation:The image (Severn, no date)…Reference list:Severn, J. (no date) Le Joue [Poster]. 84cm x48cm/33” x 19”. Artist (if known, or use title)Year (in round brackets)Title (in italics)[Poster]Exhibited atLocation and date(s) of exhibitionDimensions (if relevant and available)PowerPoint presentationsIn-text citation:The great presentation (Whittingham, 2014)…Reference list:Whittingham, D. (2014) ‘History of warfare’ [PowerPoint presentation]. L252: War studies. Available at: (Accessed: 7 June 2014). Author or tutorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of presentation (in single quotation marks)[PowerPoint presentation]Module code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)War memorialsIn-text citation:The memorial (Derek Boorman, 1995)…Reference list:Derek Boorman (1995) For Your Tomorrow, York Minster, Deangate, York, UK. (Viewed: 22 June 2014). Name of architect (if known); if not, use name of memorialDate of construction (in round brackets)Name of memorial (in italics)Location (and/or GPS coordinates, if available)Date viewed (in round brackets)Audiovisual materialCD-ROMsIn-text citation:The music industry has expanded greatly, and the ‘Now That’s What I Call Music’ series has proved this (Now That’s What I Call Music, 2015)…Reference list:Now that’s what I call music 91 (2015) [CD-ROM]. Now. Available: EMI Group Limited.Title of publication (in italics)Year of publication (in round brackets)[CD-ROM] Producer (where identifiable)Available: publisher/distributorDVD-ROM In-text citation:Spielberg (Saving Private Ryan, 1998) clearly suggests…Reference list:Saving Private Ryan (1998). Steven Spielberg (director) [DVD]. Available: Paramount Pictures. Title of film (in italics)Year of distribution (in round brackets)Directed by[DVD] or [Blu-ray]Place of distribution: distribution companyMicroformIn-text citation:Data from Jones (1997)…Reference list:Jones, P. (1997) The Jones collection [Microform]. Yorkshire: Jones Physiological Association. AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of microform (in italics)Medium (in square brackets)Place of publication: publisherPhonecastsIn-text citation:Zuckerberg created his website in 2004 (A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg, 2007).Reference list:A conversation with Mark Zuckerberg (2007) [Phonecast]. Available at: (Accessed: 27 June 2014). Title of phonecast (in italics)Year of production (in round brackets)[Phonecast]Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Phonecasts are audio or video programmes transmitted to a user's mobile phone. The user dials a number to access the programme. Alternatively, phonecasters can broadcast by using their telephones in place of microphones. Although phone calls are personal communications, it is possible to reference phonecasts if the access details are available in a publication or web page.PodcastsIn-text citation:It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth (Yesterday in Parliament, 2015)…Reference list:Yesterday in Parliament (2015) 18th June 15 [Podcast]. 18 June. Available at (Accessed: 19 June 2015). Author/presenterYear that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of podcast (in italics)[Podcast]Day/month of posted messageAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Although podcasts can be downloaded onto portable devices, you should reference where it was published or displayed for download rather than trying to give 'my iPod' as a source.ScreencastsIn-text citation:An online video showed this (Learning Rails the zombie way, no date).Reference list:Learning Rails the zombie way (no date) [Screencast]. Available at: (Accessed: 12 January 2014). Title of screencast (in italics)Year of production (in round brackets)[Screencast]Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Vodcasts or vidcastsIn-text citation:The vodcast (Butler and O’Rourke, 2014) explained how Bob Saget was a hero to them.Reference list:Butler, B. and O’Rourke, A. (2014) Bob Saget: Norm Macdonald Live: Video Podcast Network. [Vodcast]. Available at (Accessed: 22 June 2015). AuthorYear that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)Title of vodcast (in italics)[Vodcast]Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Video podcasts can be viewed on the internet or downloaded for later viewing. So that readers can locate the original, cite and reference where you obtained the vodcast.Interviews with film directorsIn-text citation:The directors were incredibly pleased with the outcome (Wachowski, 2003).Reference list:Wachowski, L. (2003) ‘Interview with L. Wachowski’. Interviewed by L. Smith. The Matrix Reloaded [DVD]. Los Angeles: Warner Brothers Inc. Name of person interviewedYear of interview (in round brackets)Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)Interview with/interviewed byInterviewer's nameTitle of film (in italics)[DVD] or [Blu-ray]Place of distribution: distribution companyReviewsBook reviewsIn-text citation:Stevens (2010) thought the book…Reference list:Stevens, H. (2010) ‘Biology of birds’. Review of The birds and the bees, by David Bills. Journal of the History of Biology, 50(2), pp. 190-92. Name of the reviewer (if indicated)Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)Title of the review (in single quotation marks)Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)Author of work being reviewedPublication details (title in italics)Drama reviewsIn-text citation:One reviewer (Smith, 2007, p. 6) wrote…Reference list:Smith, U. (2007) ‘The big finale’. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July. Name of the reviewer (if indicated)Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)Title of the review (in single quotation marks)Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)Director of work being reviewedPublication details (title in italics)Film reviewsIn-text citation:One reviewer (Smith, 2007, p. 6) wrote…Reference list:Smith, U. (2007) ‘The big finale’. Review of Heaven help me, by T. Jones. Theatre Royal, York. The Times (Review section), 8 July. Name of the reviewer (if indicated)Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)Title of the review (in single quotation marks)Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)Director of work being reviewedPublication details (title in italics)Reviews of musical performancesIn-text citation:Jubb (2015) thought the performance was incredible.Reference list:Jubb, A. (2015) ‘Absolute magic’. Review of Clockwork Angels Tour, by Rush, York, UK. The Press (Review section), 29 March, p. 91. Name of the reviewer (if indicated)Year of publication of the review (in round brackets)Title of the review (in single quotation marks)Review of ... (title of work reviewed – in italics)Composer of work being reviewedPublication details (title in italics)InterviewsNewspaper interviewIn-text citation:Jones (2009) believed…Reference list:Jones, K. (2009). Interview with Kevin Jones. Interview by Steven Poulter for The Times, 7 July, p. 88. Name of person interviewedYear of interview (in round brackets)Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)Interview with/interviewed byInterviewer's nameTitle of publication or broadcast (in italics)Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)If published on the internet add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Television interviewIn-text citation:Jones was clearly out of his depth (Jones, 2009).Reference list:Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, BBC Two Television, 5 February. Name of person interviewedYear of interview (in round brackets)Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)Interview with/interviewed byInterviewer's nameTitle of publication or broadcast (in italics)Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)If published on the internet add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Internet interviewIn-text citation:Jones was clearly out of his depth (Jones, 2009).Reference list:Jones, K. (2009) Interviewed by Steven Poulter for Newsnight, 7 March. Available at: (Accessed: 17 June 2015). Name of person interviewedYear of interview (in round brackets)Title of the interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)Interview with/interviewed byInterviewer's nameTitle of publication or broadcast (in italics)Day and month of interview, page numbers (if relevant)If published on the internet add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)RESEARCHUnpublished or confidential informationConfidential informationIn-text citation:The records they produced (Placement hospital, 2014)…Reference list:[Placement hospital] (2014) [Placement hospital] examination criteria for patients with dementia. London: [Placement hospital]. Anonymised institution/agency (in square brackets)Year produced (in round brackets)Anonymised title (in italics) (use square brackets for the anonymised part)LocationAnonymised producer (in square brackets)In many cases you will need to anonymise the person or institution involved. In medical situations, for example, you may use terms such as 'Subject 1', 'Patient X' or 'Baby J' instead of real names; or 'Placement school', 'Placement hospital' or 'Placement agency' instead of actual institutions.Internal reportsIn-text citation:Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…Reference list:Hegenbarth, L. (2014) Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report. Unpublished. Author or organisationYear produced (in round brackets)Title of report (in italics)Internal report (including name of institution)UnpublishedUnpublished academic workStudents’ own workIn-text citation:The topic of the essay (Jubb, 2014)…Reference list:Jubb, A. (2014) ‘Did the Allies win the battle of the Atlantic because of superior air power?’, L252: War Studies. University of Birmingham. Unpublished essay. Student nameYear of submission (in round brackets)Title of essay/assignment (in single quotation marks)Module code: module title (in italics)InstitutionUnpublished essay/assignmentTheses and dissertationsIn-text citation:Research by Gregory (1970) suggests that…Reference list:Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis. University of Birmingham. Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015). AuthorYear of submission (in round brackets)Title of thesis (in italics)Degree statementDegree-awarding bodyIf viewed online:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Tutors’ handoutsIn-text citation:The tutor’s handout (Whittingham, 2015)…Reference list:Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’, L252: War Studies. University of Birmingham. Unpublished. TutorYear of distribution (in round brackets)Title of handout (in single quotation marks)Module code: module title (in italics)InstitutionUnpublishedTutors’ lecture notes in VLEsIn-text citation:The tutor’s work (Whittingham, 2015)…Reference list:Whittingham, D. (2015) ‘Zulu warriors’. L252: War Studies. Available at: (Accessed: 21 June 2015). Author or tutorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of item (in single quotation marks)Module code: module title (in italics)Available at: URL of VLE(Accessed: date)ReportsFinancialCompany annual reportsIn-text citation:The company expanded massively during the first half of the year (BSkyB Ltd, 2012).Reference list:BSkyB Ltd. (2012) Annual Report 2012. Available at: (Accessed: 9 January 2013). Author or organisationYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of report (in italics)Place of publication: publisherOR if accessed on the internet:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Financial reports from online databasesIn-text citation:BSkyB’s profit margin rose by over 7 per cent in the financial year 2011-2012 (Bureau van Dijk, 2013).Reference list:Bureau van Dijk (2013) ‘BSkyB plc company report’. Available at: (Accessed: 8 January 2013). Publishing organisationYear of publication/last updated (in round brackets)Title of extract (in single quotation marks)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)ResearchInternal reportsIn-text citation:Recommendations in the report (Hegenbarth, 2014)…Reference list:Hegenbarth, L. (2014) Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report. Unpublished. Author or organisationYear produced (in round brackets)Title of report (in italics)Internal report (including name of institution)UnpublishedMarket research reports from online databasesIn-text citation:Mintel Oxygen (2014) noticed problems in the market…Reference list:Mintel Oxygen (2014) ‘Van insurance Wales’. Available at: (Accessed: 18 July 2014). Author or organisationYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of report (in single quotation marks)Place of publication: publisherOR if accessed on the internet:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Research reportsIn-text citation:The minimum cost of living in Yorkshire is ?15,000 (Friedland, 2009, p. 65)Reference list:Friedland, B. (2009) A minimum income standard for Yorkshire: what people think. Available at: (Accessed: 19 June 2015). Author or organisationYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of report (in italics)Place of publication: publisherOR if accessed on the internet:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Genealogical sourcesBirth, marriage and death certificatesIn-text citation:Jayne was born in Pontefract (‘Jayne Seaman’, 1966)…Reference list:‘Jayne Seaman’ (1966) Certified copy of birth certificate for Jayne Seaman, 20 December 1966. Application number 5001977/D. Pontefract Register Office. Name of person (in single quotation marks)Year of event (in round brackets)Certified copy of ... certificate for ... (in italics)Full name of person (forenames, surname) (in italics)Day/month/year of event (in italics)Application number from certificateLocation of Register OfficeOR if you retrieved the certificate online, after application number from certificate, add:Year of last update (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)CensusesIn-text citation:Mark Jones moved to York in the 1950s (‘Mark Jones’, 1956).Reference list:‘Mark Jones’ (1956) Census return for Leeds Road, Bishopthorpe, York subdistrict, North Yorkshire. Public Record Office: PRO YO9/3765, folio 89, p. 8 (1956). Available at: (Accessed: 23 June 2015). Name of person (in single quotation marks)Year of census (in round brackets)Census return for ... (in italics)Street, place, county (in italics)Registration subdistrict (in italics)Public Record Office:Piece number, folio number, page numberOR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:Year of last update (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Military recordsIn-text citation:Private Hunsley fought valiantly (‘Richard Hunsley VC’, 2014).Reference list:‘Richard Hunsley VC’ (1956) Commonwealth War Graves Commission casualty details. Available at: (Accessed: 21 June 2015). Name of person (in single quotation marks)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title of publication (in italics)Publication detailsOR if you retrieved the document online, add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Parish registersIn-text citation:Alex and Alice’s wedding (‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’, 1934)…Reference list:‘Alex Jones and Alice Roberts’ (1934) Marriage of Alex Jones and Alice Roberts, 5 May 1934. St Andrew’s Church Bishopthorpe, York marriage register 1900-1950 (2009). Available at: (Accessed: 29 March 2015). Name of person (in single quotation marks)Year of event (in round brackets)Baptism, marriage or burial of ...Full name of person (forenames, surname)Day/month/year of eventTitle of register (in italics)OR if you retrieved the certificate online, add:Year of last update (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)WillsIn-text citation:They inherited a great wealth (Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire, 1800).Reference list:Will of Jamie Blackburn of York Abbey, North Yorkshire (1800). The National Archives: Public Record Office. Catalogue reference: PROB/15/1980. Title of document (in italics)Year of will (in round brackets)Name of archive or repositoryReference numberManuscriptsIn-text citation:The evidence (Simpson, 1865, 6/57/896) points to…Reference list:Simpson, J. (1865) Letter to Jayne Beech, 15 December. James Simpson Collection, Birmingham University Library. AuthorYear (in round brackets)Title of manuscript (in italics)Date (if available)Name of collection containing manuscript and reference numberLocation of manuscript in archive or repositoryScientific and technical informationDataGraphsIn-text citation:The effects of the atoms (Gray, 2009, p. 87)…Reference list:Gray, A. (2009) How to reference scientific papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 87, graph. AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of book (in italics)Place of publication: publisherPage number or figure number for graphGraphScientific datasetsIn-text citation:The data (Shevchenko, 2014)…Reference list:Shevchenko, A. (2014) ‘Na levels holdings’. Available at: (Accessed: 9 January 2015). AuthorDate (in round brackets)Title of data (in single quotation marks)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)British StandardsIn-text citation:Attic conversions are subject to strict controls (British Standards Institution, 1998).Reference list:British Standards Institution (1998) BS5678-9.8: Structural use of timber: ceiling binders. Available at: (Accessed: 5 June 2014). Name of authorising organisationYear of publication (in round brackets)Number and title of standard (in italics)Place of publication: publisherOR if viewed online:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Mathematical equationsIn-text citation:James (2006, p. 1889) noted that z>0. Reference list:James, J. (2006) ‘Some functional equations’, Advances in Algebra, 315(8), pp. 1880-1899. Available at: (Accessed: 19 January 2015).AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of article (in single quotation marks)Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)Volume, issue, page numbersAvailable at: URL (or doi if available)(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)PatentsIn-text citation:Fredericks (2012) proposed a solution.Reference list:Fredericks, F. (2012) Vinyl cleaning tool. UK Intellectual Property Office Patent no. GB2468906. Available at: (Accessed: 5 June 2013). Inventor(s)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Authorising organisationPatent numberAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Requests for Comments (RFCs)In-text citation:A number of comments were made relating to the document (Hoff, 1995).Reference list:Hoff, D. (1995) The Baywatch years. Nos: FYA 19 and RFC 5879. Available at: (Accessed: 20 October 2009). Author/editorYear (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Document numberAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Scientific or technical reportsIn-text citation:Jones has found (1997, p. 76)…Reference list:Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour Research, volume. 7. Author(s)Title of reportPublishing organisation. Place of publicationDate of publicationReport series and numberLEGAL MATERIALHouse of Commons and House of Lords PapersIn-text citation:Parliamentary reports for the year included renewable energy (Parliament. House of Lords, 2004).Reference list:Parliament. House of Lords (2004) Electricity from renewables: the first report. (HL 2003-2004 (19)). London: The Stationary Office. Parliament. House of ...Year of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Paper number (in round brackets). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers (see example below)Place of publication: publisherHansardIn-text citation:Dr Sugar expressed his views quite clearly (HC Deb 20 January 2009).Reference list:HC Deb 20 January 2009, vol 500, col 1990. Available at: (Accessed: 19 August 2010). Abbreviation of House and Deb (for Debates)Date of debateVolume numberColumn numberAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Hansard is the official record of debates and speeches given in Parliament, as well as written answers to questions and written statements by ministers. A fully searchable version of Hansard from 1988 for the Commons and from 1995 for the Lords is available online at(Accessed: 18 April 2013). For more information on the use of Hansard, see Factsheet G17: The Official Report?(2010) produced by the House of Commons Information Office. Available at: HYPERLINK "" \t "_blank" ?(Accessed: 18 April 2013). We suggest adding the URL for the debate you are citing so that your reader can locate the precise section.Legislation from UK devolved AssembliesIn-text citation:In the legislation (Budget (Wales) Act 2008)…Reference list:Budget (Wales) Act 2008 (asp 2). Available at: (Accessed: 19 March 2009).Title of Act including year (in italics)asp number (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)More legal materialBills from the House of Commons of House of LordsIn-text citation:It is clear that the Green Belt Bill (Parliament, House of Commons, 1999) is inadequate.Reference list:Parliament, House of Commons (1999) Green Belt Bill (Bills 1999-2000 9). London: The Stationary Office. Parliament. House of ...Year of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Bill number (in brackets)Place of publication: publisherCommand papers including Green and White PapersIn-text citation:Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000) includes…Reference list:Lord Chancellor’s Department (2000) Government policy on referencing. London: The Stationery Office (Cm 4517).Name of committee or Royal CommissionYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Place of publication: publisherPaper number (in brackets)OR if viewed online:Paper number (in round brackets after title)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Law commission reports and consultation papersIn-text citation:The report (Crime Commission, 2012)…Reference list:Crime Commission (2012) Prosecution Appeals. (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906). London: The Stationery Office. Law CommissionYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of report or consultation paper (in italics)Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number (if given) (in round brackets)Place of publication: publisherOR if viewed online:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Statutory Instruments (SIs)In-text citation:The Terrorism Order 2004…Reference list:Terrorism Order 2004 (SI 2004/3354). Available at: (Accessed: 19 January 2013).Name/title including year (in italics)SI year and number (in round brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed date)GOVERNMENT & EUEuropean Union publicationsIn-text citation:The predicted migration of labour (European Commission, 2007)…Reference list:European Commission (2007) Making globalisation profitable. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Name of EU institution (for example, Council of the European Union, European Commission)Year of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Place of publication: publisherGovernment publicationsCommand Papers including Green and White PapersIn-text citation:Useful advice (Lord Chancellor’s Department, 2000) includes…Reference list:Lord Chancellor’s Department (2000) Government policy on referencing. London: The Stationery Office (Cm 4517).Name of committee or Royal CommissionYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Place of publication: publisherPaper number (in brackets)OR if viewed online:Paper number (in round brackets after title)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Departmental publicationsPublications of international organisationsIn-text citation:Reports by the International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport (2010)…Reference list:International Chamber of Commerce, Commission for Air Transport (2010) The need for greater liberalization. Available at: (Accessed: 8 February, 2014). Name of organisation or institutionYear of publication (in round brackets)Title (in italics)Place of publication: publisherOR if viewed online:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)COMMUNICATIONSConferencesFull conference proceedingsIn-text citation:The conference (Institute for Large Businesses, 1999)…Reference list:Institute for Large Businesses (1999) Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. Author/editorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)Location and date of conferencePlace of publication: publisherIndividual conference papersIn-text citation:Jones (1999) explained…Reference list:Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. Author of paperYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of paper (in single quotation marks)Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)Location and date of conferencePlace of publication: publisherPage references for the paperPapers from conference proceedings published on the internetIn-text citation:Jones (1999) explained…Reference list:Jones, D. (1999) ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference. University of Birmingham, 18-19 December. Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses. Available at: (Accessed: 19 January 2014). AuthorYear of publication (in round brackets)Title of paper (in single quotation marks)Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)Location and date of conferencePublisherAvailable at: URL (or doi if available)(Accessed: date) (not required when doi used)Public communicationsElectronicElectronic discussion groups and bulletin boardsIn-text citation:This was discussed by Jameson (2014)…Reference list:Jameson, A. (2014) ‘International queries’, British Business Schools Librarians Group discussion list, 13 March. Available email: lisbusinessschools@. Author of messageYear of message (in round brackets)Subject of the message (in single quotation marks)Discussion group or bulletin board (in italics)Date posted: day/monthAvailable email: email addressEntire discussion groups or bulletin boardsRSS feedsIn-text citation:The library extension will be completed in 2016 (University of Birmingham Library, 2015).Reference list:University of Birmingham Library (2015) Library opening [RSS] 26 January. Available at: (Accessed: 18 February 2015).Author/organisationYear issued (in round brackets)Title of communication (in italics)[RSS]Day/monthAvailable at: URL(Accessed: date)Advertisements & PRAdvertisementsIn-text citation:The advertisement by British Telecom (2012)…Reference list:British Telecom (2012) Office relocation gremlins [Advertisement on ITV3 Television]. 19 November.Author/OrganisationYear (in round brackets)Title of advert/brief description of advert (in italics)[Advertisement on (insert channel name)]Date viewed.Press releases and announcementsIn-text citation:This development (Google Inc., 2015)…Reference list:Google Inc. (2015) Google Maps changes forever [Press release]. 29 December. Available at: (Accessed: 30 December 2015). Author/organisationYear issued (in round brackets)Title of communication (in italics)[Press release]Day/monthOR if available online, add:Available at: URL(Accessed: date)Display boards (for example in museums)In-text citation:It is obvious (Paintings of John Doe, 2012) that…Reference list:Paintings of John Doe (2012) Display board at Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition, Pontefract, 28 April 2015.Title (in italics)Year of production (if available)Display board atName of venue, cityDate observedLeafletsIn-text citation:Barclays Bank plc (no date) provides insurance for many families.Reference list:Barclays Bank plc (no date) Mortgages. [Leaflet obtained in York branch], 8 June 2015.Author (individual or corporate)Date (if available)Title (in italics)[Leaflet obtained ... ]Date obtainedMinutes of meetingsIn-text citation:The library staff committee (2014) suggested…Reference list:Library staff committee (2014) ‘Item 4.2: Developing technology’. Minutes of library staff committee meeting 24 January 2014, Main Library, University of Birmingham. Author (individual or group if identified)Year of meeting (in round brackets)Item being referenced (in single quotation marks)Title and date of meeting (in italics)OrganisationLocation of meetingPersonal communicationsIn-text citation:This was disputed by Smith (2012). Reference list:Smith, D. (2012) Conversation with Steven Jones, 13 August.Smith, D. (2012) Letter to Steven Jones, 23 January.Smith, D. (2012) Email to Steven Jones, 14 August.Smith, D. (2012) Telephone conversation with Steven Jones, 25 December.Smith, D. (2012) Skype conversation with Steven Jones, 21 June.Smith, D. (2012) Text message to Steven Jones, 14 June.Smith, D. (2012) Fax to Steven Jones, 17 December.Sender/speaker/authorYear of communication (in round brackets)Medium of communicationReceiver of communicationDay/month of communicationA reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. Therefore, it includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the reader can identify and then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located at the end of the work. When using the Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and the reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for when there is no author). Usually, the reference list is included in the wordcount, but the bibliography is not. However, always check with your lecturer or supervisor beforehand as this rule can vary between departments.Sample Reference ListBanerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry. 9th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, The New Yorker, 16 April. Available at: (Accessed: 22 June 2015).Guy, J. (2001) The view across the river: Harriette Colenso and the Zulu struggle against imperialism. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia.Hislop, V. (2014) The sunrise. Available at (Downloaded: 17 June 2015). Homer (1997) The Iliad. Translated by J. Davies. Introduction and notes by D. Wright. London: Dover Publications. Knapik, J. J., Cosio-Lima, L. M., and Reynolds, K. L. (2015) ‘Efficacy of functional movement screening for predicting injuries in coast guard cadets’, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29 (5), pp. 1157-1162. EDUC 1028: E-learning. Available at: (Accessed: 25 June 2015). Lucas, G. (2004) The wonders of the Universe. 2nd edn. Edited by Frederick Jones, James Smith and Tony Bradley. London: Smiths. Medicine in old age (1985) 2nd edn. London: British Medical Association.‘Rush (band)’ (2015) Wikipedia. Available at (band) (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Sample BibliographyCentres for Disease Control and Prevention (1994) Epi Info (Version 6) [Computer program]. Available at (Accessed: 23 June 2015). Gregory, S. (1970) English military intervention in the Dutch revolt. B.A. Thesis. University of Birmingham. Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Jones, B., (1997) Methods in tumour research. National Agency for Tumour Research, volume. 7. Peart, N. (1976) Something for Nothing. Toronto: Toronto Sound Studios. Rush (2015) [Bishopthorpe Social Club. 29 March]. The University of Birmingham (2010) The University of Birmingham experience. Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015). Note:Use (Accessed:…) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet, whereas use (Downloaded:…) when you have specifically downloaded something, for example a book onto your Kindle. Hints and tipsBe aware: if you don't already know, check with your tutor which referencing style you are expected to useBe positive: used properly, references strengthen your writing, demonstrating that you have spent time researching and digesting material and produced your own opinions and argumentsBe decisive?about the best way to cite your sources and how you balance your use of direct quotations, paraphrasing and summarising (read about these in the introductory?Basics?sections of?Cite them right online)Be willing?to ask for help: library/learning resource staff offer support with referencing and academic skills. Subject Advisors can help with finding and using resources and reference software, ; the Academic Skills Centre staff can help with essay writing and the use of citations and references . Be organised: prepare well and keep a record of all potentially useful sources as you find themBe prepared: read the?Basics?sections of?‘Cite them right online’?before you begin your first assignmentBe consistent: once you have established the referencing style required, use it consistently throughout your piece of workBe patient: make time and take your time to ensure that your referencing is accurateBe clear: clarify the type of source you are referencing and check?Cite them right online?for examplesBe thorough: check through your work and your references before you submit your assignment, ensuring that your citations all match with a full reference and vice versa.(What is referencing and why is it important? (2015) Available at: ) FAQsWhat is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography? A reference list is the detailed list of references that are cited in your work. Therefore, it includes the full bibliographical information on sources, so that the reader can identify and then locate the source. A bibliography is a detailed list of references but also includes background readings or other material that you may have read but not actually cited. Different courses may require just a reference list, just a bibliography, or even both. It is better to check with your tutor first. Both the reference list and the bibliography are located at the end of the work. When using the Harvard style of referencing, both the bibliography and the reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, or title (for when there is no author). What do I do if the publication has no date?You simply write ‘no date’ in brackets. For example, (Smith and Jones, no date).Example of in-text citation with no date:He was seen by many to be a great man (BBC History, , no date).Example of reference list entry with no date:BBC History (no date) Duke of Wellington (1769-1852). Available at: (Accessed: 18 June 2015).Can I mix referencing styles? No, you should never mix referencing styles. Always be consistent. When should I use italics?For a printed or electronic book, the book title is in italics, but for journal articles the name of the journal is in italics, and for newspaper articles the title of the newspaper is in italics. Check the i-cite guide or cite them right online for more detailed examples if you are ever stuck on a reference – never guess! When should I omit page numbers and when should I include page numbers?Page numbers in a citation are required forLengthy or direct quotesIf you are using ideas from a specific page or pages of a workPage numbers in a citation are NOT requiredIf you refer to a complete workOr you refer to ideas that run through an entire workSo you might be summarising ideas that run through a work or summarising an argument in a journal article or book, then no page numbers are required, but if you refer to an idea or fact from a page or several pages then you would provide page numbers. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until after your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? Yes, but only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. If this cannot be avoided, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. See the example below:A number of different studies (Jamieson, 2011; Hollingworth, 2012; Hatfield, 2013; Rogers, 2015) suggested that…What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author?If you list different sources by the same author which are produced in the same year, label the first source a, the second b, etc. Do this in reverse chronological order with the most recent first. See the example below:In his study of the work of Dawkins, Harris (2007a) emphasised the use of rationality in the former’s argument. However, it is clear that this was not the only strength of the original author (2007b).The reference list would look like this;Harris, S. (2007a) Dawkins: a history. London: Evolutionary Press.Harris, S. (2007b) Evolutionary thought. London: Evolutionary Press.Are in-text citations included in my word count? Yes, they are counted in your word count. However, your bibliography or list of references is not counted in your word count.What are DOIs?DOIs are digital object identifiers – a character string used to uniquely identify a digital object. What is the difference between using (Accessed:...) and (Downloaded:…)?Use (Accessed:…) when you have simply viewed the source on the internet, whereas use (Downloaded:…) when you have specifically downloaded something, for example a book onto your Kindle. Further information and useful websitesCite them right online homepage – the most useful website for the Harvard (author-date) referencing style. If you have any further questions or queries, this is probably the best website to go to; useful guide with many different source type examples; succinct example of a reference list, along with many citation examples; A useful guide with many different source type examples. Also comes with an excellent quiz at the end to test your new-found referencing knowledge; A more in-depth referencing guide, set out in a table-style format; useful guide with many different source type examples; Any questions?If you have a query that is not answered within this Guide, and the answer is still not found on any of the other useful websites that are linked further up, please speak to your tutor or subject advisor. Always refer back to the Cite them right online website if you are still unsure. Glossary (from Cite them right online)Bibliography: A list of all the sources you consulted for your work arranged in alphabetical order by author's surname or, when there is no author, by title. For web pages where no author or title is apparent, the URL of the web page would be used.Citation: The in-text reference that gives brief details (for example author, date, page number) of the source you are quoting from or referring to. This citation corresponds with the full details of the work (title, publisher and so on) given in your reference list or bibliography, so that the reader can identify and/or locate the work. End-text citations are more commonly known as mon knowledge: Facts that are generally known.Digital Object Identifier (doi): A numbered tag used to identify individual digital (online) sources, such as journal articles and conference papers.Direct quotation: The actual words used by an author, in exactly the same order as in their original work, and with the original spelling. Ellipsis: The omission of words from speech or writing. A set of three dots (...) shows where the original words have been omitted.End-text citation: An entry in the reference list at the end of your work, which contains the full (bibliographical) details of information for the in-text citation.et al.: (From the Latin?et alia?meaning 'and others'.) A term most commonly used (for example Harvard author-date system) for works having more than three authors. The citation gives the first surname listed in the publication, followed by?et al. One example is; (Smith et al., 2014). Ibid: Ibid is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the previous endnote or footnote. The previous reference should be immediately visible. For example, within the same paragraph or page. In-text citation: Often known as simply the citation, this gives brief details (for example author, date, page number) of your source of information within your text.Paraphrase: A restating of someone else's thoughts or ideas in your own words. You must always cite your source when paraphrasing.Peer-review: A process used in academic publishing to check the accuracy and quality of a work intended for publication. The author's draft of a book or article is sent by an editor (usually anonymously) to experts in the subject, who suggest amendments or corrections. This process is seen as a guarantee of academic quality and is a major distinction between traditional forms of publishing, such as books and journals, and information in web pages, which can be written by anyone, even if they have no expertise in a subject.Plagiarism: Taking and using another person's thoughts, writings or inventions as your own without acknowledging or citing the source of the ideas and expressions. In the case of copyrighted material, plagiarism is illegal.Proper noun: The name of an individual person, place or organisation, having an initial capital letter.Quotation: The words or sentences from another information source used within your text.Reference: The full publication details of the work cited.Reference list: A list of references at the end of your assignment that includes the full information for your citations so that the reader can easily identify and retrieve each work (journal articles, books, web pages and so on).Secondary referencing: Citing/referencing a work that has been mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. You may wish to refer to an author's idea, model or dataset but have not been able to read the actual chapter containing the information, but only another author's discussion or report of it.? Similarly you may refer to a primary source, e.g. an author's letters or diary, or a government report, that you have only 'read' as cited or reproduced within another author's text.? This is known as secondary referencing because you have not actually read the source, but only someone else's account of it.sic: (From the Latin meaning 'so, thus'.) A term used after a quoted or copied word to show that the original word has been written exactly as it appears in the original text, and usually highlights an error or misspelling of the word.Summarise: Similar to paraphrasing, summarising provides a brief account of someone else's ideas or work, covering only the main points and leaving out the details.URL: The abbreviation for Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator, the address of documents and other information sources on the internet (for example http://...).Virtual learning environment (VLE): An online teaching environment (also known as online learning environment – OLE) that allows interaction between tutors and students, and the storage of course documents and teaching materials.IndexAdvertisements 81Ancient texts 19Anthologies 20Atlases 20 Audiobooks 21Bible 18Bibliographies 22Bills from the House of Commons of House of Lords 75Birth, marriage and death certificates 67Blogs 30Book illustrations, figures, diagrams, logos and tables 43Book reviews 58Books in digital repositories 37Books in languages other than English 22British Standards 71Cartoons 44CD-ROM 38Censuses 68Chapter in an edited book 16Clip art 52Cochrane Library Review 29Collected works 18Comics 44Command papers including Green and White Papers 75Company annual reports 64Computer games 39Computer programs 40Concerts 42Conference papers in digital repositories 37Confidential information 61Display boards 82Drama reviews 58DVD-ROM 39E-book 17Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards 80European Union publications 77Exhibitions 46Facebook 31Film reviews 59Financial reports from online databases 65Full conference proceedings 78Geological Survey maps 48Graffiti 46Graphs 69Hansard 74Historical books in online collections 23House of Commons and House of Lords Papers 73Individual conference papers 79Installations 45Internal reports 62Internet interview 61Interviews with film directors 57Journal articles 27Journal articles accessed via VLE 28Law commission reports and consultation papers 76Leaflets 82Legislation from UK devolved Assemblies 74Lines within plays 23Magazine articles 24Manuscripts 69Market research reports from online databases 66Mathematical equations 71Medical images 49Microform 55Military records 68Minutes of meetings 82Mood boards 49Multi-volume works 17Newspaper articles 42Newspaper interview 60NICE/NHS Guidelines 29Online maps 48Ordnance Survey maps 47Packaging 50Paintings/drawings 50Pamphlets 25Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet 36Parish registers 69Patents 72Personal communications 83Phonecasts 55Photographic prints or slides 51Photographs from the internet 51Plays 43Podcasts 56Postcards 53Posters 54PowerPoint presentations 53Prepublication journal articles 29Prepublication journal articles in online or digital repositories 38Press releases and announcements 81Printed book with an editor 14Printed book with authors and editors 15Printed book with more than three authors 14Printed book with no author 15Printed book with one author 13Printed book with two or three authors 13Publications of international organisations 78Qur’an 19Radio and internet radio 34Reprint editions 25Requests for Comments (RFCs) 72Research reports 66Reviews of musical performances 59RSS feeds 80Scientific datasets 70Scientific or technical reports 73Screencasts 56Statutory Instruments (SIs) 76Students’ own work 62Television interview 60Television programmes viewed on the internet 36Theses and dissertations 63Torah 18Translated books 26Tutors’ handouts 63Tutors’ lecture notes in VLEs 64Twitter 31Video or films on YouTube 36Vodcasts or vidcasts 57War memorials 54Web page - Individual authors 32Web page - No authors or titles 33Web page - No dates 34Web page - Organisations as authors 33Wikis 32Wills 69 ................
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