EOC REVIEW FACT SHEET - Cabarrus County Schools
ADVANCED PLACEMENT REVIEW FACT SHEET
Exploration/Colonization
Colonization (reasons)
Gold – wealth from New World markets and raw materials
Glory – adventure or fame
Gospel – religious freedom or spread religion
Defeat of Spanish Armada left England in control of North Atlantic
Joint Stock Companies:
Funded early colonies through individual investment in hopes of profit
Example: Jamestown
Tobacco
Early colonial southern cash crop
Native Americans taught colonists to grow it
The crop that saved Jamestown from failure (John Rolfe)
Southern Colonies
Maryland (Catholics), Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia (buffer zone, penal colony)
Economy: staple (cash) crops, large plantations, cheap slave labor
Unhealthy climate around coastal regions: heat, disease
Premature deaths, many men came without family
Jamestowne: 1st permanent English settlement in North America
Anglican Church tax-supported
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania (Quakers), New York, New Jersey, Delaware
Fertile soil, Nation’s breadbasket
New England
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut
Poor, rocky soil and small farms, good harbors
Diverse economy, shipping, lumber, trade, etc.
Congregationalist Church-Pilgrims and Puritans- tax-supported
Pilgrims (Separatists)-not Puritans
Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English colony)
Wanted to completely separate from the Church of England (religious freedom)
Mayflower Compact – founding document, principle of self-government based on majority rule (will of the majority)
Puritans
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Came for religious freedom after persecution from English Archbishop.
Puritans want to change the Church of England (remove Catholic influences)
Do not want to completely separate like Pilgrims
Did not accept other religions (intolerant
Protestant work ethic-hard work, thrift, sobriety
John Winthrop – City on a Hill sermon – to be a model for everyone else to follow
Predestination-God knows who is saved/ must have conversion experience
Halfway Covenant: allowed non-converted church members to be baptized
Quakers
Settled Pennsylvania
Pacifists (no fighting)
Believed all men are equal (anti-slavery)
Practiced religious toleration
Maryland
Settled by Catholics escaping religious persecution
Maryland Toleration Act – granted freedom of religion to all Christians (Catholics and Protestants because the Catholics feared they would soon become a minority)
South Carolina
Taught to grow rice by West Africans
Close Ties to West Indies
Rhode Island
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (antinominanism)
Freedom of religion
Separation of Church and State
All adult males can vote
Indentured Servants
Sign a contract to work for a specified amount of time in exchange for payment of their passage to America
Unlike slaves, they will eventually be free
Headright System: planters/masters will receive 50 acres of land for every person they bring to America
Bacon’s Rebellion showed governor/eastern elite’s lack of concern for frontier problems. These settlers were former indentured servants who were having trouble with Native Americans. Rebellion highlighted the need to find a less troublesome source of labor. Planters turned to African slaves.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that the country with the most gold or silver rules the world
Mother countries get wealthy by owning colonies and creating a favorable balance of trade (they export more than they import)
Colonies are forced to sell raw materials to mother country for a low price and buy manufactured goods from the mother country for a high price.
Navigation Laws enforced mercantilism by forcing colonies to use British ships, have foreign trade go first to England to be taxed, etc.
Triangular Trade
Rum from New England to Africa
Slaves from Africa to Caribbean
Molasses from Caribbean to New England
Middle Passage: the second leg of triangular trade that brings slaves to the New World. Horrible voyage with high death toll.
Colonial Governments
New England Town Meetings – most democratic, “most perfect exercise of self-government”- according to Thomas Jefferson
House of Burgesses, VA – first representative government in colonies (1619)
Helped develop political independence
Colonial structure: wealthiest, merchants & planters
Held “power of the purse” over royal governors
New England Confederation: early attempt at colonial unity for protection, cooperation. Included all Puritan colonies.
Dominion of New England: replaced New England Confederation by including all New England Colonies. It was eliminated due to the Glorious Revolution when the crown assumed a more direct role in colonial affairs
John Peter Zenger Case
Newspaper publisher who criticized governor
Found not guilty
Freedom of expression (speech and press)
Great Awakening
Religious revival due to influence of Deism and the Enlightenment and unemotional church services and lukewarm faith
Encouraged more young people to participate and question established authority
Many slaves were converted to Christianity.
Road to Revolution
French and Indian War
Cause: France and England fighting over the Ohio River Valley
Albany Plan of Union (Join or Die) called by Ben Franklin to unite the colonies in defense against the French and to keep the Iroquois on the side of British and colonists. Plan was not successful, many colonies did not send representatives, showed colonies were not willing to cooperate
War puts and end to England’s salutary neglect (indifference)
Puts England in debt and leads to colonial taxes
Gives Americans fighting experience, confidence, don’t need England anymore
Treaty of Paris 1763= France loses all North American territory, Great Britain in control of North America
Long-Term Causes of the American Revolution
British debt from French and Indian War
Mercantilism: England controlled colonial trade by not allowing colonies to trade freely with each other or other nations.
Navigation Acts: required American products to be traded on British ships and Britain was to get a “cut” out of all American trade with other nations
Salutary Neglect (England leaves colonies alone during the early years, they get used to it, and resent when it’s over) Less colonial dependence on England
Experience with self-government
Proclamation of 1763-Result of Pontiac’s Rebellion, England wants to keep down conflict between colonists and Indians
Sugar Act
Imposed on colonists by British after the French and Indian war
Purpose: colonists must help pay for their own defense
Stamp Act
Colonists said Parliament had no right to tax them, only colonial assemblies had that right
It inspired the most resentment of all the acts
Colonists boycotted until it was repealed. (Boycotting is the most effective form of protest)
1770 Boston Massacre
Used for anti-British propaganda
John Adams defended British soldiers in court and they were acquitted highlighting the importance of fair trial
Tea Act
An attempt by the British to create a monopoly for the British East India Tea Company
Actually lowered the price of tea
Americans saw this as interference, especially American tea merchants
Boston Tea Party
Americans dressed as Native Americans destroy British tea to protest the attempt to create an unfair monopoly
Intolerable Acts
Closed the port of Boston and created new Quartering Act, closed town meetings and imposed martial law in Boston
Result of the Boston Tea Party
Led to 1st Continental Congress: called to gain intercolonial support for Massachussetts
John Locke
English Enlightenment philosopher
Said man had natural rights: Life, liberty, and property
His ideas went into the Declaration of Independence
Government by consent of the governed
Lexington/Concord
The shot heard around the world
First battles of the American Revolution
Second Continental Congress
May, 1775 selected George Washington to lead American forces
Patriots and Loyalists
Around 20% of Americans remained loyal to the King of England
Battle of Bunker Hill
Americans lost but proved they could fight against the better-equipped British
Olive Branch Petition
Last ditch effort by the Americans to resolve the conflict with Englan
Thomas Paine
Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that called for America to break from England and become a republic, criticized British treatment of colonies, urges colonies to declare independence from
Britain
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson
Ideas came from John Locke
Natural rights: Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness
All men are created equal
Rejects the idea of divine right of kings
Power comes from the consent of the governed
American Army Advantages
Knowledge of land
Defensive war
Fight for freedom
Easier to communicate
Guerilla tactics
Disadvantages=lack of money and supplies
Hessians
German mercenaries paid to fight for the British
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution
French became American allies (gave military and monetary assistant to the Americans)
Spain also sent aid
Battle of Yorktown
Washington and Lafayette trap British General Cornwallis on peninsula
French fleet defeats British fleet and Cornwallis surrenders his army to Washington
Last major battle of the American Revolution
Treaty of Paris 1783
Ended the Revolutionary War
French got nothing, Spain got Florida
US got fishing rights in North Atlantic
New American nation recognized by Britain
American borders: up to, but not including the Mississippi River; Atlantic Ocean
Articles of Confederation
First constitution
Created strong state governments and weak central government
Main weaknesses: Central (federal) government can’t tax – had to ask states for money, each state could print its own money
Only had legislative branch – no executive (president) to enforce the laws and no judicial (courts to solve disputes.
Accomplishments: held early nation together
Northwest Ordinance governing of western lands and terms of admission to Union
Land Ordinance of 1785 rational distribution and parceling of lands in Northwest territory
Strengthening the Central Government
Under the Articles of Confederation Under the Federal Constitution
Loose confederation of states Firm union of people
1 vote in Congress for each state 2 votes in Senate for each state
Representation by population for
The House of Rep
2/3 vote (9 states) in Congress for Simple majority vote
All major decisions subject to presidential veto
No congressional power over commerce Congress to regulate foreign and interstate commerce
No congressional power to levy taxes Extensive congressional power to
Levy taxes
No federal courts Federal courts/Supreme Ct
Unanimity of states for amendment Amendment less difficult
No authority to act directly upon individuals Ample power to enforce laws
Or to coerce states
Evolution of the Federal Government
Attempts at Union Years Participants
New England Confederation 1643-1684 4 colonies
Dominion of New England 1686-1689 7 colonies
Albany Congress 1754 7 colonies
Stamp Act Congress 1765 9 colonies
Committees of Correspondence 1772-1776 13 colonies
First Continental Congress 1774 12 colonies
Second Continental Congress 1775-1781 13 colonies
Articles of Confederation 1781-1789 13 states
Federal Constitution 1789-1790 13 states
State Constitutions
Property requirements
Bill of Rights
Procedure to elect government
Separation of powers
Shay’s Rebellion: Post-war depression, backcountry farmers loose farms as banks repossess
Riot conditions proved a need for a stronger central government.
Led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention
Federalists
Want the Constitution
Want strong central/national government
Believe in government by the well-educated, wealthy, elite
Don’t want a Bill of Rights but will finally agree to one in order to get the Constitution passed.
Leaders: Hamilton and Madison, Jay (Federalist Papers were written to convince N.Y. to ratify the Constitution)
Many of these people (excluding Madison) were the basis for the later Federalist Party
Anti-federalists
Do not want the Constitution because it makes the central government too strong
Want strong state governments
Will only accept the Constitution with a Bill of Rights added
Want a Bill of Rights to protect citizen’s personal rights against possible tyranny by a too powerful central government.
Leaders: Jefferson
Were the basis for the later Democratic-Republican Party
U.S. Constitution
Based on Federalism: the separation of powers between the federal and state governments
Result of Great Compromise: Resolves conflict between big states and small states over how to apportion representation.
Creates a bicameral (a two-house) legislature to make both kinds of states happy
Senate – based on equality: each state has two senators
House of Representatives – based on proportional voting (by population)
Three-Fifths Compromise - 3/5 of slave population can be counted to determine representation in the House of Representatives.
Creates three branches of government
Three Branches of Government and Primary Functions
Legislative – makes laws – Article I
Executive – enforces laws – Article II
Judicial – interprets/explains – Article III
Checks and Balances
Keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful
Executive can veto
Legislative can override veto
Judicial uses judicial review to declare laws unconstitutional
Bill of Rights
Name given to the first 10 amendments
First Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition
Amendments 2, 3, and 4 were the result of British tyranny (2 – right to bear arms, 3 – no quartering of troops, 4 – no illegal search and seizure)
Purpose: to protect individual rights from abuse by the central (national) government
Amendments 9 & 10 reserves rights to the States and People
Marbury v. Madison
Established the principle of judicial review (John Marshall)
Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional
Washington’s Presidency: no party affiliation (1789-96)
Judiciary Act of 1789 most important early legislation, created court system, supreme court
Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Assumption of state debts
National Bank (arguments over this led to the formation of first political parties and strict and loose interpretation of the Constitution)
Excise Tax on luxury items
Protective tariff
National Bank issue led to formation of political parties:
Federalists: pro-Britain, pro-elite, wealthy, broad/loose interpretation of constitution
Dem.-Republicans: pro-France, “common man,” state’s rights, strict interpretation of constitution
Whiskey Rebellion: Response to Hamilton’s exise tax on luxury items (including whiskey)
Rebellion by whiskey distillers in Western Pennsylvania who used whiskey as a medium of exchange – not a luxury.
George Washington took an army to Western Penn. to successfully put down the rebellion.
Proved two things: the central government would use force if necessary to enforce the law and the president could gather troops from multiple states to fill an army.
Jay’sTreaty: alliance with Britain, France saw as violation of Franco-American Alliance of 1778
Dem-Republicans angry, called for report on negotiations, Washington declared “executive priviledge
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain agreed to allow US use of Mississippi River and port of New Orleans
Chief Justice John Marshall
Federalist Supreme Court Justice favored loose/broad interpretation of Constitution
Strengthened the power of the National Government over that of the states: Marbury v Madison (judicial review), Cohen v Virginia (Supreme Ct. has the right to review decisions of state courts that raised constitutional questions), McCullogh v Maryland (Maryland could not tax the Bank of the U.S. “the power to tax…the power to destroy’), Gibbons v Ogden (only Congress can control interstate commerce), Fletcher v Peck (states cannot interfere with a lawfully executed contract)
Washington’s Legacy
Two-term tradition
Farewell Address: No permanent foreign alliances (treaties), Neutrality during foreign wars, Warned against political parties
Executive privilege
First Political Parties
Federalist Democratic-Republican
Rule by the elite Rule by informed masses
Hostile to extension of democracy Believed in extension of democracy
Strong central government Strong state governments, weak central
Loose interpretation of Constitution Strict interpretation
Pro-business policies No special privileges
Protective tariff No special deals for manufacturing
Pro-British/Conservative Pro-French
National Debt positive Anti-national debt
National Bank State Banks
John Adams: *Federalist* (1796-1801)
Federalist President
XYZ Affair: French officials try to bribe American diplomats. Result: development of U.S. navy and a 2 year undeclared war with France
Cotton Gin (1793)
Invented by Eli Whitney-interchangeable parts essential to rise of American factory system and mass production
Separates seeds from cotton with less labor so more cotton can be produced
Revitalizes slavery and helps it spread west (growth of short staple cotton)
Makes cotton profitable if there’s plenty of slave labor
Alien and Sedition Acts: Attempt by Adams and Federalists to weaken the political power of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans and oppress critics of the government. Increases the number of years required to become a citizen and levies fines, jail time, and possible deportation for criticism.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Written by Jefferson and Madison (Republicans) to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts. Declares the Acts unconstitutional. First arguments for the theory of nullification.
Convention of 1800 dissolved 1778 alliance with France and restored peaceful relations
Midnight Judges
Revolution of 1800
Peaceful shift of presidential power from one political party to another
Some loosening of property restrictions for voting
Thomas Jefferson: *Dem-R* (1801-1809)
Ideal=nation of farmers/independent, only property voters and educate should be allowed to vote
Marbury v Madison as result of midnight judges
Conflict with Barbary Pirates
Louisiana Purchase
Purchased from France for $15 million when Napoleon needed money to go to war with Britain
U.S. wants the territory because they want control of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. It will double the size of the U.S.
Jefferson was worried because the Constitution did not authorize buying land
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Mapped the territory and established that it was rich in resources
Proved that it was possible to traverse the continent
Led to settlers going west and helped establish an American claim to the Oregon territory
Native Americans felt the greatest impact from the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Hamilton-Burr Duel
Chase impeachment trial
Conflict with Europe as a result of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars:
British Orders in Council (1806-7) Forbade neutral ships to visit ports from which the British were excluded. Britain’s reply to Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees. Resulted in serious interference with the neutral trade of the U.S. whose ships were seized and sailors impressed into the British navy
France: Berlin and Milan Decrees (1806-7) France declared a blockade of the British Isles, making all commerce with England illegal
Chesapeake-Leopard incident (1807): British fired upon American frigate Chesapeake, used as propaganda weapon by warhawks encouraging War of 1812
Embargo Act (1807): prohibited American vessels from sailing to foreign ports
Non-Intercourse Act (1809) US would trade with all nations except France and G. Britain
James Madison: *Dem-R* 1809-1817
Macon’s Bill number 2 (1810) said that US would open trade with either Britain or France, whichever one would first agree to stop harassing our shipping
Tecumceh and Tippecanoe (1811)
War of 1812
Causes: freedom of the seas, impressment (search and seizure of ships and sailors), expansion of territory (Canada), and the Chesapeake Incident, British were stirring up the Native Americans
Indian relations, War Hawks/ young congressmen from west and south
U.S. practices neutrality toward Britain and France before the war
U.S. has a very weak army and navy
British burn Washington D.C.n retaliation for American burning of Canadian city
Battle of New Orleans – huge American victory – occurred after the war is actually over.(Andrew Jackson becomes a hero).
Hartford Convention – shows America has a problem with sectionalism during this war=led to the end of the Federalist Party
Rise of nationalism and industry in America
Treaty of Ghent: status quo ante bellum
First protective tariff (1816)
Second Bank of the United States (1816)
Vetoes Calhoun’s Bonus Bill (1817)
American System
Proposed by Henry Clay
Purpose to unite the nation and make the North, South, and West interdependent and to make the nation self-sufficient
3 parts: protective tariff, national bank, and internal improvements
James Monroe: *Dem-Rep* (1817-1825)
Era of Good Feelings
1 political party: Democratic-Republicans= few political arguments with the exception of slavery, tariff and states’ rights issues
Feeling of American pride and nationalism
Treaties of John Quincy Adams:establish US-Canadian border (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818), purchase of Florida from Spain (Adam’s-Onis Treaty)
Marshall’s decisions: McCulloch v Maryland, Dartmouth College Case, Gibbons v Ogden
Rush Bagot Agreement (1817-18) demilitarized the Great Lakes
Convention of 1818- American fishing rights in Canadian waters and boundary from Main to the Rockies- 49th parallel
First Seminole War (1817-18) Jackson invaded Florida
Adam’s Onis Treaty (1819) purchased Florida from Spain
Panic of 1819_ first major depression: caused by loose banking practices, land speculation, etc
Slavery
greatest threat to territorial expansion from 1800 to 1850
Slavery in the territories was the most serious issue dividing Northern and Southern politicians
Industrial Revolution:
Northern states saw a boom of industrial growth. Northern industries, banking, textiles, shipping were closely tied to southern slavery
Lowell System: northern mills employed young, unmarried women wishing to help support families, escape boredom, etc, provided education, social events, room and board to make working conditions more humane
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Maine entered as a free state, Missouri entered as a slave state
Balance of power between free and slave states is maintained
Slavery was only allowed below (south) of the 36 30’ line
Applied only to the Louisiana Purchase Territory
Was eventually declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court in Dred Scott Case
Monroe Doctrine
Warned European nations not to colonize any more in the Western hemisphere(American continents)
Election of 1824- Favorite Sons Election
“corrupt bargain”-Henry Clay influenced House of Rep. to vote for John Quincy Adams; Quincy Adams became president and Henry Clay became Secretary of State
Candidates advertised themselves with differing sections of the country
John Quincy Adams: *Dm-R* (1825-1829)
Erie Canal (1825)
Gateway to the west
Opens up trade route from New York City to Great Lakes, tying economy of West to East
Transportation Revolution
Turnpikes, steamships, canals, railroads
Led to growth=expansion of cities
Growth of transportation in West
Industrialization in North
Little change in South
National Road financed with federal funds causing disagreement between sections
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest of South Carolina (1828) called for nullification of the Tariff of Abominations
High Tariffs and Nullification
Helps the North because it protects domestic manufacturing
Hurts the South the most because they import manufactured goods – must pay higher prices
South comes up with the idea of nullification: ignore the tariffs (this is a states’ rights issue
Andrew Jackson: *D* (1829-1837)
Jacksonian Democracy: universal white male suffrage
Election of Andrew Jackson- first non college-educated president
Symbolizes the emergence of New Democracy: age of the “common man”
Spoils System – giving government jobs to friends and supporters
Vetoed the recharter of the National Bank (it favored Northern businessmen and wealthy stockholders)
Kitchen cabinet
Peggy Eaton Affair
Threatened war over South Carolina’s nullification of tariffs; the Force Bill
Indian Removal Policy – forced removal of Native Americans from their lands east of the Mississippi to present-day Oklahoma (later results in Trail of Tears)
Cherokee Nation v Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court said that Cherokee were entitled to keep their land and have federal protection. Jackson ignored the court ruling.
Believed presidents should be the voice of the people
King Veto-increased power of president
Specie Circular (1836)
Anti-nullification, Force Act-threatened to send troops to S.C. to force them to collect Tariff
New Democracy
Nominating conventions- end of selection of presidential candidates by caucus
1st party campaigns
Growing political power in western
Whig Party (1833) in opposition to Andrew Jackson’s policies
Increasing Sectionalism (1800-1850)
Sectionalism – putting the wants, need, etc. of your group/region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole
Issues that led to increased sectionalism: states rights, tariffs, slavery, and nullification.
Pre-Civil War Economies
North: very diverse with lots of industry
South: agriculture (cotton)
National Literature & Art
Reflected beauty of American landscapes and settings
James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans- frontiersman character
Nattie Bumpo-wilderness
Washington Irving: Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle
Romantic and reform-minded from 1815-1850
Hudson River School=American landscape
Religious and Reform Movements
Utopianism – desire to perfect man
Transcendentalism – simplicity, nature, Utopias, individualism, self reliance, question authority
Mormons, polygamy, moved west, killed and discriminated against, remain a major religious force
Brigham Young: Salt Lake City
Reform movements: Temperance (ban alcohol) considered a nation-wide problem, mental health and prison reform (Dorothea Dix), abolition, suffrage, education
Women involved heavily
Martin Van Buren: *D* (1837-1841)
Panic of 1837 caused by: Over-speculation in land, crop failures, unfavorable balance of trade with England, Specie circular, no Bank of the US
Results: 900 banks failed, unemployment, food riots
Trail of Tears: 15,000 Cherokees forced from Georgia to Oklahoma (25% died on the way)
Caroline Affair (1837) rebellion in Canada, American ship helping rebels destroyed, relations with
Great Britain strained
Aroostoock War (1839) Bloodless dispute over the Maine-Canadian border, more trouble with Great Britain
Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836, Texans want to join the US, debate over slavery postpones annexation
Second Seminole War- try to force Osceola and his tribe to agree to removal
The “Hard Cider and Log Cabin” campaign (1840): first modern campaign
William Henry Harrison: *Whig* (1841)
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
Died after one month in office
John Tyler: *Democrat in Whig clothing* (1841-1845)
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settles Canadian border from Maine to Minnesota
Vetoes Clay’s Bill for a 3rd B.U.S.
Entire cabinet except Webster resigned
Tariff disputes
Annexation of Texas three days before Tyler left office reopens slavery issue and angers Mexico
Manifest Destiny
Idea that it was America’s right to spread from Atlantic to Pacific
3 reasons to go west: gold (wealth), land, and religious freedom
Main trails: Santa Fe Trail used by traders, Mormon Trail used by Mormons to Utah to escape religious persecution, Oregon Trail used by first missionaries and then settlers/farmers to go to Oregon
“march of a nation”
led to conflicts with Native Americans, Mexicans
James K. Polk: *D* (1845-1849)
“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”
Oregon Boundary settled at the 49th parallel
Mexican War (1846-48) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-Mexican Cession
Wilmot Proviso-attempted to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession
Mormons to Utah
Gold Rush in California (1848)
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
Began as result of border dispute
Opposed by the North because Texas would want to extend slavery
U.S. wins and acquires territory known as Mexican Cession (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, etc)
Wilmot Proviso stated that no territory gained from Mexico could have slavery
Reopens issue of slavery in the territories-led to adoption of popular sovereignty (people of territories could decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery through a vote of legislatures)
Zachary Taylor: *Whig war hero* (1849-1850)
Debate over the Compromise of 1850
Died of stomach ailment
Millard Fillmore: *Whig* (1850-1853)
Compromise of 1850
California is admitted as a free state
Creates new territories of Utah and New Mexico which will have popular sovereignty
Slave trade is abolished in District of Columbia
Stricter Fugitive Slave Law – this is the most alarming and controversial to the North
Helps delay the Civil War during which time North gains more population, money, industry, unity, etc.
Oregon Territory
Had been jointly occupying Oregon with Britain
Slogan “54 40’ or Fight” refers to US demand for Oregon Territory (James K. Polk)
Women’s Rights Movement
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention met to declare rights for women including voting
Tried to achieve their goals by picketing and agitating
19th Amendment passed in 1920 to give women the vote
Abolitionism
Goal was to get rid of slavery
Frederick Douglass, John Brown, Harriet Tubman (Moses), Underground Railroad
William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator – immediate cessation (end ) of slavery
Elijah Lovejoy, Sojourner Truth
Quakers involved because everyone has God’s presence (inner light)
This movement deepened the animosity between North and South
Northern workers oppose abolition because they fear losing jobs to freed slaves
Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which contributed to the movement and made Southerners defensive. Increased the hostility between the North and South.
Violence against abolitionists in North
Political parties that included slavery in platform: Free Soil, Liberty, Democratic-Republican
Franklin Pierce: *D* (1853-1857)
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Creates two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska which will have popular sovereignty
Leads to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Results in “Bleeding Kansas” – bitter conflict between anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces:
Lawrence, Kansas and John Brown and Pottawattamie Creek
Opposition to this act results in creation of new Republican party
Lecompton Constitution rejected (it would have allowed current slave owners in Kansas to keep their slaves even if voters chose the “no slavery” version of the Kansas Constitution
Brooks/Sumner incident
Ostend Manifesto (1854) secret attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain, intended as an additional slave state
William Walker led rebellion in Nicaragua to create another slave state
Anti-Foreign Nativist Parties
The Know-Nothing party (American Party) against immigrants
Members shifted to Republican Party
James Buchanan: *D* (1857-1861)
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Dred Scott was a slave who sued for freedom because he had lived at one time in a free state with his master.
Supreme Court decision: Slaves are property not citizens therefore have no rights and cannot sue
Reopens the slavery issue when court says Congress can’t prohibit slavery in the territories because the Constitution protects private property (there is no such thing as free territory since a master can take his “property” anywhere)
Missouri Compromise is declared unconstitutional
Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Freeport Doctrine (1858
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
Civil War and Reconstruction
Abraham Lincoln: *R* (1861-1865)
Election of 1860
Democrats split into North and South factions
Abraham Lincoln becomes president – Republican Party –foremost goal to preserve the Union
Slavery should not be extended into the territories but could stay where it already existed
Election leads to the secession of the first 7 southern states starting with South Carolina
Breckinridge carries deep South
Lincoln=minority of popular votes, majority of electoral votes
Confederate States of America
Originally 7 states – finally a total of 11 states
President Jefferson Davis
Border States
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
Slave states that fought for the Union
Lincoln suspends certain civil liberties such as the Writ of Habeas Corpus and institutes martial law to control dissenters
Northern (Union) Advantages
Industry (most important advancement), Railroads, Money, Population (National banking system) Telegraph lines, Strong government, army/navy
Southern (Confederate) Advantages
Better military leaders, knowledge of the land, defensive war, motivation, experienced
Outdoorsmen, potential foreign allies due to King Cotton
North’s Strategy ( Anaconda Plan)
Blockade Confederate ports – to ruin Southern economy
Capture the Mississippi River by taking Vicksburg and the port of New Orleans – divide the Confederacy
Quickly capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capitol)
Later added the strategy of total war – making war against civilian targets to cause the South to lose its will to fight (example: Sherman’s March to the Sea”)
Southern Strategy
Fight a defensive war – hold off the Union until they tire or foreign aid is received
Regulations passed during ear: National Banking Act, Homestead Act, Legal Tender Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Income tax(1st) to finance war
Emancipation Proclamation
Frees slaves in states still in rebellion against the Union
Doesn’t free slaves in southern states the Union controls
Doesn’t free slaves in the border states
Makes this a moral war about slavery and helps keep Britain out of the war
Important Battles
Fort Sumter – April, (1861) first battle
Antietam (1862) – bloodiest single-day battle-Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg – turning point of the Civil War
Vicksburg – Union gains control of the Mississippi River, splits Confederacy
Copperheads
Northern democrats who want peace with the South
Effects of War
While the South was not participating in the U.S. Legislature, the northern states were able to pass much legislation favorable to the North including:
Homestead Act: 160 acres of free government land in the Midwest encouraged migration and use of railroads
Morrill Land Grant Act: Established land grant/state colleges for study of mechanics, agriculture, etc
National Banking Act: National currency, paper currency, all banks must be federally certified
Income Tax: later declared unconstitutional
Other effects of the war:
North: increase in industry and federal funding for railroads, economic boom
South: devastation, cycle of poverty, share cropping/tenant farming
Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865
Reconstruction Plans
All plans abolished slavery
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan – the easiest, most forgiving
Wade-Davis Bill-Radical Republicans’ harsher plan, pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, harsher, 50% loyalty for former confederates
Johnson’s Plan – harsher than Lincoln’s but easier than Congress’=angered Radical Republicans
Congressional Plan – Radical Reconstruction – this is the harshest, most punishing – divides the South into five military districts – is the plan that is actually implemented
Civil Rights Act of 1866, prevent Southern Representatives and Senators from joining Congress; required passage of 14th Amendment
Andrew Johnson: *War Democrat (1865-1869)
Reconstruction Amendments
13th Amendment – abolished slavery
14th Amendment – citizenship-equal protection, due process
15th Amendment – voting
All three were designed to help former slaves have equal rights
Johnson impeached but not removed for violating the Tenure of Office Act
Purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million dollars from Russia (Seward’s Folly)
Other Important Facts
Freedman’s Bureau – helped former slaves and poor whites with food, housing, clothes, medical care, education, etc.
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson – charged with violating the Tenure in Office Act. Found not guilty by one vote.
Scalawags – white southerners who joined the Republican party and supported reconstruction
Carpetbaggers – northerners who moved south to take advantage of opportunities
Black Codes – similar to slave codes – designed to keep blacks in their “place” physically, socially, economically, etc.
Redeemers-Democratic southerners who wanted to get rid of the Republican Reconstruction governments
Jim Crow Laws – southern laws designed to separate the races
Ku Klux Klan – secret hate group that used terror and violence to support white supremacy in the South and deny black citizens their right, especially the vote.
Ulysses Grant: *R* (1869-1877)
Noted for corruption in government and business, Credit Mobilier (Railroad scandal), gave government jobs to incompetent and corrupt friends (patronage, spoils system), severe depression in economy, bank and business failures
Whiskey Ring, Tweed Ring (Tammany Hall)
Rutherford B. Hayes: *R* (1877-1881)
End of Reconstruction
Failed to change racist attitudes in South and could not reorganize economic and social structure
Ended in 1877 when the last federal troops were withdrawn from the South, Part of the Hayes-Tilden Compromise that made Hayes president in exchange for ending Reconstruction.
Waving the bloody shirt: using Civil War memories to get elected to political office
South imposes restrictions on blacks, violence (KKK), restrict movement black codes
Redeemers-eliminate Reconstruction gouts
Sharecropping-creates cycle of debt and poor economic growth
Republican Party splits: Stalwarts, Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, pro-Grant, pro-spoils system, Half-Breeds: Senator James G. Blaine, anti-Grant, some-what pro civil service reform, Mugwumps “mugs on one side of the fence, rumps on the other”
James A. Garfield: *R* (1881)
Shot by Charles Guiteau, a mentally unstable and disappointed office seeker: aroused the public to the problems of the spoils system. “I am a Stalwart. Arthur is now president.”
Chester A. Arthur: *R* (1881-1885)
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) passes over veto, suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years, renewed in 1892 and 1902, repealed in 1943. Denied citizenship to Chinese living in the United States
Pendleton Civil Service Act: Civil Service Commission, competitive exams for some jobs, cannot exact political contributions form civil servants
Standard time zones, steel navy
Western Frontier
Railroad brought new settlers, led to destruction of buffalo
Homestead Act: 160 acres free government-owned land to settlers
McCormick Reaper, steal plow encourage more farming, abuse/overuse of land
Barbed wire- Joseph Glidden-used to fence the open range to protect grass and water sources
Range Wars between farmers and cattle/sheep ranchers
Oklahoma Land Rush- “Boomers” and “Sooners” rush to claim land in the Indian Territory
Mining- discovery of gold and silver leads to population growth, boomtowns, and ghost towns
Native American Wars: biggest source of conflict is the increasing number of white settlers moving west onto Indian land. Atrocities committed by both sides.
o Custer’s Last Stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn
o Massacre at Wounded Knee marks the end of the Indian Wars.
1887: Dawes-Severalty Act: land grants 160 acres for Native Americans if they agreed to give up tribal customs, attempt to Americanize Native Americans, undermined the power and independence of tribes
Fredrick Jackson Turner: Turner Thesis: closing of the frontier/ frontier made Americans a unique and democratic people.
Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor, wrote about the shameful way US government treated Native Americans
Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization
Industrial Revolution
New innovations: oil, steel, electricity, telephone, etc.
Bessemer Process: faster, cheaper, more efficient steel production
Specialization of work force: interchangeable parts, mass production, assembly lines; # of unskilled workers increased
Big business controls markets and eliminates economic competition (monopolies & trusts)
Vertical and horizontal integration; led to elimination of waste but created monopolies
Captains of Industry: Rockefeller – Oil, Carnegie – Steel, Vanderbilt – Transportation (RRs and shipping), Morgan – Banking
Interstate Commerce Act – to regulate railroads
Sherman Anti-trust Act – supposed to outlaw trusts, ends up being used against labor unions
Social Darwinism – only the strongest businesses survive in a free market without government intervention; survival of the fittest, poor were poor because of their own deficiencies
Laissez-faire government: government did not interfere with business, did not interfere on behalf of poor, workers, etc.
Horatio Alger: wrote juvenile literature, rags-to-riches stores: hard work, honesty, etc. is key to success
Growth of Cities (Urban)
Causes: rise in immigration, movement of displaced farm workers looking for jobs, African-
Americans moving north looking for jobs and to escape discrimination=ethnic neighborhoods
Results: overcrowding, disease, crime, fires, (Triangle Shirtwaste Fire), poor sanitation, housing shortage, etc.
Private charities help out instead of local government
Social Gospel Movement: community centers, Settlement Houses, Jane Addams’ Hull House
Political Machines: do favors for immigrants in exchange for votes Ex: Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
Mass transportation led to growth of suburbs as people commute
Wealthier areas emerge
Immigration
American Protective Association-against Catholics and immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe and Asia
Shift from Northern and Western European to Southern and Eastern European immigrants
Poorer, more illiterate, Catholics and Jews
Most settled in Northern cities (in neighborhoods with others of their ethnicity) and retained their religious and cultural heritage
The South had the least number of immigrants (can’t compete with former slaves for jobs), very few jobs available outside of tenant farming
Chinese Exclusion Act – closed the door to Chinese immigration
Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japanese children allowed to attend American schools if Japan would limit number of Japanese immigrants
Schools had the greatest effect Americanizing immigrants
Grover Cleveland: *D* (1885-1889)
“Ma, ma, where’s my pa”
Labor Movement
Knights of Labor – take all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill level. Die out. Involved in strikes and violence, try to change social sturucture.
American Federation of Labor – skilled workers only – most enduring, bread and butter issues
Haymarket Square riot – bomb thrown into police – public turns against unions
1920s – thousands of strikes but unions decline
1930s – New Deal helps workers and unions
Sherman Anti-trust Act – used against labor instead of big business
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Benjamin Harrison: *R* (1889-1893)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)- illegal to take part in a “contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations.” Deliberately vague
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: government buys nearly all output of silver mines each month with notes redeemable in gold or silver
McKinley Tariff (1890) 49.5% highest peacetime, sugar on the free list
Populist Party
Racial Segregation
South uses rules to keep blacks from voting: Literacy Test, Poll Tax, Grandfather’s Clause
Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute – economic equality will bring equal rights – willing to accept limited segregation during gradual process of equality, “fingers and hands” speech
W.E.B. DuBois – immediate social and economic equality – Talented Tenth – founder of NAACP
NAACP – goal is racial equality – better jobs and education – no lynching
Segregated army units with white officers
Plessy v. Ferguson – separate but equal – legalizes segregation
Populist Party – (reform)
Roots in Patrons of Husbandry, organization of farmers, social, political
Western farmers (rural) one or two cash crops
Want government to regulate big business (especially railroads)
Want government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones
Want graduated income tax and direct election of senators
Want unlimited coinage of silver to inflate currency, raise prices, and make debt payments easier
16 to 1 ratio silver to gold
Want 8-hour workday and limits on immigration
Democrats absorb most of Populist issues into their platform
William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech
Modern America Emerges
Grover Cleveland: *D* 2nd administration (1893-1897)
Panic of 1893 and depression
Coxey’s Army marched to Washington to demand public works programs for jobs
Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Wilson-Gorman Tariff 91894) 40% also provided for a federal income tax, but declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Ct. in 1895
Pullman strike (1894) Cleveland calls in federal troops
U.S. v. E.C. Knight: the Supreme Court ruled that Knights control of 98% of sugar refining is manufacturing not commerce and not a conspiracy in restraint of trade; therefore, not covered under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Hawaiian Incident (1893) Cleveland withdraws treaty form the Senate because of American complicity in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani
U.S. Imperialism
Most important cause: need for raw materials and new markets
Other causes: to spread Christianity, Democracy, and civilization to inferior people, sites for military bases, compete with European powers
Annexed Hawaii (for sugar)
Form of Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest – strong nations take over weak ones
Mahan says strong navy is needed for world dominance. Must have: modern fleet, Caribbean bases, canal across Central America, islands in the Pacific for refueling
Maintain a favorable balance of trade: export more than you import
Open Door Policy in China – share trade
Anti-Imperialist League to protest American imperialistic tacti
Spanish-American War
William McKinley: *R* (1897-1901)
Spanish-American War
Free Cuba from Spain
Yellow Journalism – Hearst and Pulitzer – exaggerated stories to stir up the public for w
DeLome Letter
Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!”
War ended by Treaty of Paris 1898
U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
Demonstrated the need for a canal across Central America
US keeps control of Philippines, Philippine resistance led to guerilla war-Emilio Aquinaldo
Cuba: Teller Amendment said US would guarantee Cuban freedom after the war,
Platt Amendment (control Cuban foreign policy) gave US input into Cuban affairs post-war
Insular Cases: indicate territories w/n have same constitutional rights as American citizens
Annexation of Hawaii (1898)
Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902)
Open Door policy, Boxer Rebellion
Dingley Tariff (1897) back up to 46%
Currency Act (1900) puts the U.S. on the Gold Standard
McKinley Assassinated: “that damned cowboy in President”
Theodore Roosevelt: *R* (1901-1909)
Rough Rider in Spanish-American War
Square Deal for labor, business, etc.,
Trust buster, big business regulator
Big Stick Diplomacy, Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine US would establish police power over Latin American nations,
Bull Moose/Progressive Party in election of 1912: this third-party split allowed Democrats/Wilson to win
Progressive era: muckrakers, democratic reforms at the state and city level: Australian or secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, city manager, commission
Trusts: Northern Securities Case (1902), Standard Oil, American Tobacco, beef, fertilizer
Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) square deal for labor
Conservation: Forest Reserve Act, Newlands Reclamation Act
Elkins Act and Hepburn Act strengthen the ICC
Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906)
“Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Panama Canal:
To provide military and commercial ships with easy passage between the Atlantic and Pacific
US helped Panama rebel against Columbia in exchange for canal zone (imperialistic)
Took 10 years to build, finished just in time for WWI
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine states US rights to interfere in W.Hemisphere
Russo-Japanese War and Portsmouth Treaty (1905): TR wins Nobel Peace Prize
Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan: Japanese immigrants/students issue
Progressive Movement
White, middle-class, educated, urban members (lots of women)
Has its roots in Populism
Concern for poor and social order
Lochner v New York: S. Court declared unconstitutional N.Y. law limiting bakers to 10-hour work day
Muller v Oregon: Court limited the maximum hours for working women
Exposed unsafe conditions using muckraker books and articles
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – leads to Meat Inspection Act and then Pure Food and Drug Act
Ida Tarbell – exposes Standard Oil
Goals: social/moral, political/governmental, economic, and industrial reforms
Wanted: prohibition, end to child labor, end to lynching, direct primaries, initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballots, etc.
Did little or nothing for the cause of civil rights for blacks
Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
William Howard Taft: *R* (1909-1913)
Dollar diplomacy: American investment in Latin America
Busted more trusts than Roosevelt
Mann-Elkins Act (1910) ICC can now fix maximum rates on its own, bans the practice of charging more for the short haul than long ones, placed telephone and telegraph under ICC supervision
Sixteenth Amendment(1913) Income tax
Woodrow Wilson: *D* (1913-1921)
New Freedom: against triple wall of privilege/banks, tariffs, trusts
Moralistic Diplomacy: Problems with Mexico
Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act (strengthened Sherman, removed unions and agricultural interests from anti-trust prosecution, Samuel Gompers called it Magna Carta of Labor)
Federal Trade Commission, Underwood Tariff, Income Tax (16th Amend.), Direct Election of Senators (17th Amend.)
World War I
Long-term causes: imperialism, nationalism, militarism, alliances
Immediate cause: 1914 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne
Original alliances: Triple Entente (Allies) – Russia, France, Great Britain / Triple Alliance
(Central Powers) – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
Italy switches sides after start of war and Russia drops out before war is over
Initially U.S. pursued policy of neutrality
1917: U.S. enters war: immediate cause – Zimmermann Telegram, long-term cause: unrestricted submarine warfare
President Woodrow Wilson – “make the world safe for democracy” speech asking Congress to declare war
Espionage and Sedition Acts – crack down on anti-war activities
Schenck v U.S. “Clear and present danger” limits freedom of speech in time of war
Committee of Public Information – get citizens to support the war (propaganda)
U.S. government places controls on some industrial production and transportation
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Treaty of Versailles: Loss of German land military, pride and money
U.S. refused to ratify the treaty because of Article 10 which could force the U.S. into the League of Nations and other European conflicts taking away from Congress’s power to declare war
Leads to World War II because of the many problems left unresolved and punishment of Germany
End of war signaled the U.S. attempt to withdraw from foreign affairs, isolationism, tariffs, Resurgence of conservatism, xenophobia (fear or hatred of foreigners), especially directed toward communists as a result of the Russian Revolution,
U.S. refused to acknowledge the communist government of the Soviet Union, no diplomatic relations until the 1930s
Warren G. Harding:*R* (1921-1923)
“Return to normalcy,” “I knew that the job would be too much for me”
Scandals: Ohio Gang, Liquor cabinet, Teapot Dome Interior Secretary Albert Fall: payoffs for secretly selling navy oil reserves, Atty. General Harry Daugherty received bribes from Prohibition violators, graft in Veterans Bureau
Emergency Quota Act of 1921: 3% based on 1910 census
Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)
1920s, Depression and the New Deal
Calvin Cookidge: *R* (1923-1929)
National Origins Immigration Act (1924) 2% based on census of 1890, prior to arrival of “new immigrants”
Dawes Plan: U.S. loans to Germany to help pay war reparations
Vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill that would have offered relief for farmers: “unwarranted federal interference in the economy”
Red Scare (1920s)
Result of Russian Revolution (communist takeover of Russia)
Spreads fear of communists, anarchists and socialists in U.S.
Palmer Raids – government steps on citizen’s civil rights to round up radicals
Communist Party – small and weak in U.S.
Immigration quotas: distrust of Asians, Southern and Eastern Europeans, communists
Harlem Renaissance
Celebration of African American culture in art and literature
Stance against Northern racism
Increased black pride: “New Negro”
Poets: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Hurston
Jazz Music: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith
Marcus Garvey – black pride, independent African state
Continued discrimination, limitations politically and economically
Prohibition
18th Amendment
Can’t make, sell, or transport liquor
Speakeasies – illegal bars
Leads to rise in crime and violence (gangsters)
1920s – Other Facts
U.S. attitude: isolationist, nativist (anti-foreign), and pro-business
Migration of southern blacks to northern cities for jobs and to avoid discrimination
Kellogg-Briand Pact – 64 nations outlaw war as an offensive tool (only to be used for self- defense), Washington Naval Conference limits number of warships, Dawes Plan helps Germany repay debts, Good Neighbor Policy, (all these limit the extent of U.S. isolation)
Labor unrest: low pay, long hours, poor conditions. Leads to thousands of strikes.
Rise of KKK – against blacks, foreigners, Jews, Catholics, etc
Immigration quotas – nativism and fear of job competition
Scopes Trial – Evolution vs. Fundamentalism (science vs. religion)
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – shows fear and hatred towards immigrants
Scopes Trial and Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – more famous for the issues than the outcome
Tradition v. Modernity
Flappers challenge old ideas about women
Writers: theme of alienation from American society, angst and uncertainty from horrors of war: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Steinbeck
Rise of scientific advertising, consumerism, mass production, increased productivity
radio, movies, magazines create national culture
Automobile changes ideas about courtship, leisure, lead to other new industries (gas, steel, rubber)
Growth of suburbs
Presidents: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover: Pro-business, laissez-faire, no direct aid to poor
The Depression
Causes: overproduction, overspeculation, unequal distribution of wealth, imbalance in foreign trade, easy credit, stockmarket crash
Many banks are forced to close (people panic and make “runs” on the banks)
Hard times with rising unemployment and poverty
Herbert Hoover: *R* (1929-1933)
Wanted federal government to help big business and banks (Reconstruction Finance Corp.)not direct relief for people.
Farmers destroy crops because of low prices hoping scarcity would bring prices up
Farmers lose land because of unpaid debts
Southern blacks move to Northern cities:
- Increased racial tension
- Competition with whites for jobs
- Employed in unskilled, low-paying jobs
- Development of black ghettos
Hoovervilles, “Brother, can you spare a dime?”
Bonus Army marched on Washington and were tear gassed
Hoover Dam
Franklin D. Roosevelt: *D* (1933-1945) only 4-term president (Amend. 22, 1951=2 terms)
The New Deal
Roosevelt – wanted direct relief programs for the people, led to increased role of government in lives of American citizens
Goals: Relief – unemployed, Recovery – economy, Reform – conditions that caused the Depression
Bank Holiday – closed banks to stop bank closings (failures) due to public pan
NIRA: self-regulating industrial codes to revive economic activity (Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.) declared NIRA unconstitutional
Social Security Act – money for the elderly and disabled – had greatest impact on average citizens
Electricity – Tennessee Valley Authority – improves work and living conditions
Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Builds schools, libraries, etc.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – works on parks, rivers, forests, etc.
Government creates jobs to help the unemployed and the economy
Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) – government sets limits on farm production – pays farmers not to grow certain crops.
Labor reforms: minimum wage, maximum work hours, allows collective bargaining
Dust Bowl, Okies migrated to California
Court packing plan: intention to make Supreme Court more supportive of New Deal legislation, declaring it constitutional
New Deal helped mostly psychologically, WWII actually ended the Depression
World War II and Its Aftermath
Rise of Dictators (Totalitarianism)
Causes: people (nations) desperate to recover from the depression, territorial aggression
Germany – Hitler, took over Austria, Czechoslovakia, appeasement policy by other nations/Munich Agreement
Japan – Emperor Hirohito and military government
Italy – Mussolini
Russia – Stalin
World War II
Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact – Germany and Russia agree to leave each other alone even though they distrust each other.
U.S. practices neutrality at the beginning of the war
Cash and Carry
Destroyers for Bases
Lend-Lease Proposal – U.S. provides arms for Allies against Germany, signals reality that U.S. was actually supportive of Allies
Appeasement – Munich Pact – policy followed by Britain and France to give Hitler what he wanted in hopes that he would be satisfied and stop aggression (Czechoslovakia)
Immediate cause of the war – 1939 – Germany invaded Poland
Gen. Douglas MacArthur – promised to return to the Philippines
Bombing of Pearl Harbor – 1941 – U.S. enters the war as a result of this Japanese attack.
Holocaust – German attempt to exterminate the Jewish race.
Blitzkrieg – “Lightning Warfare” – highly mechanized, fast and brutal German military assault
D-Day – Allied invasion at Normandy, France
Island Hopping – U.S. strategy of taking only strategic Pacific Islands and skipping over others
Charles deGaulle – Leader of Free French forces
Atlantic Charter – Roosevelt and Churchill outline principles for postwar peace and prosperity
Turning points of the war:
- Battle at Stalingrad – Europe
- Battle of Midway Island – Pacific (sometimes Coral Sea is included)
- Battle of El Alamein – North Africa
U.S. patriotism: victory gardens, buy war bonds, hold scrap drives (metal, rubber, etc.)
Japanese Americans sent to relocation camps (fear of them spying for Japan, but racism most basic issue) – suffered official discrimination (Korematsu v. U.S stated removal was constitutional)
Potsdam Conference – divided Germany into four parts, U.S. becomes more suspicious of Soviet Union as Stalin made clear his desire for “friendly” nations on his borders
U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: end war quicker to minimize losses, prove U.S. military superiority to intimidate S.U.
WWII effects on American Society: women and African-Americans employed in war time industry, African-American migration to cities and west coast for jobs, divorce rate increased
A. Philip Randolph: leader of Botherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened Negro march on Washington because of discrimination in defense industry hiring. Led to F.D.R establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission
Harry S Truman: *D* (1945-1953)
Made decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan
Post War America
Baby Boom – increase in birth rate – leads to the need for more schools
More women were employed outside the home – had replaced men in factories during the war but many lost jobs to returning veterans
GI Bill – benefits for veterans – vocational rehabilitation (job training), money for college tuition, assistance in buying a house (VA loans)
Many industries converted war technology to peacetime use
Cold War: Began over Post-war arguments between U.S. and S.U. about co
United Nations :
- International organization formed to promote world peace
- Can send soldiers as “peacekeeping forces” around the world
- All member nations belong to the General Assembly
- China, Great Britain, and France are permanent members of the Security Council
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – was formed as a defense against communist aggression
Warsaw Pact- Communist nations response to NATO
Senator Joseph McCarthy – claimed communists had infiltrated the State Department and the Army.
Truman’s Loyalty Program
Atomic Bomb – leads to nuclear arms race developing between U.S. and Soviet Union
Soviet Union with the help of American spies, exploded their atomic bomb in 1949
1949, China fell to communist forces
Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech:
Korean War – tensions turn “hot” as U.S. tries to keep Communist North Korea from taking over South Korea
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – convicted of espionage, condemned, and then executed
Marshall Plan – to prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe
Berlin Airlift – air-dropped supplies into Berlin after the Soviets blocked Western supplies from
Truman Doctrine – U.S. would support free peoples who were resisting oppression. Asked Congress to send millions of dollars in aid to prevent a communist takeover in Turkey and Greece.
Nuclear Weapons Treaties – banned aboveground testing, reduced number of nuclear warheads each nation had, and limited spread of weapons to non-nuclear nations.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: *R* (1953-1961)
Eisenhower Doctrine – The U.S. would provide military and economic aid to pro-western governments in the Middle East.
CIA installed Riza Shah Pahlavi as leader of Iran
Dien Bien Phu (1954) France lost Vietnam, Domino theory
U.S. exploded 1st hydrogen bomb (1954) 1000 times more powerful than atomic bombs
U-2 spy plane shot down over S.U. (Francis Gary Powers)
Sputnik (1957) Soviet Union successfully launched first satellite, U.S. responded with NASA
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) – nuclear arms treaty between U.S. and Soviet Uni
Castro took over Cuba (1959
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock
Interstate Highway System
Alaska and Hawaii become states in 1959
Farewell Address: “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.”
Civil Rights Movement
1948 Truman ended segregation in armed services and federal civil service
Rosa Parks – refused to give up her seat on the bus – led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott – beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas – Supreme Court said “separate but equal” was unconstitutional – desegregated public schools.
Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas – President Eisenhower orders federal troops to protect black high school students
1960s – Southern Christian Leadership Conference – increase black political power in the South through increased voter registration
Marches, Sit-Ins, Freedom summer, Freedom Riders
March on Washington – grass roots organization of the people, King’s “I have a dream speech”
Non-violent protest inspired by transcendentalists and Ghand
Supreme Court declared poll taxes unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act after death of Kennedy
Black Panthers, Black Muslims criticize King’s non-violent approach
Malcolm X: black nationalism/separateness, murdered in 1965
SNCC: Stokely Carmichael, black power, militant
African-Americans have been elected to many offices, especially mayor and city government
President John F. Kennedy: *D* (1961-1963)
“New Frontier”
1960 Election – beat Nixon – key issue: national defense
TV debate – watchers thought Kennedy won and radio listeners thought Nixon won
Inaugural speech – “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
Peace Corps – sent young American volunteers to needy countries to help build, educate, etc.
NASA – National Aeronautics Space Administration – U.S. in space race with Russia
Cuban Missile Crisis – most dangerous Cold War confrontation of his presidency – U.S. blockaded Cuba and threatened war if Russia did not remove missile bases from Cuba
Berlin Wall- built by Khruschev to keep people from escaping from communist East Berlin
Bay of Pigs – failed attempt to invade Cuba and create revolution against communists
Proposed Civil Rights legislation did not pass
Man on the moon by the end of the decade
Warren Court decision: Baker v. Carr: all legislative districts must have appx. the same
Number of people, improved minority representation in state legislatures
Rachel Carson published Silent Spring noting the effects of DDT on the environment (dead birds and animals), ushering in the environmental movement
Assassinated November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald
Vietnam War
Domino Theory – Belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, surrounding nations would follow
Ho Chi Minh – leader of the communist North Vietnamese
Heavy casualties – North Vietnam accepted them as necessary for victory
Gulf of Tonkin Incident – communist forces allegedly attacked U.S. naval vessels and resulted in Johnson asking Congress for the Tonkin Resolution
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – passed by Congress allowing President Johnson to take all measures necessary to defend the U.S. from attacks and prevent aggression in Southeast Asia (escalates U.S. involvement in Vietnam.)
Public support for the war declined after the Tet Offensive
Referred to as an embarrassing defeat and a blow to public morale
1973 – Cease Fire. Nixon agreed because of the public outcry against the war. Removed U.S. troops.
1975 – South Vietnam’s capital, Saigon, fell to the communists
President Lyndon B. Johnson: *D* (1964)
1964 Election – ran against Goldwater – key issue: Civil Rights
“Great Society” – to help the poor, “war on poverty
Medicare, Medicaid, HUD Act, Water Quality and Clean Air Act
Voting Rights Act of 1965 – authorizes registration of voters when states discriminate on the basis of race.
Affirmative Action20
Cannot afford both “guns and butter”
Credibility gap between truth and government cover-up of war realities
Vietnam protests led him to refuse to run for re-election
Warren Court extended individual liberties through more liberal interpretation of the Constitution.
Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy assassinated
President Richard M. Nixon: *R* (1968, 1972)
1968 Election – promised peace in Vietnam and a return to “ law and order”
Supported by “silent majority” voters
Woodstock
Title IX: schools cannot discriminate because of gender, led to more females in sports
Vietnamization, My Lai massacre news, invasion of Cambodia, Kent State (1970)
Pentagon Papers (S.C. allows NY Times to publish
Policy of Détente – U.S. and Soviet Union negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
(SALT) visited both China and the USSR, Recognition of the People’s Republic of China
Vice President Agnew resigned and replaced by Gerald Ford
Watergate – bugging of the Democratic headquarters
- Voting plunged as Americans lost faith in government
- President had overstepped his authority and committed illegal acts
- Tapes of Nixon’s conversations were the most damaging evidence
- Nixon resigned August 9th 1974 (only president to resign)
President Gerald R. Ford: *R* (1974-1977)
Pardoned Nixon
OPEC and energy crisis
Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam fell to communism
Helsinki Accords (1975) policies aimed at further détente with Soviet Union
Survived 2 assassination attempts
President Jimmy Carter: *D* (1977-1981)
Camp David Accords – Major foreign policy accomplishment that affected the Middle East
Panama Canal Treaty signed
Iran Hostage Crisis: 52 hostages held for 444 days, rescue attempt-8 killed
Recession, Inflation, gas shortages, economic problems: lost election as a result
Invasion of Afghanistan by Soviets (1979) U.S, boycotted 1980 Olympics
3-Mile Island: nuclear leak in Pennsylvania
“stagflation and malaise speech”
President Ronald Reagan: *R* (1981-1989)
Rise of the ultra-conservative wing of the Republican Party
Iranian hostages released
Survives assassination attempt by John Hinckley (RR breaks the curse)
Increase defense spending (Star Wars)
Reaganomics (supply-side, trickle down), budget deficits
Less government involvement in the lives of citizens
Confronting communist aggression in foreign policy “evil empire”
and reducing government regulation in business and industry.
Lebanon: 241 U.S. marines killed near Beirut
Iran-Contra issue (U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran in order to help finance anti-communist rebels (Contras) in Nicaragua
Gorbachev in Soviet Union: glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of economy)
President George W. Bush: *R* (1989-1993)
Collapse of communism
Solidarity in Poland, Havel elected in Czechoslovakia, Berlin Wall comes down
Ceausescu executed in Romania, Baltic Independence, Boris Yeltsin
Operation Desert Storm against Iraq in Kuwait 1991
Exxon-Valdez oil spill off Alaska: EPA takes some action
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
“Read my lips, no new taxes” Raised taxes anyway and was not re-elected
President William Jefferson Clinton: *1993-2001)
Withdrawal from Somalia, condemnation of UN leadership
US brokers peace plan in Bosnia and assumes a peacedeeping role
Homosexuals in the military: “don’t ask, don’t tell”
Family Leave Act: up to 12 weeks leave for births, adoption, illness
Brady Bill: 5-day waiting period before purchase of handgun
Extended period of economic revival
Growing health-care problem, expansion of HMOs
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement: Canada and Mexico
Scandals: Whitewater, Paula Jones, Monica Lewinsky
Impeachment trial: found not guilty of high crimes
Government and Politics
Thurgood Marshall – first African American on the Supreme Court
Federal Budget – Largest part since the 1960s has been used for benefits programs
Gray Panthers – rights for the elderly
Recent general elections – poorest turnout from the 18-25 year old group
New Right Activists – social and cultural issues
African Americans have had their greatest political successes running for mayor
Moral Majority – U.S. needs to get back to God and the Bible
Carter and Bush were voted out of presidency because of ailing economy
Supreme Court – banned laws against abortion, upheld affirmative action, and ended public school segregation.
Equal Rights Amendment – failed because less than ¾ of the states ratified it after it was passed by Congress.
Space
Soviet satellite Sputnik causes more emphasis on math and science in the U.S.
1980s – Space shuttle
Achievements:
- Man has orbited the Earth and landed on the moon
- Space station has orbited the Earth
- Unmanned landing on Mars
- Hubble Telescope
Milestones for Women
Colonial: no property rights unless widowed or unmarried, husband had custody of children, can beat wife legally “rule of thumb”
Post-Revolutionary: Small increase in respect due to “ republican motherhood.” Role of mother elevated due to task of raising sons to participate in a republican government, voting, education, etc.
“Cult of Domesticity,” “separate spheres”
Second Great Awakening
Reform movements
Seneca Falls
Participation in Civil War
Participation in WWI
!9th Amendment (women’s suffrage)
Flappers
WWII: wartime jobs, war bonds, etc.
50s (June Cleaver image) baby boom, many leave wartime jobs, needed for returning soldiers
60s: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan/ dissatisfaction of women not being able to meet their full potential, sexual revolution, birth control pill
NOW (National Organization for Women-fair pay and equal jobs)
ERA: first introduced in 1923. (1972) Equal Rights Amendment proposed but did not have enough states to ratify
Roe v Wade (1973) legalized abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy
Gloria Steinem (Ms. magazine), National Women’s Political Caucus:
Shirley Chisholm ran for president
Geraldine Ferraro: vice-presidential candidate in 1984
Glass ceiling: invisible barrier preventing women from reaching true economic
Equality with men
Latino Issues:
Chicano movement: Mexican-Americans organized to combat discrimination
Cesar Chavez organized movement to improve conditions for migrant workers
United Farm Workers Union: organized consumer boycott of grapes, lettuce
and other crops
Illegal immigrant issues
Native Americans:
American Indian Movement: fought for legal rights and autonomy (self-government)
Used militant tactics
Kennedy and Johnson tried to bring jobs and income to some reservations
Indian Education Act (1972) gave parents and tribal councils more control over schools
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 upheld autonomy and
Let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing
And education
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