EOC REVIEW FACT SHEET - Cabarrus County Schools



ADVANCED PLACEMENT REVIEW FACT SHEET

Exploration/Colonization

Colonization (reasons)

Gold – wealth from New World markets and raw materials

Glory – adventure or fame

Gospel – religious freedom or spread religion

Defeat of Spanish Armada left England in control of North Atlantic

Joint Stock Companies:

Funded early colonies through individual investment in hopes of profit

Example: Jamestown

Tobacco

Early colonial southern cash crop

Native Americans taught colonists to grow it

The crop that saved Jamestown from failure (John Rolfe)

Southern Colonies

Maryland (Catholics), Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia (buffer zone, penal colony)

Economy: staple (cash) crops, large plantations, cheap slave labor

Unhealthy climate around coastal regions: heat, disease

Premature deaths, many men came without family

Jamestowne: 1st permanent English settlement in North America

Anglican Church tax-supported

Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania (Quakers), New York, New Jersey, Delaware

Fertile soil, Nation’s breadbasket

New England

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut

Poor, rocky soil and small farms, good harbors

Diverse economy, shipping, lumber, trade, etc.

Congregationalist Church-Pilgrims and Puritans- tax-supported

Pilgrims (Separatists)-not Puritans

Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English colony)

Wanted to completely separate from the Church of England (religious freedom)

Mayflower Compact – founding document, principle of self-government based on majority rule (will of the majority)

Puritans

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Came for religious freedom after persecution from English Archbishop.

Puritans want to change the Church of England (remove Catholic influences)

Do not want to completely separate like Pilgrims

Did not accept other religions (intolerant

Protestant work ethic-hard work, thrift, sobriety

John Winthrop – City on a Hill sermon – to be a model for everyone else to follow

Predestination-God knows who is saved/ must have conversion experience

Halfway Covenant: allowed non-converted church members to be baptized

Quakers

Settled Pennsylvania

Pacifists (no fighting)

Believed all men are equal (anti-slavery)

Practiced religious toleration

Maryland

Settled by Catholics escaping religious persecution

Maryland Toleration Act – granted freedom of religion to all Christians (Catholics and Protestants because the Catholics feared they would soon become a minority)

South Carolina

Taught to grow rice by West Africans

Close Ties to West Indies

Rhode Island

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (antinominanism)

Freedom of religion

Separation of Church and State

All adult males can vote

Indentured Servants

Sign a contract to work for a specified amount of time in exchange for payment of their passage to America

Unlike slaves, they will eventually be free

Headright System: planters/masters will receive 50 acres of land for every person they bring to America

Bacon’s Rebellion showed governor/eastern elite’s lack of concern for frontier problems. These settlers were former indentured servants who were having trouble with Native Americans. Rebellion highlighted the need to find a less troublesome source of labor. Planters turned to African slaves.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that the country with the most gold or silver rules the world

Mother countries get wealthy by owning colonies and creating a favorable balance of trade (they export more than they import)

Colonies are forced to sell raw materials to mother country for a low price and buy manufactured goods from the mother country for a high price.

Navigation Laws enforced mercantilism by forcing colonies to use British ships, have foreign trade go first to England to be taxed, etc.

Triangular Trade

Rum from New England to Africa

Slaves from Africa to Caribbean

Molasses from Caribbean to New England

Middle Passage: the second leg of triangular trade that brings slaves to the New World. Horrible voyage with high death toll.

Colonial Governments

New England Town Meetings – most democratic, “most perfect exercise of self-government”- according to Thomas Jefferson

House of Burgesses, VA – first representative government in colonies (1619)

Helped develop political independence

Colonial structure: wealthiest, merchants & planters

Held “power of the purse” over royal governors

New England Confederation: early attempt at colonial unity for protection, cooperation. Included all Puritan colonies.

Dominion of New England: replaced New England Confederation by including all New England Colonies. It was eliminated due to the Glorious Revolution when the crown assumed a more direct role in colonial affairs

John Peter Zenger Case

Newspaper publisher who criticized governor

Found not guilty

Freedom of expression (speech and press)

Great Awakening

Religious revival due to influence of Deism and the Enlightenment and unemotional church services and lukewarm faith

Encouraged more young people to participate and question established authority

Many slaves were converted to Christianity.

Road to Revolution

French and Indian War

Cause: France and England fighting over the Ohio River Valley

Albany Plan of Union (Join or Die) called by Ben Franklin to unite the colonies in defense against the French and to keep the Iroquois on the side of British and colonists. Plan was not successful, many colonies did not send representatives, showed colonies were not willing to cooperate

War puts and end to England’s salutary neglect (indifference)

Puts England in debt and leads to colonial taxes

Gives Americans fighting experience, confidence, don’t need England anymore

Treaty of Paris 1763= France loses all North American territory, Great Britain in control of North America

Long-Term Causes of the American Revolution

British debt from French and Indian War

Mercantilism: England controlled colonial trade by not allowing colonies to trade freely with each other or other nations.

Navigation Acts: required American products to be traded on British ships and Britain was to get a “cut” out of all American trade with other nations

Salutary Neglect (England leaves colonies alone during the early years, they get used to it, and resent when it’s over) Less colonial dependence on England

Experience with self-government

Proclamation of 1763-Result of Pontiac’s Rebellion, England wants to keep down conflict between colonists and Indians

Sugar Act

Imposed on colonists by British after the French and Indian war

Purpose: colonists must help pay for their own defense

Stamp Act

Colonists said Parliament had no right to tax them, only colonial assemblies had that right

It inspired the most resentment of all the acts

Colonists boycotted until it was repealed. (Boycotting is the most effective form of protest)

1770 Boston Massacre

Used for anti-British propaganda

John Adams defended British soldiers in court and they were acquitted highlighting the importance of fair trial

Tea Act

An attempt by the British to create a monopoly for the British East India Tea Company

Actually lowered the price of tea

Americans saw this as interference, especially American tea merchants

Boston Tea Party

Americans dressed as Native Americans destroy British tea to protest the attempt to create an unfair monopoly

Intolerable Acts

Closed the port of Boston and created new Quartering Act, closed town meetings and imposed martial law in Boston

Result of the Boston Tea Party

Led to 1st Continental Congress: called to gain intercolonial support for Massachussetts

John Locke

English Enlightenment philosopher

Said man had natural rights: Life, liberty, and property

His ideas went into the Declaration of Independence

Government by consent of the governed

Lexington/Concord

The shot heard around the world

First battles of the American Revolution

Second Continental Congress

May, 1775 selected George Washington to lead American forces

Patriots and Loyalists

Around 20% of Americans remained loyal to the King of England

Battle of Bunker Hill

Americans lost but proved they could fight against the better-equipped British

Olive Branch Petition

Last ditch effort by the Americans to resolve the conflict with Englan

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that called for America to break from England and become a republic, criticized British treatment of colonies, urges colonies to declare independence from

Britain

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Ideas came from John Locke

Natural rights: Life, Liberty, and Pursuit of Happiness

All men are created equal

Rejects the idea of divine right of kings

Power comes from the consent of the governed

American Army Advantages

Knowledge of land

Defensive war

Fight for freedom

Easier to communicate

Guerilla tactics

Disadvantages=lack of money and supplies

Hessians

German mercenaries paid to fight for the British

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution

French became American allies (gave military and monetary assistant to the Americans)

Spain also sent aid

Battle of Yorktown

Washington and Lafayette trap British General Cornwallis on peninsula

French fleet defeats British fleet and Cornwallis surrenders his army to Washington

Last major battle of the American Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War

French got nothing, Spain got Florida

US got fishing rights in North Atlantic

New American nation recognized by Britain

American borders: up to, but not including the Mississippi River; Atlantic Ocean

Articles of Confederation

First constitution

Created strong state governments and weak central government

Main weaknesses: Central (federal) government can’t tax – had to ask states for money, each state could print its own money

Only had legislative branch – no executive (president) to enforce the laws and no judicial (courts to solve disputes.

Accomplishments: held early nation together

Northwest Ordinance governing of western lands and terms of admission to Union

Land Ordinance of 1785 rational distribution and parceling of lands in Northwest territory

Strengthening the Central Government

Under the Articles of Confederation Under the Federal Constitution

Loose confederation of states Firm union of people

1 vote in Congress for each state 2 votes in Senate for each state

Representation by population for

The House of Rep

2/3 vote (9 states) in Congress for Simple majority vote

All major decisions subject to presidential veto

No congressional power over commerce Congress to regulate foreign and interstate commerce

No congressional power to levy taxes Extensive congressional power to

Levy taxes

No federal courts Federal courts/Supreme Ct

Unanimity of states for amendment Amendment less difficult

No authority to act directly upon individuals Ample power to enforce laws

Or to coerce states

Evolution of the Federal Government

Attempts at Union Years Participants

New England Confederation 1643-1684 4 colonies

Dominion of New England 1686-1689 7 colonies

Albany Congress 1754 7 colonies

Stamp Act Congress 1765 9 colonies

Committees of Correspondence 1772-1776 13 colonies

First Continental Congress 1774 12 colonies

Second Continental Congress 1775-1781 13 colonies

Articles of Confederation 1781-1789 13 states

Federal Constitution 1789-1790 13 states

State Constitutions

Property requirements

Bill of Rights

Procedure to elect government

Separation of powers

Shay’s Rebellion: Post-war depression, backcountry farmers loose farms as banks repossess

Riot conditions proved a need for a stronger central government.

Led to the convening of the Constitutional Convention

Federalists

Want the Constitution

Want strong central/national government

Believe in government by the well-educated, wealthy, elite

Don’t want a Bill of Rights but will finally agree to one in order to get the Constitution passed.

Leaders: Hamilton and Madison, Jay (Federalist Papers were written to convince N.Y. to ratify the Constitution)

Many of these people (excluding Madison) were the basis for the later Federalist Party

Anti-federalists

Do not want the Constitution because it makes the central government too strong

Want strong state governments

Will only accept the Constitution with a Bill of Rights added

Want a Bill of Rights to protect citizen’s personal rights against possible tyranny by a too powerful central government.

Leaders: Jefferson

Were the basis for the later Democratic-Republican Party

U.S. Constitution

Based on Federalism: the separation of powers between the federal and state governments

Result of Great Compromise: Resolves conflict between big states and small states over how to apportion representation.

Creates a bicameral (a two-house) legislature to make both kinds of states happy

Senate – based on equality: each state has two senators

House of Representatives – based on proportional voting (by population)

Three-Fifths Compromise - 3/5 of slave population can be counted to determine representation in the House of Representatives.

Creates three branches of government

Three Branches of Government and Primary Functions

Legislative – makes laws – Article I

Executive – enforces laws – Article II

Judicial – interprets/explains – Article III

Checks and Balances

Keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful

Executive can veto

Legislative can override veto

Judicial uses judicial review to declare laws unconstitutional

Bill of Rights

Name given to the first 10 amendments

First Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition

Amendments 2, 3, and 4 were the result of British tyranny (2 – right to bear arms, 3 – no quartering of troops, 4 – no illegal search and seizure)

Purpose: to protect individual rights from abuse by the central (national) government

Amendments 9 & 10 reserves rights to the States and People

Marbury v. Madison

Established the principle of judicial review (John Marshall)

Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional

Washington’s Presidency: no party affiliation (1789-96)

Judiciary Act of 1789 most important early legislation, created court system, supreme court

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Assumption of state debts

National Bank (arguments over this led to the formation of first political parties and strict and loose interpretation of the Constitution)

Excise Tax on luxury items

Protective tariff

National Bank issue led to formation of political parties:

Federalists: pro-Britain, pro-elite, wealthy, broad/loose interpretation of constitution

Dem.-Republicans: pro-France, “common man,” state’s rights, strict interpretation of constitution

Whiskey Rebellion: Response to Hamilton’s exise tax on luxury items (including whiskey)

Rebellion by whiskey distillers in Western Pennsylvania who used whiskey as a medium of exchange – not a luxury.

George Washington took an army to Western Penn. to successfully put down the rebellion.

Proved two things: the central government would use force if necessary to enforce the law and the president could gather troops from multiple states to fill an army.

Jay’sTreaty: alliance with Britain, France saw as violation of Franco-American Alliance of 1778

Dem-Republicans angry, called for report on negotiations, Washington declared “executive priviledge

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain agreed to allow US use of Mississippi River and port of New Orleans

Chief Justice John Marshall

Federalist Supreme Court Justice favored loose/broad interpretation of Constitution

Strengthened the power of the National Government over that of the states: Marbury v Madison (judicial review), Cohen v Virginia (Supreme Ct. has the right to review decisions of state courts that raised constitutional questions), McCullogh v Maryland (Maryland could not tax the Bank of the U.S. “the power to tax…the power to destroy’), Gibbons v Ogden (only Congress can control interstate commerce), Fletcher v Peck (states cannot interfere with a lawfully executed contract)

Washington’s Legacy

Two-term tradition

Farewell Address: No permanent foreign alliances (treaties), Neutrality during foreign wars, Warned against political parties

Executive privilege

First Political Parties

Federalist Democratic-Republican

Rule by the elite Rule by informed masses

Hostile to extension of democracy Believed in extension of democracy

Strong central government Strong state governments, weak central

Loose interpretation of Constitution Strict interpretation

Pro-business policies No special privileges

Protective tariff No special deals for manufacturing

Pro-British/Conservative Pro-French

National Debt positive Anti-national debt

National Bank State Banks

John Adams: *Federalist* (1796-1801)

Federalist President

XYZ Affair: French officials try to bribe American diplomats. Result: development of U.S. navy and a 2 year undeclared war with France

Cotton Gin (1793)

Invented by Eli Whitney-interchangeable parts essential to rise of American factory system and mass production

Separates seeds from cotton with less labor so more cotton can be produced

Revitalizes slavery and helps it spread west (growth of short staple cotton)

Makes cotton profitable if there’s plenty of slave labor

Alien and Sedition Acts: Attempt by Adams and Federalists to weaken the political power of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans and oppress critics of the government. Increases the number of years required to become a citizen and levies fines, jail time, and possible deportation for criticism.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: Written by Jefferson and Madison (Republicans) to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts. Declares the Acts unconstitutional. First arguments for the theory of nullification.

Convention of 1800 dissolved 1778 alliance with France and restored peaceful relations

Midnight Judges

Revolution of 1800

Peaceful shift of presidential power from one political party to another

Some loosening of property restrictions for voting

Thomas Jefferson: *Dem-R* (1801-1809)

Ideal=nation of farmers/independent, only property voters and educate should be allowed to vote

Marbury v Madison as result of midnight judges

Conflict with Barbary Pirates

Louisiana Purchase

Purchased from France for $15 million when Napoleon needed money to go to war with Britain

U.S. wants the territory because they want control of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. It will double the size of the U.S.

Jefferson was worried because the Constitution did not authorize buying land

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Mapped the territory and established that it was rich in resources

Proved that it was possible to traverse the continent

Led to settlers going west and helped establish an American claim to the Oregon territory

Native Americans felt the greatest impact from the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Hamilton-Burr Duel

Chase impeachment trial

Conflict with Europe as a result of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars:

British Orders in Council (1806-7) Forbade neutral ships to visit ports from which the British were excluded. Britain’s reply to Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees. Resulted in serious interference with the neutral trade of the U.S. whose ships were seized and sailors impressed into the British navy

France: Berlin and Milan Decrees (1806-7) France declared a blockade of the British Isles, making all commerce with England illegal

Chesapeake-Leopard incident (1807): British fired upon American frigate Chesapeake, used as propaganda weapon by warhawks encouraging War of 1812

Embargo Act (1807): prohibited American vessels from sailing to foreign ports

Non-Intercourse Act (1809) US would trade with all nations except France and G. Britain

James Madison: *Dem-R* 1809-1817

Macon’s Bill number 2 (1810) said that US would open trade with either Britain or France, whichever one would first agree to stop harassing our shipping

Tecumceh and Tippecanoe (1811)

War of 1812

Causes: freedom of the seas, impressment (search and seizure of ships and sailors), expansion of territory (Canada), and the Chesapeake Incident, British were stirring up the Native Americans

Indian relations, War Hawks/ young congressmen from west and south

U.S. practices neutrality toward Britain and France before the war

U.S. has a very weak army and navy

British burn Washington D.C.n retaliation for American burning of Canadian city

Battle of New Orleans – huge American victory – occurred after the war is actually over.(Andrew Jackson becomes a hero).

Hartford Convention – shows America has a problem with sectionalism during this war=led to the end of the Federalist Party

Rise of nationalism and industry in America

Treaty of Ghent: status quo ante bellum

First protective tariff (1816)

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Vetoes Calhoun’s Bonus Bill (1817)

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay

Purpose to unite the nation and make the North, South, and West interdependent and to make the nation self-sufficient

3 parts: protective tariff, national bank, and internal improvements

James Monroe: *Dem-Rep* (1817-1825)

Era of Good Feelings

1 political party: Democratic-Republicans= few political arguments with the exception of slavery, tariff and states’ rights issues

Feeling of American pride and nationalism

Treaties of John Quincy Adams:establish US-Canadian border (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818), purchase of Florida from Spain (Adam’s-Onis Treaty)

Marshall’s decisions: McCulloch v Maryland, Dartmouth College Case, Gibbons v Ogden

Rush Bagot Agreement (1817-18) demilitarized the Great Lakes

Convention of 1818- American fishing rights in Canadian waters and boundary from Main to the Rockies- 49th parallel

First Seminole War (1817-18) Jackson invaded Florida

Adam’s Onis Treaty (1819) purchased Florida from Spain

Panic of 1819_ first major depression: caused by loose banking practices, land speculation, etc

Slavery

greatest threat to territorial expansion from 1800 to 1850

Slavery in the territories was the most serious issue dividing Northern and Southern politicians

Industrial Revolution:

Northern states saw a boom of industrial growth. Northern industries, banking, textiles, shipping were closely tied to southern slavery

Lowell System: northern mills employed young, unmarried women wishing to help support families, escape boredom, etc, provided education, social events, room and board to make working conditions more humane

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Maine entered as a free state, Missouri entered as a slave state

Balance of power between free and slave states is maintained

Slavery was only allowed below (south) of the 36 30’ line

Applied only to the Louisiana Purchase Territory

Was eventually declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court in Dred Scott Case

Monroe Doctrine

Warned European nations not to colonize any more in the Western hemisphere(American continents)

Election of 1824- Favorite Sons Election

“corrupt bargain”-Henry Clay influenced House of Rep. to vote for John Quincy Adams; Quincy Adams became president and Henry Clay became Secretary of State

Candidates advertised themselves with differing sections of the country

John Quincy Adams: *Dm-R* (1825-1829)

Erie Canal (1825)

Gateway to the west

Opens up trade route from New York City to Great Lakes, tying economy of West to East

Transportation Revolution

Turnpikes, steamships, canals, railroads

Led to growth=expansion of cities

Growth of transportation in West

Industrialization in North

Little change in South

National Road financed with federal funds causing disagreement between sections

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest of South Carolina (1828) called for nullification of the Tariff of Abominations

High Tariffs and Nullification

Helps the North because it protects domestic manufacturing

Hurts the South the most because they import manufactured goods – must pay higher prices

South comes up with the idea of nullification: ignore the tariffs (this is a states’ rights issue

Andrew Jackson: *D* (1829-1837)

Jacksonian Democracy: universal white male suffrage

Election of Andrew Jackson- first non college-educated president

Symbolizes the emergence of New Democracy: age of the “common man”

Spoils System – giving government jobs to friends and supporters

Vetoed the recharter of the National Bank (it favored Northern businessmen and wealthy stockholders)

Kitchen cabinet

Peggy Eaton Affair

Threatened war over South Carolina’s nullification of tariffs; the Force Bill

Indian Removal Policy – forced removal of Native Americans from their lands east of the Mississippi to present-day Oklahoma (later results in Trail of Tears)

Cherokee Nation v Georgia

Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court said that Cherokee were entitled to keep their land and have federal protection. Jackson ignored the court ruling.

Believed presidents should be the voice of the people

King Veto-increased power of president

Specie Circular (1836)

Anti-nullification, Force Act-threatened to send troops to S.C. to force them to collect Tariff

New Democracy

Nominating conventions- end of selection of presidential candidates by caucus

1st party campaigns

Growing political power in western

Whig Party (1833) in opposition to Andrew Jackson’s policies

Increasing Sectionalism (1800-1850)

Sectionalism – putting the wants, need, etc. of your group/region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole

Issues that led to increased sectionalism: states rights, tariffs, slavery, and nullification.

Pre-Civil War Economies

North: very diverse with lots of industry

South: agriculture (cotton)

National Literature & Art

Reflected beauty of American landscapes and settings

James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans- frontiersman character

Nattie Bumpo-wilderness

Washington Irving: Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle

Romantic and reform-minded from 1815-1850

Hudson River School=American landscape

Religious and Reform Movements

Utopianism – desire to perfect man

Transcendentalism – simplicity, nature, Utopias, individualism, self reliance, question authority

Mormons, polygamy, moved west, killed and discriminated against, remain a major religious force

Brigham Young: Salt Lake City

Reform movements: Temperance (ban alcohol) considered a nation-wide problem, mental health and prison reform (Dorothea Dix), abolition, suffrage, education

Women involved heavily

Martin Van Buren: *D* (1837-1841)

Panic of 1837 caused by: Over-speculation in land, crop failures, unfavorable balance of trade with England, Specie circular, no Bank of the US

Results: 900 banks failed, unemployment, food riots

Trail of Tears: 15,000 Cherokees forced from Georgia to Oklahoma (25% died on the way)

Caroline Affair (1837) rebellion in Canada, American ship helping rebels destroyed, relations with

Great Britain strained

Aroostoock War (1839) Bloodless dispute over the Maine-Canadian border, more trouble with Great Britain

Texas gained independence from Mexico in 1836, Texans want to join the US, debate over slavery postpones annexation

Second Seminole War- try to force Osceola and his tribe to agree to removal

The “Hard Cider and Log Cabin” campaign (1840): first modern campaign

William Henry Harrison: *Whig* (1841)

“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”

Died after one month in office

John Tyler: *Democrat in Whig clothing* (1841-1845)

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settles Canadian border from Maine to Minnesota

Vetoes Clay’s Bill for a 3rd B.U.S.

Entire cabinet except Webster resigned

Tariff disputes

Annexation of Texas three days before Tyler left office reopens slavery issue and angers Mexico

Manifest Destiny

Idea that it was America’s right to spread from Atlantic to Pacific

3 reasons to go west: gold (wealth), land, and religious freedom

Main trails: Santa Fe Trail used by traders, Mormon Trail used by Mormons to Utah to escape religious persecution, Oregon Trail used by first missionaries and then settlers/farmers to go to Oregon

“march of a nation”

led to conflicts with Native Americans, Mexicans

James K. Polk: *D* (1845-1849)

“Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”

Oregon Boundary settled at the 49th parallel

Mexican War (1846-48) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso-attempted to keep slavery out of the Mexican Cession

Mormons to Utah

Gold Rush in California (1848)

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

Began as result of border dispute

Opposed by the North because Texas would want to extend slavery

U.S. wins and acquires territory known as Mexican Cession (California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, etc)

Wilmot Proviso stated that no territory gained from Mexico could have slavery

Reopens issue of slavery in the territories-led to adoption of popular sovereignty (people of territories could decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery through a vote of legislatures)

Zachary Taylor: *Whig war hero* (1849-1850)

Debate over the Compromise of 1850

Died of stomach ailment

Millard Fillmore: *Whig* (1850-1853)

Compromise of 1850

California is admitted as a free state

Creates new territories of Utah and New Mexico which will have popular sovereignty

Slave trade is abolished in District of Columbia

Stricter Fugitive Slave Law – this is the most alarming and controversial to the North

Helps delay the Civil War during which time North gains more population, money, industry, unity, etc.

Oregon Territory

Had been jointly occupying Oregon with Britain

Slogan “54 40’ or Fight” refers to US demand for Oregon Territory (James K. Polk)

Women’s Rights Movement

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Convention met to declare rights for women including voting

Tried to achieve their goals by picketing and agitating

19th Amendment passed in 1920 to give women the vote

Abolitionism

Goal was to get rid of slavery

Frederick Douglass, John Brown, Harriet Tubman (Moses), Underground Railroad

William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator – immediate cessation (end ) of slavery

Elijah Lovejoy, Sojourner Truth

Quakers involved because everyone has God’s presence (inner light)

This movement deepened the animosity between North and South

Northern workers oppose abolition because they fear losing jobs to freed slaves

Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which contributed to the movement and made Southerners defensive. Increased the hostility between the North and South.

Violence against abolitionists in North

Political parties that included slavery in platform: Free Soil, Liberty, Democratic-Republican

Franklin Pierce: *D* (1853-1857)

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Creates two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska which will have popular sovereignty

Leads to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820

Results in “Bleeding Kansas” – bitter conflict between anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces:

Lawrence, Kansas and John Brown and Pottawattamie Creek

Opposition to this act results in creation of new Republican party

Lecompton Constitution rejected (it would have allowed current slave owners in Kansas to keep their slaves even if voters chose the “no slavery” version of the Kansas Constitution

Brooks/Sumner incident

Ostend Manifesto (1854) secret attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain, intended as an additional slave state

William Walker led rebellion in Nicaragua to create another slave state

Anti-Foreign Nativist Parties

The Know-Nothing party (American Party) against immigrants

Members shifted to Republican Party

James Buchanan: *D* (1857-1861)

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

Dred Scott was a slave who sued for freedom because he had lived at one time in a free state with his master.

Supreme Court decision: Slaves are property not citizens therefore have no rights and cannot sue

Reopens the slavery issue when court says Congress can’t prohibit slavery in the territories because the Constitution protects private property (there is no such thing as free territory since a master can take his “property” anywhere)

Missouri Compromise is declared unconstitutional

Lincoln-Douglas Debates and Freeport Doctrine (1858

John Brown’s Raid (1859)

Civil War and Reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln: *R* (1861-1865)

Election of 1860

Democrats split into North and South factions

Abraham Lincoln becomes president – Republican Party –foremost goal to preserve the Union

Slavery should not be extended into the territories but could stay where it already existed

Election leads to the secession of the first 7 southern states starting with South Carolina

Breckinridge carries deep South

Lincoln=minority of popular votes, majority of electoral votes

Confederate States of America

Originally 7 states – finally a total of 11 states

President Jefferson Davis

Border States

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware

Slave states that fought for the Union

Lincoln suspends certain civil liberties such as the Writ of Habeas Corpus and institutes martial law to control dissenters

Northern (Union) Advantages

Industry (most important advancement), Railroads, Money, Population (National banking system) Telegraph lines, Strong government, army/navy

Southern (Confederate) Advantages

Better military leaders, knowledge of the land, defensive war, motivation, experienced

Outdoorsmen, potential foreign allies due to King Cotton

North’s Strategy ( Anaconda Plan)

Blockade Confederate ports – to ruin Southern economy

Capture the Mississippi River by taking Vicksburg and the port of New Orleans – divide the Confederacy

Quickly capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capitol)

Later added the strategy of total war – making war against civilian targets to cause the South to lose its will to fight (example: Sherman’s March to the Sea”)

Southern Strategy

Fight a defensive war – hold off the Union until they tire or foreign aid is received

Regulations passed during ear: National Banking Act, Homestead Act, Legal Tender Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Income tax(1st) to finance war

Emancipation Proclamation

Frees slaves in states still in rebellion against the Union

Doesn’t free slaves in southern states the Union controls

Doesn’t free slaves in the border states

Makes this a moral war about slavery and helps keep Britain out of the war

Important Battles

Fort Sumter – April, (1861) first battle

Antietam (1862) – bloodiest single-day battle-Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg – turning point of the Civil War

Vicksburg – Union gains control of the Mississippi River, splits Confederacy

Copperheads

Northern democrats who want peace with the South

Effects of War

While the South was not participating in the U.S. Legislature, the northern states were able to pass much legislation favorable to the North including:

Homestead Act: 160 acres of free government land in the Midwest encouraged migration and use of railroads

Morrill Land Grant Act: Established land grant/state colleges for study of mechanics, agriculture, etc

National Banking Act: National currency, paper currency, all banks must be federally certified

Income Tax: later declared unconstitutional

Other effects of the war:

North: increase in industry and federal funding for railroads, economic boom

South: devastation, cycle of poverty, share cropping/tenant farming

Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865

Reconstruction Plans

All plans abolished slavery

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan – the easiest, most forgiving

Wade-Davis Bill-Radical Republicans’ harsher plan, pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, harsher, 50% loyalty for former confederates

Johnson’s Plan – harsher than Lincoln’s but easier than Congress’=angered Radical Republicans

Congressional Plan – Radical Reconstruction – this is the harshest, most punishing – divides the South into five military districts – is the plan that is actually implemented

Civil Rights Act of 1866, prevent Southern Representatives and Senators from joining Congress; required passage of 14th Amendment

Andrew Johnson: *War Democrat (1865-1869)

Reconstruction Amendments

13th Amendment – abolished slavery

14th Amendment – citizenship-equal protection, due process

15th Amendment – voting

All three were designed to help former slaves have equal rights

Johnson impeached but not removed for violating the Tenure of Office Act

Purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million dollars from Russia (Seward’s Folly)

Other Important Facts

Freedman’s Bureau – helped former slaves and poor whites with food, housing, clothes, medical care, education, etc.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson – charged with violating the Tenure in Office Act. Found not guilty by one vote.

Scalawags – white southerners who joined the Republican party and supported reconstruction

Carpetbaggers – northerners who moved south to take advantage of opportunities

Black Codes – similar to slave codes – designed to keep blacks in their “place” physically, socially, economically, etc.

Redeemers-Democratic southerners who wanted to get rid of the Republican Reconstruction governments

Jim Crow Laws – southern laws designed to separate the races

Ku Klux Klan – secret hate group that used terror and violence to support white supremacy in the South and deny black citizens their right, especially the vote.

Ulysses Grant: *R* (1869-1877)

Noted for corruption in government and business, Credit Mobilier (Railroad scandal), gave government jobs to incompetent and corrupt friends (patronage, spoils system), severe depression in economy, bank and business failures

Whiskey Ring, Tweed Ring (Tammany Hall)

Rutherford B. Hayes: *R* (1877-1881)

End of Reconstruction

Failed to change racist attitudes in South and could not reorganize economic and social structure

Ended in 1877 when the last federal troops were withdrawn from the South, Part of the Hayes-Tilden Compromise that made Hayes president in exchange for ending Reconstruction.

Waving the bloody shirt: using Civil War memories to get elected to political office

South imposes restrictions on blacks, violence (KKK), restrict movement black codes

Redeemers-eliminate Reconstruction gouts

Sharecropping-creates cycle of debt and poor economic growth

Republican Party splits: Stalwarts, Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York, pro-Grant, pro-spoils system, Half-Breeds: Senator James G. Blaine, anti-Grant, some-what pro civil service reform, Mugwumps “mugs on one side of the fence, rumps on the other”

James A. Garfield: *R* (1881)

Shot by Charles Guiteau, a mentally unstable and disappointed office seeker: aroused the public to the problems of the spoils system. “I am a Stalwart. Arthur is now president.”

Chester A. Arthur: *R* (1881-1885)

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) passes over veto, suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years, renewed in 1892 and 1902, repealed in 1943. Denied citizenship to Chinese living in the United States

Pendleton Civil Service Act: Civil Service Commission, competitive exams for some jobs, cannot exact political contributions form civil servants

Standard time zones, steel navy

Western Frontier

Railroad brought new settlers, led to destruction of buffalo

Homestead Act: 160 acres free government-owned land to settlers

McCormick Reaper, steal plow encourage more farming, abuse/overuse of land

Barbed wire- Joseph Glidden-used to fence the open range to protect grass and water sources

Range Wars between farmers and cattle/sheep ranchers

Oklahoma Land Rush- “Boomers” and “Sooners” rush to claim land in the Indian Territory

Mining- discovery of gold and silver leads to population growth, boomtowns, and ghost towns

Native American Wars: biggest source of conflict is the increasing number of white settlers moving west onto Indian land. Atrocities committed by both sides.

o Custer’s Last Stand at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

o Massacre at Wounded Knee marks the end of the Indian Wars.

1887: Dawes-Severalty Act: land grants 160 acres for Native Americans if they agreed to give up tribal customs, attempt to Americanize Native Americans, undermined the power and independence of tribes

Fredrick Jackson Turner: Turner Thesis: closing of the frontier/ frontier made Americans a unique and democratic people.

Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor, wrote about the shameful way US government treated Native Americans

Industrialization, Immigration, Urbanization

Industrial Revolution

New innovations: oil, steel, electricity, telephone, etc.

Bessemer Process: faster, cheaper, more efficient steel production

Specialization of work force: interchangeable parts, mass production, assembly lines; # of unskilled workers increased

Big business controls markets and eliminates economic competition (monopolies & trusts)

Vertical and horizontal integration; led to elimination of waste but created monopolies

Captains of Industry: Rockefeller – Oil, Carnegie – Steel, Vanderbilt – Transportation (RRs and shipping), Morgan – Banking

Interstate Commerce Act – to regulate railroads

Sherman Anti-trust Act – supposed to outlaw trusts, ends up being used against labor unions

Social Darwinism – only the strongest businesses survive in a free market without government intervention; survival of the fittest, poor were poor because of their own deficiencies

Laissez-faire government: government did not interfere with business, did not interfere on behalf of poor, workers, etc.

Horatio Alger: wrote juvenile literature, rags-to-riches stores: hard work, honesty, etc. is key to success

Growth of Cities (Urban)

Causes: rise in immigration, movement of displaced farm workers looking for jobs, African-

Americans moving north looking for jobs and to escape discrimination=ethnic neighborhoods

Results: overcrowding, disease, crime, fires, (Triangle Shirtwaste Fire), poor sanitation, housing shortage, etc.

Private charities help out instead of local government

Social Gospel Movement: community centers, Settlement Houses, Jane Addams’ Hull House

Political Machines: do favors for immigrants in exchange for votes Ex: Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

Mass transportation led to growth of suburbs as people commute

Wealthier areas emerge

Immigration

American Protective Association-against Catholics and immigrants, especially those from southern and eastern Europe and Asia

Shift from Northern and Western European to Southern and Eastern European immigrants

Poorer, more illiterate, Catholics and Jews

Most settled in Northern cities (in neighborhoods with others of their ethnicity) and retained their religious and cultural heritage

The South had the least number of immigrants (can’t compete with former slaves for jobs), very few jobs available outside of tenant farming

Chinese Exclusion Act – closed the door to Chinese immigration

Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japanese children allowed to attend American schools if Japan would limit number of Japanese immigrants

Schools had the greatest effect Americanizing immigrants

Grover Cleveland: *D* (1885-1889)

“Ma, ma, where’s my pa”

Labor Movement

Knights of Labor – take all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill level. Die out. Involved in strikes and violence, try to change social sturucture.

American Federation of Labor – skilled workers only – most enduring, bread and butter issues

Haymarket Square riot – bomb thrown into police – public turns against unions

1920s – thousands of strikes but unions decline

1930s – New Deal helps workers and unions

Sherman Anti-trust Act – used against labor instead of big business

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Benjamin Harrison: *R* (1889-1893)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)- illegal to take part in a “contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations.” Deliberately vague

Sherman Silver Purchase Act: government buys nearly all output of silver mines each month with notes redeemable in gold or silver

McKinley Tariff (1890) 49.5% highest peacetime, sugar on the free list

Populist Party

Racial Segregation

South uses rules to keep blacks from voting: Literacy Test, Poll Tax, Grandfather’s Clause

Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute – economic equality will bring equal rights – willing to accept limited segregation during gradual process of equality, “fingers and hands” speech

W.E.B. DuBois – immediate social and economic equality – Talented Tenth – founder of NAACP

NAACP – goal is racial equality – better jobs and education – no lynching

Segregated army units with white officers

Plessy v. Ferguson – separate but equal – legalizes segregation

Populist Party – (reform)

Roots in Patrons of Husbandry, organization of farmers, social, political

Western farmers (rural) one or two cash crops

Want government to regulate big business (especially railroads)

Want government ownership of railroads, telegraphs, telephones

Want graduated income tax and direct election of senators

Want unlimited coinage of silver to inflate currency, raise prices, and make debt payments easier

16 to 1 ratio silver to gold

Want 8-hour workday and limits on immigration

Democrats absorb most of Populist issues into their platform

William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech

Modern America Emerges

Grover Cleveland: *D* 2nd administration (1893-1897)

Panic of 1893 and depression

Coxey’s Army marched to Washington to demand public works programs for jobs

Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Wilson-Gorman Tariff 91894) 40% also provided for a federal income tax, but declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Ct. in 1895

Pullman strike (1894) Cleveland calls in federal troops

U.S. v. E.C. Knight: the Supreme Court ruled that Knights control of 98% of sugar refining is manufacturing not commerce and not a conspiracy in restraint of trade; therefore, not covered under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Hawaiian Incident (1893) Cleveland withdraws treaty form the Senate because of American complicity in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani

U.S. Imperialism

Most important cause: need for raw materials and new markets

Other causes: to spread Christianity, Democracy, and civilization to inferior people, sites for military bases, compete with European powers

Annexed Hawaii (for sugar)

Form of Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest – strong nations take over weak ones

Mahan says strong navy is needed for world dominance. Must have: modern fleet, Caribbean bases, canal across Central America, islands in the Pacific for refueling

Maintain a favorable balance of trade: export more than you import

Open Door Policy in China – share trade

Anti-Imperialist League to protest American imperialistic tacti

Spanish-American War

William McKinley: *R* (1897-1901)

Spanish-American War

Free Cuba from Spain

Yellow Journalism – Hearst and Pulitzer – exaggerated stories to stir up the public for w

DeLome Letter

Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine, “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!”

War ended by Treaty of Paris 1898

U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

Demonstrated the need for a canal across Central America

US keeps control of Philippines, Philippine resistance led to guerilla war-Emilio Aquinaldo

Cuba: Teller Amendment said US would guarantee Cuban freedom after the war,

Platt Amendment (control Cuban foreign policy) gave US input into Cuban affairs post-war

Insular Cases: indicate territories w/n have same constitutional rights as American citizens

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902)

Open Door policy, Boxer Rebellion

Dingley Tariff (1897) back up to 46%

Currency Act (1900) puts the U.S. on the Gold Standard

McKinley Assassinated: “that damned cowboy in President”

Theodore Roosevelt: *R* (1901-1909)

Rough Rider in Spanish-American War

Square Deal for labor, business, etc.,

Trust buster, big business regulator

Big Stick Diplomacy, Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine US would establish police power over Latin American nations,

Bull Moose/Progressive Party in election of 1912: this third-party split allowed Democrats/Wilson to win

Progressive era: muckrakers, democratic reforms at the state and city level: Australian or secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, city manager, commission

Trusts: Northern Securities Case (1902), Standard Oil, American Tobacco, beef, fertilizer

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) square deal for labor

Conservation: Forest Reserve Act, Newlands Reclamation Act

Elkins Act and Hepburn Act strengthen the ICC

Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906)

“Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Panama Canal:

To provide military and commercial ships with easy passage between the Atlantic and Pacific

US helped Panama rebel against Columbia in exchange for canal zone (imperialistic)

Took 10 years to build, finished just in time for WWI

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine states US rights to interfere in W.Hemisphere

Russo-Japanese War and Portsmouth Treaty (1905): TR wins Nobel Peace Prize

Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan: Japanese immigrants/students issue

Progressive Movement

White, middle-class, educated, urban members (lots of women)

Has its roots in Populism

Concern for poor and social order

Lochner v New York: S. Court declared unconstitutional N.Y. law limiting bakers to 10-hour work day

Muller v Oregon: Court limited the maximum hours for working women

Exposed unsafe conditions using muckraker books and articles

Upton Sinclair – The Jungle – leads to Meat Inspection Act and then Pure Food and Drug Act

Ida Tarbell – exposes Standard Oil

Goals: social/moral, political/governmental, economic, and industrial reforms

Wanted: prohibition, end to child labor, end to lynching, direct primaries, initiative, referendum, recall, secret ballots, etc.

Did little or nothing for the cause of civil rights for blacks

Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

William Howard Taft: *R* (1909-1913)

Dollar diplomacy: American investment in Latin America

Busted more trusts than Roosevelt

Mann-Elkins Act (1910) ICC can now fix maximum rates on its own, bans the practice of charging more for the short haul than long ones, placed telephone and telegraph under ICC supervision

Sixteenth Amendment(1913) Income tax

Woodrow Wilson: *D* (1913-1921)

New Freedom: against triple wall of privilege/banks, tariffs, trusts

Moralistic Diplomacy: Problems with Mexico

Federal Reserve Act, Clayton Anti-trust Act (strengthened Sherman, removed unions and agricultural interests from anti-trust prosecution, Samuel Gompers called it Magna Carta of Labor)

Federal Trade Commission, Underwood Tariff, Income Tax (16th Amend.), Direct Election of Senators (17th Amend.)

World War I

Long-term causes: imperialism, nationalism, militarism, alliances

Immediate cause: 1914 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand heir to Austrian throne

Original alliances: Triple Entente (Allies) – Russia, France, Great Britain / Triple Alliance

(Central Powers) – Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy

Italy switches sides after start of war and Russia drops out before war is over

Initially U.S. pursued policy of neutrality

1917: U.S. enters war: immediate cause – Zimmermann Telegram, long-term cause: unrestricted submarine warfare

President Woodrow Wilson – “make the world safe for democracy” speech asking Congress to declare war

Espionage and Sedition Acts – crack down on anti-war activities

Schenck v U.S. “Clear and present danger” limits freedom of speech in time of war

Committee of Public Information – get citizens to support the war (propaganda)

U.S. government places controls on some industrial production and transportation

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Treaty of Versailles: Loss of German land military, pride and money

U.S. refused to ratify the treaty because of Article 10 which could force the U.S. into the League of Nations and other European conflicts taking away from Congress’s power to declare war

Leads to World War II because of the many problems left unresolved and punishment of Germany

End of war signaled the U.S. attempt to withdraw from foreign affairs, isolationism, tariffs, Resurgence of conservatism, xenophobia (fear or hatred of foreigners), especially directed toward communists as a result of the Russian Revolution,

U.S. refused to acknowledge the communist government of the Soviet Union, no diplomatic relations until the 1930s

Warren G. Harding:*R* (1921-1923)

“Return to normalcy,” “I knew that the job would be too much for me”

Scandals: Ohio Gang, Liquor cabinet, Teapot Dome Interior Secretary Albert Fall: payoffs for secretly selling navy oil reserves, Atty. General Harry Daugherty received bribes from Prohibition violators, graft in Veterans Bureau

Emergency Quota Act of 1921: 3% based on 1910 census

Washington Naval Conference (1921-22)

1920s, Depression and the New Deal

Calvin Cookidge: *R* (1923-1929)

National Origins Immigration Act (1924) 2% based on census of 1890, prior to arrival of “new immigrants”

Dawes Plan: U.S. loans to Germany to help pay war reparations

Vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill that would have offered relief for farmers: “unwarranted federal interference in the economy”

Red Scare (1920s)

Result of Russian Revolution (communist takeover of Russia)

Spreads fear of communists, anarchists and socialists in U.S.

Palmer Raids – government steps on citizen’s civil rights to round up radicals

Communist Party – small and weak in U.S.

Immigration quotas: distrust of Asians, Southern and Eastern Europeans, communists

Harlem Renaissance

Celebration of African American culture in art and literature

Stance against Northern racism

Increased black pride: “New Negro”

Poets: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Zora Hurston

Jazz Music: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith

Marcus Garvey – black pride, independent African state

Continued discrimination, limitations politically and economically

Prohibition

18th Amendment

Can’t make, sell, or transport liquor

Speakeasies – illegal bars

Leads to rise in crime and violence (gangsters)

1920s – Other Facts

U.S. attitude: isolationist, nativist (anti-foreign), and pro-business

Migration of southern blacks to northern cities for jobs and to avoid discrimination

Kellogg-Briand Pact – 64 nations outlaw war as an offensive tool (only to be used for self- defense), Washington Naval Conference limits number of warships, Dawes Plan helps Germany repay debts, Good Neighbor Policy, (all these limit the extent of U.S. isolation)

Labor unrest: low pay, long hours, poor conditions. Leads to thousands of strikes.

Rise of KKK – against blacks, foreigners, Jews, Catholics, etc

Immigration quotas – nativism and fear of job competition

Scopes Trial – Evolution vs. Fundamentalism (science vs. religion)

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – shows fear and hatred towards immigrants

Scopes Trial and Sacco & Vanzetti Trial – more famous for the issues than the outcome

Tradition v. Modernity

Flappers challenge old ideas about women

Writers: theme of alienation from American society, angst and uncertainty from horrors of war: Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Steinbeck

Rise of scientific advertising, consumerism, mass production, increased productivity

radio, movies, magazines create national culture

Automobile changes ideas about courtship, leisure, lead to other new industries (gas, steel, rubber)

Growth of suburbs

Presidents: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover: Pro-business, laissez-faire, no direct aid to poor

The Depression

Causes: overproduction, overspeculation, unequal distribution of wealth, imbalance in foreign trade, easy credit, stockmarket crash

Many banks are forced to close (people panic and make “runs” on the banks)

Hard times with rising unemployment and poverty

Herbert Hoover: *R* (1929-1933)

Wanted federal government to help big business and banks (Reconstruction Finance Corp.)not direct relief for people.

Farmers destroy crops because of low prices hoping scarcity would bring prices up

Farmers lose land because of unpaid debts

Southern blacks move to Northern cities:

- Increased racial tension

- Competition with whites for jobs

- Employed in unskilled, low-paying jobs

- Development of black ghettos

Hoovervilles, “Brother, can you spare a dime?”

Bonus Army marched on Washington and were tear gassed

Hoover Dam

Franklin D. Roosevelt: *D* (1933-1945) only 4-term president (Amend. 22, 1951=2 terms)

The New Deal

Roosevelt – wanted direct relief programs for the people, led to increased role of government in lives of American citizens

Goals: Relief – unemployed, Recovery – economy, Reform – conditions that caused the Depression

Bank Holiday – closed banks to stop bank closings (failures) due to public pan

NIRA: self-regulating industrial codes to revive economic activity (Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S.) declared NIRA unconstitutional

Social Security Act – money for the elderly and disabled – had greatest impact on average citizens

Electricity – Tennessee Valley Authority – improves work and living conditions

Works Progress Administration (WPA) – Builds schools, libraries, etc.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – works on parks, rivers, forests, etc.

Government creates jobs to help the unemployed and the economy

Agriculture Adjustment Act (AAA) – government sets limits on farm production – pays farmers not to grow certain crops.

Labor reforms: minimum wage, maximum work hours, allows collective bargaining

Dust Bowl, Okies migrated to California

Court packing plan: intention to make Supreme Court more supportive of New Deal legislation, declaring it constitutional

New Deal helped mostly psychologically, WWII actually ended the Depression

World War II and Its Aftermath

Rise of Dictators (Totalitarianism)

Causes: people (nations) desperate to recover from the depression, territorial aggression

Germany – Hitler, took over Austria, Czechoslovakia, appeasement policy by other nations/Munich Agreement

Japan – Emperor Hirohito and military government

Italy – Mussolini

Russia – Stalin

World War II

Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact – Germany and Russia agree to leave each other alone even though they distrust each other.

U.S. practices neutrality at the beginning of the war

Cash and Carry

Destroyers for Bases

Lend-Lease Proposal – U.S. provides arms for Allies against Germany, signals reality that U.S. was actually supportive of Allies

Appeasement – Munich Pact – policy followed by Britain and France to give Hitler what he wanted in hopes that he would be satisfied and stop aggression (Czechoslovakia)

Immediate cause of the war – 1939 – Germany invaded Poland

Gen. Douglas MacArthur – promised to return to the Philippines

Bombing of Pearl Harbor – 1941 – U.S. enters the war as a result of this Japanese attack.

Holocaust – German attempt to exterminate the Jewish race.

Blitzkrieg – “Lightning Warfare” – highly mechanized, fast and brutal German military assault

D-Day – Allied invasion at Normandy, France

Island Hopping – U.S. strategy of taking only strategic Pacific Islands and skipping over others

Charles deGaulle – Leader of Free French forces

Atlantic Charter – Roosevelt and Churchill outline principles for postwar peace and prosperity

Turning points of the war:

- Battle at Stalingrad – Europe

- Battle of Midway Island – Pacific (sometimes Coral Sea is included)

- Battle of El Alamein – North Africa

U.S. patriotism: victory gardens, buy war bonds, hold scrap drives (metal, rubber, etc.)

Japanese Americans sent to relocation camps (fear of them spying for Japan, but racism most basic issue) – suffered official discrimination (Korematsu v. U.S stated removal was constitutional)

Potsdam Conference – divided Germany into four parts, U.S. becomes more suspicious of Soviet Union as Stalin made clear his desire for “friendly” nations on his borders

U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: end war quicker to minimize losses, prove U.S. military superiority to intimidate S.U.

WWII effects on American Society: women and African-Americans employed in war time industry, African-American migration to cities and west coast for jobs, divorce rate increased

A. Philip Randolph: leader of Botherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened Negro march on Washington because of discrimination in defense industry hiring. Led to F.D.R establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission

Harry S Truman: *D* (1945-1953)

Made decision to drop atomic bomb on Japan

Post War America

Baby Boom – increase in birth rate – leads to the need for more schools

More women were employed outside the home – had replaced men in factories during the war but many lost jobs to returning veterans

GI Bill – benefits for veterans – vocational rehabilitation (job training), money for college tuition, assistance in buying a house (VA loans)

Many industries converted war technology to peacetime use

Cold War: Began over Post-war arguments between U.S. and S.U. about co

United Nations :

- International organization formed to promote world peace

- Can send soldiers as “peacekeeping forces” around the world

- All member nations belong to the General Assembly

- China, Great Britain, and France are permanent members of the Security Council

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – was formed as a defense against communist aggression

Warsaw Pact- Communist nations response to NATO

Senator Joseph McCarthy – claimed communists had infiltrated the State Department and the Army.

Truman’s Loyalty Program

Atomic Bomb – leads to nuclear arms race developing between U.S. and Soviet Union

Soviet Union with the help of American spies, exploded their atomic bomb in 1949

1949, China fell to communist forces

Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech:

Korean War – tensions turn “hot” as U.S. tries to keep Communist North Korea from taking over South Korea

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – convicted of espionage, condemned, and then executed

Marshall Plan – to prevent the spread of communism in Western Europe

Berlin Airlift – air-dropped supplies into Berlin after the Soviets blocked Western supplies from

Truman Doctrine – U.S. would support free peoples who were resisting oppression. Asked Congress to send millions of dollars in aid to prevent a communist takeover in Turkey and Greece.

Nuclear Weapons Treaties – banned aboveground testing, reduced number of nuclear warheads each nation had, and limited spread of weapons to non-nuclear nations.

Dwight D. Eisenhower: *R* (1953-1961)

Eisenhower Doctrine – The U.S. would provide military and economic aid to pro-western governments in the Middle East.

CIA installed Riza Shah Pahlavi as leader of Iran

Dien Bien Phu (1954) France lost Vietnam, Domino theory

U.S. exploded 1st hydrogen bomb (1954) 1000 times more powerful than atomic bombs

U-2 spy plane shot down over S.U. (Francis Gary Powers)

Sputnik (1957) Soviet Union successfully launched first satellite, U.S. responded with NASA

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) – nuclear arms treaty between U.S. and Soviet Uni

Castro took over Cuba (1959

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Little Rock

Interstate Highway System

Alaska and Hawaii become states in 1959

Farewell Address: “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.”

Civil Rights Movement

1948 Truman ended segregation in armed services and federal civil service

Rosa Parks – refused to give up her seat on the bus – led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott – beginning of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas – Supreme Court said “separate but equal” was unconstitutional – desegregated public schools.

Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas – President Eisenhower orders federal troops to protect black high school students

1960s – Southern Christian Leadership Conference – increase black political power in the South through increased voter registration

Marches, Sit-Ins, Freedom summer, Freedom Riders

March on Washington – grass roots organization of the people, King’s “I have a dream speech”

Non-violent protest inspired by transcendentalists and Ghand

Supreme Court declared poll taxes unconstitutional

Civil Rights Act after death of Kennedy

Black Panthers, Black Muslims criticize King’s non-violent approach

Malcolm X: black nationalism/separateness, murdered in 1965

SNCC: Stokely Carmichael, black power, militant

African-Americans have been elected to many offices, especially mayor and city government

President John F. Kennedy: *D* (1961-1963)

“New Frontier”

1960 Election – beat Nixon – key issue: national defense

TV debate – watchers thought Kennedy won and radio listeners thought Nixon won

Inaugural speech – “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”

Peace Corps – sent young American volunteers to needy countries to help build, educate, etc.

NASA – National Aeronautics Space Administration – U.S. in space race with Russia

Cuban Missile Crisis – most dangerous Cold War confrontation of his presidency – U.S. blockaded Cuba and threatened war if Russia did not remove missile bases from Cuba

Berlin Wall- built by Khruschev to keep people from escaping from communist East Berlin

Bay of Pigs – failed attempt to invade Cuba and create revolution against communists

Proposed Civil Rights legislation did not pass

Man on the moon by the end of the decade

Warren Court decision: Baker v. Carr: all legislative districts must have appx. the same

Number of people, improved minority representation in state legislatures

Rachel Carson published Silent Spring noting the effects of DDT on the environment (dead birds and animals), ushering in the environmental movement

Assassinated November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald

Vietnam War

Domino Theory – Belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, surrounding nations would follow

Ho Chi Minh – leader of the communist North Vietnamese

Heavy casualties – North Vietnam accepted them as necessary for victory

Gulf of Tonkin Incident – communist forces allegedly attacked U.S. naval vessels and resulted in Johnson asking Congress for the Tonkin Resolution

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – passed by Congress allowing President Johnson to take all measures necessary to defend the U.S. from attacks and prevent aggression in Southeast Asia (escalates U.S. involvement in Vietnam.)

Public support for the war declined after the Tet Offensive

Referred to as an embarrassing defeat and a blow to public morale

1973 – Cease Fire. Nixon agreed because of the public outcry against the war. Removed U.S. troops.

1975 – South Vietnam’s capital, Saigon, fell to the communists

President Lyndon B. Johnson: *D* (1964)

1964 Election – ran against Goldwater – key issue: Civil Rights

“Great Society” – to help the poor, “war on poverty

Medicare, Medicaid, HUD Act, Water Quality and Clean Air Act

Voting Rights Act of 1965 – authorizes registration of voters when states discriminate on the basis of race.

Affirmative Action20

Cannot afford both “guns and butter”

Credibility gap between truth and government cover-up of war realities

Vietnam protests led him to refuse to run for re-election

Warren Court extended individual liberties through more liberal interpretation of the Constitution.

Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy assassinated

President Richard M. Nixon: *R* (1968, 1972)

1968 Election – promised peace in Vietnam and a return to “ law and order”

Supported by “silent majority” voters

Woodstock

Title IX: schools cannot discriminate because of gender, led to more females in sports

Vietnamization, My Lai massacre news, invasion of Cambodia, Kent State (1970)

Pentagon Papers (S.C. allows NY Times to publish

Policy of Détente – U.S. and Soviet Union negotiated the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

(SALT) visited both China and the USSR, Recognition of the People’s Republic of China

Vice President Agnew resigned and replaced by Gerald Ford

Watergate – bugging of the Democratic headquarters

- Voting plunged as Americans lost faith in government

- President had overstepped his authority and committed illegal acts

- Tapes of Nixon’s conversations were the most damaging evidence

- Nixon resigned August 9th 1974 (only president to resign)

President Gerald R. Ford: *R* (1974-1977)

Pardoned Nixon

OPEC and energy crisis

Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam fell to communism

Helsinki Accords (1975) policies aimed at further détente with Soviet Union

Survived 2 assassination attempts

President Jimmy Carter: *D* (1977-1981)

Camp David Accords – Major foreign policy accomplishment that affected the Middle East

Panama Canal Treaty signed

Iran Hostage Crisis: 52 hostages held for 444 days, rescue attempt-8 killed

Recession, Inflation, gas shortages, economic problems: lost election as a result

Invasion of Afghanistan by Soviets (1979) U.S, boycotted 1980 Olympics

3-Mile Island: nuclear leak in Pennsylvania

“stagflation and malaise speech”

President Ronald Reagan: *R* (1981-1989)

Rise of the ultra-conservative wing of the Republican Party

Iranian hostages released

Survives assassination attempt by John Hinckley (RR breaks the curse)

Increase defense spending (Star Wars)

Reaganomics (supply-side, trickle down), budget deficits

Less government involvement in the lives of citizens

Confronting communist aggression in foreign policy “evil empire”

and reducing government regulation in business and industry.

Lebanon: 241 U.S. marines killed near Beirut

Iran-Contra issue (U.S. secretly sold weapons to Iran in order to help finance anti-communist rebels (Contras) in Nicaragua

Gorbachev in Soviet Union: glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring of economy)

President George W. Bush: *R* (1989-1993)

Collapse of communism

Solidarity in Poland, Havel elected in Czechoslovakia, Berlin Wall comes down

Ceausescu executed in Romania, Baltic Independence, Boris Yeltsin

Operation Desert Storm against Iraq in Kuwait 1991

Exxon-Valdez oil spill off Alaska: EPA takes some action

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

“Read my lips, no new taxes” Raised taxes anyway and was not re-elected

President William Jefferson Clinton: *1993-2001)

Withdrawal from Somalia, condemnation of UN leadership

US brokers peace plan in Bosnia and assumes a peacedeeping role

Homosexuals in the military: “don’t ask, don’t tell”

Family Leave Act: up to 12 weeks leave for births, adoption, illness

Brady Bill: 5-day waiting period before purchase of handgun

Extended period of economic revival

Growing health-care problem, expansion of HMOs

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement: Canada and Mexico

Scandals: Whitewater, Paula Jones, Monica Lewinsky

Impeachment trial: found not guilty of high crimes

Government and Politics

Thurgood Marshall – first African American on the Supreme Court

Federal Budget – Largest part since the 1960s has been used for benefits programs

Gray Panthers – rights for the elderly

Recent general elections – poorest turnout from the 18-25 year old group

New Right Activists – social and cultural issues

African Americans have had their greatest political successes running for mayor

Moral Majority – U.S. needs to get back to God and the Bible

Carter and Bush were voted out of presidency because of ailing economy

Supreme Court – banned laws against abortion, upheld affirmative action, and ended public school segregation.

Equal Rights Amendment – failed because less than ¾ of the states ratified it after it was passed by Congress.

Space

Soviet satellite Sputnik causes more emphasis on math and science in the U.S.

1980s – Space shuttle

Achievements:

- Man has orbited the Earth and landed on the moon

- Space station has orbited the Earth

- Unmanned landing on Mars

- Hubble Telescope

Milestones for Women

Colonial: no property rights unless widowed or unmarried, husband had custody of children, can beat wife legally “rule of thumb”

Post-Revolutionary: Small increase in respect due to “ republican motherhood.” Role of mother elevated due to task of raising sons to participate in a republican government, voting, education, etc.

“Cult of Domesticity,” “separate spheres”

Second Great Awakening

Reform movements

Seneca Falls

Participation in Civil War

Participation in WWI

!9th Amendment (women’s suffrage)

Flappers

WWII: wartime jobs, war bonds, etc.

50s (June Cleaver image) baby boom, many leave wartime jobs, needed for returning soldiers

60s: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan/ dissatisfaction of women not being able to meet their full potential, sexual revolution, birth control pill

NOW (National Organization for Women-fair pay and equal jobs)

ERA: first introduced in 1923. (1972) Equal Rights Amendment proposed but did not have enough states to ratify

Roe v Wade (1973) legalized abortion in the first 3 months of pregnancy

Gloria Steinem (Ms. magazine), National Women’s Political Caucus:

Shirley Chisholm ran for president

Geraldine Ferraro: vice-presidential candidate in 1984

Glass ceiling: invisible barrier preventing women from reaching true economic

Equality with men

Latino Issues:

Chicano movement: Mexican-Americans organized to combat discrimination

Cesar Chavez organized movement to improve conditions for migrant workers

United Farm Workers Union: organized consumer boycott of grapes, lettuce

and other crops

Illegal immigrant issues

Native Americans:

American Indian Movement: fought for legal rights and autonomy (self-government)

Used militant tactics

Kennedy and Johnson tried to bring jobs and income to some reservations

Indian Education Act (1972) gave parents and tribal councils more control over schools

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 upheld autonomy and

Let local leaders administer federally supported social programs for housing

And education

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