Organic Compound Notes - Mrs. Watson's Science Class



Notes: From Simple to Complex - The Building Blocks of Life

96% of living things are made up of just four simple elements: (think C.H.O.N.)

C = ___________________ H = __________________ O = ___________________ N = ___________________

When two or more elements combine, they form compounds. In Biology we split compounds into two groups based upon whether they contain ___________________:

▪ _______________________Compounds –those that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen)

Ex:C6H12O6= ___________________

▪ _______________________Compounds – those that do not contain carbon*

Ex: H2O - ________________________

* Carbon dioxide (CO2) is __________________________, while it contains Carbon, it is not bonded to a hydrogen.

Organic compounds are called the building blocks of life because they are needed to make up each living cell.

The 4 types of organic compounds (macromolecules):

• ____________________________

• ____________________________

• ___________________________*

• ___________________________*

• Living things that can make their own organic compounds are called _____________________ or _____________________________. Examples include: ____________________________________________

Many producers use a process called _________________________ to make glucose, a very important organic compound. The equation is shown here:

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Solar Energy ( Glucose + Oxygen

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Solar energy ( C6H12O6 + 6 O2

________ __________ __________ __________

• Other living things like you and I get our building blocks from eating other organisms. We are called ______________________ or ________________________

Your body uses the food that you eat for two purposes.

• As a source of __________________.

• To get the materials it needs to make new _______________________.

If you want to build more muscle, you need to eat foods with lots of ____________.

Terms used when describing organic compounds

❖ _________________________________: A single building block used to make a larger compound. (like a single Lego block)

❖ _________________________________: Many monomers joined together to form a large compound (like many Lego blocks linked together)

❖ _________________________________: Another term for large molecules.

Building and Breaking Down Compounds:

❖ _____________________ ______________________ = BUILDING. The process of combining small compounds in order to form large compounds and water molecules. (also known as Condensation Reaction)

+ + = + 2 H2O

❖ ____________________________ = BREAKING DOWN. A large compound is broken down into its building blocks. One polymer becomes many monomers…

o Enzymes & water are needed to break down the polymer. This is what happens during digestion.

+ 2 H2O = + +

Origin of Organic Compounds

Many theories exist about how the first organic compounds formed before there was life. The most supported theory that exists is:

1. Primordial Soup – developed by Alexander Oparin. He believed that:

A. under different conditions simple compounds could combine to form the complex compounds.

B. the earth of today is very different from what it was like in the past.

2. Miller and Urey – tested Oparin’s hypothesis:

A. They replicated early earth’s atmosphere in a laboratory

B. They put in several simple (inorganic) gases that were thought to be released in a primitive atmosphere.

C. In their experiment, they were able to create two types of very important organic compounds:

• _______________________________

• _______________________________

D. Their results supported Oparin’s hypothesis, which stated that on primitive earth, more complex organic compounds could have formed from simple inorganic compounds.

|Carbohydrates |

|Food Source | |

|(What foods could you eat to get lots of | |

|carbohydrates?) | |

|FUNCTION |Simple Carbohydrates - used for rapid, short term energy storage |

| |Complex Carbohydrates - store more energy than simple carbohydrates (starch) and can be used for structure & |

|What do carbohydrates do? |support (cell walls) |

|POLYMERS |Term for carbohydrate polymers: |Important carbohydrate polymers (Ex.) |

| |_________________________(many) | |

|LARGE carbohydrates |__________________________(two) | |

|made of MANY monomers. | | |

|MONOMER=1 |Terms for the building blocks of carbohydrate |Important carbohydrate monomer (Ex.) |

| |__________________________(one) | |

|INDICATOR |BENEDICTS = Blue color turns ( ________________ when it reacts with sugar |

|How can we tell if our foods contain | |

|carbohydrates? |IODINE yellowish-brown turns ( ________________ when it reacts with starch |

|Common pictures of carbohydrates you | |

|might see: | |

|Lipids |

|Food Source | |

|(What foods do you eat that | |

|contain lots of Lipids?) | |

|FUNCTION |Long term energy storage (stores 2x calories as carbohydrates) |

| |Forms Membranes (barriers i.e. cell membrane) |

|What do lipids do? |Insulation |

| |Waterproofing (wax) |

|POLYMER |Term for lipid polymers: |Important lipid polymers (Ex.) |

| |______________________ | |

|LARGE lipids |(made of __ glycerol + __ fatty acids) | |

|made of MANY monomers. | | |

|MONOMERS |Terms for the building blocks of lipids | |

| |_____________________ | |

| |+ | |

| |___________ __________ | |

|INDICATOR | BROWN BAG TEST for lipids = |

|How can we tell if our foods contain | |

|lipids? | |

|Common pictures of lipids you might see: | |

|Proteins |

|Food Source | |

|(What foods could you eat to get lots of | |

|proteins?) | |

|FUNCTION |Proteins have MANY important jobs in living things. They can: |

| |Speed up chemical reactions in an organism. |

|What do proteins do? |Allow for movement (muscle) |

| |Used in cell membranes to help them be selectively permeable (facilitated diffusion & pumps) |

| |To build skin, hair & nails (structural) |

|POLYMERS |Term for protein polymers: |Important protein polymers (Ex.) |

| | | |

|LARGE proteins |_________________________(many) | |

|made of MANY monomers. | | |

|MONOMER=1 |Terms for the building blocks of proteins) | |

| |__________________________(one) | |

|INDICATOR |Biruet = Blue color turns ( ________________ when it reacts with protein |

|How can we tell if our foods contain | |

|proteins? | |

|Common pictures of proteins you might | |

|see: | |

|Nucleic Acids |

|Food Source | |

|(What foods do you eat that | |

|contain lots of nucleic acids?) | |

|FUNCTION |Genetic Info of the cell (DNA= billions of nucleotides long) |

| | |

|What do nucleic acids do? |Contains instructions for making proteins (RNA=thousands of nucleotides long) |

|POLYMERS |Term for nucleic acid polymers: |Important nucleic acid polymers (Ex.) |

| | | |

|LARGE nucleic acids |_________________________(many) | |

|made of MANY monomers. | | |

|MONOMERS |Terms for the smallest nucleic acids (a single building | |

| |block) | |

| |__________________________(one) | |

|Common pictures of nucleic | |

|acids you might see: | |

The Chemistry of Life…Organic Compounds

Complete the table by placing a check in the correct column for each description

|Description |Carbs |Lipids |Proteins |Nucleic Acids|

|Made up of nucleotides | | | | |

|Most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule | | | | |

|Quick source of energy | | | | |

|DNA and RNA | | | | |

|Made up of amino acids held together by peptide bonds | | | | |

|Provide instructions for making proteins | | | | |

|Commonly called fats and oils | | | | |

|Subunits or building blocks are simple sugars | | | | |

|Polysaccharides | | | | |

|Used for long-term energy storage, insulation & protective coatings | | | | |

|Help speed up and carry out chemical reactions | | | | |

|Important parts of biological membranes (makes up most of the membrane) | | | | |

|Transport substances in and out of cells | | | | |

|Store & transmit hereditary information | | | | |

1. What complex carbohydrate is used by plants to store excess sugar? ___________________________ Animals store excess sugar as a complex carbohydrate called _________________________________

2. Since these are large carbohydrates, they are called _________________________________________.

3. Proteins are made out of monomers called _______________________ _________________________.

4. Another name for a protein is a __________________________________________________________.

5. A special type of protein that is able to change the rate of reactions is an ______________________.

6. Many lipids are formed when a glycerol monomer combines with other lipid monomers called ____________ _______________.

7. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as ____________________________________.

8. There are two basic kinds of nucleic acids.

• _____________ is the larger nucleic acid, which contains the master genetic plan.

• _____________ is a smaller molecule that contains the instructions for making a protein.

Organic Compound Concept Map

Notes: Chemical Reactions & Enzymes

A __________________ ___________________ is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

o The compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as ______________________________.

o The compounds that are made by the reaction are called the __________________________________.

o Chemical reactions always involve the breaking bonds in the reactants and forming new bonds in the products. Below is an example that we will refer to quite often this semester:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ( 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

__________________ ___________________

In order to stay alive, living things need to carry out chemical reactions that require ________________________.

___________________ _________________ is the amount of energy needed to get a chemical reaction started.

_______________________ are things that allow a reaction to occur more quickly by lowering the amount of energy needed (in other words it lowers the activation energy).

______________________ are catalysts that are made by living things. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that take place inside cells (some enzymes break things down, other enzymes build things).

❖ ______________________________: substance that the enzyme acts on or changes.

❖ ____________________ ____________________: The part of the enzyme that attaches to the substrate.

❖ Most enzymes will only work on _____(#) specific substrate (like a lock that will only be opened by the right key).

Other important things to know:

o Enzymes can do their job over and over again, as long as they have something to work on (enzymes don’t get used up).

o Just like living things have an ____________________ (best) range of conditions they can work in, so does an enzyme.

• Changes in ______________ and _________________________ can make the shape of the active site change and therefore make the enzyme work less efficiently or not work at all (becomes denatured… it falls apart).

What are some other things that might affect how quickly an enzyme can do its job?

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Study Guide: ENZYME

1. Enzymes are made out of ______________________ because they are a type of ______________________

2. The amount of energy needed to start a reaction is called the ___________________________ energy.

3. The shape of an enzyme’s ___________________ _________ will determine which ___________________ it will be able to change (or react with).

4. Two conditions that can affect an enzymes ability to work: ____________________________ & __________

An enzyme and four different molecules are shown in the diagram on the right.

5. The enzyme would most likely affect reactions involving

A. molecule A, only

B. molecule C, only

C. molecules B and D

D. molecules A and C

Base your answer to question 5 on the diagram below that represents a human enzyme and four types of molecules are present in a solution in a flask:

6. Which molecule would most likely react with this enzyme? ______

7. Label the blanks (A-D) below with one of the following terms: (PRODUCT, SUBSTRATE, ENZYME, ACTIVE SITE)

[pic]

Match the enzymes with their substrates and functions.

8. _____ amylase A. synthesizes DNA

9. _____ protease B. digests sugar in beer (maltose)

10. _____ lactase C. digests starch (amylose)

11. _____ DNA polymerase D. synthesizes ATP

12. _____ maltase E. digests milk sugar (lactose)

13. _____ ATP synthase F. digests proteins

Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below & your knowledge of biology.

14. What is the optimal pH for pepsin? ___________________

15. Is this pH acid or basic? ___________________________

16. In what organ of the digestive system does pepsin work? ______________________________________________

17. What is the optimal pH for trypsin? ___________________

18. Is this pH acid or basic? ____________________________

19. In what organ of the digestive system does trypsin work? ______________________________________________

20. Neither enzyme will function at pHs of __________________

Notes: The pH Scale

The pH scale is used to measure the strength of an _____________or a _______________.

o pH Scale runs from _________ to ____________.

o Acid - a substance with a pH ________________than 7.0

▪ The _____________________the pH, the more acidic the solution.

o Neutral – a solution in which the pH is equal to 7.0

▪ Water is an example of a neutral solution

o Bases – have a pH that is ______________than 7.0

▪ The _____________________the pH, the more basic (or alkaline) the solution.

pH Scale:

Neutral

0 (------------------------------------------- 7.0 ----------------------------------------(14

___________ ( ___________ ( ( ___________ ( ___________

acid acid base base

Buffers

o Buffers help maintain homeostasis by minimizing changes in ________

o Slight changes in pH can harm living things. One way is that changes in pH can prevent enzymes from doing their job.

o _________________ ________________ (H2CO3) is a common buffer in human blood that responds to a change in the pH (the pH of blood is usually about ________).

Acid ______________________– rain, snow or fog more acidic has a pH less than 5.6.

o Major source is burning ________________________ ________________.

Test Review: Biochemistry

1. Compounds that do not contain carbon are classified as ________________________ compounds.

2. Most compounds that contain carbon are classified as ____________________________ compounds.

3. Organisms (i.e. plants) that can produce their own organic compounds are called ________________________

4. Many of the molecules in living cells are so large that they are known as ______________________________.

5. A polymer is made by joining many ________________________________ together.

6. List the four types of organic compounds found in all living things.

a. _____________________________

b. _____________________________

c. _____________________________

d. _____________________________

7. Explain how the statement ‘You are what you eat’ is very relevant to this unit (use the food label to the right to support your statement). ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

8. A reaction in which water is used in the breaking down a complex structure into its smaller building blocks. _________________________________________

9. The reaction in which two monomers are put together by removing 1 molecule of water. _____________________________________________________________________

10. The energy needed to start a reaction is called ___________________________ energy.

Carbohydrates

11. Circle the letter(s) of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates

a. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates

b. Living things use them as their main source of energy.

c. The monomers in sugar polymers are starch molecules

d. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity

12. Single sugar molecules are also called _________________________________________________________

13. Double sugars are called _____________________________________________________________________

14. Which is the most common monosaccharide; it is the energy base of all life on earth? ____________________

15. What are polysaccharides? ___________________________________________________________________

16. When plants make extra glucose, what do they turn it into? _________________________________

Lipids

17. A monomer of a lipid is made up of a ______________________ and three (3) _________________________

18. What are three common examples of lipids? ______________ , _______________ & ______________

19. Circle the letter(s) of each way that fats are used in living things.

a. As part of biological membranes

b. To store energy

c. To give plants rigidity

d. As chemical messengers

Proteins

23. Proteins are composed of monomers called ____________________________________________

24. Type of covalent bond formed between monomers of a protein. ____________________________

25. A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. ________________________________

26. Label the parts below: A= ____________________; B = ____________________; C = _________________

D = ___________________

Nucleic Acids

27. Which nucleic acid contains the sugar deoxyribose. _________________________________________

28. The monomer of a nucleic acid is called a _________________________________________________

29. What is the main function of nucleic acids in living things? __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

30. Which kind of organic compound am I?

a. ___________________ Glycogen

b. ___________________ hemoglobin, lactase, insulin,

c. ___________________ Triglycerides

d. ___________________ Glucose and cellulose

e. ___________________ Used to form muscle and bones

f. ___________________ Enzymes

g. ___________________ RNA

h. ___________________ Long-term energy storage & insulator.

31. _____ Lemon juice, with a pH of 1.5 would be a(n)

32. base

a. acid

b. ion

c. atom

33. _____Ammonia, pH 11.5 would be a(n)

34. base

a. acid

b. ion

c. atom

35. Why do enzymes rely upon buffers to be able to work? _______________________________________________________________________________________________

36. Explain how Oparin’s hypothesis was supported by Miller & Urey’s experiment? ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

37. Draw the pH scale below. Make sure to label the numbers and include the labels for:

o weak and strong acids, weak and strong bases, and neutral solutions.

-----------------------

Such as

7.

6.

Are made of

Which join

together to form

Sucrose and Lactose

Starch, Cellulose & Glycogen

Monomers

5.

Such as

Are made of

9. Glycerol & ___________ ___________

Which join

together to form

10. _______, ________ & ___________

D

14.

Are made

of monomers called:

Which join to make compounds that store genetic information.

called

4. Some also contain Phosphorus

3.

2.

…and usually contain a combination of

Hydrogen

11.

12.

Peptide Bonds

Carbohydrates

8.

Must contain the element

Organic Compounds

1.

[pic]

Glucose

Fructose

All of these compounds are made up of ______________, Hydrogen and Oxygen in different proportions.

* also contain the element Nitrogen.

D_________________________

A_________________________

B_______________________

C______________________

B

A

C

The four types of organic compounds are:

Are made

of:

Are linked

by:

13.

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

15.

(larger)

16.

(smaller)

Organic or Inorganic?

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