Year 9 Science Revision Booklet - Ark Elvin Academy

Ark Elvin Academy Year 9 Science Study Pack Autumn assessment 2017

Name __________________

What I am going to be assessed on? You will be assessed on everything that you have been taught since September.

How many exams will I have? 3 x 30 minutes papers 1 Biology exam 1 Chemistry exam 1 Physics exam

Biology Cell Biology: structure and transport

Part 1: Glossary

1. active transport

2. algae

3. alveoli 4. bacteria 5. cell membrane

6. cell wall

7. cellulose

8. chlorophyll 9. chloroplasts 10. cytoplasm

11. diffusion

12. eukaryotic cells

13. hypertonic (osmosis)

14. hypotonic (osmosis)

15. isotonic (osmosis)

16. mitochondria 17. nucleus

18. osmosis

19. partially permeable membrane

20. permanent vacuole

21. phloem

the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration simple aquatic organisms (protista) that make their own food by photosynthesis tiny air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area for gaseous exchange

single-celled prokaryotic organisms

the membrane around the contents of a cell that controls what moves in and out of the cell the rigid structure around plant and algal cells. It is made of cellulose and strengthens the cell the complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell walls and gives them strength the green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

the organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

the water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended and most of the chemical reactions of life take place the spreading out of the particles of any substance in a solution, or particles in a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration down a concentration gradient cells from eukaryotes that have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus a solution that is more concentrated than the cell contents

a solution that is less concentrated than the cell contents

a solution that is the same concentration as the cell contents

the site of aerobic cellular respiration in a cell

organelle found in many living cells containing the genetic information surrounded by the nuclear membrane the diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution (which has a high concentration of water) to a concentrated solution (with a low concentration of water|) down a concentration gradient a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through

space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap

the living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food (sugars) around the plant

22. plasmolysis

23. prokaryotic cells

24. resolving power

25. ribosomes 26. sperm 27. stomata 28. turgor 29. ventilated 30. xylem

the state of plant cells when so much water is lost from the cell by osmosis that the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall from prokaryotic organisms have a cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane, and a cell wall that does not contain cellulose. The genetic material is a DNA loop that is free in the cytoplasm and not enclosed by a nucleus. Sometimes there are one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids a measure of the ability to distinguish between two separate points that are very close together the site of protein synthesis in a cell

the male sex cells or gametes that carry the genetic material from the male parent openings in the leaves of plants, particularly on the underside and opened and closed by guard cells, allowing gases to enter and leave the leaf the pressure inside a plant cell exerted by the cell contents pressing on the cell wall movement of air or water into and out of the gas exchange organ, for example lungs or gills the non-living transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

Part 2: Key knowledge

1. Animal and plant cells

Key information: Most animal cells have the following parts: a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria to carry out aerobic respiration which releases energy for the cell, ribosomes to carry out protein synthesis by joining many amino acids. In addition to the parts found in animal cells, plant cells often have:

? chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis ? a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap to provide support to the cell

Plant and algal cells also have a cell wall made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.

Figure 1: structure of an animal cell

Figure 2: structure of plant cell

2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes Key information: Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have: ? genetic material enclosed in a nucleus to control the activity of the cell ? a cell membrane to control what enters and exits the cell ? cytoplasm to allow reactions to take place Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much smaller in comparison. The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It is a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids. They also have cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall to provide strength and support to the cell.

Figure 3: structure of a prokaryote cell

3. Cell differentiation and specialised cells Key information: Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function: ? sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals ? root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants. As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form different types of cells. ? Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage. ? Many types of plant cells can differentiate throughout life. ? In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement. As a cell differentiates it gets different sub-cellular structures so it can carry out a certain function. It has become a specialised cell.

Figure 4: summary of the structure and function of specialised cells

4. Microscopes

Key information: ? A light microscope shines a beam of light across a thin, dead, stained specimen. ? The resolution (ability to distinguish between two points) and magnification of a light

microscope is high enough the view the nucleus and cell membrane. ? Most organelles are too small to be viewed with a light microscope.

Figure 5: image of a microscope

5. Diffusion

Figure 6: equation triangle to calculate magnification

1. Magnification = image size / size of real object 2. Image size = magnification x size of real object 3. Size of real object = image size / magnification

Key information: Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Figure 7: explanation of diffusion in terms of particles

6. Osmosis and investigating osmosis Key information:

1. Water may move across cell membranes via osmosis. 2. Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

through a partially permeable membrane. Plant tissue can be used to measure the rate of uptake of water in different solutions. During these experiments, only the water moves. Salt and sugar molecules are too large to pass across the partially permeable membranes. The higher the concentration of salt or sugar, the lower the concentration of water.

Figure 8: a model of osmosis in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions

Figure 9: osmosis in plant cells

7. Active transport Key information: Active transport moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration. Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth. It also allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration. Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration.

Figure 10: the uptake of mineral ions in roots via active transport

Part 3: Key questions

1. Animal and plant cells

a. Label the cells:

b. Fill in the table with the functions of each organelle.

Organelle

Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitochondria

Ribosomes Chloroplasts Vacuole Cell wall

Function

c. Identify three organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells.

2. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

a. What type of cells are eukaryotic cells b. What type of cells are prokaryotic cells? c. Outline 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

3. Cell differentiation and specialised cells

a. Describe how the structure of a sperm cell relates to its function. b. Describe how the structure of a root hair cell relates to its function. c. what is meant by the term `differentiation'. d. Describe why cell division is important for animals. e. Explain how the xylem is specialised to carry out its function. f. State the name of the tissue in plants which allows plant cells to differentiate throughout life.

4. Microscopes

a.

The image shows human cheek cells. In the space below,

draw a biological drawing of this image. Label the organelles which

are visible.

b.

Describe how the slide of cheek cells would have been

prepared.

c.

State what is meant by the term resolution.

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download