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A Practical Approach

to

Combined Science

Form 1

Chikaka Technology

Harinangoni Rodwell

Muchoza Tongesai

Nyamayevhu Sylvester

Mtwazi Khumbulani

CONTENTS

Chapter 1:

Laboratory safety.............................................................................................

1

Unit 1.1

Unit 1.2

Unit 1.2

Laboratory rules and safety....................................................................................................

Laboratory apparatus...............................................................................................................

Use of laboratory apparatus...................................................................................................

1

3

3

Chapter 2:

Cells and levels of organisation.......................................................................

8

Unit 2.1

Plants and animals.....................................................................................................................

8

Chapter 3:

Nutrition............................................................................................................

13

Unit 3.1

Balanced diet...............................................................................................................................

13

Chapter 4:

Respiratory systems.........................................................................................

20

Unit 4.1

Unit 4.2

Unit 4.3

Unit 4.4

Composition of air......................................................................................................................

Respiratory gases.......................................................................................................................

Test for carbon dioxide gas.....................................................................................................

Test for oxygen gas....................................................................................................................

20

21

22

23

Chapter 5:

Transport systems............................................................................................

27

Unit 5.1

Unit 5.2

Unit 5.3

Water movement in plants......................................................................................................

Osmosis..........................................................................................................................................

Blood...............................................................................................................................................

27

29

31

Chapter 6:

Reproduction in plants and humans...............................................................

34

Unit 6.1

Unit 6.2

Unit 6.3

Reproduction in plants.............................................................................................................

Pollination and fertilisation.....................................................................................................

Reproduction in humans.........................................................................................................

34

36

37

Chapter 7:

Human health and disease..............................................................................

42

Unit 7.1

Unit 7.2

Unit 7.3

Human health..............................................................................................................................

Litter and waste disposal.........................................................................................................

Disease transmission.................................................................................................................

42

44

50

Examination I

............................................................................................................................

55

Chapter 8:

Separation.........................................................................................................

60

Unit 8.1

Unit 8.2

Mixtures, filtration and magnetism.....................................................................................

Decanting, evaporation and winnowing...........................................................................

60

63

Chapter 9:

Matter................................................................................................................

71

Unit 9.1

Unit 9.2

Unit 9.3

State of matter.............................................................................................................................

Elements of compounds..........................................................................................................

The periodic table......................................................................................................................

71

76

78

Chapter 10:

Acids and bases.................................................................................................

84

Unit 10.1

Unit 10.2

Acids................................................................................................................................................

Bases...............................................................................................................................................

84

86

Chapter 11:

Industrial processes.........................................................................................

91

Unit 11.1

Unit 11.2

Production of peanut butter..................................................................................................

Traditional peanut butter making........................................................................................

91

93

Chapter 12:

Oxidation and reduction..................................................................................

98

Unit 12.1

Unit 12.2

Conditions needed for rusting..............................................................................................

Methods of preventing rusting.............................................................................................

98

100

Chapter 13:

Organic chemistry............................................................................................

106

Unit 13.1

Unit 13.2

Forms of fuels...............................................................................................................................

Fuel efficiency..............................................................................................................................

106

108

Examination II ............................................................................................................................

113

Chapter 14:

Data presentation.............................................................................................

119

Unit 14.1

Unit 14.2

Unit 14.3

Tallies and tables.........................................................................................................................

Graphs............................................................................................................................................

Interpret data presented in form of tallies, tables and bar graphs...........................

119

122

125

Chapter 15:

Measurement....................................................................................................

134

Unit 15.1

Unit 15.2

Unit 15.3

Unit 15.4

Unit 15.5

Measuring length.......................................................................................................................

Measuring mass..........................................................................................................................

Measuring time...........................................................................................................................

Measuring temperature...........................................................................................................

SI units............................................................................................................................................

134

139

144

146

149

Chapter 16:

Force..................................................................................................................

154

Unit 16.1

Unit 16.2

Effect of force...............................................................................................................................

Type of force.................................................................................................................................

154

157

Chapter 17:

Energy................................................................................................................

170

Unit 17.1

Unit 17.2

Unit 17.3

Unit 17.4

Effects of energy.........................................................................................................................

Forms of energy..........................................................................................................................

Sources of energy.......................................................................................................................

Energy conversion and converters.......................................................................................

170

172

177

184

Chapter 18:

Magnetism........................................................................................................

195

Unit 18.1

Magnetic materials and non-magnetic materials...........................................................

195

Chapter 19:

Electricity..........................................................................................................

204

Unit 19.1

Unit 19.2

Static electricity...........................................................................................................................

Current electricity.......................................................................................................................

204

208

Examination III ............................................................................................................................

215

Index ............................................................................................................................

226

Chapter

1

LABORATORY SAFETY

AND APPARATUS

Chapter objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

?

?

?

explain laboratory rules.

identify laboratory apparatus.

demonstrate use of laboratory apparatus.

Introduction

This chapter focuses on laboratory safety and apparatus for science students. It explains laboratory rules

emphasizing on maintaining of safety among laboratory users. These rules encompass conduct in the

laboratory, dress code, handling of apparatus, personal precautions, housekeeping issues and expected

safety behaviour and discipline.

UNIT 1.1 LABORATORY RULES AND SAFETY

The following are some general precautions concerning laboratory safety. These may serve as guidelines

from which schools can work out a set of laboratory rules to be followed by every laboratory user, as well as

to equip laboratories with necessary safety facilities/equipment. Schools should also communicate safety

precautions to laboratory users through effective means such as posters and signage where appropriate.

Students¡¯ discipline in the laboratory

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

?

Students should follow strictly the instructions given by the teacher.

Students should not enter the laboratory unless a teacher is present.

Students should not remove anything from the laboratory without permission.

Students should not rush around or play in the laboratory.

Experiments under way should not be left unattended.

Laboratory reagents and chemicals should be returned to the appropriate places immediately after

use, with their labels facing the front.

Students should immediately report all accidents and breakages to their teacher.

Students should not suck fingers or pencils when in the laboratory since these may be contaminated

with chemicals as well as germs.

Personal precautions to be taken by all laboratory users

?

?

Eating, drinking and smoking are strictly forbidden in the laboratory and preparation room.

Long hair, loose ties or other loose clothing items must be properly secured.

1

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