Combined Science Module Level II Volume 1

[Pages:336]Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education

Combined Science Module Level II Volume 1

Lifelong and Continuing Education 2020

Introduction

High demand for education and training in the 21st century has triggered change or the desire for every education system to evolve and respond to the ever increasing demand for literacy and numeracy as well as high quality products from the education system the world over. Educational institutions have no option but to transform and evolve and fulfill the increasing demand for quality education. Learners also demand an education system that is sensitive to the changing knowledge-based society. This also includes the need to expand and open up spaces for learning enabling learning to take place anywhere or everywhere. This module comes as a response to the need for the Zimbabwean education system to reach out to all the learners and improve access to quality education. Upon the realisation that formal education is limited to formal pedagogical approaches and restricts access to education, this module provides learners with alternative approaches to acquiring education especially in the sciences. Coping with daily demands of adult life as well as the need to acquire academic qualifications and increasing one`s employability created the need for an open distance learning pathway. The combined science module will provide you with a learning experience suitable for home learning. The module comes with interactive and exciting approaches to learning where the topics are arranged and designed to provide you with all the tutorials required by the competence based curriculum and sufficient enough depth to guide you for ordinary level combined science public examinations. Wish you the best in your studies.

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Acknowledgements

The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) wishes to acknowledge the Non Formal Education department of the Ministry for coordinating this programme and the Curriculum Development and Technical Services (CDTS) department for reviewing and editing the module. Special mention goes to Joshua Mbira ? Materials Production Officer (CDTS) for compiling, editing and proof reading this module. The writing of this Non-Formal Level 2 Science Module was made possible by the contributions from the following Senior Teachers; Margret Chiwara, Mau Mau Dehwa, Allington Nhamo, Celesile Sibanda and Stanley Tizora. We also thank Dr Lovemore Ndlovu, the Consultant in the Open Distance Learning Project. Above all, special thanks goes to UNICEF for providing funding for this Project.

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How to use this module

As you start this journey of acquiring a qualification in Ordinary Level Combined Science through open distance learning, it is critical that you understand the need to manage your study time and balance it with your day-to-day activities. This module will provide you with the basic material to assist you towards your public examinations in Combined Science. This module has been subdivided into two volumes, that is, Volume 1 Volume 2. You are advised to study Volume 1 first before going to Volume 2. Wish you the best!

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction.................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... ii How to use this module?............................................................................................ iii

BIOLOGY SECTION............................................................................................ 1

UNIT 1: CELLS AND LEVELS OF ORGANISATION............................................. 2 1.1 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SPECIALISED CELLS...............................4 1.2 ECOSYSTEMS................................................................................................7 1.3 TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS.............................................................................10 1.4 ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM...........................................................10 1.5 THE CARBON AND THE NITROGEN CYCLE..............................................13 1.6 BIODIVERSITY..............................................................................................15

1.7 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................................17

UNIT 2: HUMAN NUTRITION........................................................................... 22 2.1 MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION.............................................23 2.2 HUMAN ALIMENTARY CANAL....................................................................25 2.3 BALANCED DIET.........................................................................................28 2.4 MALNUTRITION AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES.........................................31 2.5 FOOD TESTS...............................................................................................32

2.6 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................................37

UNIT 3: NUTRITION IN PLANTS....................................................................... 43 3.1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS......................................................................................44 3.2 FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS................................................46 3.3 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAF..............56

3.4 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS...........................................................58

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UNIT 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM....................................................................... 64 4.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION..............................................................................65 4.2 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION.........................................................................69 4.3 ROLES AND ADAPTATION OF THE ALVEOLUS..........................................70 4.4 THE COMPOSITION OF INHALED AND EXHALED AIR.............................71

4.5 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS...........................................................73

UNIT 5: TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS..................................................... 77 5.1 TRANSPIRATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION..............78 5.2 MEASURING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS..........................83 5.3 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION............................................................86 5.4 ADAPTATION OF PLANT LEAVES TO REDUCE TRANSPIRATION.............87 5.5 PLASMOLYSIS AND TURGIDITY..................................................................87

5.6 SAMPLE- ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................90

UNIT 6: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS.............................................................. 94 6.1 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS......................................................95 6.2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS........................................................98 6.3 A COMPARISON OF SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.............103 6.4 GERMINATION..........................................................................................103 6.5 CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR GERMINATION.....................................104

6.6 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................108

UNIT 7: TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN HUMANS................................................. 112 7.1 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD...........................................................................114 7.2 DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM..............................................................115 7.3 STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD VESSELS.....................................................117

7.4 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................121

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UNIT 8: HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM................................................... 124 8.1 STRUCTURE OF FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

AND SEX CELLS.........................................................................................125 8.2 FERTILISATION AND THE ROLE OF THE PLACENTA...............................129 8.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE..........................................................................132 8.4 METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION............................................................135

8.5 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................142

UNIT 9: HEALTH AND DISEASES 1................................................................ 146 9.1 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs)..........................................147 9.2 CONTROL METHODS AND TREATMENT OF STIs...................................150 9.3 HIV AND AIDS............................................................................................151 9.4 SUBSTANCE ABUSE...................................................................................153

9.5 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................154

UNIT 10: HEALTH AND DISEASES 2.............................................................. 156 10.1 CAUSES, SIGNS, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF MALARIA..............157 10.2 LIFE OF CYCLE OF MOSQUITO................................................................158 10.3 TYPHOID, EBOLA AND CHOLERA............................................................162

10.4 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................164

UNIT 11: IMMUNITY....................................................................................... 167 11.1 NATURAL IMMUNITY.................................................................................167 11.2 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY..............................................................................168 11.3 IMMUNISATION AND BREAST FEEDING.................................................169

11.4 SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS......................................................171

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