Oasis Academy South Bank



OASB Science DepartmentChemistry Paper 2 Revision Pack Double Foundation ContentsLessonMastery Matrix Chemistry Paper 2Knowledge1Rates of reaction & reversible reactions Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge2Gas tests and Chromatography Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge3The Earth’s Early Atmosphere & Global warming Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge4Air Pollution & Finite resources Summary PageNotes pageExam QuestionsKnowledge5Water and waste & Life Cycle Assessments Summary PageNotes pageExam Questions452241239129200 TopicTierRevision Guide (combined)Learning statementMixturesFDefine ‘pure substances’ and explain the difference between its scientific and everyday meaningMixturesFUse melting and boiling point data to establish pure substances from mixturesMixturesFDescribe what a ‘formulation’ is and give examples (Fuels, cleaning agents, paints, medicines, alloys, fertilisers and foods)MixturesFDescribe the two phases (stationary and mobile) of chromatography and its purposeMixturesFCalculate Rf valuesMixturesFInterpret chromatograms to decide whether a substance is pure of a mixtureMixturesFRP Chromatography: Use paper chromatography to investigate the colours within different substances and calculate Rf values MixturesFExplain the difference in difficulty of separating compounds compared to mixturesMetals in the periodic tableFExplain what an alloy is and how it’s properties differ from a pure metalGroups in the periodic tableFDescribe the gas test for carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen and chlorineRates of reactionF124Calculate the mean rate of reaction Rates of reactionF124Recall the units for mass (g), volume (cm3) and rate (g/s, cm3/s, mol/s)Rates of reactionF125Draw tangents on curves in order to calculate rates of reactionRates of reactionF124-125Explain the collision theory and link to activation energyRates of reactionF124-125Describe and explain factors that affect rates of reaction (concentration, pressure, surface area, catalysts and temperature)Rates of reactionF125Plot and interpret graphs showing rates of reactionRates of reactionF124-125Explain why one reactant is used in excess in a chemical reactionRates of reactionF124-125Describe what is meant by ‘a limiting reactant’Rates of reactionF125RP Rates of Reaction: Investigate how changes in concentration affect the rates of reactions by measuring volume of the gas and change of colourRates of reactionF126Give examples of catalysts Rates of reactionF121Draw a reaction profile for a catalysed reactionReversible reactionsF126Use the appropriate symbol to denote a reversible reactionReversible reactionsF126Explain energy changes in reversible reactions (ammonium chloride and hydrated copper sulphate)Reversible reactionsF127Explain what is meant by the term ‘equilibrium’The Earths Early AtmosphereF142Describe the composition of the atmosphere and how long this has been the caseThe Earths Early AtmosphereF142-143Describe the development from early atmosphere to present dayThe Earths Early AtmosphereF142-143Draw links between the early Earth’s atmosphere and that of other planets (Mars and Venus)The Earths Early AtmosphereF144Evaluate different theories regarding the Earth’s early atmosphereThe Earths Early AtmosphereF143Explain why oxygen levels increased and carbon dioxide levels decreased (linking to photosynthesis and sedimentation)Global WarmingF144Describe the term ‘greenhouse gases’ and give three examples (water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane)Global WarmingF144Describe the ‘greenhouse effect’ linking to the wavelength of radiationGlobal WarmingF144Describe the effect of human activities on the levels of greenhouse gases, recalling two that affect methane and two that affect carbon dioxideGlobal WarmingF145Explain how peer review evidence have linked these activities to global climate changeGlobal WarmingF145Explain why it is difficult to model this and how this has led to simplification, speculation and biased opinions in the mediaGlobal WarmingF145Describe 4 potential effects of global climate changeGlobal WarmingF145Discuss the scale, risks and environmental implication of global climate changeGlobal WarmingF145Describe what is meant by the term ‘carbon footprint’Global WarmingF145Describe actions to reduce our carbon footprint and explain why these actions may have limited impactAir pollutionF137Describe combustion as a major source of atmospheric pollutionAir pollutionF137Name gases release when fuels such as coal are burnt (carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and predict which of these would be produced from a given fuel compositionAir pollutionF137Describe ‘particulates’ Air pollutionF137Describe issues arising from carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulatesFinite resourcesF146Recalls that humans use the Earth’s resources to provide; warmth, shelter, food, transport (through timber, clothing, fuels/energy and other materials) Finite resourcesF146Define what is meant by the term ‘finite resource’Finite resourcesF146Define what is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’ and explain the role that chemistry plays in developing agricultural and industrial processesFinite resourcesF147Explain how some natural products are being replaced by some agricultural and synthetic productsWater and wasteF146-147Describe the properties of potable water (is safe to drink) linking to purity, salt and microbe levelsWater and wasteF147 Describe the different sources of drinking water in the UK and the process that it must undergo before it is potableWater and wasteF146Describe the process of desalination (distillation or reverse osmosis)Water and wasteF147Evaluate the methods to produce potable water (linking to location and potential water supply)Water and wasteF146-147RP Water Purification: Analyse and purify water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillationWater and wasteF147Explain why large amounts of waste water are produced (urban life styles and industrial processes)Water and wasteF147Explain what needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste in comparison with industrial waste water Water and wasteF147Describe the 4 steps of sewage treatmentWater and wasteF146-147Compare the relative ease of obtaining potable water from waste, the ground and salt waterLife Cycle AssessmentsF148Describe what is meant by the term ‘life cycle assessment’Life Cycle AssessmentsF148Describe the 4 stages of a life cycle assessmentLife Cycle AssessmentsF148Explain that water resources, energy and waste production can be easily quantified whereas pollutant effects are hard to quantifyLife Cycle AssessmentsF148Describe how simplified life cycle assessments can be used in a biased manner to support advertising claims in the mediaLife Cycle AssessmentsF148-149Use data to carry out LCA for shopping bags made from plastic and paperLife Cycle AssessmentsF149Explain how we can reduce our use of limited resources (reduce, reuse, recycle)Making MaterialsF149Explain how to produce clay ceramicsMaking MaterialsF149Explain how glass is produced Making MaterialsF149Discuss the environmental impact of using metal, glass, building materials, clay ceramics and plastics linking to the use of these limited resources and the energy used to extract and process them.Making MaterialsF149Explain ways that we can reduce this environmental impactAlkanes and AlkenesF136Explain what crude oil is and how it is formedAlkanes and AlkenesF136Define ‘alkanes’ and give the general formulaAlkanes and AlkenesF137Recall the formulae and structures for the first 4 alkanes (methane, ethane, propane and butane)Alkanes and AlkenesF138Define ‘alkenes’ and give the general formula Alkanes and AlkenesF138Recall the formulae and structures for the first 4 alkenes (ethene, propene, butane, pentene)Alkanes and AlkenesF136-139Define the terms ‘saturated’ and ‘unsaturated’ and link to alkanes and alkenesAlkanes and AlkenesF139Use the bromine test to identify whether there are alkanes or alkenes presentFractional DistillationF136Explain the process of fractional distillationFractional DistillationF136Name and describe the uses (fuels and feedstock for the petrochemical industry e.g. solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents) of each of the fractions produced (petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and LPG)Fractional DistillationF136Describe why carbon can form such a vast array of natural and synthetic compoundsFractional DistillationF136Explain how the size of hydrocarbon is linked to their boiling point, viscosity and flammability Fractional DistillationF137Describe the combustion of hydrocarbons and write balanced symbol equationsCrackingF138Describe what is meant by ‘cracking’CrackingF138Describe why cracking is requiredCrackingF138Describe the methods and conditions used for ‘catalytic cracking’ and ‘steam cracking’CrackingF138-139Recall the uses of alkenes produced during cracking (polymers)CrackingF138Balance chemical equations for crackingLesson 1 Rates of reaction and reversible reactions. KnowledgeTopic: Rates of reaction (10.3.3)What are the two equations for calculating mean rate of reaction?mean ROR = quantity of reactant used/time take or quantity of product formed/time takenIf the mass of the product or reactant is given in grams, which unit should you use for the rate?g/sIf the volume of the product or reactant is given in cm3, which unit should you use for the rate?cm3/sWhat does a steep gradient on a graph tell us about the rate of a reaction?The rate of reaction is fastWhat does a flat line (0 gradient) on a graph tell us about the rate of a reaction?The reaction has stoppedWhat has a higher surface area? A powder or lumps of a substancePowder because more particles are exposed and able to successfully collideState 4 factors that affect rate of reactionPressure (in gases), concentration, temperature, a catalystTopic: Reversible reactions (10.3.4)What is a reversible reaction?A reaction that can go both forwards (to form the products) and backwards (to form the reactants)Give two examples of reversible reactionsAmmonium chloride ? ammonia + hydrogen chlorideHydrated copper sulphate (blue) ? anhydrous copper sulphate (white) + waterIs ammonium chloride -> ammonia + hydrogen chloride an endothermic or exothermic reaction?EndothermicWhat is it called when the forward and reverse reactions occur at exactly the same rate?EquilibriumWhat is the general equation for a reversible reaction?A + B ? C + DWhich 3 factors affect the position of equilibrium?Pressure (gases), temperature, concentrationWhat is a closed system?A reaction (system) where no reactants are added or products removed.right-216535Notes0Notes2152056-56753In a reaction, 24cm3 of hydrogen gas is produced in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of reaction. Calculate rate of reaction AND write the word equation in each of these scenarios: (CHALLENGE: write symbol equations)Sarah is reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. She times how much gas is produced in 2 minutes using a gas syringe. She finds that 45cm3 of gas is produced in this time. Give your answer to 2 s.f.Linda reacts 5g of magnesium with sulphuric acid. It takes 5 minutes for the magnesium to have reacted completed. Calculate the rate of reaction and give your answer to 2 s.f.00In a reaction, 24cm3 of hydrogen gas is produced in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of reaction. Calculate rate of reaction AND write the word equation in each of these scenarios: (CHALLENGE: write symbol equations)Sarah is reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. She times how much gas is produced in 2 minutes using a gas syringe. She finds that 45cm3 of gas is produced in this time. Give your answer to 2 s.f.Linda reacts 5g of magnesium with sulphuric acid. It takes 5 minutes for the magnesium to have reacted completed. Calculate the rate of reaction and give your answer to 2 s.f.6771558-128006Mastery Matrix PointsCalculate the mean rate of reaction Recall the units for mass (g), volume (cm3) and rate (g/s, cm3/sDraw tangents on curves in order to calculate rates of reactionExplain the collision theory and link to activation energyDescribe and explain factors that affect rates of reaction (concentration, pressure, surface area, catalysts and temperature)Plot and interpret graphs showing rates of reactionExplain why one reactant is used in excess in a chemical reactionDescribe what is meant by ‘a limiting reactant’RP Rates of Reaction: Investigate how changes in concentration affect the rates of reactions by measuring volume of the gas and change of colourGive examples of catalysts Draw a reaction profile for a catalysed reaction00Mastery Matrix PointsCalculate the mean rate of reaction Recall the units for mass (g), volume (cm3) and rate (g/s, cm3/sDraw tangents on curves in order to calculate rates of reactionExplain the collision theory and link to activation energyDescribe and explain factors that affect rates of reaction (concentration, pressure, surface area, catalysts and temperature)Plot and interpret graphs showing rates of reactionExplain why one reactant is used in excess in a chemical reactionDescribe what is meant by ‘a limiting reactant’RP Rates of Reaction: Investigate how changes in concentration affect the rates of reactions by measuring volume of the gas and change of colourGive examples of catalysts Draw a reaction profile for a catalysed reactionChemistry Revision: Rates of reaction351937730297322. a) Plot the graph to show these results. (b) Use it to calculate the rate of reaction at 15 seconds. (c) Describe AND explain the pattern shown by the results.As time increases… This is because… 002. a) Plot the graph to show these results. (b) Use it to calculate the rate of reaction at 15 seconds. (c) Describe AND explain the pattern shown by the results.As time increases… This is because… 78543154415790Time in ____________ 00Time in ____________ 62445902663825Volume of CO2 (cm3) 00Volume of CO2 (cm3) 6920865132143500-127635130810Key KnowledgeTWO equations for calculating rate of reaction:Mean rate of reaction = ___________ Time takenMean rate of reaction = ____________ Time takenUnits for rate of reaction: ..5 factors that affect rate of reaction:1) C___________ 2) T____________3) C______________4) S_________ a________5) P___________(in gases)Define: Activation energy:Catalyst:According to collision theory, particles must collide with enough ______________ to react.Draw a reaction profile for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Progress of reaction00Key KnowledgeTWO equations for calculating rate of reaction:Mean rate of reaction = ___________ Time takenMean rate of reaction = ____________ Time takenUnits for rate of reaction: ..5 factors that affect rate of reaction:1) C___________ 2) T____________3) C______________4) S_________ a________5) P___________(in gases)Define: Activation energy:Catalyst:According to collision theory, particles must collide with enough ______________ to react.Draw a reaction profile for a reaction with and without a catalyst. Progress of reaction-2038355563870Energy 00Energy 25336564935102438405407660229431352419493. Describe AND explain the effect of the 4 factors on rate of reaction:(a) Concentration. As the concentration increases…(b) Temperature: As the temperature increases…(c) Surface area: As the surface area increases… (d) Catalyst: The presence of a catalyst… 003. Describe AND explain the effect of the 4 factors on rate of reaction:(a) Concentration. As the concentration increases…(b) Temperature: As the temperature increases…(c) Surface area: As the surface area increases… (d) Catalyst: The presence of a catalyst… 22233081256467Time (s)Volume of CO2 (cm3)001010201830244030503560387040804190411004100Time (s)Volume of CO2 (cm3)0010102018302440305035603870408041904110041Chemistry Revision: Reversible Reactions23119039665Mastery Matrix PointsUse the appropriate symbol to denote a reversible reactionExplain energy changes in reversible reactions (ammonium chloride and hydrated copper sulphate)Explain what is meant by the term ‘equilibrium’00Mastery Matrix PointsUse the appropriate symbol to denote a reversible reactionExplain energy changes in reversible reactions (ammonium chloride and hydrated copper sulphate)Explain what is meant by the term ‘equilibrium’Chemistry Revision: Reversible Reactions24246202791460332216900653563a) We can represent reversible reactions with an equation. Complete this equation below by adding in the correct type of arrow. A + B _________ C(g) + D (g)b) What does (g) mean? State whether the following are examples of endothermic or exothermic reactions: a) Combustion d) Hand warmers: b) Neutralisation e) Sports injury packsc) Thermal decomposition 00a) We can represent reversible reactions with an equation. Complete this equation below by adding in the correct type of arrow. A + B _________ C(g) + D (g)b) What does (g) mean? State whether the following are examples of endothermic or exothermic reactions: a) Combustion d) Hand warmers: b) Neutralisation e) Sports injury packsc) Thermal decomposition left128081Key KnowledgeDefine:Reversible reactions:Endothermic reaction: one that takes in ___________ from the surroundings, so the temperature ______________Exothermic reaction: transfers energy to the ________________, so temperature _________________.Equilibrium: the rate of the forward reaction is ___________________________________________Complete the word equation:Ammonium chloride _______ + hydrogen c_______________If a reaction is endothermic in one direction, the opposite direction would be _______________.For e.g.Hydrated copper sulphate (blue) anhydrous copper sulphate (white) + waterThe forward reaction is endothermic, so the backward reaction is ________________.00Key KnowledgeDefine:Reversible reactions:Endothermic reaction: one that takes in ___________ from the surroundings, so the temperature ______________Exothermic reaction: transfers energy to the ________________, so temperature _________________.Equilibrium: the rate of the forward reaction is ___________________________________________Complete the word equation:Ammonium chloride _______ + hydrogen c_______________If a reaction is endothermic in one direction, the opposite direction would be _______________.For e.g.Hydrated copper sulphate (blue) anhydrous copper sulphate (white) + waterThe forward reaction is endothermic, so the backward reaction is ________________.Guided Exam QuestionQ1.Marble chips are mainly calcium carbonate (CaCO3).A student investigated the rate of reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid (HCl).Figure 1 shows the apparatus the student used.Figure 1?(a)?????Complete and balance the equation for the reaction between marble chips and hydrochloric acid................... ?+ ?.................. ?→ ???CaCl2 ?+ ?.................. ?+ ?..................(2)(b)?????The table below shows the student’s results.??Timein sVolume of gasin dm3?????00.000????300.030????600.046????900.052??1200.065??1500.070??1800.076??2100.079??2400.080??2700.080On Figure 2:?????????Plot these results on the grid.?????????Draw a line of best fit.Figure 2?(4)(c)?????Sketch a line on the grid in Figure 2 to show the results you would expect if the experiment was repeated using 20 g of smaller marble chips. Label this line A.(2)(d)?????Another student investigated the rate of reaction by measuring the change in mass. Figure 3 shows the graph plotted from this student’s results.Figure 3?Use Figure 3 to calculate the mean rate of the reaction up to the time the reaction is complete. Give your answer to three significant figures.………………………….................................................................................................................................………………………….................................................................................................................................………………………….................................................................................................................................………………………….................................................................................................................................???????Mean rate of reaction = ........................................... g / s(4)(e)?????Use Figure 3 to determine the rate of reaction at 150 seconds. Show your working on Figure 3.Give your answer in standard form..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................??Rate of reaction at 150 s = ........................................... g / s(4)Independent exam questions Q2.Lithium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.A group of students investigated the volume of gas produced.This is the method used.1.???????Place a known mass of lithium carbonate in a conical flask.2.???????Measure 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid using a measuring cylinder.3.???????Pour the acid into the conical flask.4.???????Place a bung in the flask and collect the gas as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1?(a)?????Figure 2 shows the measuring cylinder.Figure 225483330472?What volume of gas has been collected????????????????????????????????Volume = .......................................... cm3(b) There was an anomaly in their results. What are the two possible reasons for the anomalous result.Tick two boxes.?Too much lithium carbonate was added.?The bung was not pushed in firmly enough.?There was too much water in the trough.?The measuring cylinder was not completely over the delivery?The conical flask was too small.?Q3.A student investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction.Figure 1 shows an experiment.Figure 1-125128153670The student:?????????put 50 cm3 sodium thiosulfate solution into a conical flask?????????heated the sodium thiosulfate solution to the required temperature?????????put the flask on a cross drawn on a piece of paper?????????added 5 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid and started a stopclock?????????stopped the stopclock when the cross could no longer be seen?????????repeated the experiment at different temperatures.The equation for the reaction is:(a)?????Which product is a gas?........................................................................(1)(b)?????Figure 2 shows the results of this experiment at five different temperatures. The circled result point is anomalous.Figure 2(i)??????Draw a line of best fit on Figure 2 to show how the reaction time varied with reaction temperature.(1)(ii)?????Give a possible reason for the anomalous result at 40 °C.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(iii)????The reaction at 20 °C produced 0.32 g of sulfur in 64 seconds.Calculate the rate of the reaction at 20 °C using the equation:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Rate of reaction = .................................... grams per second(2)(iv)????Give two reasons why the rate of the reaction increases as the temperature increases.??Tick (?) two boxes.??The particles move faster.?The particles collide less often.?All the particles have the same energy.?The particles collide with more energy.?The number of particles increases.(2)(v)?????Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.??activationcollisionexothermicThe minimum amount of energy particles must have to react is calledthe ................................................... energy.(1)(Total 8 marks)Lesson 2. Gas tests and chromatography (10.3.5). Knowledge Topic: Gas tests What is the gas test for oxygen gas?A glowing splint will relightWhat is the test for carbon dioxide gas?Limewater will turn cloudy What is the test for hydrogen gas?A burning splint will make a squeaky popWhat is the test for chlorine gas?When damp litmus paper is bleached and turns white Topic: ChromatographyWhat is the aim of the experiment?Investigate the colours that are found within a mixture of food colouringsWhat is the independent variable?Dye/ink colourWhat is the dependent variable?Rf valueName 3 controls variables1) Start point of the colour2) Size of the coloured dot3) Start point of the solventName 3 sources of error1) Starting line drawn in ink2) Solvent above the starting line3) Dots too close together or too bigWhy is a pencil used to draw the starting line?To avoid any dye in a pen also moving up the paperName 3 types of solvent that can be usedWater, alcohol and acetone25431750Mastery Matrix Points Describe the gas test for carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen and chlorineDescribe the two phases (stationary and mobile) of chromatography and its purposeCalculate Rf valuesInterpret chromatograms to decide whether a substance is pure of a mixtureRP Chromatography: Use paper chromatography to investigate the colours within different substances and calculate Rf values 00Mastery Matrix Points Describe the gas test for carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen and chlorineDescribe the two phases (stationary and mobile) of chromatography and its purposeCalculate Rf valuesInterpret chromatograms to decide whether a substance is pure of a mixtureRP Chromatography: Use paper chromatography to investigate the colours within different substances and calculate Rf values Chemistry Revision: Gas tests and Chromatography-219075523241Key KnowledgeGas tests:GasDescription of testPositive resultNegative resultO2H2CO2Cl2Key knowledgeChromatographyChromatography can be used to separate __________and can give information to help identify substances. Chromatography involves a ___________phase and a __________phase. Separation depends on the distribution of ______________ between the phases.00Key KnowledgeGas tests:GasDescription of testPositive resultNegative resultO2H2CO2Cl2Key knowledgeChromatographyChromatography can be used to separate __________and can give information to help identify substances. Chromatography involves a ___________phase and a __________phase. Separation depends on the distribution of ______________ between the phases.3400425523241Key knowledgeChromatographyThe equation for the Rf value is:Different compounds have different Rf values in different _________, which can be used to help identify the ______________. The compounds in a mixture may ___________ into different spots depending on the _________ but a pure compound will produce a single ______ in all solvents.Chromatography method:Draw a line in _______ 2cm up from the bottom of the chromatography paperDot a sample of the substance you want to separate onto the linePlace the chromatography paper into a _______ containing a _________. Ensure that the solvent is below the _________ line.Wait for the solvent (___________ phase) to travel up the paper.If the substance separates into more than one _______ then the substance is ___________If only single dot is observed, then the substance is not a mixture and is _____00Key knowledgeChromatographyThe equation for the Rf value is:Different compounds have different Rf values in different _________, which can be used to help identify the ______________. The compounds in a mixture may ___________ into different spots depending on the _________ but a pure compound will produce a single ______ in all solvents.Chromatography method:Draw a line in _______ 2cm up from the bottom of the chromatography paperDot a sample of the substance you want to separate onto the linePlace the chromatography paper into a _______ containing a _________. Ensure that the solvent is below the _________ line.Wait for the solvent (___________ phase) to travel up the paper.If the substance separates into more than one _______ then the substance is ___________If only single dot is observed, then the substance is not a mixture and is _____6438900501650Understanding and ExplainingAmy reacts two substances together which produces a gas. She bubbles this gas through limewater which turns cloudy and finds that damp litmus paper remains red. Explain how you know which gas Amy produced?Gas:_________Why:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Look at the chromatogram below. State which food colourings are present and not present in the mixture X.Food colourings present:______________________________________________________________Food colourings not present:___________________________________________________________The chromatogram in Q2 showed that the solvent travelled 6cm up the chromatography paper. Food colouring A travelled 2cm up and D travelled 4cm up. Calculate the Rf value for A and D. Give your answer to 2s.f.A=D=00Understanding and ExplainingAmy reacts two substances together which produces a gas. She bubbles this gas through limewater which turns cloudy and finds that damp litmus paper remains red. Explain how you know which gas Amy produced?Gas:_________Why:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Look at the chromatogram below. State which food colourings are present and not present in the mixture X.Food colourings present:______________________________________________________________Food colourings not present:___________________________________________________________The chromatogram in Q2 showed that the solvent travelled 6cm up the chromatography paper. Food colouring A travelled 2cm up and D travelled 4cm up. Calculate the Rf value for A and D. Give your answer to 2s.f.A=D=-575711-107248Notes0NotesGuided Exam Questions- gas tests and chromatography Guided Exam QuestionsQ1.This question is about mixtures and analysis.(a)?????Which two substances are mixtures???Tick two boxes.??Air??Carbon dioxide??Graphite??Sodium Chloride??Steel?(2)(b)?????Draw one line from each context to the correct meaning.??Context?Meaning???A substance that has had nothingadded to it?????Pure substance in chemistry?A single element or a single compound???????A substance containing only atoms which have different numbers of protons?????Pure substance in everyday life?A substance that can be separated by filtration???????A useful product made by mixingsubstances(2)(c)?????What is the test for chlorine gas???Tick one box.??A glowing splint relights??A lighted splint gives a pop??Damp litmus paper turns white??Limewater turns milky?(1) (Total 5 marks)Q2.A student investigated a food colouring using paper chromatography.This is the method used.1.???????Put a spot of food colouring X on the start line.2.???????Put spots of three separate dyes, A, B and C, on the start line.3.???????Place the bottom of the paper in water and leave it for several minutes.(a)?????Figure 1 shows the apparatus the student used.Figure 1?Give two mistakes the student made in setting up the experiment.??Tick two boxes.??The lid was on the beaker.??The paper did not touch the bottom of the beaker.??The spots were too small.??The start line was drawn in ink.??The water level was above the spots.?(2)(b)?????Another student set the experiment up correctly.Figure 2 shows the student’s results.316579508Figure 2?How many dyes were in X?Tick one box.?1??3??4??6?(1)(c)?????Which dye, A, B or C, is not in X???Write your answer in the box.?(1)(d)?????Use Figure 2 to complete the table below.Calculate the value for Rf for dye A.???Distance in mm?Distance moved by dye A..............................?Distance from start line to solvent front..............................Use the equation:?????????????????Give your answer to two significant figures.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................??????????Rf value = ................................................................(5)(Total 9 marks)Independent Exam QuestionsQ3.Human stomachs contain hydrochloric acid.Stomach ache can be caused by too much acid in the stomach.Indigestion tablets can be used to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach.(a)???? The graph shows how the volume of carbon dioxide produced changes with time, after some calcium carbonate is added to hydrochloric acid.?(i)??????Complete the sentence to explain what happens between Oand P.Between Oand Pthe calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid .................(1)(ii)?????Complete the sentence to explain what happens at P.At Pthe calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid ...................................because ....................................................................................................(2)(iii)????Describe the test for carbon dioxide gas.Test ........................................................................................................Result of the test ....................................................................................(2)(Total 5 marks)Q4.????????? Read the article.?Problem food colouringsScientists say they have evidence that somefood colourings cause hyperactive behaviour inyoung children.These food colourings are added to some sweets.W, X, Y and Z are food colourings that may cause hyperactive behaviour in young children.A scientist used chromatography to see if these food colourings were used in two sweets, S and P.The results are shown on the chromatogram.(a) ????Food colourings, such as W, X, Y and Z, are added to some sweets.Suggest one reason why.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(b) ????In chromatography, the Rf value = Use the scale on the chromatogram to help you to answer this question.?Which food colouring, W, X, Y or Z, has an Rf value of 0.7?(1)(c) ????From the chromatogram, what conclusions can the scientist make about the colourings in sweets S and P?........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 5 marks)Lesson 3. The Earth’s early atmosphere and global warming. Knowledge Topic: The Earth’s early atmosphere (10.3.6)When did the Early Atmosphere form?4.6 billion years agoState the four gases present in the Early Atmosphere?Carbon dioxide (70%), methane (10%), ammonia (10%) and water vapour (10%)Where did the gases in the early atmosphere come from?Volcanic activityWhat are the 2 most prevalent gases in the atmosphere today?Nitrogen (78%) and Oxygen (21%)State the 4 processes that lead to a reduction in CO2 between the Early Atmosphere and today.1) Dissolved in seas2) Trapped in rocks3) Photosynthesis4) Trapped in fossil fuelsState the substances that have trapped carbon dioxide under the groundFossil Fuels and Sedimentary rocksName the process that caused an increase in oxygen levelsPhotosynthesisTopic: Global warming (10.3.7)Name the 3 greenhouse gasesWater, Methane, carbon dioxideState 3 human activities that increase the amount of methane in the atmosphereDecaying organic matter, growing rice, cattle farmingName the three types of radiation emitted by the sunInfrared (long wave), visible light (short wave) and UV (short wave)Name the one type of radiation emitted by the EarthInfrared radiation (long wave)What happens to the majority of radiation emitted by the sun when it gets to the Earth's atmosphere?It passes through (is transmitted)What happens to the majority of radiation emitted by the Earth when it reaches the atmosphere?It is absorbedState 2 human activities that increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereBurning fossil fuels, deforestation254063510160Mastery Matrix Points Describe the composition of the atmosphere and how long this has been the caseDescribe the development from early atmosphere to present dayDraw links between the early Earth’s atmosphere and that of other planets (Mars and Venus)Evaluate different theories regarding the Earth’s early atmosphereExplain why oxygen levels increased and carbon dioxide levels decreased (linking to photosynthesis and sedimentation)00Mastery Matrix Points Describe the composition of the atmosphere and how long this has been the caseDescribe the development from early atmosphere to present dayDraw links between the early Earth’s atmosphere and that of other planets (Mars and Venus)Evaluate different theories regarding the Earth’s early atmosphereExplain why oxygen levels increased and carbon dioxide levels decreased (linking to photosynthesis and sedimentation)Chemistry Revision: The Earth’s Early Atmosphere-707083120650Key KnowledgeState the 4 gases present in the Early Atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago:_____ % of C_________ d_________________% of M____________________% of A_________________________% of W______________ v_________The atmosphere was very similar to the current atmosphere on two other planets M__________ and V________________. The majority of these gases are thought to have been produced by ________________.Earth today, name the 2 most prevalent gases: ____% of ______________________________ % of _________________________(Very small amounts of ______________________________ %)Name the process by which oceans are thought to have formed: The process which caused oxygen levels to increase was ____________. This was carried out by _______ and algae.00Key KnowledgeState the 4 gases present in the Early Atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago:_____ % of C_________ d_________________% of M____________________% of A_________________________% of W______________ v_________The atmosphere was very similar to the current atmosphere on two other planets M__________ and V________________. The majority of these gases are thought to have been produced by ________________.Earth today, name the 2 most prevalent gases: ____% of ______________________________ % of _________________________(Very small amounts of ______________________________ %)Name the process by which oceans are thought to have formed: The process which caused oxygen levels to increase was ____________. This was carried out by _______ and algae.2190553347980Understanding and ExplainingWrite the word and balanced symbol equation for pare and contrast the composition of the current atmosphere to that of the atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago. Refer to the following gases: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, ammonia and methaneEarly Atmosphere (4.6 billion years ago)Present atmosphereThe current atmosphere contains significantly more oxygen than the early atmosphere. Explain why by completing the paragraph and using the key words below: 2.7 billion years ago, green __________ and ______________- started to evolve. These organisms absorb ____________________ and produce ________________ in a process called _____________________________.PhotosynthesisAlgaePlantsCarbon dioxide Oxygen The current atmosphere contains significantly less carbon dioxide than the early atmosphere. State the 4 ways that is thought to have led to this decrease: ---- 00Understanding and ExplainingWrite the word and balanced symbol equation for pare and contrast the composition of the current atmosphere to that of the atmosphere 4.6 billion years ago. Refer to the following gases: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour, ammonia and methaneEarly Atmosphere (4.6 billion years ago)Present atmosphereThe current atmosphere contains significantly more oxygen than the early atmosphere. Explain why by completing the paragraph and using the key words below: 2.7 billion years ago, green __________ and ______________- started to evolve. These organisms absorb ____________________ and produce ________________ in a process called _____________________________.PhotosynthesisAlgaePlantsCarbon dioxide Oxygen The current atmosphere contains significantly less carbon dioxide than the early atmosphere. State the 4 ways that is thought to have led to this decrease: ---- -307866190500Key KnowledgeName the 3 main greenhouse gases:- w____________- m____________- c______________ d_______________Name the 3 types of radiation emitted by the sun: ---Name 2 human activities that increase the amount of:Methane:--Carbon dioxide:--State 4 potential effects of global climate change----Define ‘carbon footprint’:State 3 ways to reduce our carbon footprint:---What is the main cause of global climate change?00Key KnowledgeName the 3 main greenhouse gases:- w____________- m____________- c______________ d_______________Name the 3 types of radiation emitted by the sun: ---Name 2 human activities that increase the amount of:Methane:--Carbon dioxide:--State 4 potential effects of global climate change----Define ‘carbon footprint’:State 3 ways to reduce our carbon footprint:---What is the main cause of global climate change?25431759525Mastery Matrix Points Describe the term ‘greenhouse gases’ and give three examples (water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane)Describe the ‘greenhouse effect’ linking to the wavelength of radiationDescribe the effect of human activities on the levels of greenhouse gases, recalling two that affect methane and two that affect carbon dioxideExplain how peer review evidence have linked these activities to global climate changeExplain why it is difficult to model this and how this has led to simplification, speculation and biased opinions in the mediaDescribe 4 potential effects of global climate changeDiscuss the scale, risks and environmental implication of global climate changeDescribe what is meant by the term ‘carbon footprint’Describe actions to reduce our carbon footprint and explain why these actions may have limited impact00Mastery Matrix Points Describe the term ‘greenhouse gases’ and give three examples (water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane)Describe the ‘greenhouse effect’ linking to the wavelength of radiationDescribe the effect of human activities on the levels of greenhouse gases, recalling two that affect methane and two that affect carbon dioxideExplain how peer review evidence have linked these activities to global climate changeExplain why it is difficult to model this and how this has led to simplification, speculation and biased opinions in the mediaDescribe 4 potential effects of global climate changeDiscuss the scale, risks and environmental implication of global climate changeDescribe what is meant by the term ‘carbon footprint’Describe actions to reduce our carbon footprint and explain why these actions may have limited impact Chemistry Revision: Global warming2720340945515Understanding and ExplainingComplete the paragraph by using the key words below: The waves entering the atmosphere from the sun are made up of ___________ wavelength radiation that is easily able to pass through the atmosphere. Some of this is _____________ by the surface of the Earth whilst some is _______________ as _______________ wavelength radiation. This cannot pass through the atmosphere and so more is reflected back to the earth’s surface or absorbed causing the atmosphere to ___________ in temperature.Increase short absorbed longer reflected Explain why we need some greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.Use the graph to describe the average global temperature between 1860and today. 00Understanding and ExplainingComplete the paragraph by using the key words below: The waves entering the atmosphere from the sun are made up of ___________ wavelength radiation that is easily able to pass through the atmosphere. Some of this is _____________ by the surface of the Earth whilst some is _______________ as _______________ wavelength radiation. This cannot pass through the atmosphere and so more is reflected back to the earth’s surface or absorbed causing the atmosphere to ___________ in temperature.Increase short absorbed longer reflected Explain why we need some greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.Use the graph to describe the average global temperature between 1860and today. 72192063318510Global average temperature has generally ______________________ between ______ and today.1860= _____ ?CToday = _____?CThis is an increase of _____ ?CTemperature has ___________________ (gone up and down) between these two dates.00Global average temperature has generally ______________________ between ______ and today.1860= _____ ?CToday = _____?CThis is an increase of _____ ?CTemperature has ___________________ (gone up and down) between these two dates.-479458-107248Notes0NotesGuided Exam QuestionQ1.This question is about the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere.(a)?????Give one reason why it is difficult to produce models for future climate change.…………………………………..............................................................................................................................………………………………….............................................................................................................................. (1)(b)?????Describe how greenhouse gases help to maintain temperatures on Earth. Refer to radiation in your answer.…………………………………..............................................................................................................................…………………………………..............................................................................................................................…………………………………..............................................................................................................................…………………………………..............................................................................................................................…………………………………..............................................................................................................................………………………………….............................................................................................................................. (3)(c)?????The figure below shows the change in mean global air temperature from 1860 to 2000.?Explain how human activities have contributed to the main trend shown from 1910 in the figure above. Describe the trend of the graph from 1910 in your answer.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)Independent exam questionsQ2.Greenhouse gases affect the temperature of the Earth.(a)?????Which gas is a greenhouse gas???Tick one box.??Argon??Methane??Nitrogen??Oxygen?(1)(b)?????An increase in global temperature will cause climate change.What is one possible effect of climate change???Tick one box.??Deforestation??Global dimming??Sea levels rising??Volcanic activity?(1)(c)?????Carbon dioxide is also a greenhouse gas.The figure below shows how the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed since 1850.?Which process is the reason for the change in carbon dioxide concentration shown on the figure above???Tick one box.??Burning of fossil fuels??Carbon capture??Formation of sedimentary rocks??Photosynthesis?(1)(d)?????Give three conclusions that can be made from the figure above. (hint- describe the 3 different patterns on the graph)1 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 6 marks)Q3.Some theories suggest that the Earth’s early atmosphere was the same as Mars’ atmosphere today.The table below shows the percentage of four gases in the atmosphere of Mars today and the atmosphere of Earth today.??GasesThe atmosphere of?Mars todayEarth today?Carbon dioxide95.00%0.04%?Nitrogen??3.50%78.00%?Argon1.00%0.96%?Oxygen0.50%21.00%(a) ????Which one of the gases in the table is a noble gas?........................................................................................................................(1)(b) ????Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.??(i)Noble gases are in Group017(1)??(ii)Noble gases areslightly reactive.unreactive.very reactive.(1)(c) ????The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s early atmosphere was 95.00%.It is 0.04% in the Earth’s atmosphere today.(i)??????Calculate the decrease in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................Decrease in percentage = ..............................%(1)(ii)?????Give two reasons for this decrease............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)(Total 6 marks)4(a) ????Graph 1 shows how the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed in the last 4500 million years.?Use information from Graph 1 to answer these questions.(i)??????Describe how the percentage of carbon dioxide has changed in the last 4500 million years.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(ii)?????Give two reasons why the percentage of carbon dioxide has changed............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (2)(c) ????Graph 2 shows how the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed in the last 250 years.?Should we be concerned about this change in the percentage of carbon dioxide?Explain your answer.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)Lesson 4. Finite resources and Air pollution Topic: Global warming and air pollution (C.18)Name the 3 greenhouse gasesWater, Methane, carbon dioxideState 3 human activities that increase the amount of methane in the atmosphereDecaying organic matter, growing rice, cattle farmingName the three types of radiation emitted by the sunInfrared (long wave), visible light (short wave) and UV (short wave)Name the one type of radiation emitted by the EarthInfrared radiation (long wave)Name the three types of radiation emitted by the sunInfrared (long wave), visible light (short wave) and UV (short wave)Name the one type of radiation emitted by the EarthInfrared radiation (long wave)What happens to the majority of radiation emitted by the sun when it gets to the Earth's atmosphere?It passes through (is transmitted)-257175433070Key KnowledgeOne of the biggest sources of atmospheric pollution is _________________ of fuels.Five gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel is burned:-----Solid particles of hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere are called ________.SubstanceEffectsCarbon monoxideSulphur dioxide/ oxides of nitrogenParticulatesHumans use the Earth’s resources for 4 things:1)2)3)4)TermDefinitionFiniteA resource that will _____ _____ and isn’t easily replacedRenewableA resource that is easily __________.Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of ______ ___________without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ______ _______.Synthetic00Key KnowledgeOne of the biggest sources of atmospheric pollution is _________________ of fuels.Five gases released into the atmosphere when a fuel is burned:-----Solid particles of hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere are called ________.SubstanceEffectsCarbon monoxideSulphur dioxide/ oxides of nitrogenParticulatesHumans use the Earth’s resources for 4 things:1)2)3)4)TermDefinitionFiniteA resource that will _____ _____ and isn’t easily replacedRenewableA resource that is easily __________.Sustainable developmentDevelopment that meets the needs of ______ ___________without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their ______ _______.Synthetic27527250Mastery Matrix Points Describe combustion as a major source of atmospheric pollutionName gases release when fuels such as coal are burnt (carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and predict which of these would be produced from a given fuel compositionDescribe ‘particulates’ Describe issues arising from carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulatesRecalls that humans use the Earth’s resources to provide; warmth, shelter, food, transport (through timber, clothing, fuels/energy and other materials) Define what is meant by the term ‘finite resource’Define what is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’ and explain the role that chemistry plays in developing agricultural and industrial processes00Mastery Matrix Points Describe combustion as a major source of atmospheric pollutionName gases release when fuels such as coal are burnt (carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and predict which of these would be produced from a given fuel compositionDescribe ‘particulates’ Describe issues arising from carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulatesRecalls that humans use the Earth’s resources to provide; warmth, shelter, food, transport (through timber, clothing, fuels/energy and other materials) Define what is meant by the term ‘finite resource’Define what is meant by the term ‘sustainable development’ and explain the role that chemistry plays in developing agricultural and industrial processesChemistry Revision: Air Pollution and finite resources2743200673100Understanding and Explaining Coal is a fossil fuel. Coal contains the elements hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and carbon. Name two products of burning coal that have an impact on the environment. What impact does each of the products you named have on the environment?Product:__________ Impact:_________________________________________________________________________Product:__________ Impact:_________________________________________________________________________Complete the following: Fuels react with oxygen to produce ____________and _________ this is called combustion. The reaction of a fuel with ________can produce a different oxide of carbon called _________________. This is produced when ____________ combustion occurs, this happens when the fuel does not burn in enough ____________.Give two examples of synthetic materials that we instead of cotton and suggest why we use these.We can use _____ and ______ instead of cotton (natural) because______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recycling is viewed as being more sustainable than incinerating our waste or placing it into landfill sites. Give three reasons why recycling is better for the environment and future population than either of the alternatives.1.2.3.Coal is described as a ‘finite’ resource. Explain why.Eventually coal will ___________ this means that ______________________________________________________ Using manure from cows is described as a ‘sustainable’ way of farming. Explain why.Cow manure is easily ___________ this means that ____________________________________________________Wind turbines are very expensive to build yet the government has agreed ?274 million of funding to build more wind farms around the UK. Suggest four reasons why they have made this decision. Reduces amount of________________ producedIt can be described as a ___________fuel (doesn’t rely on fossil fuels that will run out in the future)______________ but then cost of running relatively lowNo ____________ or __________ will be produced so there is no contribution to acid rain00Understanding and Explaining Coal is a fossil fuel. Coal contains the elements hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and carbon. Name two products of burning coal that have an impact on the environment. What impact does each of the products you named have on the environment?Product:__________ Impact:_________________________________________________________________________Product:__________ Impact:_________________________________________________________________________Complete the following: Fuels react with oxygen to produce ____________and _________ this is called combustion. The reaction of a fuel with ________can produce a different oxide of carbon called _________________. This is produced when ____________ combustion occurs, this happens when the fuel does not burn in enough ____________.Give two examples of synthetic materials that we instead of cotton and suggest why we use these.We can use _____ and ______ instead of cotton (natural) because______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recycling is viewed as being more sustainable than incinerating our waste or placing it into landfill sites. Give three reasons why recycling is better for the environment and future population than either of the alternatives.1.2.3.Coal is described as a ‘finite’ resource. Explain why.Eventually coal will ___________ this means that ______________________________________________________ Using manure from cows is described as a ‘sustainable’ way of farming. Explain why.Cow manure is easily ___________ this means that ____________________________________________________Wind turbines are very expensive to build yet the government has agreed ?274 million of funding to build more wind farms around the UK. Suggest four reasons why they have made this decision. Reduces amount of________________ producedIt can be described as a ___________fuel (doesn’t rely on fossil fuels that will run out in the future)______________ but then cost of running relatively lowNo ____________ or __________ will be produced so there is no contribution to acid rainright-216535Notes0NotesGuided Exam QuestionQ1.????In the future more coal-fired and fewer oil-fired power stations will be used to generate electricity.When coal and oil are burned they produce the same types of emissions which can cause environmental problems.(a)???? Emissions from the chimney can cause acid rain, global dimming and global warming. Draw one straight line from each possible environmental problem to the emission that causes it.Possible environmental problem?Emission that causes it??carbon particlesacid rain????carbon dioxideglobal warming????sulfur dioxideglobal dimming????water vapour........................................................................................................................(3)(b)???? Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete each sentence.??carbon dioxide.(i)Incomplete combustion of coal or oil is caused by too littlenitrogen.??oxygen.(1)??carbon monoxide.(ii)A gas formed by the incomplete combustion of coal or oil ishydrogen.??oxygen.(1)(c)???? The table shows the world production for both coal and oil in 2000.The world production figures after 2000 are predicted.YearWorld production of coal(billions of tonnes per year)World production of oil (billions of barrels per year)20003.512.520504.55.621005.01.721505.50.522006.00.0(i)????? How is the world production of oil predicted to change from 2000 to 2200?..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(ii)????? Suggest two reasons why the world production of coal is predicted to increase.1 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 8 marks)Independent Exam questionsQ2.????????? In the future:?????????there will be fewer oil burning power stations?????????there may be more wood burning power stations.(a) ????Which one of the emissions from the chimney can cause acid rain?........................................................................................................................(1)(b) ????Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.??acid rain.Carbon particles in the Earth’s atmosphere causeglobal dimming.?global warming.(1)(c) ????Which gas in the air is needed for oil or wood to burn?........................................................................................................................(1)(d) ????Suggest why there will be fewer power stations burning oil in the future.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(e) ????Some power stations burn wood.The wood comes from trees grown in forests.Suggest why burning wood in power stations is said to be ‘carbon-neutral’.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(b)???? The table shows the percentage of electricity generated by different energy sources.?EnergysourcesRenewablesNuclearCoalGas and OilPercentage(%)8203240?Complete the bar chart to show the percentage of electricity generated by coal and by gas and oil.(2)(Total 8 marks)Q3.????There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:???? could be reused???? could be recycled by melting and making them into new plastic products???? could be burned to release energy.Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.Reuse means less bags will be used, the positive environmental impacts of this are…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… However, the negative environmental impacts of this are………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Bags can be recycled this can have many positive environmental impacts such as ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Conversely recycling does have some negative environmental impacts such as ………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Bags can also be burned, the positive environmental impacts of this are………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………However, there are many more negative environmental impacts such as…………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(Total 6 marks)Lesson 5: Water and waste and Life cycle assessments. Topic: Finite resources, water and waste (C.19)State 4 factors that humans use the Earth's resources forWarmth, Shelter, Food, TransportState 4 products gained from the EarthFood, Timber, Clothing, FuelDefine "finite"Will run outWhat is the name given to water that is safe to drink? PotableState the two stages of making potable water from a lake or river1) Filter bed2) Sterilise (with chlorine)3) Add fluoride Topic: Life cycle assessmentsWhat are the 4 stages of an LCA?1) Extracting & processing raw materials2) Manufacturing and packing3) Use during its life4) DisposalWhat does LCA stand for?Life Cycle Assessment What is the raw material of a plastic bag?Crude OilWhat is the raw material of a paper bag?TimberDefine LCAAn assessment of the environmental impact of a product over the course of its lifeWhen completing an LCA, what do scientists look at? 3 thingsAmount of waste produced when making it 2) Amount of CO2 used 3) Lifespan of the product 38696905715Mastery Matrix Points Describe the 4 stages of a life cycle assessmentUse data to carry out LCA for shopping bags made from plastic and paperExplain how we can reduce our use of limited resources (reduce, reuse, recycle)Describe the properties of potable water (is safe to drink) linking to purity, salt and microbe levels Describe the different sources of drinking water in the UK and the process that it must undergo before it is potableDescribe the process of desalination (distillation or reverse osmosis)Evaluate the methods to produce potable water (linking to location and potential water supply)RP Water Purification: Analyse and purify water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillationExplain what needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste in comparison with industrial waste water Describe the 4 steps of sewage treatment00Mastery Matrix Points Describe the 4 stages of a life cycle assessmentUse data to carry out LCA for shopping bags made from plastic and paperExplain how we can reduce our use of limited resources (reduce, reuse, recycle)Describe the properties of potable water (is safe to drink) linking to purity, salt and microbe levels Describe the different sources of drinking water in the UK and the process that it must undergo before it is potableDescribe the process of desalination (distillation or reverse osmosis)Evaluate the methods to produce potable water (linking to location and potential water supply)RP Water Purification: Analyse and purify water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillationExplain what needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste in comparison with industrial waste water Describe the 4 steps of sewage treatmentChemistry Revision: Life cycle assessments,-266700220345Key KnowledgeLife cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products.Name the 4 stages that must be evaluated during an LCA.1)2)3)4)Define ‘potable’: __________________________________________________________________________________Two steps in producing potable water from ground (rain/fresh) water?1)2) Three substances that can be used to sterilise water: Two steps of desalination of salty water?1)2)Two substances that must be removed from waste water from agriculture and sewage?1)2)Two substances that must be removed from industrial waste water?1)2)00Key KnowledgeLife cycle assessments (LCAs) are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products.Name the 4 stages that must be evaluated during an LCA.1)2)3)4)Define ‘potable’: __________________________________________________________________________________Two steps in producing potable water from ground (rain/fresh) water?1)2) Three substances that can be used to sterilise water: Two steps of desalination of salty water?1)2)Two substances that must be removed from waste water from agriculture and sewage?1)2)Two substances that must be removed from industrial waste water?1)2)waste and waterright1250537Use the information below to carry out a simple LCA for plastic and paper shopping bags. Use this to decide which is better for us to use and why. The number indicates the relative quantities e.g. paper bags require 4 times more water during their entire life time.Conclusion: I think the plastic/ paper bag is better for us to use because________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the 4 stages of treating sewageScreening and __________________, sedimentation to produce _________________and __________, anaerobic digestion of _____________, __________biological treatment of effluent.Fill in the table for the results you would expect when testing salt and distilled water:00Use the information below to carry out a simple LCA for plastic and paper shopping bags. Use this to decide which is better for us to use and why. The number indicates the relative quantities e.g. paper bags require 4 times more water during their entire life time.Conclusion: I think the plastic/ paper bag is better for us to use because________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the 4 stages of treating sewageScreening and __________________, sedimentation to produce _________________and __________, anaerobic digestion of _____________, __________biological treatment of effluent.Fill in the table for the results you would expect when testing salt and distilled water:4295775156845PlasticPaperStatement comparing plastic and paper bagsConsumption of non-renewable energy 11.1Consumption of water14Green house gas emissions13.3Solid waste produced11.7Average number of uses102Years taken to biodegrade25200PlasticPaperStatement comparing plastic and paper bagsConsumption of non-renewable energy 11.1Consumption of water14Green house gas emissions13.3Solid waste produced11.7Average number of uses102Years taken to biodegrade252right-216535Notes0Notes444246016446500Guided Exam QuestionQ1.Water in Britain is taken from reservoirs to use as drinking water.?????????????????????????????????????????? KatieJonesPhotography/iStock/Thinkstock(a) ????What are the two main steps used to treat water from reservoirs?Give one reason for each step.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)Read the article and then answer the questions.?Supermarkets launch eco-friendly plastic milk bags.Could this be the end of the milk bottle?Milk bottles are made from glass or from plastic.Glass milk bottles contain 0.5 litres of milk. When the milk is used up the emptybottles are returned to be re-used. Glass milk bottles are re-used 24 times onaverage. The glass to make new milk bottles is produced when a mixture of sand,limestone, soda and recycled glass is heated to about 1600 °C in a furnace. Thereare almost unlimited amounts of the raw materials needed to produce this glass.About 35% of used glass is recycled.The most common plastic milk bottles contain 2 litres of milk. When the milk isused up the empty bottles are discarded as waste. The plastic used to make thesemilk bottles is poly(ethene). Poly(ethene) is produced from crude oil by first usingfractional distillation, then cracking the naphtha fraction and finally polymerising theethene. About 5% of used poly(ethene) is recycled.The new plastic milk bags contain 2 litres of milk. The milk bags are also madefrom poly(ethene). A milk bag uses 75% less poly(ethene) than is used to make thepoly(ethene) milk bottles. When the milk is used up the empty bags are discarded aswaste.(b) ????Supermarkets claim that using milk bags instead of milk bottles would have less environmental impact.Do you agree with this claim?Use the information in the article and your knowledge and understanding to make appropriate comparisons to justify your answer.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(Total 8 marks)Independent exam questionsQ2.Water from a lake in the UK is used to produce drinking water.(a)?????What are the two main steps used to treat water from lakes?Give a reason for each step.Step 1 ??................................................................................................................Reason ??.............................................................................................................Step 2 ??...............................................................................................................Reason ??.............................................................................................................(2)(b)?????Explain why it is more difficult to produce drinking water from waste water than from water in lakes...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (Total 5 marks)Q3.Plastic and glass can be used to make milk bottles.The figure below shows the percentage of milk bottles made from glass between 1975 and 2010.?(a)?????Plot the points and draw a line on the figure above to show the percentage of milk bottles made from materials other than glass between 1975 and 2010.(3)(b)?????The table below gives information about milk bottles.???Glass milk bottlePlastic milk bottle?Raw materialsSand, limestone, saltCrude oil?Bottle materialSoda-lime glassHD poly(ethene)?Initial stage inproduction of bottlematerialLimestone and saltused to producesodium carbonate.Production of naphtha fraction.?Maximum temperaturein production process1600 °C850 °C?Number of times bottle can be used for milk251?Size(s) of bottle0.5 dm30.5 dm3, 1 dm3, 2 dm3, 3 dm3?Percentage (%) of recycled material used in new bottles50 %10 %Evaluate the production and use of bottles made from soda-lime glass and those made from HD poly(ethene).Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to justify your choice of material for milk bottles.Glass bottles have ____ stages of production, these are.............................................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………On the other hand HD poly(ethene) bottles have ____ stages of production, these are……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………There is a __________ temperature in glass manufacture, this means that…………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….Glass bottles can be __________, and advantage of this is…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………, however……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………The HD poly(ethene) has a great range of……………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..Both the glass and HD poly(ethene) are produced from………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………, however glass bottles are made using a higher percentage of………………………………….This means that……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………In conclusion I think that the ___________ bottle is a better choice for a milk bottle because……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………. (6) ................
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