Combined Science Module Level II - MoPSE

[Pages:192]Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education

Combined Science Module Level II Volume 2

Lifelong and Continuing Education 2020

Introduction

High demand for education and training in the 21st century has triggered change or the desire for every education system to evolve and respond to the ever increasing demand for literacy and numeracy as well as high quality products from the education system the world over. Educational institutions have no option but to transform and evolve and fulfil the increasing demand for quality education. Learners also demand an education system that is sensitive to the changing knowledge-based society. This also includes the need to expand and open up spaces for learning enabling learning to take place anywhere or everywhere.

This module comes as a response to the need for the Zimbabwean education system to reach out to all the learners and improve access to quality education. Upon the realisation that formal education is limited to formal pedagogical approaches and restricts access to education, this module provides learners with alternative approaches to acquiring education especially in the sciences. Coping with daily demands of adult life as well as the need to acquire academic qualifications and increasing one`s employability created the need for an open distance learning pathway.

The combined science module will provide you with a learning experience suitable for home learning. The module comes with interactive and exciting approaches to learning where the topics are arranged and designed to provide you with all the tutorials required by the competence based curriculum and sufficient enough depth to guide you for ordinary level combined science public examinations.

Wish you the best in your studies.

I

Acknowledgements

The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) wishes to acknowledge the Non Formal Education department of the Ministry for coordinating this programme and the Curriculum Development and Technical Services (CDTS) department for reviewing and editing the module. Special mention goes to Joshua Mbira ? Materials Production Officer (CDTS) for compiling, editing and proof reading this module. The writing of this Non-Formal Level 2 Science Module was made possible by the contributions from the following Senior Teachers; Margret Chiwara, Mau Mau Dehwa, Allington Nhamo, Celesile Sibanda and Stanley Tizora. We also thank Dr Lovemore Ndlovu, the Consultant in the Open Distance Learning Project. Above all, special thanks goes to UNICEF for providing funding for this Project.

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How to use this module

As you start this journey of acquiring a qualification in Ordinary Level Combined Science through open distance learning, it is critical that you understand the need to manage your study time and balance it with your day-to-day activities. This module will provide you with the basic material to assist you towards your public examinations in Combined Science. This module has been subdivided into two volumes, that is, Volume 1 Volume 2. You are advised to study Volume 1 first before going to Volume 2.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction..................................................................................................................I Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................II How to use this module.............................................................................................III Contents.................................................................................................................... IV

PHYSICS SECTION

1

UNIT 20: DATA PRESENTATION AND MEASUREMENTS

2

20.1 PIE CHARTS.........................................................................................................3

20.2 LINE GRAPHS......................................................................................................5 20.3 THE SI UNITS......................................................................................................7

20.4 MEASUREMENTS................................................................................................8

20.4 ASSESSMENT QUESTION...........................................................................12

UNIT 21: FORCE

18

21.1 MASS AND WEIGHT.........................................................................................19

21.2 NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION (1642-1727)...................................................20

21.3 MOMENTUM AND INERTIA.............................................................................24

21.4 PRESSURE.........................................................................................................26

21.6 SAMPLE ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS................................................................40

UNIT 22: MACHINES

42

22.1 MACHINES........................................................................................................43

22.2 TYPES OF MACHINES......................................................................................43

22.2.1THE LEVER......................................................................................................43

22.2 INCLINED PLANE .............................................................................................44

22.3 PULLEYS AS MACHINES...................................................................................46

22.3 ENERGY LOSS IN MACHINES..........................................................................51

22.4 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.........................................................................52

UNIT 23: ENERGY

59

23.1 CONDUCTION OF HEAT ENERGY:..................................................................60

23.2 MOVEMENT OF HEAT BY CONVECTION.......................................................61

23.3 HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION.....................................................................63

23.4 GOOD ABSORBERS, REFLECTORS AND EMITTERS OF HEAT.......................65

23.4 SOLAR COOKER...............................................................................................66

IV

UNIT 24: PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES

68

24.1 FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE.....................................................................69

22.2 THE CARBURETTOR.........................................................................................73

24.3 THE FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE...............................................................74

24.4 A COMPARISON OF OLD AND NEW ENGINES..............................................77

UNIT 25: TELECOMMUNICATION

84

25.1 THE OPERATIONS OF A CELL PHONE............................................................85

25.2 THE CELL PHONE.............................................................................................86

25.3 THE E-MAIL.......................................................................................................88

25.4 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION..................................................................................89

25.5 OPERATIONS OF SIGNAL TRANSMITTERS AND DECODERS........................90

UNIT 26 ELECTROMAGNETISM

98

26.1 MAGNETIC FIELDS...........................................................................................99

26.2 ELECTROMAGNETISM.....................................................................................99

26.2 DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD

AROUND A CONDUCTOR CARRYING A CURRENT..............................................101

26.3 THE SIMPLE DC MOTOR................................................................................103

26.4 THE GENERATOR EFFECT.............................................................................105

26.5 THE DC GENERATOR.....................................................................................106

26.6 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETISM...................................................108

26.2.7HYDROPOWER GENERATION.....................................................................109

26.7 THERMAL POWER GENERATION..................................................................109

26.8 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.......................................................................110

UNIT 27: STATIC ELECTRICITY

115

27.1 ELECTROSTATICS...........................................................................................116

27.2. LIGHTNING....................................................................................................120

27.3 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.......................................................................122

UNIT 28: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

124

28.1 OHM'S LAW....................................................................................................125

28.2 RESISTANCE....................................................................................................127

28.3 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.......................................................................130

V

UNIT 29: ELECTRICAL POWER, ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY IN THE HOME133 29.1 ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY..............................................................134 29.2 ELECTRICAL SAFETY......................................................................................136 29.3 USING AND PAYING FOR ELECTRICITY........................................................140 29.3.1 USES.............................................................................................................140 29.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS.............................................................................141

29.5 ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS.......................................................................142

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