The 44* Phonemes Graphemes**
[Pages:3]The 44* Phonemes
Following is a list of the 44 phonemes along with the letters of groups of letters that represent those sounds.
Phoneme
(speech sound)
Graphemes**
(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)
Examples
Consonant Sounds:
1.
/b/
b, bb
2.
/d/
d, dd, ed
3.
/f/
f, ph
4.
/g/
g, gg
5.
/h/
h
6.
/j/
j, g, ge, dge
7.
/k/
c, k, ck, ch, cc, que
8.
/l/
l, ll
9.
/m/
m, mm, mb
10.
/n/
n, nn, kn, gn
11.
/p/
p, pp
12.
/r/
r, rr, wr
13.
/s/
s, se, ss, c, ce, sc
14.
/t/
t, tt, ed
15.
/v/
v, ve
16.
/w/
w
17
/y/
y, i
18.
/z/
z, zz, ze, s, se, x
big, rubber dog, add, filled fish, phone go, egg hot jet, cage, barge, judge cat, kitten, duck, school, occur, antique, cheque leg, bell mad, hammer, lamb no, dinner, knee, gnome pie, apple run, marry, write sun, mouse, dress, city, ice, science top, letter, stopped vet, give wet, win, swim yes, onion zip, fizz, sneeze, laser, is, was, please, Xerox, xylophone
Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)
Phoneme
(speech sound)
Graphemes**
(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)
Examples
Consonant Digraphs:
19.
/th/
th
(not voiced)
20.
/th/
th
(voiced)
21.
/ng/
ng, n
22.
/sh/
sh, ss, ch, ti, ci
23.
/ch/
ch, tch
24.
/zh/
ge, s
25.
/wh/
wh
(with breath)
thumb, thin, thing
this, feather, then
sing, monkey, sink ship, mission, chef, motion, special chip, match garage, measure, division what, when, where, why
Short Vowel Sounds:
26.
/a/
a, au
27.
/e/
e, ea
28.
/i/
i
29.
/o/
o, a, au, aw, ough
30.
/u/
u, o
hat, laugh bed, bread if hot, want, haul, draw, bought up, ton
Long Vowel Sounds:
31.
//
a, a_e, ay, ai, ey, ei
32.
//
e, e_e, ea, ee, ey, ie, y
33.
//
i, i_e, igh, y, ie
34.
//
o, o_e, oa, ou, ow
35.
//
u, u_e, ew
bacon, late, day, train, they, eight, vein
me, these, beat, feet, key, chief, baby
find, ride, light, fly, pie
no, note, boat, soul, row
human, use, few, chew
Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)
Phoneme
(speech sound)
Graphemes**
(letters or groups of letters representing the most common spellings for the individual phonemes)
Examples
Other Vowel Sounds:
36.
/oo/
oo, u, oul
37.
//
oo, u, u_e
book, put, could moon, truth, rule
Vowel Diphthongs:
38.
/ow/
ow, ou, ou_e
39.
/oy/
oi, oy
cow, out, mouse, house coin, toy
Vowel Sounds Influenced by r:
40.
/a(r)/
ar
41.
/(r)/
air, ear, are
42.
/i(r)/
irr, ere, eer
43.
/o(r)/
or, ore, oor
44.
/u(r)/
ur, ir, er, ear, or, ar
car air, chair, fair, hair, bear, care mirror, here, cheer for, core, door burn, first, fern, heard, work, dollar
Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002).
* The number of phonemes is different in some linguistics textbooks; this is evidence of the difficulty of classifying ( Moats, 1998).
** This list does not include all possible graphemes for a given phoneme.
Source: Orchestrating Success in Reading by Dawn Reithaug (2002)
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