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WORKBOOK ANSWERS

Edexcel GCSE (9–1) History Workbook

Crime and punishment in Britain, c.1000–present

Whitechapel, c.1870–c.1900

This Answers document provides suggestions for some of the possible answers that students could give for the questions asked in the Workbook. They are not exhaustive and other answers may be acceptable, but they are intended as a guide to give teachers and students feedback.

Crime and punishment in Britain, c.1000–present

c.1000–c.1500: Crime and punishment in medieval England

The Anglo-Saxon period

1 The blood feud system was used to ensure a murderer was punished.

2 The community was in charge of law and order in a settlement. All adult men were expected to participate.

3 Crimes against property, for example theft, were the most common type of crime.

4 Anglo-Saxon communities used hue and cry to ensure a criminal was caught. The whole village was expected to search in order to locate the criminal.

5 The other type of trial was trial by ordeal.

6 The wergild was compensation paid to the victims of a crime or their families.

7 A young man was expected to join the tithing (ten men in charge of each other’s behaviour) at 12 years old.

8 The nobles’ and the monarch’s rights and property were most protected by the law.

9 Few people regarded poaching as a crime because food was a necessity and the laws surrounding it were regarded as unfair.

10

| |Crimes against the person |Crimes against property |Crimes against authority |

|Definition |A crime that affected |A crime that affected someone’s |A crime that affected the |

| |someone’s wellbeing |belongings/what they owned |social order |

|Example 1 |Murder |Theft |Treason |

|Example 2 |Assault |Poaching |Poaching |

The Norman period

11

|Event |Chronological order |Do I know the date? |

| |(1–4) | |

|Henry II ensured laws were written down. This helped to create |4 |1154–1189 |

|standard laws across the country for the first time. | | |

|William I introduced new murdrum laws, the Forest Laws and ended the |3 |1066–1087 |

|payment of the wergild. The Normans also introduced Church courts (to| | |

|be used for trying churchmen). | | |

|William of Normandy became the King of England and needed to |2 |1066 |

|introduce laws that would help him to exert his power and control. | | |

|The Anglo-Saxon kings had started to issue ‘codes’ that protected |1 |pre-1066 |

|their own property and interests. | | |

Change and continuity in law enforcement and punishment

12 a

|Arguments for (suggested example) |Arguments against (suggested example) |

|Traditional systems like the hue and cry were still in|The Normans introduced the system of Church courts, which |

|use. |meant some criminals and crimes were dealt with very |

| |differently. |

b

|Arguments for (suggested example) |Arguments against (suggested example) |

|Royal courts were now used for the most serious |Both Norman French and Latin were used for court records |

|crimes. |and procedures. Most of the population understood neither |

| |language. |

c

|Arguments for (suggested example) |Arguments against (suggested example) |

|The Church was a very important part of law and |The community was still really important in keeping law and |

|order by the end of this period. |order. The tithings and hue and cry systems were still in |

| |use. |

d There is no correct answer — choose the statement you think is most correct and back up your argument using terms from the box in the Workbook.

13

|Statement |True/False |

|William I introduced Church courts during his reign |True |

|(1066–87). | |

|There was no tension at all between the Church and the |False — there was a lot of tension between the two |

|king’s authority. |e.g. in the case of Thomas Becket and Henry II. |

|The argument between Thomas Becket and Henry II indicated |True |

|that there was tension over how the Church courts treated | |

|criminals. | |

|Henry II thought that his own royal courts should have |True |

|been the most powerful in the land. | |

|Church courts often sentenced people to death. |False — Church courts did not have the power to do |

| |this, regardless of what the crime was. |

|Only priests could be tried in the Church courts. |False — people who were associated with the Church |

| |could be tried in a Church court. A verse from a Bible|

| |needed to be read, but in reality many just memorised |

| |the Bible extract. |

|Sanctuary meant that someone on the run could avoid being |True |

|arrested. | |

|Trial by ordeal was believed to be a fair way of deciding |True |

|on someone’s guilt or innocence if a jury could not | |

|decide. | |

|Pope Innocent III ended trial by ordeal in 1315. |False — trial by ordeal ended in 1215. |

14 You could include:

• the greater involvement of the Church (e.g. trial in Church courts)

• more laws to protect the monarch (e.g. Forest Laws)

• Norman laws were much harsher on women

Remember, you need to give one main point and then support with evidence to prove your point.

15 You could include:

• the role of the community in law and order (e.g. tithings, hue and cry, local courts vs those who could be tried in Church courts and the punishments they would receive)

• the power of the monarchy and laws designed to protect the interests of the monarch (Forest Laws, murdrum, wergild, leading to a clash when Becket would not respect Henry II’s authority over Church courts)

• the Church practices were controversial (benefit of the clergy, sanctuary and trial by ordeal were all criticised)

Use paragraphs to organise your answer. You need to use evidence and explain well to prove which factors were important. Your conclusion should be short and make your argument clear.

16 You must identify what judgement the statement is asking you to make. In this case, you are being asked to decide whether or not laws were there mainly to protect the monarch or they fulfilled other purposes too.

To support the statement, you could consider:

• William I’s and Henry II’s actions (Forest Laws, written laws recorded, argument with Becket over Church courts authority)

• other new laws (murdrum, wergild etc.)

To counter the statement, you could consider:

• the Church was also protected (laws on heresy, sanctuary, their own rules for Church courts all required laws to be accepted)

• laws were created to keep the peace and deter crime (laws on poaching, drunkenness, serious crimes punished with capital punishment etc.)

Your conclusion should make your argument clear — you must judge the evidence and reach an overall judgement.

c.1500–c.1700: Crime and punishment in early modern England

Changes to society and crimes between c.1500 and c.1700

17 a One correct answer:

|the Church |hundred |tithing |the monarchy |

b Two correct answers:

|There was a steady |Unemployment grew. |People remained living in |There was a rapid increase in the|

|increase in the | |rural communities. |population. |

|population. | | | |

c One correct answer:

|A small group of people |Some people got richer but |Bad harvests and disrupted |Overall, England became |

|got richer. |many people remained poor, |trade affected many in the |wealthier. |

| |and vulnerable to price rises|population. | |

| |or unemployment. | | |

d One correct answer:

|The publication of an |The Reformation |The invention of the printing|The English Civil War |

|English Bible | |press | |

e One correct answer:

|Henry VIII |Edward VI |Mary I |Elizabeth I |

f Two correct answers:

|poaching |heresy |vagabondage |treason |

g One correct answer:

|Many in the country felt |The country was more united |Many people were displaced |Charles I’s execution resolved |

|like ‘the world turn’d |under Oliver Cromwell and |and so went back to their |the religious disputes. |

|upside down’ and there was |could start to introduce |rural communities. | |

|increased instability. |Puritan law. | | |

h One correct answer:

|The number of poachers |Land was enclosed and was |Many people moved to towns |Poaching laws were |

|fell. |used by the landowner only. |and cities. |strengthened. |

18

| |Vagabondage and vagrancy |Witchcraft |

|Write one definition of this crime: |This is the crime of being a |The crime of using magic to cause harm to|

| |wandering beggar. |a person or their property. |

|Give two reasons why this was |It was seen as laziness and against |It went against church teachings and was |

|regarded as a crime in the early |the Bible’s teachings about hard |seen as ‘heresy’. |

|modern period: |work. |‘Witches’ were often accused of harming |

| |There was a fear that vagrancy led to|others and blamed for criminal activity |

| |more serious crimes. |like murder. |

|State three facts you can remember |Poor rates were paid to go to the |Many pamphlets were produced that had |

|about this type of crime: |‘genuine poor’. |witchcraft as their topic. |

| |Many pamphlets were produced about |Accusations could be made by ordinary |

| |vagrancy. |villagers. |

| |Both Tudor Acts on vagrancy were |The Civil War seemed to increase the |

| |repealed. |number of accusations and cases. |

|Write down four ways that these |Some vagrants were whipped. |Treated badly by community |

|criminals could be treated/punished |Slavery |Hanging |

|by society: |Hanging/execution |‘Swim test’ |

| |Houses of Correction |Burned |

|In no more than five lines, explain |It was believed that harsh treatment |[Many examples and answers possible] |

|why this crime was seen as a threat |would discourage… [Many examples and | |

|during the early modern period: |answers possible] | |

19 a The increase in crime during the 1500s and early 1600s happened because there were big changes to society. A larger population meant more people moved to the towns so more crimes happened there (from opportunity), but also there were big divisions between rich and poor (so some people committed crimes out of necessity). Religious change also meant that more ‘religious’ crimes, like heresy, were spotted.

b There was an increased fear of crime during the period c.1500–c.1700 because religious and political change had caused instability in the country (for example, the Reformation and Civil War). Things like the printing press also contributed — pamphlets were produced that increased fear about vagrancy and witchcraft, for example.

c Tougher laws surrounding crimes against property were created in the early modern period because landowners and the rich were growing in influence during this time. They encouraged the government to make laws that protected them and their rights, for example with the Bloody Code and poaching.

d There were also tougher laws surrounding crimes against royal and Church authority because this was an unstable time during which the Church and monarchy wanted to protect their power and security. For example, there was a bigger focus on witchcraft as people were concerned with heresy both during and after the Reformation.

e There was an increase in the use of capital punishment from the 1680s because the Bloody Code was introduced and punished even minor crimes, like poaching or capital punishment, with death. It was to be used to deter potential criminals and was accepted by the population, as they had concerns over the crime rate, even though it was actually falling around this time.

Law enforcement and punishment in the early modern period

20

|Who dealt with crimes? |

| |Remained |Changed |

|Quarter sessions were held four times a year and JPs would make judgements. | |Y |

|County Assizes were held twice yearly, which allowed royal judges to deal with | |Y |

|more serious crimes. | | |

|Tithings and the hue and cry system were used in smaller communities. |Y | |

|Watchmen and sergeants were found in towns. | |Y |

|The Church was very involved in making decisions on some crimes (e.g. heresy). |Y | |

|Witchcraft could now be tried in ordinary courts. | |Y |

|Parish constables were employed. |Y | |

|Citizens who had been robbed were expected to locate and catch the criminal. |Y | |

|Benefit of the clergy still existed, apart from the most serious crimes. | |Y |

|The Habeas Corpus law meant that people had to be tried within a certain time | |Y |

|frame. | | |

|The army was occasionally used to deal with riots, unrest or criminals. | |Y |

|What types of punishments were used? |

| |Remained |Changed |

|Vagabonds could be flogged and sent back to where they came from. | |Y |

|Stocks were used for those who could not pay fines. |Y | |

|Pillories were commonly employed for offences like underselling goods or |Y | |

|cheating in a game of cards. | | |

|Debtors could be put in prison. |Y | |

|Corporal and capital punishment were both used. |Y | |

|Houses of Correction were built in every county (beggars were sent there). | |Y |

|The Bloody Code outlined many crimes (minor and major) that could be punishable| |Y |

|by death. | | |

|Transportation was used for serious criminals who had avoided the death | |Y |

|penalty. | | |

|What attempts were made to prevent crime? |

| |Remained |Changed |

|The pillories were used to embarrass and make an example of those who had |Y | |

|committed minor crimes. | | |

|Executions were public — this was a good way of making an example of criminals.|Y | |

|‘Poor rates’ were introduced in certain parishes to try and prevent poor people| |Y |

|within the parish becoming vagrants, or committing crimes out of necessity. | | |

|The punishments for certain crimes were made deliberately harsh to dissuade | |Y |

|people from committing them. | | |

|Pamphlets were produced to warn people about crime and possible punishments. | |Y |

21 a

|Religion under James I was complicated. There were many |What were the reasons for the plot? |

|divisions that remained from the Reformation and between the|Catholics were unhappy with James I. There were many |

|different religious groups in society. Some plotters moved |religious divisions at the time, which created |

|to get rid of the king, including Robert Catesby and Guy |instability. |

|Fawkes. This would involve storing gunpowder under the | |

|Houses of Parliament and using it to kill the king. However | |

|the plot was discovered. After being caught, the plotters | |

|were tortured, and hung, drawn and quartered in London. | |

| |What were the authorities concerned about? |

| |They were concerned about potential threats to law and|

| |order, especially the threat to the king’s life. |

| |What message did the punishment of the plotters send |

| |out? |

| |Treatment would be harsh and act as a deterrent to |

| |other possible plotters. People knew treason would not|

| |be forgiven. |

b

|In 1645, Matthew Hopkins and his assistant John Stearne began to|What were the reasons for the witch-hunt? |

|search East Anglia for witches. Hopkins named 36 women as |The reasons were political and religious |

|witches and collected ‘evidence’ of them using harmful magic. |instability in the 1640s (Charles I and |

|Many of the women were old or poor. Hopkins questioned the |Parliament/religious groups were arguing). People |

|suspects while keeping them awake, standing or moving, and by |would not tolerate any possible heresy. |

|watching carefully to see whether symbols of the Devil, like | |

|animals or insects, entered the room. Further ‘proof’ was | |

|gathered by checking the suspects’ bodies for ‘Devil’s marks’, | |

|such as boils, scars or spots. Towns and villages across East | |

|Anglia began inviting Hopkins to help them find witches. He | |

|often charged for his services. The local vicar at Brandeston | |

|was accused of witchcraft and ‘swum’ to see if he was guilty. | |

|Marks were found in his mouth and he was hanged. Hopkins seemed | |

|to stop working around 1647, but the period 1645–7 saw at least | |

|100 executions for witchcraft in East Anglia. | |

| |What were Hopkins and others concerned about? |

| |They were concerned about heresy, the use of |

| |harmful magic and anything that was subversive or |

| |irreligious. |

| |What message did the trial and punishment of those|

| |accused of witchcraft send out? |

| |People were expected to live ‘godly’ and religious|

| |lives. |

22 You could include:

• traditional punishments (stock and pillories)

• capital punishment (serious crimes e.g. murder)

• corporal punishment (whipping and what it was used for)

Remember, you need to give one main point and then support with evidence to prove your point.

23 Factors to discuss could include:

• growing divisions between rich and poor (landowning classes, their influence on government and law-making)

• concerns over crime (the printing press and pamphlets — fear about vagabondage, witchcraft, other serious crimes; population growth leading to growing urban populations — vagabondage and opportunistic crime)

• desire to use it as a deterrent (attitudes to crime still saw alternatives like transportation as a ‘soft option’)

Use paragraphs to organise your answer. You need to use evidence and explain well to prove which factors were important. Your conclusion should be short and make your argument clear.

24 You must identify what judgement the statement is asking you to make. In this case, you are being asked to decide whether or not laws were there mainly to protect the monarch or they fulfilled other purposes too.

To support the statement, you could consider:

• religious change and instability (the Reformation and English Civil War, religious divisions, more fear over heresy, witchcraft etc.)

• the influence of the Church during the period (population was Christian, special arrangements and rules of the Church — benefit of the clergy, sanctuary and Church courts)

To counter the statement, you could consider:

• the monarch and nobility were also protected (Forest Laws, protection of property)

• the desire to deter people from crime (public punishment e.g. stocks, carting; community role — tithings and hue and cry continued, introduction of parish constables)

Your conclusion should make your argument clear — you must judge the evidence and reach an overall judgement.

c.1700–c.1900: Crime and punishment in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain

Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity

25

|Type of criminal activity |Commonly |Commonly |Likely to |Likely to |Could make |Could |Punishment |

| |found in |happened in |affect |affect the |money for the |disrupt |was severe |

| |towns |the country |ordinary |landowning |person doing |trade | |

| | | |people |classes |it | | |

|Pickpocketing and petty theft |✓ | |✓ |✓ |✓ | |✓ |

|Smuggling | |✓ | |✓ |✓ |✓ |✓ |

|Industrial action/trade unionism |✓ | |✓ |✓ | |✓ |✓ |

|Poaching | |✓ | |✓ |✓ | |✓ |

|Highway robbery | |✓ | |✓ |✓ |✓ |✓ |

|Selling on the black market |✓ |✓ | |✓ |✓ | |✓ |

26 Between 1700 and 1900 towns grew in size. This was often due to the presence of more employment in the new factories found in industrial towns. There were consequences — a larger urban population, fewer people who knew each other that well and the sense of community decreased somewhat. Because more people crowded together, it was easier to commit and get away with a crime. In this kind of setting, professional gangs of thieves and criminals could operate. Poverty became more common and some had to commit crimes just to survive — by stealing food or petty theft (to sell on goods that they pickpocketed), for example.

As Britain grew wealthy from trade and a larger landowning class developed, property was more of a concern for the authorities. Travellers feared highway robberies, especially on some of the main routes into Liverpool (1). Highwaymen could be ruthless and violent.

Poaching had long existed. After the Black Act of 1723, poaching became punishable by death — which shows how much the landowners and authorities were worried about it; even if communities thought these types of laws were very fair (2). Smuggling (especially in coastal areas) meant that the government lost out on taxes and duties. The Bloody Code said that smuggling was a minor (3) crime but it still continued.

Finally, another big change in what was thought of as criminal activity related to the new trade unions, rather than ‘old’ crimes like witchcraft. When groups such as the Tolpuddle Martyrs tried to work together for better rights, employers and the government regarded them as dangerous. These unfortunate men were arrested and transported to Australia in 1833.

(1) This should be London, which was the main destination for most routes and where the richest travellers could be found.

(2) This should be unfair — many ordinary people regarded activities, like poaching, as necessary for survival.

(3) This should be major — crimes against property were a big concern for the landowning classes and government during this period.

The nature of law enforcement and punishment during c.1700–c.1900

27

|Event |Chronological order |Do I know the |

| |(1–13) |date? |

|Police helmets were introduced. |11 |1870 |

|The Metropolitan Police Force was set up in London. |6 |1829 |

|The Bow Street Runners established a new patrol of 54 men. |3 |1805 |

|A new law was passed allowing all counties to set up their own police|8 |1839 |

|forces. | | |

|There were 200+ police forces and 39,000 police officers across |13 |1884 |

|Britain. | | |

|A new law was passed allowing all towns to set up their own police |7 |1835 |

|forces. | | |

|The Metropolitan Police Force set up a criminal investigation |12 |1878 |

|department (CID), which was soon copied across the country. | | |

|Large-scale protests in Britain meant some were scared of revolution.|4 |1815 onwards |

|It became compulsory for all towns and counties to have a police |10 |1856 |

|force. | | |

|Robert Peel was appointed as home secretary. |5 |1822 |

|Watchmen and parish constables led the community in patrolling the |1 |pre-1700s |

|streets and catching criminals. | | |

|The Metropolitan Police Force set up the first detective force. |9 |1842 |

|The Bow Street Runners were established in London. |2 |1748–9 |

28

|Punishment |Earlier in the period… |Later in the period… |

|The Bloody Code |This meant that many crimes were punishable|Even if the death penalty was passed, the |

| |by death. In 1765, the number was 160 and |sentence was often reduced. Transportation |

| |by 1815 this had risen to 225, including |regularly replaced the death penalty. |

| |crimes such as poaching or cutting down | |

| |trees. | |

|Transportation |This was seen as a punishment that would |Prisons were seen as a better deterrent and |

| |make juries willing to convict, as it was |were also cheaper to run. The system was |

| |not as harsh as death but still an |brought to an end in 1857. |

| |excellent deterrent. Convicts were sent to | |

| |America in the 1600s and Australia, once | |

| |the USA became independent. | |

|Prisons |Prisons were generally seen as a place for |By the 1870s government inspectors checked |

| |criminals awaiting trial or those in debt |standards like work, diet and health. Inmates|

| |(60% of inmates in 1777). There was little |were separated or silenced to ensure they |

| |separation of the different types of |reformed into good Christians. |

| |inmates, meaning the system was seen as a | |

| |‘school for crime’. | |

29

|Type of punishment |Why it changed |

|The Bloody Code |It changed because there were differences in how people viewed criminals, and harsh |

| |punishment was no longer seen as the only deterrent. People were more willing to |

| |consider rehabilitation (in prison) of the criminal. Also, the Bloody Codes |

| |punishments were not often followed and didn’t work. |

|Transportation |This was a complicated system and was expensive to run. |

|Prisons |There was a greater consideration of rehabilitation for criminals, but also |

| |campaigners like Elizabeth Fry and others made sure to raise awareness of prison |

| |conditions. |

30

|Statement |True/False |

|In the mid-1800s the government built a large number of new prisons in |True |

|Britain. | |

|Pentonville was built to hold petty criminals arrested for crimes such as |False — Pentonville was built to |

|pickpocketing. |house serious criminals who were no |

| |longer being transported or executed |

|Pentonville was a holding prison for those awaiting transportation or the |False — Pentonville was built to |

|death penalty. |house serious criminals who were no |

| |longer being transported or executed |

|Each block of Pentonville was built like a spoke of a wheel, so that the |True |

|guards could see each wing from the centre. As such, fewer guards were | |

|required to patrol the prison. | |

|Inmates at Pentonville were allowed to be freely in contact with one |False — prisoners spent nearly all of|

|another. |their time alone and in their cells |

|Prisoners at Pentonville were exposed to Christian principles such as hard |True |

|work. | |

31

|Strengths |Weaknesses |

|The separate system stopped prisoners mixing with each |The system was costly to build and run because the |

|other and sharing criminal ideas. |prisoners needed to be kept separate. |

|Prisoners were trained in work, such as how to use a loom,|Solitary confinement could be damaging for a |

|so were able to seek employment upon release. |prisoner’s mental health. |

32 You could include:

• more capital punishment (Bloody Code made more crimes punishable by death)

• new forms of punishment (e.g. Houses of Correction, transportation)

Remember, you need to give one main point and then support with evidence to prove your point.

33 Factors to discuss could include:

• bigger focus on law enforcement in the previous centuries (parish constables, town watchmen etc.)

• better organisation (Bow Street Runners and the attention/praise they received, support of Peel to set up Metropolitan Police Force, national introduction of forces)

• growing professionalism of law enforcement (better recruiting practices, training and uniforms, separate CID)

Use paragraphs to organise your answer. You need to use evidence and explain well to prove which factors were important. Your conclusion should be short and make your argument clear.

34 You must identify what judgement the statement is asking you to make. In this case, you are being asked to decide whether or not laws were there mainly to protect the monarch or they fulfilled other purposes too.

To support the statement, you could consider:

• prisons and treatment of prisoners (Pentonville was deliberately harsh in order to discourage people from criminal activity)

• punishments were still very harsh (e.g. treatment of Tolpuddle Martyrs, continued use of capital punishment)

To counter the statement, you could consider:

• the Bloody Code fell out of use (public executions used less frequently, transportation ended in favour of prisons — seen by some as a way to rehabilitate the criminal)

• campaigners for better conditions in prisons (Fry, Howard — concerns over prisoners’ rights and treatment showed they believed prisons could/should fulfil other purposes like re-educating the criminal, ensuring Christian values)

Your conclusion should make your argument clear — you must judge the evidence and reach an overall judgement.

c.1900–present: Crime and punishment in modern Britain

Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity in the twentieth century

35

|Rank |Change in the twentieth |What impact has this had, and why? |

| |century | |

|1 (example) |New technologies |Technologies (such as the car) have increased types of crime (cars can be |

| | |stolen, insurance fraud etc.). Computers and the internet have created the |

| | |opportunity for many more types of crime, such as cyber-crime. |

|2 |Creation of the welfare |This means that the most vulnerable in society are more supported by the |

| |state |state (e.g. through benefits) and so crimes that were once committed out of |

| | |necessity are no longer committed. |

|3 |Police are better |Police are more methodical and effective about preventing crime, catching |

| |trained |criminals and compiling evidence. These lead to a fairer justice system and |

| | |court cases that are more likely to decide correctly on guilt or innocence. |

|4 |Multiculturalism |‘Hate crime’ has risen. As different types of people come into Britain, race |

| | |and religion have often been targeted. |

|5 |Many people are |On the one hand, there are more possessions to be stolen (e.g. car crime). On|

| |wealthier |the other hand, there is less crime committed out of necessity (in order for |

| | |people to survive). |

36

|Category |Crime/s |

|Crimes that had existed previously |Murder |

| |Rape |

| |Theft |

| |Vandalism |

|Old crimes in a new form |Shoplifting |

| |Drug smuggling |

| |Car theft |

| |Modern-day slavery |

|‘New’ crime |Speeding |

| |Hate crime |

| |Terrorism |

| |Online fraud |

The nature of law enforcement and punishment in the twentieth century

37 The police force across the UK has decreased (increased) in size since the 1800s, which is the first way that crime is prevented — fewer (more) officers means more capacity. In addition to this, crime prevention officers (CPOs) were introduced in order to advise the population on things like security, for example alarms on property and vehicles. These officers have exactly the same (different) powers as (to) police officers. Since the mid-1900s, the police have supported Neighbourhood Watch groups in their efforts to report suspicious activities for the community (police) to follow up and investigate. There is less (more) attention given to young offenders, as it is thought that this will encourage them to turn (discourage them from turning) to crime.

38

|Change in the police force |New technology |Better training and |Funding and |Working with the |

| | |organisation |resources |community |

|Use of weapons (pepper spray, CS gas)|✓ | |✓ | |

|Specialist units (firearms, drug |✓ |✓ |✓ | |

|squads) | | | | |

|Standardised basic training | |✓ |✓ | |

|Closed-circuit television (CCTV) |✓ | |✓ | |

|Automatic Number Plate Recognition |✓ | |✓ | |

|(ANPR) | | | | |

|Two-way radios |✓ | |✓ | |

|Community activities (crowd control, | |✓ |✓ |✓ |

|missing persons) | | | | |

|Increased size of police force | |✓ |✓ | |

|Use of computer technology/records |✓ |✓ |✓ | |

|Scientific investigation (e.g. DNA |✓ |✓ |✓ | |

|samples) | | | | |

|Police vehicles and transport |✓ | |✓ | |

|Community liaison officers (CPOs, | |✓ |✓ |✓ |

|officers in schools) | | | | |

39

|Short-answer question |Statement 1 |Statement 2 |

|What were the biggest changes to |There were no big changes — prisons |Things became less harsh in prisons — |

|the prison system in the early |remained much the same as they had done |solitary confinement was ended after 1922 |

|part of the twentieth century? |in Victorian times (e.g. solitary |and living conditions were greatly |

| |confinement and hard labour). |improved. |

|Why were open prisons introduced |They were cheaper. |Many believed that they would gradually |

|after 1933? | |prepare prisoners for a reintroduction to |

| | |society. |

|How did attitudes about prisoners|The public were more concerned about big |People feared crime and criminals less than|

|change in the twentieth century? |events, such as the two world wars. |in the Victorian era, and there was a |

| | |greater belief in the benefits of education|

| | |and rehabilitation. |

|Why did prisoner numbers increase|The population of Britain increased, so |More crimes are reported and prosecuted and|

|after the Second World War? |there were proportionally more criminals.|carry longer prison sentences. There are |

| | |also more people on remand. |

|What challenges faced the prison |Challenges included budgets, staffing, |Challenges included a lack of support from |

|service in the late twentieth |prisoner safety and prison living |the general population and governments |

|century to today? |conditions. |regarding the importance of prisons. |

40

|Things have improved for young offenders |Things have not improved/stayed the same for young |

| |offenders |

|Since 1948, attendance centres have tried to educate young |Borstals and youth detention centres have not reduced |

|offenders, through teaching them life skills and offering them|rates of re-offending. |

|the chance to think about the impact of their offence(s) on |Young offenders who have had custodial sentences (have|

|the community. |been detained) have the highest chance of |

|From 1903 onwards, borstals and approved schools were opened, |re-offending. |

|which indicated there was a willingness to treat young people |YOIs can be quite similar to prisons. |

|differently to adults who had offended. |Other methods of monitoring young offenders, like |

|Increasingly, the authorities have recognised that they need |tagging and curfews, are commonly used. |

|to think carefully about the young offender’s life as a whole | |

|— there have been increased efforts to include schools, social| |

|workers and parents. | |

|Blame does not always fall on the young person — sometimes | |

|parents can be fined, or young people removed from their care.| |

|There are several stages before a young person goes to a young| |

|offenders institution (YOI), such as working with them in | |

|education, at home and at attendance centres. | |

41

|Non-custodial punishment |Argument(s) for |Argument(s) against |

|Electronic tagging and |Allows earlier release from |Technology — cost? |

|curfews |prison/suspended sentences |Not a great deterrent to some |

| |Authorities can keep a constant watch on | |

| |the offender’s whereabouts | |

|Probation and probation |Promotes better/quicker rehabilitation |Expensive and not enough officers for those|

|officers |Can ensure no re-offence as ex-prisoner |who require services |

| |feels supported |Can lead to a relapse in criminal activity |

| | |(not monitored well enough) |

|Fines |Decreases the numbers of who might need to |Not a great deterrent to some |

| |be imprisoned (decreases cost of prisons) | |

|Parole and suspended |Allows earlier release from |Can lead to relapse in criminal activity |

|sentences |prison/suspended sentences |(not monitored well enough) |

| |Decreases the number of who might need to | |

| |be imprisoned (decreases cost of prisons) | |

|Community service |Decreases the number of who might need to |Not a great deterrent to some |

| |be imprisoned (decreases cost of prisons) | |

42 An example of an explanation could include:

• prison conditions improved — there was a belief that prisoners should be treated well and encouraged to live better lives

• more services in prison (education, training etc.), so prisoners have better life chances on release

• parole and suspended sentences are used, as well as youth offending institutes — indicates that there is concern to prevent prison sentences and ensure that those who have committed crimes remain a part of the community

The alternative arguments could be:

• prison overcrowding and understaffing — implies that prisoners are imprisoned only for punishment as they have less access to support and re-education opportunities

• an increase in the length of sentences and in the numbers of criminals being imprisoned — shows that prison is still seen as a form of punishing those who have done wrong

43 a Attitudes towards those who refused to serve were hostile and viewed as cowards.

b Some conscientious objectors were accused of cowardice/attacked. Local tribunals were held and sometimes conscientious objectors were expected to do alternative work. Those who refused the decision of tribunals were imprisoned.

c Tribunals were slightly less harsh during the Second World War and more efforts were made to find alternative work for conscientious objectors: prison was a last resort.

d Government treatment of conscientious objectors became less harsh between the two world wars. Public attitudes were still harsh towards them.

44

|The evidence against Derek Bentley |Flaws in the evidence against Derek Bentley |

|Bentley was caught at the scene of the burglary with Chris|Bentley did not use weapons or attempt to escape. |

|Craig and with weapons. |It is unclear how the ‘Let him have it’ statement was meant,|

|He was supposed to have said ‘Let him have it’ to Craig. |or whether it was even said. |

| |He did not fire the fatal shot. |

|Why were people concerned about the way Derek Bentley was |How does the case of Derek Bentley show how public attitudes|

|treated? |towards the death penalty had changed? |

|Bentley had severe learning difficulties — there were |200 MPs signed a petition to the home secretary and the |

|concerns as to whether he understood the charges and the |public did not agree with the punishment to the extent that |

|case against him. |there were angry protests over the execution. |

|Bentley seemed easily influenced (was he led into the |Public outcry continued and a posthumous pardon was issued. |

|crime?). |The public would no longer accept the death penalty. It was |

| |seen as cruel and outdated. |

45 Example spider diagram:

[pic]

46 You could include:

• better organisation and training (recruitment of officers, specially trained units e.g. CID and firearms units)

• better technology (e.g. fingerprinting, cameras, computers)

Remember, you need to give one main point and then support with evidence to prove your point.

47 Factors to discuss could include:

• there is a belief that the young could be rehabilitated more easily (borstals and approved schools, attendance centres — opportunities for re-education)

• the lack of success and re-offending rates (1982 — youth detention centres introduced, though unsuccessful in bringing down re-offending rates)

• there is a growing belief that a broader approach is needed (non-custodial sentences used so YOI is avoided, involvement of schools, counsellors, parents and social workers)

Use paragraphs to organise your answer. You need to use evidence and explain well to prove which factors were important. Your conclusion should be short and make your argument clear.

48 You must identify what judgement the state is asking you to make. In this case, you are being asked to decide whether or not laws were there mainly to protect the monarch or they fulfilled other purposes too.

To support the statement, you could consider:

• computer technology (1974 onwards — Police National Computer and impact on records/access to information)

• other new technologies (e.g. two-way radios for communication, cars and vehicles for transport and faster response, CCTV and DNA testing as evidence)

To counter the statement, you could consider:

• changes in society have altered things (globalisation and tensions have contributed to the rise in new crimes, such as hate crime and terrorism)

• some criminal activities remain the same (e.g. smuggling — just the type of goods being smuggled has changed)

Your conclusion should make your argument clear — you must judge the evidence and reach an overall judgement.

The historic environment: Whitechapel, c.1870–c.1900

Whitechapel, c.1870–c.1900: crime, policing and the inner city, and the knowledge, selection and use of sources for historical enquiries

The area of Whitechapel

1 a

|slums |rookeries |workhouses |beats |

b

|Ten Bells Pub |Flower and Dean Street |Peabody Estate |Square Mile |

c

|tenancies |doss houses |lodgings |tenements |

d

|black |blue |red |pink |

e

|Inmates were expected to work |Families were kept together. |Male and female inmates were |Food rations were minimal. |

|hard (e.g. picking oakum). | |segregated. | |

f

|The Royal Bethlehem |The Royal London |The Whitechapel Mission |St Bartholomew’s Hospital |

g

|Spitalfields |Bethnal Green |Wapping |Westminster |

2 Answers are not provided as it depends on your interpretation of the sources.

|Type of source |Useful or not? |How could it be useful/what could it tell us? |

| | |or |

| | |What doesn’t it tell us and what could I use instead? |

|Local newspapers |Example: Useful |Because it is local and gives more information about the area itself. The source is |

| | |likely to focus on specific stories/events to do with that area and give detail |

| | |about the people of the area. |

|Census reports |[Students to |Details of who lived in the area and in specific houses, total populations etc. |

| |decide] |There could be inaccuracies in the report (one day in time), it is only a snapshot |

| | |and doesn’t show ongoing changes. |

|Old Bailey court |[Students to |May have some (basic, factual) details on the inhabitants of Whitechapel. |

|reports |decide] |Will focus on crimes and court proceedings — information on Whitechapel would be |

| | |passing only. |

|National |[Students to |May have some details about Whitechapel depending on the story. |

|newspapers |decide] |Could have a narrow focus (e.g. on crimes or notable stories) and not record change |

| | |over time. |

|Local police |[Students to |Are likely to be detailed — a local bobby would have a lot of information on the |

|reports from |decide] |area. |

|bobbies on the | |Notes will be related to role — they may not give the full picture. |

|‘beat’ | | |

The population in Whitechapel

3 Whitechapel in the late 1800s was a busy and industrious area. Inhabitants might work in the docks, tanneries or even sweatshops. The local area was crowded and very multicultural, with immigrants from across Europe, including Russians, Irish and Jews. The latter group would often settle in the same area and remain quite isolated. There were concerns over some of the political beliefs of Whitechapel residents, for example there were supporters of socialism, communism and anarchism, as well as Irish nationalists, who were known as Fenians. A political paper, the Workers’ Friend, was published in the Berners Street Theatre.

4 Answers are not provided as it depends on your interpretation of the sources.

|Type of source |Useful or not? |How could it be useful/what could it tell us? |

| | |or |

| | |What doesn’t it tell us and what could I use instead? |

|Coroners’ reports |Example: Not |These would focus specifically on one person and their death. They would record |

| | |basic details about that person but are unlikely to say much about how the person |

| | |came to be in Whitechapel (immigration trends etc.) It would be more useful to have |

| | |papers relating to that person’s entry/living in Whitechapel, such as rent records. |

|Cartoons from Punch |[Students to |Will show a lot of detail (Punch’s style of cartoon). Can be insightful about what |

|magazine |decide] |was going on — Punch journalists and cartoonists were well informed. |

| | |Likely to be satirical and so bend/exaggerate the truth (designed to amuse and |

| | |challenge). |

|Census reports |[Students to |Details of who lived in the area and in specific houses, total populations etc. |

| |decide] |There could be inaccuracies in the report (one day in time), it is only a snapshot |

| | |and doesn’t show ongoing changes. |

|Charles Booth’s |[Students to |Surveyors gathered lots of information about the area and were well informed. |

|poverty map |decide] |There is a possibility of inaccuracies in the information — officers to whom the |

| | |population were hostile often collected it. The area was very changeable and not |

| | |represented in a single map. |

|Rent collection |[Students to |Details of who lived in the area and in specific houses, basic details about |

|record |decide] |inhabitants (e.g. nationality via names). |

| | |Will not hold details about the entire population or tell us very much about the |

| | |activities of the area. |

5 You may want to include:

• The population was very dense — there were lots of people and it is difficult to find out about all of them.

• The population was constantly changing — immigration in the area meant people were constantly arriving, and also people did not always stay in one place for long (the population was ‘itinerant’)

• The population was not very affluent — therefore, lodgings were often temporary and so rent records may have been inaccurate. Census were only conducted every ten years — there would have been a lot of change in between.

6 An answer is not provided, as it depends on how the source is interpreted.

7 An answer is not provided, as it depends on hw the source is interpreted.

8 An answer is not provided, as it depends on how the source is interpreted.

Policing in Whitechapel and the Jack the Ripper case (1888)

9 a A Division (H Division) was the part of the Metropolitan Police Force that looked after Whitechapel.

b Edmund Henderson (Charles Warren) was Metropolitan Police Commissioner during the Jack the Ripper murders of 1888.

c Autopsy (Fingerprinting) was not yet available to CID detectives during the period of the Whitechapel murders.

d One of the biggest problems that police in Whitechapel commonly faced during this period was smuggling (prostitution).

e Newspaper coverage (DNA testing) was not a part of the Ripper investigation and case.

10

|Type of source |Useful or |How could it be useful/what could it tell us? |

| |not? |or |

| | |What doesn’t it tell us and what could I use instead? |

|Coroners’ reports |Useful |Coroners’ reports would give the autopsy findings and circumstances of death. They would |

| | |record valuable forms of evidence and show us what evidence the police had to go on for |

| | |their investigations (and how effective the evidence would likely be). |

|Police sketches of |[Students to|Will be detailed as they are designed to be used in an investigation. |

|crime scenes and |decide] |Are to be used in investigation so will be very specific, i.e. only about that case and not|

|criminals | |really show how the policing/investigation was conducted. |

|National newspaper |[Students to|Will record important information about investigations. Connections of journalists may lead|

|reports |decide] |to interviews with important people, e.g. commissioners. |

| | |May only give particular view about an investigation, e.g. the newspapers could be very |

| | |critical of the Met. |

|Charles Booth’s |[Students to|Will give a picture of where the police would encounter most problems, e.g. areas of |

|poverty map |decide] |poverty, as well as demonstrating the geography of the area. |

| | |Will not give much indication of the way police worked. |

|Newspaper cartoons |[Students to|Will focus on policing in Whitechapel itself. Likely to be detailed, as this was the style |

|about H Division |decide] |of cartoons at the time. |

| | |Likely to be satirical and so bend/exaggerate the truth (designed to amuse and challenge). |

11 An answer is not provided, as it depends on how the source is interpreted.

12 An answer is not provided, as it depends on how the source is interpreted.

13 An answer is not provided, as it depends on how the source is interpreted.

14 You could include:

• the organisation of the local area (Whitechapel policed by H Division but bordered closely with the City of London force.

• the local surroundings (e.g. population, poverty, rookeries and types of accommodation)

• the local population (e.g. types of problems/crimes)

Remember, you need to give two points with specific factual detail to help your description.

15 a You may want to approach your answer by considering the useful and not so useful parts of each source. Make sure you consider both the content (what the source does and doesn’t include) and the provenance (where the source has come from and how that might change things). You need to use your knowledge of the period to help you here.

Remember that you are expected to evaluate the sources — think about how comprehensive, accurate and typical each source is to assist you in this.

| |Source C |Source D |

| |Useful because… |Useful because… |

| | | |

| |It accurately shows the condition of the houses in some |It seems to correctly indicate the sleeping |

|Content |areas of Whitechapel as ‘dirty and dilapidated’. Flower |arrangements in some of the poorest areas of |

| |and Dean Street were known as ‘rookeries’ — they were |Whitechapel — it is known that many doss houses |

| |only inhabited by the very poorest, who could not afford|could be found in the area, where people paid for a |

| |better accommodation. It is true that landlords took |night’s accommodation in poor conditions (sometimes |

| |advantage of this. |on a rope). The fact that the ‘three-relay’ system |

| | |is talked about is quite similar and adds to the |

| | |source’s accuracy. |

| |A municipal official, who should be expected to be | |

| |reasonably trustworthy and want to give an accurate |Jack London had personally gone to Whitechapel and |

|Provenance |picture to his employers so that they were aware of the |lived in the area, making an effort to stay in |

| |state of affairs, has written the source. It seems the |workhouses and some of the poorest places. He was a |

| |person who compiled the report has been reliable in his |journalist as well as a novelist, so would be used |

| |reporting, as it corresponds with what was indicated in |to investigating and could be expected to be skilled|

| |the Booth maps of the area (very poor area). |at accurately reflecting/describing areas and their |

| | |inhabitants due to his profession. Reviews at the |

| | |time People of the Abyss was published were positive|

| | |about the work, and photographs included in the book|

| | |indicate the same type of living conditions as he’d |

| | |described. |

| |Not useful because… |Not useful because… |

| | | |

|Content |It is only a small extract about four specific locations|Jack London has not been very specific in this |

| |in a larger area (Flower, Dean and Upper/Lower Keate |extract about the specific locations of the |

| |Streets). We know that Whitechapel stretched from |overcrowding (“three adult females to a bed”), so we|

| |Aldgate towards Mile End, and many more people were |cannot be sure how prevalent these types of |

| |housed within it. This source therefore only gives a |conditions were, especially when Source C cites “4 |

| |very small indication of the housing within the area — |cases of overcrowding only”. |

| |Booth’s maps indicate that there were also more | |

| |middle-class/‘well-to-do’ areas. | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |The official was specifically carrying out a ‘report on | |

| |the sanitary condition’ of the area. It would make sense| |

| |that he would concentrate on the areas of most concern, |Though this was a non-fiction publication, Jack |

|Provenance |that were poor in condition, and therefore a true |London would probably still be conscious of sales |

| |picture of the overall conditions of housing and |and so may have exaggerated in order to |

| |accommodation in Whitechapel would not be given. As the |shock/interest his readers and encourage more people|

| |source is from 1880, it does not demonstrate how there |to buy the book. More concerning for how well we can|

| |were some improvements/changes to Whitechapel’s housing,|trust the extract is that London agreed with |

| |like the Peabody Estates, built in the period. |socialist politics and so we must consider the fact |

| | |that he could be making the living conditions sound |

| | |terrible to encourage greater sympathy among his |

| | |readers for the residents of such housing, who were |

| | |almost certainly the poorest in working-class |

| | |circles. |

b

• Detail in Source D that I would follow up:

The subletting practice of the area: “Not only are houses let, but … sub-sublet down to the very rooms.”

• Question I would ask:

How often were rooms and apartments sublet in the Whitechapel area?

• What type of source I could use:

Census of the local area from the late 1800s

• How might this help to answer my question?:

I could check to see whether or not properties in the area looked overcrowded, as all the people who were accommodated within said properties would be named on the census.

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