PRE-AP CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS



PRE-AP CHEMISTRY

REFERENCE PACKET

Includes:

Equations & Constants

Periodic Table

Common Oxidation Numbers

Naming Flow Chart

Elements to Memorize

Polyatomic Ions to Memorize

Electronegativity Values

Solubility Rules

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PRE-AP CHEMISTRY EQUATIONS AND CONSTANTS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

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BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

PV = nRT

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SOLUTIONS

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V1M1 = V2M2

Kw = [H+][OH–]

pH = – log [H+]

pOH = – log [OH–]

[H+] = 10 – pH

[OH–] = 10 – pOH

pH + pOH = 14

THERMOCHEMISTRY

Q = mCΔT (also known as “ΔH”)

ΔH = moles x Hfus/vap

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OTHER FORMULAS

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EQUILIBRIUM

For aA + bB ↔ cC + dD:

[pic] Rate = k[A]x[B]y

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS

Avogadro’s Number = 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole

h = Planck’s Constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J·s

c = Speed of Light = 3.0 x 108 m/s

Kw = ionization constant of water = 1 x 10–14 (mol/L)2

STP = 0 °C and 1 atm

0°C = 273 K

Volume of Ideal Gas at STP = 22.4 L/mol

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.33 kPa = 14.7 psi

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1 cm3 = 1 mL

1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 joules (J)

1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)

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Naming Flow Chart

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NAMES/SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS TO MEMORIZE!

|NAME |SYMBOL |NAME |SYMBOL |NAME |SYMBOL |

|antimony |Sb |fluorine |F |phosphorus |P |

|argon |Ar |gold |Au |platinum |Pt |

|arsenic |As |helium |He |potassium |K |

|barium |Ba |hydrogen |H |radon |Rn |

|beryllium |Be |iodine |I |selenium |Se |

|bismuth |Bi |iron |Fe |silicon |Si |

|boron |B |krypton |Kr |silver |Ag |

|bromine |Br |lead |Pb |sodium |Na |

|cadmium |Cd |lithium |Li |strontium |Sr |

|calcium |Ca |magnesium |Mg |sulfur |S |

|carbon |C |manganese |Mn |tin |Sn |

|cesium |Cs |mercury |Hg |tungsten |W |

|chlorine |Cl |neon |Ne |uranium |U |

|chromium |Cr |nickel |Ni |xenon |Xe |

|cobalt |Co |nitrogen |N |zinc |Zn |

RULES: (1) 1st letter PRINTED uppercase, 2nd letter PRINTED lowercase (2) spelling counts! (3) NO cursive!

QUIZ ONE: 1st column QUIZ TWO: 1st and 2nd column QUIZ THREE: 1st, 2nd and 3rd column

Electronegativity Values

|H | | | |

|2.1 | | | |

|xxx |PO4—3 |PO3—3 |xxx |

| |phosphate |phosphite | |

|xxx |SO4—2 |SO3—2 |SO2—2 |

| |sulfate |sulfite |hyposulfite |

|xxx |CO3—2 |xxx |xxx |

| |carbonate | | |

|xxx |NO3—1 |NO2—1 |xxx |

| |nitrate |nitrite | |

|ClO4—1 |ClO3—1 |ClO2—1 |ClO—1 |

|perchlorate |chlorate |chlorite |hypochlorite |

|BrO4—1 |BrO3—1 |BrO2—1 |BrO—1 |

|perbromate |bromate |bromite |hypobromite |

|IO4—1 |IO3—1 |IO2—1 |IO—1 |

|periodate |iodate |iodite |hypoiodite |

per___ate: has one more oxygen than “ATE”

___ate: most common form

___ite: one less oxygen than the “ate”

hypo__ite: two less oxygens than the “ate”

___ide: no oxygens, not a polyatomic

OTHERS:

|MnO4—1 |permanganate |

|C2H3O2—1 |acetate |

|HCO3—1 |hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) |

|CrO4—2 |chromate |

|Cr2O7—2 |dichromate |

|OH—1 |hydroxide |

|CN—1 |cyanide |

|NH4+1 (note positive charge) |ammonium |

NOTE: The charge can be shown either before or after the number… both are correct. Also, if a charge is either +1 or –1, you may show just the sign (+ or –). The 1 is not required to be shown.

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