An Introduction To Community Development

[Pages:392]AN INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

AN INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Edited by Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman

First published 2009 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge

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This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008.

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? 2009 Selection and editorial matter, Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,

mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

An introduction to community development/edited by Rhonda Phillips and Robert H. Pittman. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Community development. 2. Economic development. I. Phillips, Rhonda. II. Pittman, Robert H.

HN49.C6I554 2009 307.1'4--dc22 200802513

ISBN 0-203-88693-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN13: 978-0-415-77384-3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-77385-0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-88693-9 (ebk)

Contents

List of figures

xi

List of tables

xiii

List of boxes

xv

List of contributors

xvii

Acknowledgments

xxiii

Editors' introduction

xxv

PART I

Foundations

1

1 A framework for community and economic development

3

Introduction

3

Community development

5

Economic development

7

The relationship between community and economic development

10

Who practices community and economic development?

15

RHONDA PHILLIPS AND ROBERT H. PITTMAN

2 Seven theories for seven community developers

20

Introduction: why theory?

20

Seven key concerns in the community development field

21

RONALD J. HUSTEDDE

3 Asset-based community development

38

Introduction

38

Definitions of community development

38

Needs-based community development

39

Asset-based community development

39

Challenges of the community development process

46

ANNA HAINES

vi

CONTENTS

4 Social capital and community building

49

Introduction

49

Social capital: what is it?

49

Community social capacity: what is it?

50

How does community social capacity influence development?

51

Intentional action to increase social capacity

51

Factors that influence the success of community-building efforts

52

PAUL W. MATTESSICH

5 Community development practice

58

Introduction

58

First step: define the community

58

Practicing community development

59

Community development principles of practice

60

The community development process

62

How does community development practice relate to economic development?

66

What do community developers do?

67

Professional standards of ethical practice

69

Getting started

70

JOHN W. (JACK) VINCENT II

PART II

Preparation and planning

75

6 Community visioning and strategic planning

77

Introduction

77

Process principles

77

Phase one: initiation

79

Phase two: the stakeholder process

89

DEREK OKUBO

7 Establishing community-based organizations

104

Introduction

104

Fundamentals of forming a community-based organization

104

Partner and grant organizations for local community development

106

Types of community-based organizations

108

Networks

110

Public?private partnerships

111

Regional initiatives

113

Foundations

114

Faith-based community organizations

115

MONIECA WEST

CONTENTS

vii

8 Developing community leadership skills

119

Introduction

119

What does it mean to be a leader?

120

Community leadership

122

Identifying leaders

124

Leadership in community and economic development

128

DAVID R. KOLZOW

9 Community development assessments

133

Introduction

133

Why conduct an assessment?

133

Quantitative and qualitative data

135

Community assessment topics

139

SWOT analysis

149

The assessment report

150

JOHN W. (JACK) VINCENT II

10 Community asset mapping and surveys

155

Introduction

155

Asset mobilization

156

Methods for mapping assets

156

When is a survey appropriate?

157

Mapping capacities

161

GARY P. GREEN

11 Assessing your local economy: industry composition and economic impact analysis

166

Introduction

166

Industry composition: learning about the local/regional economy

167

An introduction to economic impact analysis

172

WILLIAM HEARN AND TOM TANNER

PART III

Programming techniques and strategies

181

12 Workforce training for the twenty-first century

183

Introduction

183

Primary and secondary education

184

Postsecondary education

184

Developing a demand-driven workforce development system

187

Federal resources

189

State and local resources

190

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