UNIT IV IMPORTANT TERMS - Thomson High School APUSH
UNIT IV IMPORTANT TERMS
Seneca Falls Convention
Declaration of Sentiments
Trail of Tears
Indian Removal
Dorothea Dix
John C. Calhoun
John Deere
Bank War
Cyrus McCormick
Nullification
William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator
Spoils system
American Antislavery Society
Irish/German immigration
Abolitionist
Horace Mann
Transcendentalism
Whigs/2nd Party System
Democratic Party
Popular Politics/Mudslinging
6 Defenses of slavery
Lucretia Mott
Frederick Douglass
Worcester v. GA
Cult of domesticity/ true womanhood
Tariff of Abominations
Antebellum
Common Man
Maysville Veto
Task System Slavery
Gang System Slavery
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
North Star
The Liberator
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman
Grimke Sisters
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Cottage Industry
Lowell Girls
Canals
Railroads
National Road
Mechanical reaper
Steel Plow
Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Utopian Societies
Brooke Farm
Shakers
Oneida Community
Free Love
Corrupt Bargain- 1824
Elections of 1824, 1828, 1832
Petticoat Wars/Eaton Affair
Inauguration of 1828
Universal Suffrage
American System
Henry Clay
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
Jacksonian Period
Election of 1828—Jackson and Calhoun (Democrats) Calhoun resigns
Election of 1832—Jackson and Van Buren (issue national bank) defeats National
Republican candidate, Henry Clay
Election of 1836—Van Buren
Election of 1840—Harrison & Tyler (Tippecanoe & Tyler, too & Harrison died one
Month after inauguration
DOMESTIC AFFAIRS
|Jackson |Van Buren |Harrison/Tyler |
|Rise of common man (suffrage, |Panic of 1837 |Campaign symbols |
|legitimization of parties, democratic |10 hour workday for federal employees |Walker Tariff |
|practices, Eaton affair, bank war) |Independent |Preemption Bill |
| | |Tyler written out of party |
|Rise of sectionalism | | |
|States rights v. federal | | |
|Webster-Hayne debate | | |
|Maysville veto | | |
|Native Americans | | |
|Bank War | | |
|Nullification Crisis | | |
|Taney Court | | |
| |FOREIGN AFFAIRS | |
|Texas war for independence | |Webster-Ashburton Treaty |
|Formal recognition of Lone Star State | |Treaty of Wanghia (China) |
| | |Texas annexed by joint resolution |
Reforms – Understand key leaders, objectives, tactics and significance of each
Impulses—optimistic & desire for order
Transcendentalism
Utopian society
Charles Finney—Second Great Awakening
Education
Feminism
Temperance
Prison reform
Abolition
DEMOCRATIC TRENDS (RISE OF COMMON MAN)
1. Rise of common man
2. Extension of vote—moving toward universal manhood suffrage
a. Dropping the property requirement to vote
b. East held on longest
3. Popular election of electors in presidential elections
4. Acceptance of political parties
a. Commitment to party not ideology
b. Increase and acceptance of patronage (spoils system)
c. Two parties check each other
d. Winning election most important
5. National nominating convention instead of party caucus
6. Spoils system and rotation in office
a. Jacksonians believed that government jobs should be simple for common man and changed office
b. Critics called spoils system
c. Jefferson and others had used it—difference now not apologizing but acceptance
7. Symbols
a. Inauguration—opened White House to people, looked like mob rule
b. Eaton Affair/Petticoat Wars—Jackson support promotion of Eaton’s shows support of common man
c. Log cabin campaign of 1840 for Whigs
LIMITATION TO DEMOCRATIC TRENDS (who does not get universal suffrage)
1. Women
2. Free blacks in north and slavery in south
3. Native Americans and Trail of Tears (despite Supreme Court rulings)
STATES RIGHTS VS. FEDERAL RIGHTS
1. Webster Haynes Debate
d. Started over land policy but ended up debating other important sectional issues like tariff and nullification
e. Nullification is right of state to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
1a. First stated in KT and VA Resolutions against Alien and Sedition Act
2b. Written by Jefferson and Madison
3c. Contains doctrine of states’ rights and compact theory of government
4d. States created the federal government giving power to it and it is therefore their right to check on it
5e. Any power not given to the federal government (strict construction) is reserved for
the states and its people
6f. Calhoun expanded on theory in South Carolina Exposition and Protest (written
anonymously like Jeff. who was VP) and gave the formula for a state nullifying an
act of Congress. Must have special state convention for sole purpose, if state
and 2/3 do not then state must either accept or withdraw from Union
(secession) (Calhoun trying to find way to become President and still support South
Carolina)
2. Nullification Crisis
a. South Carolina angry over Tariff of 1828 and 1832 (Ordinance of Nullification)
b. Special state convention voted to nullify the tariffs
c. Jackson threatened to use force and Congress passed the Force Bill
d. Henry Clay (Great Compromiser) wrote the Compromise Tariff of 1833 and issue resolve
e. South Carolina claimed victory because federal government backed down
f. Did Jackson lose his biggest battle by allowing compromise
3. Maysville veto—Jackson vetoed federal financing of road in Kentucky because it was in one state (intrastate so not under federal jurisdiction)
4. Indian Removal Act – 1830
5. Worcester vs. Georgia - 1832
6. Trail of Tears—Jackson ordered removal on Cherokees to the West in disregard for Marshall’s ruling
a. Native Americans were domestically dependent nations who could keep their land until they voluntary gave it up to federal government
b. Jackson did not view issue on ideology but rather as an old Indian fighter
7. Bank War
a. Jackson opposed national bank b/c he opposed Eastern interest and control. He called it an unfair monopoly that favored the rich and had foreign investment in it.
b. Jackson’s struggle in the bank war is a continuation of the struggle between the East and West that began in colonial period (Bacon’s Rebellion)
c. Jackson vetoed the rechartering of bank (King Andrew I—using power of veto more times than all previous presidents combined) and withdrew all federal funds and deposited them in state banks that were located in West (pet banks)
d. Biddle, President of National Bank, calls in loans to try to pressure Jackson but fails
e. Economic struggle and with increase easy credit in West helped to worsen economic depression of 1837
f. Pet banks lent money for land speculation and government had surplus in treasury (national debt paid). To stop speculation, Jackson had Specie Circular issued (large purchases of land had to be paid in specie, gold or silver) to stop trend.
PHILOSOPHY AND MOTIVES OF WHIGS AND DEMOCRATS (2ND TWO PARTY SYSTEM)
Alike in way they approached the process of elections but different in philosophies, constituencies and leaders
Whigs
A. Beliefs
1. Expanded federal government, encouraging industrial and commercial growth)
2. Consolidate economic system (American System and national bank, high protective tariffs)
3. Technological improvements
4. Cautious westward expansion
5. Industrialization
6. Public education
7. Temperance
8. Unifying factor—opposition to Jackson
B. Membership and leaders
1. Strongest in Northeast
2. Some Southern planters
3. Commercial class in West (usually from East)
4. Wealthy, aristocratic, Protestant
5. Leadership never merged—Clay in West—had image as devious & identified with West, Webster in East—great orator but connected with national bank, protective tariff, wealthy, Calhoun in South—not a true Whig, identified with nullification NO NATIONAL LEADER and didn’t put up candidate in 1836—used favorite sons
6. Only two presidents in 20 years (Harrison and Taylor) & both were military heroes—Harrison died and Tyler was president but not true Whig just anti-Jackson
Democrats
A. Beliefs
1. Limited federal government—but defending Union and role of government was to provide equality of opportunity (Locofocs wanted strong, vigorous assault on monopoly)
2. Bigger emphasis on states’ rights
3. Elimination of power of elite
4. Laissez faire approach to industry
5. Opposed bank
6. Cautious about technology
7. Catered to common man—expanding opportunities for white males
B. Membership
1. Smaller merchants
2. Workers
3. Westerners (usually from South
4. Irish Catholics & German immigrants
5.
ECONOMY OF NORTH
1. Sifting from merchant capitalism to industrial capitalism (from trade to factories)
2. Technological Advances
a. Cotton Gin
b. Interchangeable Parts
c. Lowell’s –first all purpose fact
d. Slater—secrets of English machines
e. Howe’s—sewing machine
f. Goodyear—vulcanized rubber
g. McCormick’s Reaper
h. Transportation with canals, steamboat early, railroads, National Road, shipping across Atlantic with packets, steamships, clippers
i. Improvements in communication (Hoe—rotating printing press, penny press, Morse—telegraph
3. Labor
a. At first conditions were good b/c of shortage of labor (Waltham or Lowell System)
b. Increase in immigration (Irish) caused working conditions and wages to decline
c. State laws to protect labor ineffective (express contracts & child labor)
d. Commonwealth v. Hunt—state supreme court—labor unions legal in Massachusetts
e. Labor not militant b/c didn’t consider themselves part of permanent work force, early unions were usually for skilled labor, social and economic mobility, passive work force, strength of business
4. Immigrants from Ireland and Germany, especial Irish, provided labor source and began rise of nativism
a. Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner or Know Nothings—opposed immigrants, especially, Irish Catholic
b. Formed American Party
ECONOMY OF OLD NORTHWEST (MIDWEST)
1. Agricultural with some industry
2. More industry as westward expansion took place
3. Economic specialization of certain products
4. Considered itself to be most democratic—based on rights of property, that is, white middle class values
ECONOMY OF SOUTH
1. Static—grew but didn’t develop or diversity—Cotton was king
2. Why?
a. Profit high
b. Investment Great
c. Climate of South not suited to industrialization
d. Cavalier influence made it appear that Southerners were lazy
e. Didn’t have Puritan work ethic b/c settled by Anglican
3. Some industry in Upper South (tobacco no longer as productive) like Tredegar Iron Works
4. Some commercial sectors like brokers or factors who marketed planter crops
5. Substantial number of professional—lawyers, editors, doctors, bankers—limited
6. DeBow’s Review advocated southern commercial expansion but printed in north
7. Only ¼ of white Southerners were slave owners and only small number owed more than 40 slaves and 800 acres (definition of planter) & controlled South politically, economically, socially b/c
a. Needed cotton gins
b. Needed market system
c. Needed financial assistance
d. Extended kinships
e. Many whites too weak physically or isolated
f. Race consciousness
g. Hope for social mobility
8. Slave response
a. Resistance—running away, underground railroad, revolts rare (Nat Turner’s Rebellion only slave revolt in 19th century), worked within system to get freedom, acted lazy and shiftless (Sambo effect), broke tools, did jobs improperly, self-mutilation
b. Accommodation—built own culture, extended families since 1/3 broke up by slave trade, own religion, language
9. Nature of plantation slavery—
a. Regulated by slave codes—illegal to own property, be out after dark, educate, marry, own fire arms, strike whites, testify against whites, leave without permission, became difficult or impossible to free in will
b. Paradox of slavery—blacks and whites isolated from each other yet dependent
c. Free blacks discriminated against and fewer in Southern cities b/c fear of rebellion
d. Nat Turner Rebellion marks turning point in South—Upper South stopped talking about emancipation and manumission
e. Varied but usually better treated on smaller farms but slaves preferred to live on large plantations with own culture
f. US only country where slave population grew by natural reproduction
g. In some cases hired Irish to perform dangerous task (investment too great to risk)
MAJOR REFOM MOVEMENTS IN PERIOD INCLUDING ABOLITION, WOMEN, MENTALLY ILL, RELIGION, TEMPERANCE, EDUCATION, PENAL REFORM
Why? Society in transition—industrialization and dislocation threatened traditional values and institution
Sources—Transcendentalist and Protestant Revivalism
Impulses
1. Optimistic, romantic (backlash to rationalism), unleash individual spirit, man is basically good and has been corrupted
2. Desire to create stability and order
Transcendentalism
1. Man should get in commune with nature and find Oversoul (God)—response to materialism and commercialism
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson—Self Reliance
3. Henry David Thoreau—Walden Pond, Civil Disobedience
Utopian Societies—suited to America b/c of abundance of land
1. Response to chaos by either creating perfect society with stability and order and/or to unleash the individual
2. Brook Farm—attracted Transcendentalists
3. New Harmony
4. Oneida—John Noyes
5. Shakers
Religion
1. Charles Finney—Doctrine of Benevolence & burned over districts of Erie Canal area
2. Mormons—Joseph Smith & Brigham Young
3. Miller—Adventists
Mental Illness—Dorothea Dix
Education—more for stability and order but some concern for individualism
1. Horace Mann—tax supported schools, lengthened school year, increased salaries, curriculum, teacher training school called normal schools (in Massachusetts)
2. Henry Bernard in Connecticut
3. By 1850, ideal of tax supported schools accepted for at least elementary school
4. West and South lagged behind because of agriculture so spread out and in South slavery
5. 10% of slaves were literate even though illegal
6. US had highest literacy rate in world
7. Perkins School for Blind
8. Bronson Alcott emphasized individual
9. Women—Oberlin and Mt. Holyoke
Penal Reform
1. Goal was to rehabilitate
2. Prison housed debtors, senile paupers, mentally ill along with criminals
3. Built new facilities, got rid of imprisonment for debtors
4. Used various techniques for reform to create stability and order
a. Solitary confinement—contemplate wrongs
b. Work
c. Silence
5. Reform gave way to overcrowding
Temperance
1. Promoted to improve society and create order
2. Belief that alcohol was cause of crime, poverty, disorder in society
3. Disagreed between moderation and abstinence
4. Clashed with Irish Catholics
5. Women in forefront with Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Women
1. Cult of Domesticity—females were guardians of domestic virtues, mothers, companions to husbands, distinctive female culture, women’s magazines that focus on homemaking not politics or religion. In South women had fewer outlets, to be seen and not heard and had to tolerate husband’s infidelity. A few rebelled like Grimke and became outspoken against slavery.
2. Feminism
a. Why—got kicked out of antislavery convention in England, nurturing nature, change in family
b. Education—Oberlin (coed), Mary Lyon—Mt. Holyoke (female college), Emma Willard—Troy Female Seminar
c. Seneca Falls Convention—1848—Declaration of Sentiments—All men and women are created equal—Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton
d. Quaker women (Stanton) one of first to make demands
e. Amelia Bloomer—designed dress to allow women freedom of movement
f. Elizabeth Blackwell-1st women doctor
g. Antoinette Blackwell—received theology degree
h. Lucy Stone—kept married name and campaign for women’s suffrage
i. Movement divided among other reforms and some over rights
Abolition
1. Before 1830 goal was colonization or back to Africa—
a. Paul Cuffee—American Colonization Society. Impractical because of number and no longer African
b. Established Liberia with capital of Monrovia
2. Division within abolitionist movement—gradual with compensation or immediate emancipation
3. William Lloyd Garrison most outspoken demanding immediate, condemning Constitution for sanction slavery—Liberator was antislavery newspaper
4. Benjamin Lundy—Genius of Universal Emancipation favored gradual
5. Elijah Lovejoy—killed by anti-abolitionists
6. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
7. Frederick Douglass—black abolitionists demanding social and political rights
8. David Walker—An Appeal encouraging rebellion
9. Harriet Tubman—underground railroad
10. How to end? Moral persuasion, government action, stopping spread—free soil, violence-like John Brown
11. Motivation of abolitionists—morality, hurt whites, inconsistent with ideals of nation, very few believed in equality
12. Grimke sisters—from slave holding family
|Causes |Effects |Response |
|Industrial Revolution |Desire to create order b/c of changing values, |Reform movements |
| |institutions, social instability, increased | |
| |inequality, uncertainty | |
|Romanticism |Optimistic view to unleash individual (perfectibility|Communes and flowering of art and literature |
| |of man & man is basically good & rejection | |
| |rationalism) | |
|Religious Revivalism |Outgrowth of 2nd Great Awakening |Churches get involved in reform like temperance |
| |Charles Finney & doctrine of benevolence (rejects | |
| |predestination) | |
|Literature/arts |Communes |Reform |
|Return to nature, emotion over reason, |Wanted to free individual by working |Sources of reform—optimistic view of individualism, |
|revolt against rationalism, goodness of |together; some redefined role of women, |romanticism, and protestant revivalism |
|individual |create order, perfectibility of man |2nd Great Awakening and Charles Finney that was |
| | |strongest in “burned over” districts |
|Hudson School of Art—rugged beauty of |Brook Farm-Transcendentalist; destroyed by |Temperance—embraced by evangelical |
|untamed America |fire; Hawthorne disillusioned by it; |Protestantism-drunkenness caused crime, disorder, |
| |individualism suffered b/c of socialism |poverty & women victims; average male in 1830s drank|
| | |3x as much as today |
| | |How? Moral persuasion or law, moderation or |
| | |abstinence |
| | |Neal Dow-Maine 1st dry state 1851 |
|Cooper—frontier & nature |New Harmony-economic failure; idea spurred |Mental Illness, Health, Science |
|Last of the Mohicans |others like Oneida, Shakers; lacked a |Fads included “water cure”-hydrotherapy, |
| |strong central belief that united its |Graham-developed special cracker, avoid meats |
| |members (no covenant b/c Owen was atheist) |Phrenology-shape of skull indicated character and |
| | |intelligence |
|Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass-free verse/ |Oneida community—John Noyes; rejected |Medical Science-lacked basic knowledge about cause |
|celebration of individual & democracy |traditional marriages & family; monitored |of disease & discoveries through observation & |
| |behavior to protect women from unwanted |necessity-Jenner/smallpox vaccine, anesthetics from |
| |children (no marriage in heaven so no |dentist |
| |marriage on earth) |Discovery of contagion |
|Melville-Moby Dick—individual struggle |Shakers-Mother Ann Lee, over 20 |Education-protect democracy & order in society need |
| |communities, dance that was to shake out |public school system & accepted principle by 1850; |
| |sin, committed to celibacy, sexual |lagged behind in south & west; 94% literacy in North|
| |equality, |& 83% in white South |
| | |Horace Mann-in MA. Lengthened school year, raised |
| | |teacher’s salaries, improved curriculum |
| | |Perkins School for Blind |
|Edgar Allen Poe—sad & macabre, The Raven, |Mormons-founded in upstate NY by Joseph |Rehabilitation-asylum (prison & hospital reform) |
|explores deeper emotions of pain and horror|Smith, Brigham Young led them from Illinois|Dorothea Dix-improve care for mentally ill |
| |to Salt Lake City, practiced polygamy, |Penitentiaries—reform by rigid discipline |
| |rejected idea of individual | |
|Southern literature tended to be historical| |Indian Reservation-although main reason was land |
|romances that glorified Southern lifestyle | |some whites wanted to protect |
|Transcendentalist centered in New England &| |Feminism-women was central to other reforms but |
|wanted to unleash individual and get in | |faced male dominated society & kicked out of |
|touch with nature | |abolition convention leading to Seneca Falls |
|Emerson intellectual leader | |Convention—“Declaration of Sentiments” – all men & |
|& essayist (On Self | |women created equal-demanding above all the right to|
|Reliance) | |vote |
|Thoreau-Walden Pond & Civil Disobedience, | |Reforms included Grimke Sisters (slave owning |
|non violence resistance | |family), Catharine Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, |
|Margaret Fuller – unleash women (one of | |Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Elizabeth |
|first feminist) | |Blackwell (physician), Antoinette Brown Blackwell |
| | |(ordained minister), Lucy Stone (kept maiden name), |
| | |Amelia Bloomer (dress that was modes & allowed |
| | |freedom of movement) |
| | |Division b/c of other reforms |
| |Anti Abolitionist—white southerners & |Abolition: |
| |abolitionists in North were minority b/c |Early opposition-ACS “ back to Africa” est. Liberia |
| |threatened social system |w/ Monrovia as capital |
| |disruption of business |Paul Cuffe—free black who favored colonization in |
| |Prudence Crandall prevented admitting black|1800s |
| |children to school; threats to hang |Colonization: to many & too far removed |
| |Garrison; Elijah Lovejoy killed on 4th |B. Lundy The Genius of Universal Emancipation |
| |attack on newspaper office |Garrison—1831 Liberator-view slavery from slave |
| | |perspective, reject gradual emancipation, grant full|
| | |citizenship, I WILL BE HEARD, condemned constitution|
| | |as covenant with devil and hell. |
| | |Black abolitionists |
| | |David Walker—Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens|
| | |advocated rebellion |
| | |Frederick Douglass & Sojourner Truth-less violent in|
| | |rhetoric |
| | |Division w/i movement-gradual or immediate, by law |
| | |or moral persuasion |
| | |Underground railroad, personal liberty laws, Prigg |
| | |v. Pennsylvania-states don’t have to help return |
| | |runaway slaves, Armistad, emergence of free soil |
| | |ideology |
| | |H. B. Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin |
| |Democrats |WHIGS |
|ECONOMIC BELIEFS |Expansion of economic and political |Encouraged industrial and commercial growth|
| |opportunity (success based on work and |(tying nation together economically) |
| |talent) | |
| |--attack privilege | |
| |(Locofocos—extreme attack on privilege) | |
| |opposed modern institutions like |favored modern institutions like |
| |corporations and national bank |corporations and national bank |
| |Limited federal government |strong federal government |
|VISIONS |Limited federal government |Expansion of federal government to |
| | |encourage industry and commerce |
|WEST |Growth of west |Cautious growth of west |
|STRATEGIES | |Winning election most important so adopted |
| | |Democratic “Look”—example Antimason and Log|
| | |Cabin campaign |
|CONSTITUENCY |Smaller merchants, workers, newer Southern |Attracted wealthy, aristocratic and |
| |planters |commercial elements (attracted wealthier |
| | |southern planters and commercial interest |
| | |of West) |
|REGION |Strongest in south and west |Strongest in Northeast |
|CULTURAL |Irish and German immigrants |Evangelical Protestants |
| |Catholics | |
|LEADERS |Jackson |No single leader –Clay, Calhoun and Webster|
| | | |
| | |(no single candidate in 1836) |
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