Identifying Rhetorical Strategies: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
Rhetorical Strategies: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
Rhetoric: The art of using language persuasively and effectively
|Logos = Logic |Pathos = Emotion |Ethos = Ethics and Credibility |
|The use of logic, rationality, and critical reasoning to persuade. Logos |The use of emotion and affect to persuade. Pathos appeals to the heart and to |The ongoing establishment of a writer’s or speaker’s |
|appeals to the mind. Logos seeks to persuade the reader intellectually. |one’s emotions. Pathos seeks to persuade the reader emotionally. |authority, credibility, and believability as he/she speaks |
|[pic][pic][pic][pic] |[pic][pic][pic][pic] |or writes. Ethos appeals to ethics and character. Ethos |
|Some Examples of Logos |Some Examples of Pathos |seeks to persuade the reader that the writer/speaker can be |
| | |trusted and believed due to his/her noble character or |
|Appeal to the mind/intellect |Appeal to the heart/emotion |ethical ways in which he/she is presenting ideas. |
|Draw from philosophy and logic |Draw from spirituality or religious traditions |[pic][pic][pic][pic] |
|Facts |Stories or testimonials |Some Examples of Ethos |
|Statistics |Personal anecdotes or stories |Appeal to the writer’s/speaker’s believability, |
|If, then… statements |Personal connections |qualifications, character; relevant biographical information|
|Definitions of terms |Imagery and figurative language that provokes an emotional response |Use of credible sources (experts, scholars) |
|Explanation of ideas |Visual images or words that inspire you to empathize or have compassion towards |Accurate citation of sources: gives credit where credit is |
|Cause and effect |the idea/topic |due |
|Details that come from objective reporting |Powerful words, phrases, or images that stir up emotion |Experience and authority: person knows the issues and has |
|Logical reasons and explanations |Details that come from subjective reporting |experience in the field |
| | |Appropriate language: uses language of the discipline |
| | |Appropriate tone: knows the audience and context of |
| | |situation |
| | |Humility: is not arrogant |
| | |Uses tentative yet authoritative language; avoids sweeping |
| | |statements like “Everyone is doing this,” “This is the only |
| | |way,” “This will always work.” Instead says, “The research |
| | |suggests that,” “Some experts believe,” “In my experience,” |
| | |etc. |
|Logos = Logic |Pathos = Emotion |Ethos = Ethics and Credibility |
| | | |
|"50% of marriages end in divorce" |"My mother died of cancer when I was twelve. I saw her pain and |"Before I was president, I was the governor of New York." |
|Statistic |suffering which is why I want to support cancer research." |Experience and authority of person |
| |Personal anecdote or story | |
| | | |
|Logos |Facts and evidence on how the penalty reduces crime rates |Statistics on numbers of minorities and |
| | |poor people on death row |
|Ethos |Include interviews with death penalty opponents and condemned prisoners |Acknowledge the human nature of an “eye for|
| | |an eye” approach. Demonstrate research on |
| | |the opposing view |
|Pathos |Recount the details of a story of a brutal crime for which the offender |Recount the story of a condemned mentally |
| |was sentenced to death |challenged man who confessed to a crime |
| | |after the police had beaten him |
|Rhetorical Questions: A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. The answer may be obvious |How much longer must our people endure this injustice? |
|or immediately provided by the questioner. A rhetorical question can be "an effective persuasive device, |If everyone else jumped off a cliff, would you do it too? |
|subtly influencing the kind of response one wants to get from an audience" (Edward P.J. Corbett). See |What defense to the homeless has, if the government will not protect them? |
|Examples and Observations, below. |How could you (we) possibly….. |
| |Do you really think….. |
| |What would happen if…… |
| |Could your conscience cope with…. |
| |Is it really worth…. |
| |Do you want to be part of……. |
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