Principles of Comparative Politics, Third Edition



Principles of Comparative Politics, Third EditionWilliam Roberts Clark, Texas A&M University, University of Michigan, New York University, Georgia Insistute of TechnologyMatt Golder, Pennsylviania State UniversitySona Nadenichek Golder, Pennsylvania State UniversityISBN: 9781506318127Pub Date: 03/14/17 Price:$122 Page Count: 928Availability DatesSample Chapters Available Online: Chapter 2 and Chapter 7Ancillaries: YesCourse Cartridge: NoVital Source eBook: Yes, plannedInteractive eBook: NoFULL DESCRIPTIONPrinciples of Comparative Politics?offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to comparative inquiry, research, and scholarship. In this thoroughly revised?Third Edition, students now have an even better guide to cross-national comparison and why it matters. The new edition retains a focus on the enduring questions with which scholars grapple, the issues about which consensus has started to emerge, and the tools comparativists use to get at the complex problems in the field.Updates to this edition include a new intuitive take on statistical analyses and a clearer explanation of how to interpret regression results; a thoroughly-revised chapter on culture and democracy that includes a more extensive discussion of cultural modernization theory and a new overview of survey methods for addressing sensitive topics; and a revised chapter on dictatorships that incorporates a principal-agent framework for understanding authoritarian institutions. Examples from the gender and politics literature have been incorporated into various chapters, and empirical examples and data on various types of institutions have been updated. The authors have thoughtfully streamlined chapters to better focus attention on key topics.MARKETING FEATURES & BENEFITS/ KEY SELLING POINTS NEW TO THIS EDITION:A new intuitive take on statistical analyses and a clearer explanation of how to interpret regression results are included.A thoroughly-revised chapter on culture and democracy includes a more extensive discussion of cultural modernization theory and a new overview of survey methods for addressing sensitive topics.A revised chapter on dictatorships incorporates a principal-agent framework for understanding authoritarian institutions.Examples from the gender and politics literature have been incorporated into various chapters.Empirical examples and data on various types of institutions have been updated.End of chapter problems have been revised and expanded to address new topics.Multiple chapters have been streamlined to highlight key explanations and offer more coherent overview of literature.Online videos and tutorials address some of the more methodological components addressed in the book. KEY FEATURES:Big questions that motivate the field are front and center, and organize the book:Why do some countries have democratic regimes and other have dictatorships?Does the type of a country’s regime affect the well-being of its citizens?How do governments form and what determines the type of governments that take office?Clear and abundant explanations of scientific method and game theory with built-in exercises show students how, not just what, and helps bolster the books’ focus on explanation and analysis, not just description.Cases and examples are drawn from a variety of countries–not just “the usual suspects”–and are incorporated into the chapters.A set of maps allow students to visualize the geographic distribution of various key institutions around the world.The book's outstanding pedagogy includes chapter opener overviews, bolded key terms and a marginal glossary, more than 250 tables and figures, numerous photos and maps, end of chapter questions and problem sets, and a broader set of works cited.ANCILLARY GUIDEInstructor Resources SiteSAGE edge for Instructors?supports teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a rich learning environment for students.Test banks?provide a diverse range of pre-written options as well as the opportunity to edit any question and/or insert personalized questions to effectively assess students’ progress and understandingEditable, chapter-specific?PowerPoint??slides?offer complete flexibility for creating a multimedia presentation for the courseLecture notes?summarize key concepts by chapter to ease preparation for lectures and class discussionsStudent Study SiteSAGE edge?for Students?provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment.Mobile-friendly?eFlashcards?strengthen understanding of key terms and conceptsMobile-friendly practice?quizzes?allow for independent assessment by students of their mastery of course materialAnd much more!TABLE OF CONTENTS – SIDE BY SIDE COMPARISONSECOND EDITIONTHIRD EDITIONPart I. What Is Comparative Politics?1. Introduction 1Overview of the Book 8State Failure 9Economic Determinants of Democracy 9Cultural Determinants of Democracy 10What’s So Good about Democracy Anyway? 12Institutional Design 13The Approach Taken in This Book 16Key Concepts 182. What Is Science? 19Introduction 20What Is Science? 21The Scientific Method 23Step 1: Question 23Step 2: Theory or Model 23Step 3: Implications (Hypotheses) 25Step 4: Observe the World (Test Hypotheses) 26Step 5: Evaluation 26An Introduction to Logic 30Valid and Invalid Arguments 31Testing Theories 35Myths about Science 43Conclusion 44Key Concepts 44Problems 443. What Is Politics? 49The Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 50Solving the Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 57Evaluating the Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 66Conclusion 74Key Concepts 75Preparation for the Problems 75Problems 79Part II. The Modern State: Democracy or Dictatorship?4. The Origins of the Modern State 87What Is a State? 88A Brief History of a Failed State: Somalia 91The Contractarian View of the State 100The State of Nature 100Civil Society and the Social Contract 109The Predatory View of the State114Conclusion 118Key Concepts 119Preparation for the Problems 120Problems 1255.Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement 143Democracy and Dictatorship in Historical Perspective 145Classifying Democracies and Dictatorships 149Dahl’s View of Democracy and Dictatorship 149Three Measures of Democracy and Dictatorship 152Evaluating Measures of Democracy and Dictatorship 160Conclusion 167Key Concepts 168Problems 1686.The Economic Determinants of Democracy and Dictatorship 171Classic Modernization Theory 172A Variant of Modernization Theory 184Economic Development, Natural Resources, and Democracy 185Foreign Aid, Inequality, and Economic Performance 200Some More Empirical Evidence 203Conclusion 207Key Concepts 209Problems 2097.Cultural Determinants of Democracy and Dictatorship 213Classical Cultural Arguments: Mill and Montesquieu 215Does Democracy Require a Civic Culture? 217Debate Over the Direction of Causality 220Surveys and Cross-National Research 223Religion and Democracy 229Are Some Religions Incompatible with Democracy? 229Some Empirical Evidence 235Are Some Religions Incompatible with Democracy? A New Test 240Experiments and Culture248Conclusion 258Key Concepts 259Problems 2608.Democratic Transitions 265Bottom-Up Transitions to Democracy 268East Germany 1989 270Collective Action Theory 277Tipping Models 283Top-Down Transitions to Democracy 290A Game-Theoretic Model of Top-Down Transitions290Applying the Transition Game to Poland 302Conclusion 305Key Concepts 307Problems 3089.Democracy or Dictatorship: Does it Make a Difference? 325The Effect of Regime Type on Economic Growth 326Property Rights 327Consumption versus Investment 340Autonomy from Special Interests 341Empirical Evidence of the Effect of Regime Type on Government Performance 342Conclusion 346Key Concepts 347Problems 347Part III. Varieties of Democracy and Dictatorship10. Varieties of Dictatorship 349Toward a Typology of Authoritarian Regimes 351A Three-Way Classification: Monarchy, Military, Civilian 351An Overview 356Subcategories of Civilian Dictatorships 359Electoral Authoritarianism 365Does the Type of Dictatorial Regime Influence Regime Survival? 374Selectorate Theory 384Institutions 385Mapping W and S onto a Typology of Regimes 388Government Performance 390Conclusion 402Key Concepts 403Problems 40311. Problems with Group Decision Making 413Problems with Group Decision Making 415Majority Rule and Condorcet’s Paradox 415The Borda Count and the Reversal Paradox 422Majority Rule with an Agenda Setter 424Restrictions on Preferences: The Median Voter Theorem 427Arrow’s Theorem 439Arrow’s Fairness Conditions 440Conclusion 444Key Concepts 446Problems 44612. Parliamentary, Presidential, and Semi-Presidential Democracies: Making and Breaking Governments 457Classifying Democracies 458Is the Government Responsible to the Elected Legislature? 459Is the Head of State Popularly Elected for a Fixed Term? 461An Overview 462Making and Breaking Governments: Parliamentary Democracies 465The Government 465The Government Formation Process 467A Simple Model of Government Formation 474Different Types of Government 480Duration of Governments: Formation and Survival492Making and Breaking Governments: Presidential Democracies 499Government Formation Process 500The Size of Presidential Cabinets 501The Composition of Presidential Cabinets 504Making and Breaking Governments: Semi-Presidential Democracies 506A Unifying Framework: Principal-Agent and Delegation Problems 512Conclusion 522Key Concepts 524Problems 52513. Elections and Electoral Systems 535Elections: An Overview 536Majoritarian Electoral Systems 542Single-Member District Plurality System 543Alternative Vote 546Two-Round Systems 554Majoritarian Electoral Systems in Multimember Districts560Proportional Electoral Systems 564List PR Systems 566Single Transferable Vote 578Mixed Electoral Systems 583Independent Mixed Electoral Systems 583Dependent Mixed Electoral Systems 584Electoral Systems around the World 587Conclusion 596Key Concepts 597Problems 59814. Social Cleavages and Party Systems 603Political Parties: What Are They, and What Do They Do? 604Political Parties Structure the Political World 605Recruitment and Socialization of the Political Elite 606Mobilization of the Masses 607The Link between Rulers and the Ruled 608Party Systems 611Where Do Parties Come From? 619Types of Parties: Social Cleavages and Political Identity Formation 620Origins of the British Party System 620Social Cleavages 622Theorizing about Politicized Cleavages 633Number of Parties: Duverger’s Theory 641Social Cleavages 641Electoral Institutions 643The Mechanical Effect of Electoral Laws 644The Strategic Effect of Electoral Laws 648Summarizing Duverger’s Theory 653Evidence for Duverger’s Theory 653Conclusion 667Key Concepts 668Problems 66815. Institutional Veto Players 673Federalism 674Federalism: Federalism in Structure 675Decentralization: Federalism in Practice 683Why Federalism? 686Bicameralism 691Types of Bicameralism 693Why Bicameralism? 702Constitutionalism 705The Shift to a New Constitutionalism 706Different Systems of Constitutional Justice 712Veto Players 718Conclusion 727Key Concepts 729Problems 729Part IV. Varieties of Democracy and Political Outcomes16. Consequences of Democratic Institutions 741Combining Institutions: Majoritarian or Consensus Democracy? 743Majoritarian and Consensus Visions of Democracy743Majoritarian and Consensus Institutions747Evaluating Majoritarian and Consensus Visions of Democracy 755The Effect of Political Institutions on Fiscal Policy 766Economic and Cultural Determinants of Fiscal Policy 767Electoral Laws and Fiscal Policy 778Summary787Electoral Laws, Federalism, and Ethnic Conflict 788Ethnic Diversity and Conflict 788Electoral Laws and Ethnic Conflict 795Federalism and Ethnic Conflict 801Presidentialism and Democratic Survival 805The Perils of Presidentialism 806The Difficult Combination: Presidentialism and Multipartism 815Summary823Conclusion 825Key Concepts 826Problems 826PART I. WHAT IS COMPARATIVE POLITICS?1. INTRODUCTION1Overview of the Book 8State Failure 9Economic Determinants of Democracy 9Cultural Determinants of Democracy 10What’s So Good about Democracy Anyway? 11Institutional Design 12The Approach Taken in This Book 13Key Concepts 142. WHAT IS SCIENCE? 15Introduction 16What Is Science? 17The Scientific Method 19Step 1: Question 19Step 2: Theory or Model 19Step 3: Implications (Hypotheses) 21Step 4: Observe the World (Test Hypotheses) 22Step 5: Evaluation 22An Introduction to Logic 27Valid and Invalid Arguments 27Testing Theories 31Myths about Science 39Conclusion 40Key Concepts 40Problems 41 3. WHAT IS POLITICS? 47The Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 48Solving the Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 56Evaluating the Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Game 65Conclusion 70Key Concepts 74Preparation for the Problems 74Problems 79PART II. THE MODERN STATE: DEMOCRACY OR DICTATORSHIP?4. THE ORIGINS OF THE MODERN STATE 89What Is a State? 90Somalia and Syria: Two Failed States 93Somalia 93Syria 96How Unusual Are Somalia and Syria? 98The Contractarian View of the State 100The State of Nature 100Solving the State of Nature Game 104Civil Society and the Social Contract 110The Predatory View of the State 115Conclusion 119Key Concepts 120Preparation for the Problems 120Problems 1255. DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP: CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT 145Democracy and Dictatorship in Historical Perspective 147Classifying Democracies and Dictatorships 150Dahl’s View of Democracy and Dictatorship 152Three Measures of Democracy and Dictatorship 154Evaluating Measures of Democracy and Dictatorship 162Conclusion 169Key Concepts 169Problems 1706. THE ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF DEMOCRACYAND DICTATORSHIP 175Classic Modernization Theory 176A Variant of Modernization Theory 187Economic Development and Democracy 188Natural Resources and Democracy 198Foreign Aid and Democracy 201Inequality and Democracy 204Economic Performance 205Some More Empirical Evidence 206Conclusion 210Key Concepts 212Appendix: An Intuitive Take on Statistical Analyses 212Problems 2197. CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP 223Classical Cultural Arguments: Mill and Montesquieu 224Does Democracy Require a Civic Culture? 228Surveys and Comparative Research 233Religion and Democracy 237Are Some Religions Incompatible with Democracy? 238Some Empirical Evidence 242Are Some Religions Incompatible with Democracy? A New Test 246Experiments and Culture 254Conclusion 260Key Concepts 261Problems 2628. DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS 269Bottom-Up Transitions to Democracy 272East Germany 1989 272Collective Action Theory 280Tipping Models 285Top-Down Transitions to Democracy 292A Game-Theoretic Model of Top-Down Transitions 292Applying the Transition Game to Poland 308Conclusion 310Key Concepts 312Problems 3139. DEMOCRACY OR DICTATORSHIP: DOES IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE? 329The Effect of Regime Type on Economic Growth 330Property Rights331Consumption versus Investment 343Autonomy from Special Interests 345Evidence 346The Effect of Regime Type on Government Performance 346Conclusion 349Key Concepts 350Problems 350 PART III. VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY AND DICTATORSHIP10. VARIETIES OF DICTATORSHIP 353A Common Typology of Authoritarian Regimes 355A Three-Way Classification: Monarchy, Military, Civilian 355Monarchic Dictatorships 359Military Dictatorships 361Civilian Dictatorships 365The Two Fundamental Problems of Authoritarian Rule 376The Problem of Authoritarian Power-Sharing 376The Problem of Authoritarian Control 379Selectorate Theory 382Institutions 383Mapping W and S onto a Typology of Regimes 385Government Performance 387Conclusion 397Key Concepts 400Problems 40111.PROBLEMS WITH GROUP DECISION MAKING 409Problems with Group Decision Making 411Majority Rule and Condorcet’s Paradox 411The Borda Count and the Reversal Paradox 417Majority Rule with an Agenda Setter 420Restrictions on Preferences: The Median Voter Theorem 423Arrow’s Theorem 434Arrow’s Fairness Conditions 436Conclusion 439Key Concepts 442Problems 44212. PARLIAMENTARY, PRESIDENTIAL, AND SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL DEMOCRACIES 453Classifying Democracies 454Is the Government Responsible to the Elected Legislature? 454Is the Head of State Popularly Elected for a Fixed Term? 456An Overview 458Making and Breaking Governments in Parliamentary Democracies 458The Government 458Government Formation Process 462A Simple Model of Government Formation 468Different Types of Government 474Duration of Governments: Formation and Survival482Making and Breaking Governments in Presidential Democracies 487Government Formation Process 487Types of Presidential Cabinets 488The Composition of Presidential Cabinets 491Making and Breaking Governments in Semi-Presidential Democracies 493A Unifying Framework: Principal-Agent and Delegation Problems 499Conclusion 509Key Concepts 511Problems 51213. ELECTIONS AND ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 521Elections and Electoral Integrity 522Electoral Integrity: An Overview 524Electoral Integrity in Four Countries 525The Determinants of Electoral Integrity 530Electoral Systems 534Majoritarian Electoral Systems 534Single-Member District Plurality System534Single Nontransferable Vote 538Alternative Vote 540Majority-Runoff Two-Round System 544Proportional Electoral Systems 549List PR Systems 551Single Transferable Vote 560Mixed Electoral Systems 564Independent Mixed Electoral Systems 565Dependent Mixed Electoral Systems 565Electoral System Choice 569Conclusion 575Key Concepts 577Problems 57714. SOCIAL CLEAVAGES AND PARTY SYSTEMS 585Political Parties: What Are They, and What Do They Do? 586Political Parties Structure the Political World 587Recruitment and Socialization of the Political Elite 588Mobilization of the Masses 589A Link between the Rulers and the Ruled 590Party Systems 592Where Do Parties Come From? 599Types of Parties: Social Cleavages and Political Identity Formation 601Origins of the British Party System 601Social Cleavages 603Theorizing about Politicized Cleavages 613Number of Parties: Duverger’s Theory 621Social Cleavages 621Electoral Institutions 623The Mechanical Effect of Electoral Laws624The Strategic Effect of Electoral Laws 628Summarizing Duverger’s Theory 633Conclusion 639Key Concepts 640Problems 64015.INSTITUTIONAL VETO PLAYERS 645Federalism 646Federalism: Federalism in Structure 647Decentralization: Federalism in Practice 652Why Federalism? 657Bicameralism 662Types of Bicameralism 663Why Bicameralism? 668Constitutionalism 670The Shift to a New Constitutionalism 671Different Systems of Constitutional Justice 674Veto Players 679Conclusion 688Key Concepts 689Problems 690PART IV. VARIETIES OF DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL OUTCOMES16. CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS 701Majoritarian or Consensus Democracy? 703Two Visions of Democracy 703Majoritarian and Consensus Institutions 706Political Representation 712The Effect of Political Institutions on Fiscal Policy 726Economic and Cultural Determinants of Fiscal Policy 728Electoral Laws and Fiscal Policy 737Summary745Electoral Laws, Federalism, and Ethnic Conflict746Ethnic Diversity and Conflict 746Electoral Laws and Ethnic Conflict 753Federalism and Ethnic Conflict 759Presidentialism and Democratic Survival762The Perils of Presidentialism 763The Difficult Combination: Presidentialism and Multipartism 772Summary777Conclusion 780Key Concepts 780Problems 781* What’s New-bold these *What’s moved location (then put in parenthesis what chapter it originated in, in the prior edition)*What’s removedIf you have any questions, your sales representative is happy to help. 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