REVIEW SHEET: EXAM ONE: Chapters 1 through 4



Things to Know: Chapter One

Vocabulary: development, age graded, history graded and nonnormative contexts of development, qualitative/quantitative change, preformatism, puritanism, tabula rasa, noble savages, id, ego, superego, fixation, assimilation, accomodation, reinforcement and punishment, self actualization, cohort, hypothesis, theory, independent variable, dependent variable, control gorup, random assignment, control group

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Explain the importance of the terms interdisciplinary and applied as they help to define the field of human development.

2. Describe the basic stages of human development, in order.

3. Explain the role of theories in understanding human development, and describe three basic issues on which major theories take a stand (continuity/discontinuity, critical/sensitive periods, nature/nurture).

4. Trace and distinguish historical influences on modern theories of human development.

5. Describe and distinguish recent theoretical perspectives on human development, noting the contributions of major theorists (psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive (Piaget), evolutionary, humanistic, information processing, vygotsky, bronfenbrenner, social learning theory).

6. Compare and contrast Freud's psychosexual and Erikson's psychosocial theories of development.

7. Distinguish types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, imitation and observation.

8. Identify the stand that each contemporary theory takes on the three basic issues presented earlier in this chapter.

9. Identify the goals of psychology and the steps to obtaining empirical evidence.

10. Describe the research methods commonly used to study human development, citing the strengths and limitations of each (cross-sectional, longitudinal, longitudinal-sequential).

11. Contrast correlational and experimental research designs, and cite the strengths and limitations of each.

12. Distinguish types of descriptive studies including observational (field) study, case study and surveys.

13. Describe the parts of an experimental study and explain the logic of using an experimental study to claim cause and effect.

14. Discuss ethical issues related to lifespan research.

Supplementary material:

What is a correlation? There are always three explanations for a correlation: Lets say you find a high positive correlation between the two variables: drinking coffee and sexual activity

One explanation is that the first variable is causing the second (coffee leads to sex), the second is causing the first (lots of sex makes you tired so you drink coffee), or there is some third variable that is responsible for the relationship (more active people in general have more sex and drink more coffee).

This is why you can NEVER conclude causation from a Correlational study: you have not randomly assigned subjects to levels of the independent variable (obviously: there are no independent and dependent variables in a correlational study).

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