09.01.DBQ.NeolithicRevolution.docx



`NAME __________________________SCHOOL _________________________DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONThis question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes of this question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and any point of view that may be presented in the document. Keep in mind that the language used in a document may reflect the historical context of the time in which it was written.Historical Context:About 11,000 years ago, some groups of humans stopped their nomadic ways, and started to settle down. Instead of relying on hunting and gathering for food, they started to farm and instead of living in temporary homes, they built villages that grew and turned into cities, then civilizations. The transition from nomadic life to an agricultural one, experienced by people all over the world at different times, is called the Neolithic Revolution. Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, write an essay in which youcompare and contrast life during the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Ageevaluate whether people were better off before or after the Neolithic Revolution.In developing your answers, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:(a) compare and contrast means “to express similarities and differences”(b) evaluate means to “examine and judge the significance, worth, or condition of; to determine the value of”Part A Short-Answer QuestionsDirections: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in the space provided. Document 11234567891011Environmental changes brought new climate patterns that contributed to the end of the Old Stone Age [Paleolithic Era]. Warmer weather allowed plants to grow where, previously, sheets of ice had dominated the landscape. Around 10,000 B.C., people made two important discoveries. They learned to plant seeds to grow food, and they learned to domesticate animals. These discoveries meant that people no longer had to wander in search of food. They could live in permanent settlements. This change marked the beginning of the New Stone Age, or Neolithic period. Historians call these discoveries the Neolithic Revolution, or the Agricultural Revolution, because farming and domestic animals changed the way people lived. Source: Steven Goldberg and Judith Clark Dupre. Prentice Hall Brief Review: Global History and Geography. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2012. Page 3.1a. What does the author mean by “permanent settlements” in line 8? ______________________________________________________________________1b. What does it mean to “domesticate animals” as it is used in line 6?______________________________________________________________________1c. According to Document 1, what were the “environmental changes” that led to the end of the Paleolithic Era? ______________________________________________________________________1d. According to Steven Goldberg and Judith Clark Dupre, what “two important discoveries” did people make around 10,000 BC?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________1e. Define the term Neolithic Revolution._________________________________________________________________________________________________________1f. Based on Document 1, explain how the Neolithic Revolution changed the lives of those who experienced it. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 2Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)2,000,000 B.C.E. - 8,000 B.C.E.Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)8,000 B.C.E.- 2,000 B.C.E.LifestyleNomadic; in groups of up to 50; tribal society; hunters and gatherersSedentary....They farmed in permanent settlements and raised/herded animals; agriculture was discovered and became a major source of food; families evolved.EconomyThere was no concept of private propertyThe concept of private property and ownership emerged for things such as land, livestock and tools.ArtCave paintingsWall paintingsTechnologyFire; Rough stone toolsAgriculture and tools with polished stonesFoodHunted and gathered for their food supply.They grew crops such as corn, wheat, beans, etc. Raised/herded animals for milk and meat.Source: Dates from Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, and Johnson. The Earth and Its Peoples, Cengage Learning, p. 20. Table adapted from . What does the author mean by “nomadic” in the second row of the table? ______________________________________________________________________2b. Based on the table above, explain the difference between a “nomadic” and “sedentary” lifestyle. ______________________________________________________________________2c. How did Paleolithic people’s lifestyle differ from Neolithic people’s lifestyle?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________2d. How did the methods for acquiring food differ between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 3123456Image AImage BImage CImage D-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Throughout history, and even today, there have been some groups of people in the world that live nomadic lifestyles. The images above show a nomadic tribe of Bedouins who lived in the Moab Desert in the late 1800s. The pictures were taken by an American named Archibald Forder who lived in the Middle East with the tribe for thirteen years. Though these images were not taken during the Paleolithic Era, they depict how some people may have lived at that time. Source: Photographs by Archibald Forder, from “Ventures among the Arabs in Desert, Tent, and Town: Thirteen Years of Pioneer Missionary Life with the Ishmaelites of Moab, Edom, and Arabia.” W.N. Hartshorn, Boston. 1905. Found on the World Digital Library: . When, where, and by whom were these photographs taken? ______________________________________________________________________3b. Describe the lifestyles of the Bedouins depicted in the Document 3 images. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________3c. The text accompanying this document describes the people pictured as “nomadic,” what does that mean?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________3d. How did the Bedouin way of life, depicted in these images, make it easier for them to be nomadic? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 4Tools from Hunter-Gatherer Societies1234567Hunter-gathering societies have used various types of stones, as well as bone and antler, to make a variety of tools such scrapers, blades, arrows, spearheads, needles, awls, fishhooks, and harpoons. The 6.5- to 6.7-cm (2.5- to 2.6-inch) flint blades on the left are from North Africa, dating from 5000–4500 BCE. The 5.7- x 4.6-cm (2.2- x 1.8-inch) scraper on the right is made of green jasper, dates from 5200 to 2500 BCE, and was found in the south-central Sahara Desert.Source: adapted from The Big History Project.4a. How big were the tools used by hunter-gatherers depicted in Document 4?______________________________________________________________________4b. According to Document 4, what materials did hunter-gatherers use to make their tools? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 5Richard Lee is a Canadian anthropologist who has written a number of books and articles on hunter-gatherer societies in southern Africa. This excerpt describes the lifestyle of a Bushmen tribe.“What Hunters Do for a Living”12345678910111213A woman gathers on one day enough food to feed her family for three days, and spends the rest of her time resting in camp, doing embroidery, visiting other camps, or entertaining visitors from other camps. For each day at home, kitchen routines, such as cooking, nut cracking, collecting firewood, and fetching water, occupy one to three hours of her time. This rhythm of steady work and steady leisure is maintained throughout the year. The hunters tend to work more frequently than the women, but their schedule is uneven. It is not unusual for a man to hunt avidly for a week and then do no hunting at all for two or three weeks. Since hunting is an unpredictable business and subject to magical control, hunters sometimes experience a run of bad luck and stop hunting for a month or longer. During these periods, visiting, entertaining, and especially dancing are the primary activities of men.Source: Richard Lee, “What Hunters Do for a Living,” in Man the Hunter, eds. R.B. Lee and I. DeVore (Chicago: Aldine, 1968) adapted from The Big History Project.5a. What does the word “leisure” mean in line 6? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________5b. Identify two responsibilities that women have in the Bushmen tribe._________________________________________________________________________________________________________5c. Identify the responsibility that men have in the Bushmen tribe. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________5d. How much leisure time did Bushmen (and women) have? How much time did they spend working?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________5e. What evidence from Document 5 supports the claim that people were better off before the Neolithic Revolution?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5f. What evidence from this text supports the claim that people were better off after the Neolithic Revolution?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 6Should you be Eating like a Caveman?1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526…Dr. Eaton, a radiologist, and Cordain, an exercise physiologist… believe evolutionary forces dictate that we will live healthiest when we consume a diet similar to what early man ate 2.5 million years ago during the hunter-gatherer days of the Paleolithic Era. This diet included more (low-fat) proteins and (healthy) fats than most of us eat today, and fewer carbohydrates, mainly because Paleo man ate no wheat, rice, or corn whatsoever. These modern grains were not "invented" until 10,000 years ago. In other words, throughout 99.6 percent of our evolutionary history, we ate no bread, pancakes, pasta, or chow mein. As a result, they say, we aren't adapted to process them healthfully. … Cordain first learned about Paleo nutrition in 1985 when the New England Journal of Medicine published a "Special Article" by Dr. Eaton and his colleague Melvin Konner. In that article, the authors concluded that the Paleo diet contained vastly more vitamin C, fiber, calcium, iron, folate, and essential fatty acids than our current supermarket-based fare. It also contained far less sugar, salt, and saturated fats. They concluded: "The diet of our remote ancestors may be a reference standard for modern human nutrition and a model for defense against certain 'diseases of civilization.'"It’s easy to make fun of the Paleo diet. Right away, everyone says, “Sure, and how long did your basic caveman live?” About 20 to 25 years, it turns out. But primitive hunter-gatherers didn't die from heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure like we do. They died from germs, viruses, and traumas. We live longer today, in large part, because we have sewers, inoculations, and amazing (if expensive) health-care systems.Source: Amby Burfoot, “Should you be Eating like a Caveman?” Runner's World (Dec2005).6a. What does the word “consume” mean in line 2?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________6b. According to the article, which foods are humans not “adapted” to “process...healthfully?” (line 10)?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________6c. According to Amby Burfoot, how were the diets of Paleolithic people different than most people’s diets today?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________6d. What is the author’s claim? What reasons does he give to support it? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6e. In the author’s argument, what is the purpose of the third paragraph?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 7Source: Vivienne Hodges, New York State Global History Regents Coach, Educational Design, Inc. (adapted) found in the June 2003, NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam.7a. According to the timeline in Document 7 the event “First crops grown in Middle East” occurred around 8,000 BC. What are “crops?” _________________________________________________________________________________________________________7b. Refer back to Document 1, what does “domestication” mean? According to the timeline in Document 7, what was domesticated during the Neolithic Revoluton?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________7c. According to the timeline, there were settlements “at Jericho on [the] West Bank of [the] Jordan River,” and “at Catal Huyuk in Turkey.” What does “settlement” mean in this context?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________7d. Based on the timeline in Document 7 and the descriptions of Paleolithic life from previous documents, describe two changes that took place during the Neolithic Revolution.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 8123456Catal Huyuk, in modern Turkey, was one of the first places in the world where humans lived in dense settlements. From about 7500 to 5700 BCE, an estimated average of between 5,000 and 8,000 people lived in mud-brick houses with rooftops serving as streets. James Mellaart, the British archaeologist who excavated Catal Huyuk in 1958, produced this drawing of the settlement’s layout. Alongside is an artist’s illustration of an individual dwelling.Source: adapted from The Big History Project.8a. Based on the information in Document 8, what does the word “dense” mean in line 2?______________________________________________________________________8b. What does “excavated” mean as mentioned in line 5?______________________________________________________________________8c. Based on Document 8, what does an archaeologist do (line 4)?______________________________________________________________________8d. Based on the images above, describe the lifestyles of people who lived in Catal Huyuk._________________________________________________________________________________________________________8e. Compare the lives of those living in Catal Huyuk from about 7500 to 5700 BCE, to the lives of the nomads depicted in Document 3.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 9Tools from Agricultural Societies123These metal tools include a crescent-shape scythe used in the harvesting of grain and a square-end hoe used for weeding and other farming activities. They were excavated in contemporary Spain, and date from the fourth century BCE.Source: adapted from The Big History Project.9a. According to Document 9, what materials did agricultural societies use to make their tools? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________9b. What is a “scythe,” mentioned in the first line, used for?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________9c. What were the tools depicted in Document 9, used for?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________9d. Compare the tools pictured here from agricultural societies to those depicted in Document 4 from hunter-gatherer societies. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 10Specialization of Labor12345Within the villages, towns and cities, it was possible for people to specialize in the sort of work they could do best. Many stopped producing food at all, making instead tools and other goods that farmers needed, and for which they gave them food in exchange. This process of exchange led to trade and traders, and the growth of trade made it possible for people to specialize even more...Source: D.M. Knox, The Neolithic Revolution, Greenhaven Press, adapted from the January 2004, NYS Regents Exam.10a. What does it mean to “specialize” in a “sort of work” as stated in lines 1 and 2?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________10b. Explain the relationship between specialized labor (work) and “the growth of trade.”__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 11Kevin Reilly is a professor of humanities at Raritan Valley Community College and was the cofounder and first president of the World History Association.Kevin Reilly, excerpt from The West and the World: A History of Civilization12345678910111213141516The most obvious achievements of the first civilizations are the monuments — the pyramids, temples, palaces, statues, and treasures — that were created for the new ruling class of kings, nobles, priests, and their officials. But civilized life is much more than the capacity to create monuments.Civilized life is secure life. At the most basic level this means security from the sudden destruction that village communities might suffer. Civilized life gives the feeling of permanence. It offers regularity, stability, order, even routine. Plans can be made. Expectations can be realized. People can be expected to act predictably, according to the rules.The first cities were able to attain stability with walls that shielded the inhabitants from nomads and armies, with the first codes of law that defined human relationships, with police and officials that enforced the laws, and with institutions that functioned beyond the lives of their particular members. City life offered considerably more permanence and security than village life.Source: Kevin Reilly, The West and the World: A History of Civilization (New York: Harper Collins, 1989) adapted from The Big History Project.11a. In line 6, what does Reilly mean by “secure life?”_________________________________________________________________________________________________________11b. Describe what a “feeling of permanence” is, as mentioned in line 7 of this excerpt. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________11c. According to Reilly, how did the first cities “attain stability?” _________________________________________________________________________________________________________11d. What is the author’s claim in Document 11? What reasons does he give to support it? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Part BEssayDirections: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion. Use evidence from the documents in your essay. Support your response with relevant facts, examples, and details. Include additional outside information.Historical Context:About 11,000 years ago, some groups of humans stopped their nomadic ways, and started to settle down. Instead of relying on hunting and gathering for food, they started to farm and instead of living in temporary homes, they built villages that grew and turned into cities, then civilizations. The transition from nomadic life to an agricultural one, experienced by people all over the world at different times, is called the Neolithic Revolution. Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, write an essay in which youcompare and contrast life during the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Ageevaluate whether people were better off before or after the Neolithic Revolution.Guidelines:In your essay, be sure toIntroduce your topic, creating an argument in response to the taskDevelop your argument with textual evidence while attending to the strengths and limitations of that evidence:Accurately identify all primary and secondary sources using evidence, including the date and source of the information. Make connections between the documents by comparing information and noting discrepancies in the documents. Use evidence from all of the documents to support both claim(s) and counterclaim(s). Provide an accurate summary of relevant historical information, including outside information on the topic not found in the documents when possible Provide a concluding statement supporting your argument. Maintain a formal style and objective tone in your writing. ................
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