Boyertown Area School District
Name: ____________________________________________Period: ____ -1238259525HPWChp 8: The Muscular System0HPWChp 8: The Muscular SystemChp 8: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMThis chapter deals with the physiological characteristics of muscular tissue and the classification of muscular tissue into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. The blood and nerve supplies of muscle are also considered. Attention is then directed to the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle and the physiology of muscle contraction. Emphasis is placed on the Sliding-Filament Theory, neuromuscular junctions, and the physiology of con traction. There is considerable discussion given to the energy for contraction and the maintenance of muscle homeostasis. The discussion continues with the types of skeletal muscle contractions including muscle twitch, isotonic and isometric contractions.The relationship between bones and muscles is established. Movement by skeletal muscles is related to their origins, insertions, lever systems and group actions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of cardiac and smooth muscle, common muscular disorders, and a list of medical terms.OBJECTIVESDescribe the connective tissue components, blood and nerve supply, and histology of skeletal muscle tissue.Explain the factors involved in the contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle.Discuss the metabolism of skeletal muscle tissue.Describe the various kinds of muscle contraction.Define muscle tone.Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle tissue.Describe the structure and function of smooth muscle tissue.Describe how skeletal muscles produce movement.ASSIGNMENTSRead Chapter 8; pages 197- 215 and 245-plete this packet as you read and listen to classroom lectures or discussions; it will be collected for a plete all activities, Checkpoint Questions and Critical Thinking Applications when directed to do so.Chapter 8: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEMOVERVIEW OF MUSCULAR TISSUEOBJ: Describe the types and functions of muscular tissue.Types of Muscular Tissue- Read page 198 and complete this sectionDescribe striated. ___________________________________________________________________________Fill in the chart below:Muscle typeSkeletalCardiacSmoothStriated (yes/ no)Voluntary (yes/ no)Can regenerate(yes/ no)LocationsFunctions of Muscular Tissue- Read page 198 and complete this section___________________________________________________________________________Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ex: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Ex: ________________________________________________________________________6. Store H2O and glycogen (not in textbook).Characteristics of Muscular Tissue—not in textbookExcitability: _________________________________________________________________Contractility: _______________________________________________________________Extensibility: ________________________________________________________________Elasticity: ___________________________________________________________________SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUEOBJ: Explain the relation of connective tissue components, blood vessels, and nerves to skeletal muscle. Describe the histology of a skeletal muscle cell.762000-1905Color, label and study the diagram of skeletal muscle on the next page of this packet. Page 199, Figure 8.1 of your textbook will help you to complete this task and possibly Figure 8.2, page 201.00Color, label and study the diagram of skeletal muscle on the next page of this packet. Page 199, Figure 8.1 of your textbook will help you to complete this task and possibly Figure 8.2, page 201. Fill in the oval with the colors you used for each structure. 2438400153035Z discA bandI band Muscle fiber00Z discA bandI band Muscle fiberLabel the following in the blank boxes:Fascicle (done for you)SarcomereM line (done for you)H zone19259557282815Filaments00Filaments50196754920615Myofibril00Myofibril39052502482215Details of several myofibrils in a muscle fiber00Details of several myofibrils in a muscle fiber6565901415415001371600948690Fascicle00Fascicle3904615544957000122872456445150031051507578090003695700737806500424815071589900050196766835140M line00M lineWhat are muscle fibers? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Connective Tissue Components- pages 198-200Muscle tissue is held together by deep fascia; a sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds muscles; it holds muscles together and separates them into functional groups.Types of connective tissue coverings extending from deep fascia:Epimysium: ______________________________________________________________Perimysium: _____________________________________________________________Fascicles: ________________________________________________________________Endomysium: ____________________________________________________________Tendons: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Organization of Skeletal Muscle—refer to Figure 8.1; page 199Muscle: bundle of fasciclesFascicle: bundle of fibersMuscle fiber: single muscle cellMyofibrils: contractile units of cellsMyofilaments: protein strands (thin and thick)Nerve and Blood Supply- Read page 200 and complete this sectionWhat is the chief characteristic of muscles? _______________________________________In order for a skeletal muscle to contract, it must be stimulated by an electrical signal called a ________________________________________________________________________.A great deal of energy is required in the form of ATP for muscle contractions. An indication of this would be an abundance of __________________________________ in muscle cells (Figure 8.2 might help with this).List two functions of blood supply:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8477250Worksheet: Electricity From the Brain; obtain a copy, complete it, and hand it in.020000Worksheet: Electricity From the Brain; obtain a copy, complete it, and hand it in. Histology- pages 200- 202Refer to the diagrams above as we discuss the histology of a skeletal muscle and summarize its components below:Muscle fibers: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sarcolemma: _____________________________________________________________Transverse (T) tubules: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sarcoplasm: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sarcoplasmic reticulum: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Myoglobin: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Myofibrils: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thin filaments: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thick filaments: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sarcomeres: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Z lines/ disks: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A band: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________H zone: _________________________________________________________________I band: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Myosin: _________________________________________________________________Crossbridges: ____________________________________________________________Actin: ___________________________________________________________________Tropomyosin: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Troponin: _______________________________________________________________981076-3810Quiz on Sarcomere structure on: _____________________020000Quiz on Sarcomere structure on: _____________________ Muscle nourishment- Once a person reaches physical maturity; they do not grow new muscles, as a rule. The size of skeletal muscles can change due to the shrinking or enlargement of muscle fibers as myofibrils are lost or created. Fill in the information below, using page 202 of your textbook.Muscular atrophy: ________________________________________________________________________Disuse atrophy: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Denervation atrophy: _________________________________________________________________Muscular hypertrophy: ________________________________________________________________________CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLEOBJ: Explain how skeletal muscle fibers contract and relax.Neuromuscular Junction- pages 202-204What makes up a neuromuscular junction? __________________________________________________________________________What starts this process? ___________________________________________________________________________Label the drawing below: Motor unit: ___________________________________________________________________________Differences between fine and course motor movement:Fine: ________________________________________________________________________Course: ________________________________________________________________________How it works: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Sliding-Filament Mechanism- page 204(1) ___________________________________________________________________________(2) ___________________________________________________________________________(3) ___________________________________________________________________________(4) ___________________________________________________________________________(5) ___________________________________________________________________________Under what circumstances will this mechanism operate to cause a muscle contraction? ___________________________________________________________________________What structure allows the thin filaments to move forward? ___________________________________________________________________________Physiology of Contraction- pages 204-2051. What resources are needed for muscle contractions to occur? ___________________________________________________________________________2. When a muscle fiber is relaxed, Ca2+ concentrations are low, in the sarcoplasm. Why? ___________________________________________________________________________3. What happens when a muscle action potential travels along the sarcolemma and into transverse tubules? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Ca2+ binds to _________________________ in thin filaments, causing it to change shape.5. What is released when this shape change occurs? ___________________________________________________________________________6. When do contraction cycles begin? ___________________________________________________________________________7. The Contraction Cycle: (1) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (2) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (3) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (4) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (5) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________8. What cause rigor mortis? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________D. Relaxation- page 205 1. Two changes that permit a muscle fiber to relax after contraction: a. acetylcholine (ACh): ________________________________________________________________________b. Ca2+ levels: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________E. Contraction and Relaxation: Summary of EventsF. Muscle Tone- pages 205- 2071. Definition: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How is muscle tone maintained? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Define flaccid: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________METABOLISM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUEOBJ: Describe the sources of ATP and oxygen for muscle contraction. Define muscle fatigue and list its possible causes. List the reasons that oxygen consumption is higher after exercise than at rest. Energy for Contraction- pages 207-2081. General Information (not all in textbook) a. Muscle cells may use _______ to _______ times ATP as other cells during endurance exerciseb. Amount of ATP stored in a muscle cell lasts about ____ to ____ seconds during intenseactivity (ex: 50 m dash)2. What are the three sources that muscles have for ATP production? (1) _________________________________________________ An energy-rich molecule unique to muscle fibers; created excess ATP (2) _________________________________________________ (3) _________________________________________________Creatine Phosphate System While muscles are at rest:Muscle fibers produce more ATP than needed, creating an excess.One of ATP’s high-energy phosphate groups is transferred to _____________________, forming _______________________________ and ______.While muscles are contracting:High-energy phosphate group transferred from _________________________________ back to ______, quickly forming new ______.Energy created during this process while muscle contracting lasts about _____ seconds (ex: 100 m dash)Glycolysis-Lactic Acid System (for activity that lasts beyond 15-second mark)Anaerobic (no oxygen needed) production of _______ molecules of ATP; occurs in the _____________________________ Resources: __________________ or ____________________ (from liver or muscles) broken down to glucose______________________________ passing from blood into contracting muscle and is broken down into _____________________________. Provides enough energy to last about _____ to _____ seconds of maximal muscle activity (ex: 400 m race)Next lactic acid fermentation if insufficient oxygen available. Hydrogen is stripped off glucose which are normally bound to O2 to form H2O and are taken up by pyruvate to form _____________________________.For each ATP produced this way, a molecule of lactic acid is formed; build-up of lactic acid produces ________________________________.Cellular Respiration System Aerobic (requires oxygen) and occurs in the ___________________________ of muscle fibers.Where does the oxygen come from?(1) ____________________________________________________________________(2) ____________________________________________________________________ Oxygen-binding protein found only in muscle fibersYields _____ ATP molecules, lasts about ____ minutesWhen these reserves depleted fat is burned for energy.1104900-3810Quiz on Energy for Muscle Contractions on: ______________00Quiz on Energy for Muscle Contractions on: ______________Muscle Fatigue- page 2081. Definition: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What role does calcium play in muscle fatigue? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What other factors contribute to muscle fatigue? __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Oxygen Consumption After Exercise-Read on pages 208- 209 and complete the section below1. Define oxygen debt: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Define recovery oxygen uptake: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Look at the graph below and briefly explain what it shows… ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSIONOBJ: Explain the three phases of a twitch contraction. Describe how frequency of stimulation and motor unit recruitment affect muscle tension. Compare the three types of skeletal muscle fiber. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions.A twitch is a single muscle action potential, which produces very little force. How strong a twitch is depends upon its frequency of stimulation (number of impulses per second).Total tension produced is dependent upon number of muscle fibers contracting in unison.A. Twitch Contraction-page 2091. Define twitch contraction: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a myogram? ___________________________________________________________________________Label the periods of a twitch contraction on the myogram below:4. Latent period: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Duration: ________________________________________ Events of latent period: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Contraction period:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Duration: _______________________________________Events of contraction period:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Relaxation period: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Duration: ________________________________________Events of relaxation period: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________During which of these periods do the sarcomeres shorten? ___________________________Frequency of Simulation- Read pages 209-210 If a second stimulus occurs before a muscle fiber has completely relaxed, the second contraction will be __________________________________________________________.Wave summation: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Unfused tetanus: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cause of wave summation and unfused tetanus:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fused tetanus: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fatigue: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fill in the graph below to depict a myogram showing the effects of different frequencies of stimulation. Your graph should show (1) a single twitch, (2) a second stimulus before the muscle has relaxed (wave summation), and a second contraction stronger than the first, (3) an unfused tetanus, and (4) a fused tetanus.Motor Unit Recruitment- page 210Motor unit recruitment: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Responsible for: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers- Read pages 210-211Three types: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Fill in the comparison chart below:CHARACTERISTICSSLOW OXIDATIVE (SO) FIBERSFAST OXIDATIVE-GLYCOLYTIC (FOG) FIBERSFAST GLYCOLYTIC (FG) FIBERSColorMyoglobinSpeed of Twitch (contraction cycle)MitochondriaManyType of ATP productionResistance to fatigueDiameter of fiberFound inIsometric and Isotonic ContractionsIsometric contraction: ________________________________________________________________________Example: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Isotonic contraction:________________________________________________________________________Concentric motion: _______________________________________Eccentric motion: ________________________________________EXERCISING AND SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE- page 211OBJ: Describe the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle tissue.Aerobic activity (swimming, running)Increase in __________________________________________________________________Improves ___________________________________________________________________High percentage of SO fibers: ___________________________________________________Conversion of FG to FOG fibersWeight lifting___________________________________________________________________________Increase in size and strength of ________________fibersHypertrophy: ___________________________________________________________________Anabolic steroidsTaken to: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Side effects:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE- pages 211-212OBJ: Describe the structure and function of cardiac muscle tissue.Interconnectivity between cardiac muscle fibers established by irregularly transverse thickening of sarcolemma (see picture below) called: ____________________________________________Autorhythmicity: ______________________________________________________________________________Under normal resting conditions cardiac muscle tissue contracts _______times per minute.Mitochondria are ___________________________; more energy needs.Resources for ATP production: ______________________________________________________________________________________SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE- pages 212- 213OBJ: Describe the structure and function of smooth muscle tissueThree types of filaments:_____________________________________________________________________Dense bodies: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Types of smooth muscle tissue:Visceral (single-unit): ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Multiunit: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Smooth muscle can ______________________ and ____________________ more than other muscle paring types of muscles: fill in the comparison chart below; page 214 Table 8.1 and pages 211-213 might help….CHARACTERISTICSSKELETAL MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLESMOOTH MUSCLEAPPEARANCE/ SHAPE (INCLUDE DESCRIPTION)NERVOUS CONTROL (VOLUNTARY/ INVOLUNTARY)LOCATIONNUMBER OF NUCLEISPPED OF CONTRACTIONCAPACITY FOR REGENERATIONSARCOMERES (YES/NO)AGING AND MUSCULAR TISSUE- pages 213- 214OBJ: Explain how aging affects skeletal muscle.After birth ______________________________________________________________________________During childhood ______________________________________________________________________________Hyperplasia ______________________________________________________________________________After age 30 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Endurance and strength training ___________________________________________________HOW SKELTAL MUSCLES PRODUCE MOVEMENT- pages 214- 215OBJ: Describe how skeletal muscles cooperate to produce movement.Origin and Insertion_________________________ organ composed of several different types of tissue.Includes: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Movement produced by: ______________________________________________________Attachment of a muscle (by tendon) to stationary bone called _______________________.Movable bone called ______________________________.Fleshy portion of muscle between tendons and the origin and insertion called __________.Group ActionsMovement motion caused by _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.2. Muscles arranged in opposing groups to joints, as ________________________to ______________________________ or _____________________________ to ________________________.3. Muscle that causes desired action: ______________________________________________.4. Other muscle, __________________________ relaxes.5. Muscles called _____________________________ help prime mover function more efficiently.6. ___________________________ stabilize the origin of the prime mover. ................
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