Chapter 10



Chapter 10

MUSCLE TISSUE

Outline and Objectives

INTRODUCTION

1. Describe the primary function of muscle.

2. Define myology.

OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Types of Muscle Tissue

3. Describe the major structural and functional differences among the three types of muscle tissue.

Functions of Muscle Tissue

4. Describe the five key functions of muscle.

Properties of Muscle Tissue

5. Describe the four special properties of muscle tissue.

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

Connective Tissue Components

6. Describe the nonconnective tissue functions of the superficial and deep fascia.

6. Point out how the descriptive terms are related to the three levels of connective tissue that contain progressively larger groupings of muscle cells.

7. Describe the role of the tendon in muscle structure.

Nerve and Blood Supply

9. Describe the route and purpose of motor neurons and blood vessels that service each muscle cell.

Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

10. Explain the role of myoblasts and satellite cells in muscle development.

Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm

11. Discuss the connection between the sarcolemma and the T tubules.

11. Describe the makeup of sarcoplasm.

Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

13. Identify the contractile elements of skeletal muscle and the membranous sacs that encircle them.

13. Explain what is meant by muscle atropy and hypertrophy.

Filaments and the Sarcomere

15. Explain how the arrangement of the thick and thin myofilaments form the observed sarcomere structural patterns of the myofibril.

15. Explain how the molecular components of thick and thin filaments fit together to form their respective interactive units.

16. Describe the muscle damage that can occur following exercise.

Muscle Proteins

18. Describe and give the functions of the three kinds of proteins found in muscle tissue.

CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

The Sliding Filament Mechanism

19. Illustrate the progressive overlap of the thick and thin filaments as they pull the A disc toward the center of the sarcomere, and the result on the length of the fibril, fiber, and muscle.

19. Define contraction cycle and explain the four steps of the cycle.

Excitation-Contraction Coupling.

21. Illustrate the structural relationships of the SR, T tubules, and sarcomere and how they generally function as part of the excitation-coupling mechanism.

21. Describe the condition called rigor mortis and its cause.

Length-Tension Relationship

23. Illustrate the relationship of muscle length to myofilament overlap that results in specific levels and limited range of forces.

Active and Passive Tension

24. Specify the anatomic components of a muscle that establish forces with and without the use of ATP energy.

The Neuromuscular Junction

25. Show the general features of the neuromuscular junction that allows signals from the brain to be conveyed from the neuron cell to the muscle cell.

25. Describe the steps and components in the mechanism that cause a motor neuron action potential to result in a muscle cell action potential.

26. Describe the effects of certain plant products and drugs on the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

MUSCLE METABOLISM

Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers

28. Describe energy use in muscle cells and list the three sources for

ATP production in muscle cells.

Creatine Phosphate

29. Describe the use of creatine phosphate in muscles to produce ATP.

29. Discuss the pros and cons of creatine supplementation.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

31. Describe the chemical fate of pyruvic acid coming out of the anaerobic glycolysis pathway and its dependence on the rate of oxygen supply and energy demand.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

32. Describe the chemical rate of lactic acid when exercise has ceased and oxygen is being delivered as fast as it is needed.

Muscle Fatigue

33. Discuss the major known factors that dictate inadequate ATP and thus muscle fatigue.

Oxygen Consumption After Exercise

34. Discuss the purpose of the elevated use of oxygen after exercise.

CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION

35. Since each muscle fiber can only contract fully when stimulated, list the events that allow the muscle as a whole to produce varying levels of tension.

Motor Units

36. Indicate the relationship between a motor neuron, the number of muscle fibers it innervates, and the functional nature of the muscles served by the motor unit.

Twitch Contraction

37. Discuss the timing and mechanisms producing the different levels of force in each period of the contraction of a single fiber as shown in a myogram.

Frequency of Stimulation

38. Define the conditions that cause temporal wave summation and the effect on force expressed by a single fiber.

38. Indicate the means by which complete and incomplete tetanus are elicited and the resulting force of the fiber.

Motor Unit Recruitment

40. Discuss the effects of increasing the number of active motor units.

40. Describe the benefits of and differences between endurance and strength training.

Muscle Tone

42. Define muscle tone and note how it normally works in body posture maintenance.

Isotonic and Isometric Contractions

43. Compare and contrast isotonic and isometric contractions.

TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

44. Describe the structural and functional characteristics that allow skeletal muscle to be classified into three main types.

Slow Oxidative Fibers

45. Discuss the slow oxidative fibers based on their structure, capillary supply, mitochondrial density, myoglobin content, and ATPase reactions rate.

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

46. Discuss the fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers based on their structure, capillary supply, mitochondrial density, myoglobin content, and ATPase reactions rate.

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

47. Discuss the fast glycolytic fibers based on their structure, capillary supply, mitochondrial density, myoglobin content, and ATPase reactions rate.

Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers

48. Discuss the distribution and recruitment of the different types of fibers in skeletal muscle.

48. Describe the consequences of taking anabolic steroids.

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE

50. Analyze the similarities of cardiac and skeletal muscle cell structure and point out the features that are essential to the heart’s rhythmic performance.

50. Discuss the cardiac cellular components that sustain the continuous aerobic metabolism and uninterrupted, protracted autorhythmicity.

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

52. Indicate the differences between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle in terms of their function and organs of the body where each predominates.

Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle

53. Compare skeletal and smooth muscle cells with respect to organelles, cytoskeleton, and contractile filaments.

Physiology of Smooth Muscle

54. Contrast the source and nature of differences in contraction between smooth and skeletal muscles.

54. Examine how calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase take the place of troponin and the mechanism of contraction of smooth muscle.

55. Enumerate the factors that influence smooth muscle contraction and how these are related to the stress-relaxation response.

REGENERATION OF MUSCLE TISSUE

57. Compare the capacity for replacement by cell division of the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, and the result of significant tissue damage.

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

58. Describe how the somites and general mesoderm evolve into the thoracic, head, and extremity muscles, as well as connective tissue and bones.

AGING AND MUSCLE TISSUE

59. Describe the sources of muscle mass loss and alteration of fiber composition with progressive age.

DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

60. Discuss the origin, symptoms, characteristics, and treatment of myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, and abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle.

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

61. Define the medical terminology associated with muscle tissue.

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