Communication Networks - PragSoft
[Pages:36]Communication Networks
Sharam Hekmat
PragSoft Corporation
Contents
Contents
6
Preface
10
1. Introduction
1
1.1. Network Components
2
1.2. Network Types
2
1.3. The OSI Model
4
1.3.1. The Physical Layer
7
1.3.2. The Data Link Layer
7
1.3.3. The Network Layer
8
1.3.4. The Transport Layer
9
1.3.5. The Session Layer
9
1.3.6. The Presentation Layer
10
1.3.7. The Application Layer
10
1.4. Protocol Notations
11
1.4.1. Service Primitives
11
1.4.2. Sequence Diagrams
12
1.4.3. State Transition Diagrams
12
1.5. Standards
13
1.6. Further Reading
14
1.7. Summary
15
1.8. Exercises
16
2. The Physical Layer
18
2.1. Equipment
19
2.1.1. Equipment Types
19
2.1.2. Connection Types
19
2.2. Transmission
20
2.2.1. Signal Types
20
2.2.2. Modulation
21
2.2.3. Digitization
22
2.2.4. Synchronization
23
2.2.5. Transmission Media
24
2.3. Multiplexing
27
2.3.1. Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
28
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2.3.2. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
28
2.3.3. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
29
2.3.4. Concentration
29
2.4. Physical Layer Standards
30
2.4.1. RS-232
30
2.4.2. CCITT X.21
32
2.5. Further Reading
33
2.6. Summary
33
2.7. Exercises
34
3. The Data Link Layer
36
3.1 Link Protocol Types
37
3.1.1. Synchronous Protocols
37
3.1.2. Asynchronous Protocols
38
3.1.3. Master-Slave Protocols
38
3.1.4. Peer-to-Peer Protocols
38
3.2. Link Protocol Functions
38
3.2.1. Acknowledgments
39
3.2.2. Timers
39
3.2.3. Error Checking
40
3.2.4. Retransmission
42
3.2.5. Flow Control
42
3.3. Sliding Window Protocol
43
3.4. Data Link Layer Standards
45
3.4.1. BSC
45
3.4.2. HDLC
46
3.5. Further Reading
48
3.6. Summary
49
3.7. Exercises
50
4. The Network Layer
52
4.1. Network Services
53
4.2. Switching Methods
55
4.2.1. Circuit Switching
55
4.2.2. Packet Switching
57
4.3. Packet Handling
59
4.3.1. Packet Structure
60
4.3.2. Routing
60
4.3.3. Congestion Control
63
4.3.4. Error Handling
63
4.4. Internetworking
64
4.4.1. Network Sublayers
65
Contents
vii
4.5. Network Layer Standards
66
4.5.1. CCITT X.25
66
4.5.2. CCITT X.75
69
4.5.3. IP 70
4.5.4. ISO 8473
71
4.6. Further Reading
72
4.7. Summary
72
5. The Transport Layer
65
5.1. Transport Services
65
5.1.1. Network Types
67
5.2. Transport Protocol
67
5.2.1. TPDUs
67
5.2.2. Classes of Protocol
68
5.2.3. Segmentation
69
5.2.4. Multiplexing
69
5.2.5. Splitting and Recombining
69
5.2.6. Addressing
69
5.2.7. Flow Control
70
5.2.8. Error Checking
70
5.3. Transport Layer Standards
70
5.3.1. TCP
71
5.4. Further Reading
72
6. The Session Layer
74
6.1. Session Services
74
6.1.1. Session Layer Role
77
6.1.2. Functional Units
77
6.2. Session Protocol
78
6.2.1. Tokens
79
6.2.2. Activities and Dialogue Units
79
6.2.3. Synchronization
80
6.2.4. Error Reporting and Resynchronization
81
6.2.5. SPDUs
82
6.3. Session Layer Standards
82
6.4. Further Reading
83
7. The Presentation Layer
84
7.1. Presentation Services
84
7.1.1. Syntax
84
7.1.2. Service Primitives
87
7.1.3. Functional Units
89
7.2. Abstract Syntax Notation One
89
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7.2.1. Definitions in ASN.1
89
7.2.2. Basic Encoding Rules
91
7.3. Presentation Protocol
93
7.4. Presentation Standards
94
7.5. Further Reading
94
8. The Application Layer
95
8.1. Application Services
95
8.1.1. Application Entity
96
8.2. Common Application Service Elements
97
8.2.1. Association Control
97
8.2.2. Reliable Transfer
97
8.2.3. Remote Operations
98
8.3. Specific Application Service Elements
98
8.3.1. Virtual Terminal
98
8.3.2. Message Handling Systems
100
8.3.3. File Transfer, Access, and Management
104
8.4. Other Standards
108
8.5. Further Reading
108
9. Local Area Networks
109
9.1. Basic Concepts
109
9.1.1. Topologies and Access Protocols
110
9.1.2. Architecture
112
9.1.3. Transmission
113
9.2. IEEE 802 Standards
113
9.2.1. Logical Link Control
114
9.2.2. CSMA/CD
115
9.2.3. Token Bus
116
9.2.4. Token Ring
117
9.3. ANSI FDDI Standard
118
9.3.1. Topology
118
9.3.2. Token Ring Protocol
119
9.4. Further Reading
120
10. Telephone Networks
121
10.1. Basic Concepts
121
10.1.1. A Simple Network
122
10.1.2. Networks Topologies
123
10.1.3. Switching Systems
125
10.2. Signaling
126
10.2.1. Subscriber Signaling
127
10.2.2. Interexchange Signaling
128
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10.2.3. Common Channel Signaling
129
10.3. Signaling System Number 7
131
10.3.1. Signaling Data Link
132
10.3.2. Signaling Link Control
132
10.3.3. Signaling Network Functions
133
10.3.4. Signaling Connection Control Part
134
10.3.5. User Parts
135
10.3.6. Operations and Maintenance Applications Part
136
10.4. Private Telephone Networks
136
10.4.1. PBX Networks
136
10.4.2. Corporate Networks
137
10.4.3. Intelligent Networks
138
10.5. Further Reading
139
11. Integrated Services Digital Network
140
11.1. Basic Concepts
140
11.1.1. ISDN Channels
141
11.1.2. Functional Groupings and Reference Points
142
11.1.3. ISDN Services
144
11.2. Protocol Architecture
145
11.2.1. The Physical Layer
146
11.2.2. The Data Link Layer
148
11.2.3. The Network Layer
151
11.3. Frame Relay
154
11.3.1. V.120
155
11.3.2. Frame Relay
156
11.4. Internetworking
157
11.5. ISDN Standards
158
11.6. Further Reading
159
12. Broadband ISDN and ATM
161
12.1. Broadband ISDN
161
12.1.1. B-ISDN Services
161
12.1.2. B-ISDN User-Network Interface
163
12.1.3. B-ISDN Protocol Architecture
164
12.2. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
165
12.2.1. Channels and Paths
165
12.2.2. ATM Cells
167
12.3. Physical Layer
168
12.3.1. SDH-Based Interface
168
12.3.2. Cell-Based Interface
169
12.3.3. Cell Delineation
170
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Communication Networks
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12.3.4. HEC Generation and Verification
171
12.3.5. Cell Rate Decoupling
171
12.4. ATM Layer
172
12.4.1. Generic Flow Control
172
12.4.2. Virtual Path Identifier
172
12.4.3. Virtual Channel Identifier
172
12.4.4. Payload Type
173
12.4.5. Cell Loss Priority
173
12.5. ATM Adaptation Layer
173
12.5.1. Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer
174
12.5.2. Convergence Sublayer
175
12.6. B-ISDN Standards
175
12.7. Further Reading
175
Bibliography
160
Contents
xi
Preface
This book is concerned with post-computer communication networks and two of its important streams: data communication and telecommunication. Data communication refers to the communication between digital computers, facilitated by computer networks. Telecommunication refers to the primarily human-to-human communication facilitated by the global telephone system. The differences between these two streams are mainly due to historical reasons. Telecommunication is increasingly relying on digital computer technology, and data communication is relying more than ever on telecommunication networks. The two streams are rapidly converging.
Newcomers to this field are often bewildered by the substantial wealth of information already published on the subject. This book is aimed at this group of people. It provides a broad coverage of the key concepts, techniques, and terminology, so as to prepare readers for more advanced discussions. In-depth discussions of technically-involved topics are intentionally avoided in favor of more general concepts. No previous knowledge of networks or programming is assumed.
The structure of the book is as follows. Chapter 1 introduces computer networks and explains some of their elementary concepts. It also introduces the OSI reference model, upon which later chapters are based. Each of Chapters 2-8 describes one of the seven layers of the OSI model in the context of wide area data networks. Chapter 9 looks at local area networks and their applications. Chapter 10 provides an introduction to telecommunication. Chapter 11 builds on earlier chapters by examining ISDN as the merging point of data and voice networks. Chapter 12 looks at the ATM technology and the potential applications that it can support.
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