Era: New Deal/Reform Era – 1930-1945



Era: New Deal/Reform Era – 1930-1945

Context: Context: The age of the second Roosevelt, this era marks the emergence of many of the modern social programs that form what was described in this period as the “safety net.” While it is noted for America’s successful emergence as a world leader as it maintained an expanded domestic agenda at home, this era’s dark side of Japanese concentration camps, slow pace on civil rights, delayed response to Nazi concentration camps and support of research to create the first atomic bomb cannot be ignored.

Major philosophical questions of the era:

In the New Deal, we find the roots of the modern America welfare state – the government-sponsored “safety net” with a purpose of protecting Americans from poverty. To evaluate the effectiveness of welfare today, you must look to its roots. World War II, as well, changed America’s social and political structure forever. From the moral dilemmas of Japanese internment and the bomb to the permanent (or at least semi-permanent) alliances of WWII, the era is rich with roots of the relationships in the world of the 21st Century.

|Presidents |Supremes |Scandals |

|31.  Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933 |Schecter vs. United States, 1935, declared the |Court Packing Scheme: |

|Republican |Nation Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) |At the end of his second term, Franklin|

|VP - Curtis |unconstitutional |Delano Roosevelt decided to curb the |

|Secretary of State - Henry L. Stimson |United States vs. Butler, 1936, declared the |power of the court. At the time, six |

|Major Items: |Agricultural Administration Act unconstitutional |justices of the Supreme Court were in |

|National Origins Immigration Act, 1929 |Ex Parte Endo, 1944, forbade the internment of the|position. He proposed the Judicial |

|Panic and Depression |loyal Japanese-American citizens |Reorganization Bill, which would allow |

|Stock market Crash, 1929 |Korematsu vs. United States, 1944, upheld |the president to name a new federal |

|Hawley-Smoot tariff, 1930 32.  Franklin D. Roosevelt, |relocation of Japanese who threatened American |judge who did not retire by the age of |

|1933-1945 |Security during World War II |70.5 years. However, the bill was not |

|Democrat | |passed. |

|VP - Garner, Wallace, Truman | | |

|Major Items: | | |

|New Deal | | |

|"Alphabet soup" bureaucracies | | |

|World War 2 | | |

|Labor reforms | | |

|Laws & Acts |Political Parties |

|See attached New Deal legislation |Democratic Party: |

|document. |One of the two main political parties of the United States. Its origins can be traced to the coalition |

|See Foreign Policy for laws related to |formed behind Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s to resist the policies of George Washington’s administration. |

|WWII. |This coalition, originally called the Republican, and later the Democratic Republican Party, split into two |

|21st Amendment 1933 Repeal of prohibition.|factions during the presidential campaign of 1828. One, the National-Republican Party, was absorbed into the |

|Ratified by Americans and takes affect in |Whig Party in 1934; the other became the Democratic Party. |

|December. |Republican Party: |

|Twentieth Amendment (adopted in 1933) |One of the two major United States political parties, founded by a coalition in 1854. The coalition |

|Presidential, vice presidential, and |was composed of former members of the Whig, Free-Soil, and Know-Nothing (American) Parties, along |

|congressional terms begin in January |with Northern Democrats who were dissatisfied with their party's conciliatory attitude on the slavery issue. |

|Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 |The early Republicans were united in their opposition to extending slavery into the western territories. In |

|Bureau of Indian Affairs commissioner, |1856   the nominated John Charles Frémont for the presidency. He won about a third of the popular vote, but |

|John Collier, persuaded Congress to repeal|alienated many potential supporters by his failure to oppose immigration. |

|the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. |Socialist Party: |

| |Political party of the United States founded in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1901. The first political party in |

| |the U.S. dedicated to the promotion of socialism was the Socialist Labor party, founded in 1877. In 1890 |

| |leadership of this party was assumed by Daniel De Leon, an authoritarian follower of Karl Marx's |

| |revolutionary policies. |

|Wars |Rebellions |Battles |

|. World War II: |Bonus Army: |Pearl Harbor was a sneak attack on the American |

|1939-45; one of the most devastating wars ever to occur in the |1932; a group of 14,000 |Pacific Navy. At 7:00 AM the Japanese opened fire on|

|History of this World. Once again Germany wanted to take over the|unemployed veterans (Bonus |the American fleet nearly wiping out the entire |

|world, now with the new dictator, Adolf Hitler. He immediately |Expeditionary Force) who went to|thing. It was a devastating and hampering blow to |

|began an ethnic cleansing of Jews from Germany and all the |Washington to lobby Congress for|the American Army who lost their entire Navy. |

|neighboring countries that he took over. This period was called |immediate payment of the bonus |Midway stopped the Japanese expansion and was a |

|the Holocaust due to the millions and millions of innocent Jewish|approved in 1926 for 1945. All |major turning point of World War II since the United|

|lives that were lost due to the despicable Hitler and his want to|the people were removed by |States crushed the Japanese Navy hindering any |

|create the perfect race. It was the Allied Powers (United States,|federal troops headed by |chance of a Japanese Invasion - 1942 |

|Soviet Union, France, England) vs. the Axis Powers (Germany, |MacArthur, Eisenhower and |Normandy was a massed invasion of allied forces onto|

|Japan, and Italy). Germany began its conquering of the world with|Patton. |the beaches of Normandy in France and initiated the |

|its take over of Poland. Soon it captured Czechoslovakia and | |turning point of the WWII in Europe. |

|several other neighboring countries. During this period Japan was| |Okinawa was the first island that a major battle was|

|invading several of its neighboring islands taking them over in | |fought bringing the Americans within striking |

|the process. But with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the | |distance of Japan itself - 1942 |

|Americans immediately took action and declared war on Japan. Soon| |Manila Bay was taken in 1941 and was the last |

|the allies took over all of the land that had been occupied by | |defense of the Philippines and MacArthur was saved |

|the German forces and drove them back into their homeland. As a | |from the island to keep from being captured due to |

|result of the Japanese aerial attack on the American Naval fleet,| |his prominence as a great general |

|the Americans created the first atomic bomb in history and | |Argonne Forest was considered impenetrable by the |

|dropped in on Hiroshima and then again on Nagasaki severely | |French in WWII but was surpassed by the Germans who |

|injuring Japan. The war was over with another treaty splitting | |mover through the forest and were able to out flank |

|Germany into West and East Germany (West for the Allies, East for| |the French army through the unprotected woods - |

|Russia). Reparations had to be paid by Germany to the entire | |1935-40 |

|world due to the amount of deaths and damages they caused. | |Guadalcanal was a major battle of WWII in 1943 and |

| | |was the first major retaking of land in the pacific |

| | |by the American Forces. |

|Land |

|Foreign Policy |

|Good Neighbor Policy, 1930's, advance American economic interests. Essentially, American would play the good neighbor by heeding to the complaints |

|of surrounding nations (i.e. Latin America) |

|Stimson Doctrine, 1931, America would not recognize any agreement that impaired the integrity of China and The Open Door Policy |

|Neutrality Acts, 1935: in the outbreak of war, all exports of American arms and munitions would be embargoed for 6-months. |

|1936: gave president authority to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited any loans or credits to belligerents |

|1937: prohibited all arms sales to belligerents & cash and carry sale of non-military goods to belligerents. |

|Panay Affair, 1937, Japanese planes bombarded American gunboat Panay. The matter was resolved after a formal apology was issued by the Japanese |

|Cash and Carry, 1939 |

|Destroyers for Bases, 1940, An agreement to give Britain 50 destroyers in return for a 99-year lease on air and naval bases in British Territories |

|Lend-Lease Act, 1941, Authorized the President to sell, lend, lease, transfer, or exchange arms and other supplies to any nation who needed |

|American help in defense |

|Atlantic Charter, 1941, It described a postwar world based on self-determination for all nations |

|Casablanca Conference, 1943, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill agreed that the WWII would continue until the "unconditional" surrender of |

|the Axis nations. |

|Dunbarton Oaks Conference, 1944, Unites States, GB, Soviet Union, and China met to discuss an international association after World War II. |

|Yalta Conference, 1945, United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, France, and China became permanent members of the Security Council. Germany was|

|divided into occupational zones and a coalition government of communists and non-communists was agreed for Poland. |

|Potsdam Conference, 1945, Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan. Established a council of Foreign Ministers to draft peace |

|treaties for the Balkans |

|United Nations, 1945, Created a General Assembly composed of all member nations, which would act as the ultimate policy-making body. A Security |

|Council of 11 members was created with 6 permanent members (see Yalta Conference). |

| |

|Culture: |Miscellaneous |

|Pollock, Jackson: |Court Packing: |

|(1912-1956), American abstract painter, who developed a technique for |At the end of his second term, Franklin Delano Roosevelt decided to |

|applying paint by pouring or dripping it onto canvases laid on the |curb the power of the court. At the time, six justices of the Supreme |

|floor. With this method Pollock produced intricate interlaced webs of |Court were in position. He proposed the Judicial Reorganization Bill, |

|paint, as in Black and White (1948, private collection). Rapid and |which would allow the president to name a new federal judge who did not|

|seemingly impulsive execution like Pollock’s became a hallmark of |retire by the age of 70.5 years. However, the bill was not passed. |

|abstract expressionism, a movement that emphasized the spontaneous |New Deal Program: Roosevelt way to reform the effect of the depression |

|gestures of the artist. |on American Economy |

|Wood, Grant: |First New Deal (1933-35): "First Hundred Days from March 9 to June 16 |

|American artist Grant Wood was artist in residence at the University of|passes some of the most important legislation. In this half of the |

|Iowa from 1935 to 1942. He was a leader in American regionalism, a |recovery, Roosevelt created several administrations to help rebuild the|

|movement that rejected the abstract and concentrated on the simple |economy and bring people back to work. Such administrations as: FDIC, |

|presentation of American folk themes. |HOLC, SEC, FERA, CCCorps, PWA, CWA, AAA, NRA, TVA. (Refer to Acts page |

|Wright, Frank L.: |to find out some of the acts that made these administrations). The |

|(1867-1959), American architect, who was a pioneer in the modern style.|effects of the First New Deal weren't really significant but some major|

|He is considered one of the greatest figures in 20th-century |changes occurred: the nation went of the gold standard March 6, 1933; |

|architecture. |Unemployment dropped from 25% to about 20.1% in 1935. |

|Dust Bowl refugees Late 1933, drought struck states in the |Second New Deal (1935): Roosevelt's pushing of a series of legislation |

|trans-Mississippi Great Plains |in the spring and on into the summer due to the attacks he was getting |

|Millions of tons of powdery top soil were blown as far as Boston In |from the Supreme Court and other activists. Some legislation passed |

|five years, 350,000 Oklahomans and Arkansans -- "Okies" and |after many were shot down during the First New Deal: WPA, NYA, REA, |

|"Arkies" migrated to southern California. |NLRB, Social Security Act, PUHC |

|John Steinbeck writes most famous Great Depression novel Grapes of |Critics of the New Deal |

|Wrath about the migration. |The American Liberty League |

|The PWA – Public Works Administration provided jobs, among other |Group of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats (e.g. Al Smith |

|places, in the arts and in doing so allowed artists to capture the |and John W. Davis) formed in 1934 to fight "socialistic" New Deal |

|sense of despair of the Depression. |schemes. Sought to defend business interests and promote the open shop.|

|Native Son – one of the most important novels by an African-American |Unsuccessful in overthrowing FDR in 1936 elections. Father Charles |

|about the Africa-American experience. By Richard Wright. |Coughlin Initially a New Deal supporter who eventually bitterly |

|Popular Music: key theme is escapism |criticized it. Believed the NIRA and AAA benefited only industry and |

|It Don't Mean a Thing (if it Ain't Got Swing)".  The title of this Duke|well-off farmers. Had largest radio audience in U.S. history -- 40 |

|Ellington song sums up the "in" music of the thirties.  There were |million listeners Called Roosevelt a liar for not nationalizing the |

|popular songs such as "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime" that spoke to the|nation's banks Eventually resorted to anti-Semitism, strong fascist |

|hardships of the time, but the young people flocked to hear and dance |rhetoric, and demagoguery that caused his show to be canceled. |

|to the big bands of Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, and  |Senator Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long "Share Our Wealth" program promised |

|Tommy Dorsey.   In this same era Broadway produced some of the most |to make "Every Man a King" by supplying each family with $5,000 at the |

|famous and lasting American musicals. George and Ira Gershwin wrote the|expense of the prosperous. High inheritance taxes on large estates |

|hits Strike Up the Band, Girl Crazy, and Of Thee I Sing. Cole Porter |would be levied against the wealthy. Popular Governor in Louisiana due |

|produced such works as Anything Goes, Jubilee, and Red Hot and Blue. |to his raising taxes to gain funds for schools and hospitals to serve |

|Songwriters and lyricists like Irving Berlin, Johnny Mercer, and |the poor; roads were improved & bridges built in neglected areas. |

|Richard Rodgers composed melodies still being played and sung today. |Controlled Louisiana politics from his senate seat by abolishing local |

|The Federal Music Project (FMP) supported the musical arts and |Louisiana |

|sponsored performances of both classical and popular compositions.  The|governments and putting himself in control of all appointments to gov't|

|FMP emphasized American music and promoted the works of Aaron Copland, |offices. Assassinated in 1935; may have posed a challenge to Roosevelt |

|Roy Harris and Virgil Thomson.  In 1936 the Department of the Interior |in 1936 Reverend Gerald L. K. Smith appointed himself Long’s successor |

|hired Woody Guthrie to travel throughout the Northwest and perform his |as head of the Share Our Wealth Society, but he lacked Long’s ability. |

|folk songs.  During this tour he wrote twenty-six songs in twenty-six |Dr. Francis Townsend Organized over 5 million supporters for his Old |

|days.  By 1938 Guthrie was making appearances in support of labor |Age Revolving Pension Plan. Advocated giving each senior citizen $200 |

|unions and released his album Talking Union. It was in 1935 that George|per month (about 2X the average worker’s salary) provided that the |

|Gershwin's American folk opera Porgy and Bess was first performed.  In |money be spent within a month. Scheme would be funded by a national |

|1931 Congress designated "The Star Spangled Banner" as the national |gross sales tax. Some estimates had the scheme costing about 1/2 the |

|anthem.  In 1938 Kate Smith sang Irving Berlin's "God Bless America" |national income. |

|and made the song her own.  There have been many proponents of making | |

|this the national anthem, replacing the hard to sing "Star Spangled | |

|Banner".  In the same year a young Mary Martin captivated theatergoers | |

|with her rendition of "My Heart Belongs to Daddy" in Cole Porter's | |

|Leave It to Me. | |

|People |

|Baruch, Bernard: |

|(1870-1965), American financier and economist, whose theories about wartime economies and industry earned him a reputation as consultant to four |

|presidents. |

|Mary McLeod Bethune a very influential African American woman educator and friend of Eleanor Roosevelt who, as a board member of the National Youth |

|Administration, was able to extend benefits to African Americans. |

| Richard E. Byrd a famous explorer of the Antarctic and Arctic whose 1933-35 expedition to Antarctica conducted many scientific search projects |

|Coughlin, Father Charles: |

|In the United States, Father Charles Coughlin, the so-called "Radio Priest," used his Michigan radio station to denounce Roosevelt's policies and to|

|deliver anti-Semitic messages to a large and devoted audience |

|Hopkins, Harry: |

|(1890-1946), American government official and adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, closely associated with his New Deal program. After |

|becoming president, Roosevelt named him head of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1933 and of the Works Progress Administration in |

|1935. From 1938 to 1940 he was secretary of commerce. During World War II Hopkins, by then an influential presidential assistant administered the |

|lend-lease program and sat on the War Production Board and the Pacific War Council. He accompanied Roosevelt to the wartime summit conferences at |

|Tehrân (Teheran) (1943) and Yalta (1945) and, after Roosevelt's death in 1945, helped prepare the ground for the Potsdam Conference (1945) held |

|after the unconditional surrender of Germany. |

|Keynes, John M.: |

|John Maynard Keynes described his solution to the Great Depression in his 1936 book entitled The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. |

|Keynes believed high unemployment was the result of lack of demand for products and services. His solution to the problem was for government to |

|deficit spend on public works and other projects to increase the need for workers. Keynes’ proposals had great influence on and supported the New |

|Deal policies of President Franklin Roosevelt, including the Work Projects Administration, which created public works jobs for the unemployed. |

|Long, Huey: |

|Huey Pierce Long was the governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and served as United States senator from 1932 until his death in 1935. Long was |

|known for his autocratic style of governing. He became popular for instituting social reforms, some of which benefited poor farmers and workers |

|before and during the Great Depression of the 1930s, and pleased the crowds with his colorful, grandiose oratory. Considered a possible presidential|

|candidate to succeed Franklin D. Roosevelt, Long was assassinated in 1935 by the son-in-law of a political opponent. |

|Macarthur, Douglas: |

|(1880-1964), American general, who commanded Allied troops in the Pacific during World War II, supervised the postwar occupation of Japan, and led |

|United Nations forces during the Korean War. Macarthur was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, on January 26, 1880, the son of General Arthur MacArthur, |

|a hero of the American Civil War who was later military governor of the Philippines. In 1903 he graduated with highest honors from the U.S. Military|

|Academy and became an engineer officer. During the next 14 years his career included some routine assignments, but he also toured the Orient as his |

|father's aide, served as aide to President Theodore Roosevelt, and became the army's first public relations officer. In World War I, MacArthur |

|reached the rank of general and won numerous honors for his heroism and his leadership of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. From 1919 to 1922, as |

|superintendent of West Point, he revitalized the military academy. After other assignments, including the command of the Philippine Department, he |

|was made army chief of staff in 1930 and held the post for five years, longer than any predecessor. During the Great Depression, he fought hard for |

|army personnel but was pilloried for using force to drive disgruntled veterans, known as the Bonus Army, from Washington, D.C. In 1935 MacArthur |

|stepped down as chief of staff to serve as chief military advisor to the Philippine government, a position he filled until 1941. |

|Marshall, George: |

|George Catlett Marshall served as the U.S. Army chief of staff during World War II and as secretary of state from 1947 to 1949. He authored the |

|European Recovery Program, also called the Marshall Plan, to rebuild the war-ravaged continent. The plan, which helped check the spread of |

|communism, called for the United States to spend $13 billion to aid European countries. The plan earned him the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. |

|Nimitz, Chester: |

|After graduating from the United States Naval Academy, Chester Nimitz served in a number of navy posts, rising through the ranks until he was |

|appointed rear admiral in 1938. In 1941 he became commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific Fleet after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. |

|Admiral Nimitz’s capable planning of strategy and bold tactics contributed significantly to U.S. naval success in the Pacific during World War II. |

|Patton, George: |

|George S. Patton is considered one of the greatest United States generals of World War II (1939-45). His reckless, outspoken manner gained him |

|friends and enemies of equal determination. During the war, Patton led U.S. troops in Morocco, Tunisia, and Sicily, and then took command of the |

|Third Army, leading the troops through the German lines at Normandy to traverse France. His toughness on his enemies as well as his own forces |

|earned him the name "Old Blood and Guts." |

|Perkins, Frances: |

|Frances Perkins, a social reformer dedicated to labor issues, became the first woman to serve on a United States presidential cabinet when Franklin |

|D. Roosevelt named her secretary of labor in 1933. Perkins played an active role in developing New Deal policies to counteract economic hardships of|

|the Great Depression. In 1935 Perkins helped author the National Labor Relations Act, legislation which established fair employment standards and |

|guaranteed federal protection of the workers’ bargaining process. |

|Roosevelt, Franklin: |

|(1882-1945), 32nd president of the United States (1933-1945). Roosevelt served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four |

|terms in office will probably never be repeated; the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, passed after his death, denies the |

|right of any person to be elected president more than twice. Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United |

|States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II. His domestic program, known as the New Deal, introduced far-reaching reforms |

|within the free enterprise system and prepared the way for what is often called the welfare state. His leadership of the Democratic Party |

|transformed it into a political vehicle for American liberalism. Both in peacetime and in war his impact on the office of president was enormous. |

|Although there had been strong presidents before him, they were the exception. In Roosevelt’s 12 years in office strong executive leadership became |

|a basic part of United States government. He made the office of president the center of diplomatic initiative and the focus of domestic reform. |

|Steinbeck, John: |

|The novels of 20th-century American author John Steinbeck sympathetically and compassionately portray poor laborers struggling to survive. |

|Steinbeck’s most popular work, The Grapes of Wrath (1939), reflects the bleak and desperate conditions prevalent during the Great Depression of the |

|1930s. |

|Thomas, Norman: |

|(1884-1968), American Socialist Party leader and six-time candidate for the U.S. presidency. After the Socialist leader Eugene Debs died in 1926, |

|Thomas was regarded as the leader of the Socialist Party in America. He formally resigned from the ministry in 1931. A perennial candidate for |

|public office, Thomas was the Socialist Party nominee for the presidency six times between 1928 and 1948. He polled his greatest number of votes, |

|881,951, in the 1932 election. During his lifetime, most of the social legislation Thomas advocated became law, including unemployment insurance, |

|the abolition of child labor, a minimum wage, and a shorter workweek. Thomas devoted his later years to lecturing and writing against communism and |

|totalitarianism and in favor of international disarmament and civil liberties, particularly freedom of speech. |

1. Noted historian James MacGregor Burns, his biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, calls him a "lion and a fox." To what extent is this description valid?

 

 2. Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the United States adopted an unofficial policy of neutrality. Compare the policy and its modification during the period 1914-1917 to the policy and its modification during the period 1939-1941.

 

 3. "The New Deal secured the support of labor and agriculture after 1932 as the Republican party had secured the support of industry and commerce since 1920 -- with special-interest programs giving financial aid, legal privileges, and other types of assistance."

 

ASSESS THE VALIDITY OF THIS STATEMENT, GIVING ATTENTION TO BOTH PERIODS OF TIME (1921-1933 AND 1933-1940).

 

 4. "American foreign policy is shaped by developments both at home and abroad." Test this by an examination of American foreign policy during the period 1933-1941.

 

 5. To what extent did the measures of the New Deal reflect a "coherent" economic philosophy?

 

 6. "Some of the most democratic presidents of the United States have also been the most autocratic."

 

ASSESS THE VALIDITY OF THIS STATEMENT WITH REFERENCE TO FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT.

 

 

7. "President Roosevelt was naive and ineffective in his conduct of American foreign policy from 1933-1941. To what extent and in what ways do you agree or disagree with this?

 

 

8. "FDR's New Deal differed from Hoover's administration in that the New Deal was willing to use government power to adjust the contending claims of major interest groups."

ASSESS THE VALIDITY OF THIS STATEMENT.

 

9. George Kennan in his book American Diplomacy states that American foreign policy has been unduly influenced by sentimental, moral, and ideological considerations. Analyze this interpretation with reference to our decision to go to war in 1941.

 

10. "Unlike the wage earner, the farmer demands government intervention on his behalf. He wants the government as a partner, not as a referee." To what extent do you agree with this statement about the objectives of wage earners and farmers? Confine your discussion to evidence drawn from these TWO periods: 1790-1840 and 1930-1945.

11. "Hamiltonian" and "Jeffersonian" describe two traditions in American political thought. Explain briefly the meaning of these two terms. How did the traditions manifest themselves in the political outlook of FDR?

12. How do you account for the fact that the Federalist Party disappeared in the early 1800's and the Whig Party in the 1850's, where-as the Republican Party did not disappear after its overwhelming defeat in 1936?

 

13. Identify the forces which created conflicts among Americans during the period 1928-1941 and show how they manifested themselves in relation to foreign policy.

 

14. FDR had an important decision to make in connection with the Supreme Court in 1937. What were the alternatives he had and what decision did he make? What possible motives may he have had and why do you think he made the decision he did?

 

15. Hamiltonian Federalists, Wilsonian Democrats, and New Dealers wanted the government to play a significant role in the American economy. What did each group want the government to do? How do you account for the differences in their policies?

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